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GENDERED VOICES,
FEMINIST VISIONS
CLA S S I C A N D C O NTE MPOR ARY R E ADINGS

seventh edition

Susan M. Shaw
o r e g o n s tat e u n i v e rs i t y

Janet Lee
o r e g o n s tat e u n i v e rs i t y

N E W Y O R K    O X F O R D
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
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certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University

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of America.

© 2020 by Oxford University Press

© 2015, 2012, 2009, and 2007 by McGraw-Hill Education

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Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
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You must not circulate this work in any other form

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ISBN:9780190924874 (pbk)

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Printed by LSC Communications, Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
Dedicated to all our WS 223 “Introduction to Women, Gender, and Sexuality
Studies” students with thanks for all they have taught us.
 CONTENTS

p r e fac e xiii
ac k n ow l e d g m e n ts xvi
about the Authors xix

chapter 1 Women’s and Gender Studies: Perspectives and

Practices 1
What Is Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS)? 1
How Did WGS Originate? 2
What Were the Origins of Women’s Rights Activism in the
United States? 8
What Is the Status of WGS on College Campuses Today? 11
What Does WGS Have to Do with Feminism? 12
What Are the Myths Associated with Feminism? 17
1. Adrienne Rich, “Claiming an Education” 22
2. Sara Ahmed, “Living a Feminist Life” 25
3. New York Radical Women, “No More Miss America” 28
4. Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, “A Day Without
Feminism” 29
5. Kia M. Q. Hall, “A Transnational Black Feminist Framework” 32
6. Christine Garcia, “In Defense of Latinx” 38
7. Marge Piercy, “My Heroines” 40

v
vi contents

chapter 2 Systems of Privilege and Inequality 41

Difference, Hierarchy, and Systems of Privilege and Inequality 43
Discourse, Power, and Knowledge 50
Institutions 53
8. Patricia Hill Collins, “Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as
Categories of Analysis and Connection” 61
9. Vivian M. May, “Intersectionality,” 68
10. Audre Lorde, “There Is No Hierarchy of Oppression” 75
11. Gina Crosley-Corcoran, “Explaining White Privilege to a Broke White
Person” 7 6
12. Robert Bird and Frank Newport, “What Determines How Americans
Perceive Their Social Class?” 78
13. Evin Taylor, “Cisgender Privilege” 80
14. Ellie Mamber, “Don’t Laugh, It’s Serious, She Says” 82
15. Teodor Mladenov, “Disability and Social Justice” 83
16. Jim Ferris, “Poems with Disabilities” 94

chapter 3 Learning Gender 95

Gender, Culture, and Biology 95
Masculinity 10 4
Femininity 107
Gender Fluidity 110
Gender Ranking 111
17. Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes, Revisited” 115
18. Judith Lorber, “The Social Construction of Gender” 120
19. Sabine Lang, “Native American Men-Women, Lesbians,
Two-Spirits” 1 2 3
20. Arvind Dilawar, “The Connection Between White Men, Aggrievement,
and Mass Shootings” 136
21. Nellie Wong, “When I Was Growing Up” 137
22. T. J. Jourian, “Trans*forming College Masculinities” 138

chapter 4 Inscribing Gender on the Body 155

The Social Construction of the Body 157
The “Beauty” Ideal 162
Eating Disorders 171
Negotiating “Beauty” Ideals 174
 Contents vii

23. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, “Breast Buds and the ‘Training’ Bra” 176
24. Gloria Steinem, “If Men Could Menstruate” 180
25. Nicole Danielle Schott, “Race, Online Space and
the Feminine” 1 82
26. Minh-Ha T. Pham, “I Click and Post and Breathe, Waiting for Others to
See What I See” 190
27. Jennifer L. Brady, Aylin Kaya, Derek Iwamoto, Athena Park, Lauren
Fox, and Marcus Moorhead, “Asian American Women’s Body Image
Experiences” 1 9 8
28. Susie Orbach, “Fat Is Still a Feminist Issue” 215
29. Jamie Lindemann Nelson, “Understanding Transgender and Medically
Assisted Gender Transition” 217

chapter 5 Media and Culture 222

Digital Technologies 2 23
Television 232
Movies 235
Contemporary Music and Music Videos 240
Print Media 242
Literature and the Arts 244
30. Virginia Woolf, “Thinking About Shakespeare’s Sister” 249
31. Emily Dickinson, “The Wife” 251
32. Audre Lorde, “Poetry Is Not a Luxury” 251
33. Emma Turley and Jenny Fisher, “Tweeting Back While
Shouting Back” 2 53
34. Ella Fegitz and Daniela Pirani, “The Sexual Politics
of Veggies” 2 5 6
35. Sherri Williams, “Cardi B: Love & Hip Hop’s Unlikely Feminist
Hero” 2 6 7
36. Judith Taylor, Josée Johnston, and Krista Whitehead, “A Corporation in
Feminist Clothing?” 270

chapter 6 Sex, Power, and Intimacy 280

The Social Construction of Sexuality 280
The Politics of Sexuality 288
Intimacies 292
37. Jessica Valenti, “The Cult of Virginity” 299
38. Ellen Bass, “Gate C22” 304
viii contents

39. Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Terry P. Humphreys, Kristen N. Jozkowski,

and Zoë D. Peterson, “The Complexities of Sexual Consent Among
College Students” 305
40. Carl Collison, “Queer Muslim Women Are Making Salaam with Who
They Are” 319
41.    Janice M. Gould, “Lesbian Landscape” 321
42. Francis Ray White, “The Future of Fat Sex” 328
43. Kimberly Springer, “Queering Black Female
Heterosexuality” 336

chapter 7 Health and Reproductive Justice 341

Health and Wellness 341
Reproductive Justice 3 54
44. Jallicia Jolly, “On Forbidden Wombs and Transnational Reproductive
Justice” 3 7 3
45. Sarah Combellick-Bidney, “Reproductive Rights as
Human Rights: Stories from Advocates in Brazil, India and
South Africa” 3 80
46. Aisha Wagner, “Doctors Need to Talk Openly About Race—Our
Patients Depend on It” 391
47. Don Operario and Tooru Nemoto, “On Being Transnational and
Transgender”* 392
48. Richard Horton, “Racism—the Pathology We Choose to
Ignore” 3 9 4
49. Kate Horowitz, “Performance of a Lifetime: On Invisible Illness,
Gender, and Disbelief” 395

chapter 8 Family Systems, Family Lives 398

Definitions of Family 399
Institutional Connections 404
Power and Family Relationships 408
Mothering 41 4
50. Emma Goldman, “Marriage and Love” 417
51.   Katherine Goldstein, “Where Are the Mothers?” 419
52. Ken W. Knight, Sarah E. M. Stephenson, Sue West, Martin B. Delatycki,
Cheryl A. Jones, Melissa H. Little, George C. Patton, Susan M. Sawyer,
S. Rachel Skinner, Michelle M. Telfer, Melissa Wake, Kathryn N. North,
and Frank Oberklaid, “The Kids Are OK” 428
 Contents ix

53. Leila Schochet, “Immigration Policies Are Harming American

Children” 43 2
54. Katherine Zeininger, Mellisa Holtzman, and Rachel Kraus,
“The Reciprocal Relationship Between Religious Beliefs and
Acceptance of One’s Gay or Lesbian Family Member” 438
55. Ashley McKinless, “Beyond the Wall” 452
56. Mohja Kahf, “My Grandmother Washes Her Feet in the Sink of the
Bathroom at Sears” 456

chapter 9 Work Inside and Outside the Home 457

Unpaid Labor in the Home 458
Paid Labor 465
57. Sharlene Hesse-Biber and Gregg Lee Carter, “A Brief History of
Working Women” 484
58. Corinne Schwarz, Emily J. Kennedy, and
Hannah Britton, “Structural Injustice, Sex Work, and Human
Trafficking” 4 9 6
59. Vesselina Stefanova Ratcheva and Saadia Zahidi,
“Which Country Will Be the First to Close the Gender Gap—and
How?” 509
60. Anna Swartz, “This Is the Hidden Financial Cost of Being an LGBTQ
American Today” 512
61. Rose Hackman, “‘Women Are Just Better at This Stuff’” 514
62. Charlotte Higgins, “The Age of Patriarchy” 517

chapter 10 Resisting Gender Violence 525

Sexual Assault and Rape 540
Physical Abuse 546
Incest 5 50
63. Andrea Smith, “Beyond the Politics of Inclusion” 553
64. Mariah Lockwood, “She Said” 556
65. Emilie Linder, “Gender Aspects of Human Trafficking” 556
66. Homa Khaleeli, “#SayHerName” 558
67. Chelsea Spencer, Allen Mallory, Michelle Toews, Sandra Stith, and
Leila Wood, “Why Sexual Assault Survivors Do Not Report to
Universities: A Feminist Analysis” 559
x contents

68. Nadje Al-Ali, “Sexual Violence in Iraq: Challenges for Transnational

Feminist Politics” 570
69. Debra Anne Davis, “Betrayed by the Angel” 580
70. Grace Caroline Bridges, “Lisa’s Ritual, Age 10” 583

chapter 11 State, Law, and Social Policy 584

Government and Representation 585
Public Policy 597
The Criminal Justice System 601
The Military 6 05
71. Susan B. Anthony, “Constitutional Argument” 611
72. Angela N. Gist, “I Knew America Was Not Ready for a Woman to
Be President” 612
73. Jennifer Greenburg, “New Military Femininities: Humanitarian
Violence and the Gendered Work of War Among U.S.
Servicewomen” 616
74. Margot Wallström, “Speech on Sweden’s Feminist
Foreign Policy” 625
75. Brenda Della Casa, “What It Feels Like to Be on Welfare” 627
76. Seyward Darby, “The Rise of the Valkyries: In the Alt-Right, Women
Are the Future, and the Problem” 629

chapter 12 Religion and Spirituality 637

Religion as Oppressive to Women 639
Religion as Empowering to Women 643
Gender and God-Language 646
Reinterpreting, Reconstructing, and Decolonizing Traditions 648
Creating New Spiritual Traditions 651
77. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Introduction to The Woman’s Bible” 653
78. Kaylin Haught, “God Says Yes to Me” 654
79. Karen McCarthy Brown, “Fundamentalism and the Control of
Women” 6 5 4
80. Jessica Finnigan and Nancy Ross, “‘I’m a Mormon Feminist” 658
81. Kathryn LaFever, “Buddhist Nuns in Nepal” 667
82. An Interview with Syafa Almirzanah, “The Prophet’s
Daughters” 6 7 5
83. Yitzhak Reiter, “Feminists in the Temple of Orthodoxy” 678
84. Kelly Brown Douglas, “How Evangelicals Became White” 688
85. Allyson S. Dean and Whitney J. Archer, “Transgressing the
Father Figure” 691
 Contents xi

chapter 13 Activism, Change, and Feminist Futures 702

The Promise of Feminist Education 702
Activism 70 3
Future Visions 712
86. Byron Hurt, “Feminist Men” 719
87. Li Maizi, “I Went to Jail for Handing Out Feminist Stickers in
China” 7 21
88. Teresa A. Velásquez, “Mestiza Women’s Anti-mining Activism in
Andean Ecuador” 723
89. R. Lucas Platero and Esther Ortega-Arjonilla, “Building Coalitions:
The Interconnections Between Feminism and Trans* Activism
in Spain” 7 3 3
90. Laurie Penny, “Most Women You Know Are Angry” 742
91. Yvette Alex-Assensoh, “What’s Love Got to Do with It?” 744
92. Jenny Joseph, “Warning” 745

credits 746
index 749
 PREFACE

W e are thrilled to offer a new edition of Gendered Voices, Feminist Visions: Classic and
Contemporary Readings with Oxford University Press at a time when our discipline is
embarking on theoretical shifts, our academic programs are being both fully integrated and
increasingly marginalized across the country, and threats to, and hopes for, social justice
make the news daily. We know for sure the issues we deal with here are still very relevant! This
book, formerly known as Women’s Voices, Feminist Visions, has been revised—and renamed—
to represent the shift from an essentialized notion of “woman” to a broader understanding
of gender as socially constructed categories that shape our lives. It also better reflects the re-
naming of academic programs nationwide from “Women’s Studies” to “Women and Gender
Studies” or just “Gender Studies.” You will notice in chapter introductions that we straddle
the realities of encouraging readers to question taken-for-granted normative categories of
“women” and “men,” applying the insights of postmodern and especially queer theoretical
insights, and the recognition that these materially based normative categories represent dis-
tinct social groups whose members lead lives shaped and constrained by the realities of this
very identity or group membership. We do not take these categories for granted, and we do
recognize the realities of their existence.
We originally embarked on creating this book after finding that students were increas-
ingly skipping assigned material in the introductory women’s and gender studies course.
They often found the readings to be mostly inaccessible, or, alternatively, they enjoyed
reading the more testimonial first-person accounts included in some texts but were not
grasping the theoretical frameworks necessary to make sense of these more experiential
readings. We were tired of creating packets of readings, and students were tired of having
to access alternative readings on top of purchasing a textbook. This book was crafted to
include a balance of recent contemporary readings with historical and classic pieces as
well as both testimonial and more theoretical essays that would speak to the diversity of
human experience. Each chapter has an introduction that provides an overview of the
topic and a framework for the readings that follow. Additionally, each chapter offers a

xiii
xiv preface

variety of learning activities, activist profiles, ideas for activism, and other sidebars that
can engage students with the material in various ways.
Although students of women’s and gender studies today are in many ways like the stu-
dents who have preceded them, they are also characterized by certain distinctions. Many
of today’s students come to our classes believing the goals of the women’s and civil rights
movements have already been accomplished, and, although most will say they believe in
gender equity of some sort and some identify with feminism as a political theory or social
movement, many still came of age benefiting from the gains made by feminist scholars
and activists and taking for granted the social justice accomplishments of the last century.
Moreover, as women’s and gender studies has become institutionalized on college cam-
puses and is fulfilling baccalaureate core requirements, more students are being exposed
to this field than ever before. Many of these students “choose” women’s and gender studies
from a menu of options and may come to the discipline with varying levels of misunder-
standing and resistance. Some of these students have been influenced by contemporary
backlash efforts and by conservative religious ideologies that seek a return to traditional
gender relations. All of these distinctions call for a new, relevant, and accessible introduc-
tory text.
In addition, another distinction of contemporary students compared to students in
the past is their level of digital competency, which also means more traditional types of
reading can be challenging. Students in women’s and gender studies today are often the
kind of visual learners who prefer reading from and interacting with a computer screen
or a smart phone or watching video clips over reading traditional texts. We know from
experience that a large percentage of students in introductory women’s and gender stud-
ies classes read only a fragment of the required readings (especially dense theoretical
texts that are often deemed “irrelevant” or “boring”) and that our required readings end
up as “fragmented texts.” Our intention in this book is to address these challenges by
presenting a student-friendly text that provides short, accessible readings that reflect the
diversity of gender experiences and offer a balance of classic/contemporary and theoreti-
cal/experiential pieces. The goal is to start where students are rather than where we hope
they might be, and to provide a text that enriches their thinking, encourages them to
read, and relates to their everyday experiences. We have chosen accessible articles that we
hope are readable. They are relatively short, to the point, and interesting in terms of both
topics and writing styles. Although most articles are quite contemporary, we have also
included earlier classic articles that are “must-reads.” And although the articles we have
chosen cover the breadth of issues and eras in women’s and gender studies, we hope stu-
dents will read them—and enjoy reading them—because of their relevance to their lives.
Many pieces are written by young feminists, many are in testimonial format, and, on the
whole, they avoid dense, academic theorizing. The cartoons, we hope, bring humor to
this scholarship. Our hope is that these readings and the chapter introductions will invite
students into productive dialogue with feminist ideas and encourage personal engage-
ment in feminist work.
 Preface xv

We also structure opportunities for students to reflect on their learning throughout the
text, and, in this sense, the book is aimed at “teaching itself.” It includes not only articles
and introductions but also a number of features designed to engage students in active
learning around the content. For example, we address students’ tendencies to lose inter-
est by creating a format that presents smaller, self-contained, more manageable pieces of
knowledge that hold together through related fields and motifs that are woven throughout
the larger text as boxes. This multiple positioning of various forms of scholarship creates
independent but related pieces that enable students to read each unit in its entirety and
make connections between the individual units and the larger text. We see this subtext as
a way to address students’ familiarity and comfort with contemporary design and mul-
tiple windows. By also presenting material in these familiar formats, we intend to create a
student-friendly text that will stimulate their interest. We encourage them actually to read
the text and then be actively engaged with the material.
Pedagogy is embedded within the text itself. In addition to the textual narrative, we
include in each chapter learning activities, activism ideas that provide students with
examples, and opportunities for the practical implementation of the content that help
students explore chapter themes critically. Instructors will be able to utilize the various
pedagogical procedures suggested in the text (and those in the accompanying instructor’s
manual found on the Ancillary Resource Center [ARC] at www.oup.com/us/shaw) to de-
velop teaching plans for their class sessions. By embedding some pedagogy within the text,
we hope to create a classroom tool that enables connections between content and teaching
procedure and between assigned readings and classroom experience. Thus, students and
instructors should experience the text as both a series of manageable units of information
and a holistic exploration of the larger topics.
Like other women’s and gender studies text-readers, this book covers a variety of issues
that we know instructors address in the introductory course. We do not isolate race and
racism and other issues of difference and power as separate topics, but thoroughly inte-
grate them throughout the text into every issue addressed. We have also chosen not to
present groups of chapters in parts or sections but to let the individual chapters stand
alone. Pragmatically, this facilitates instructors being able to decide how they want to or-
ganize their own courses. At the same time, however, the chapters do build on each other.
For example, after introducing students to women’s and gender studies, Chapter 2 presents
the systems of privilege and inequality that form the context for social justice education,
and then Chapter 3 explores the social construction of gender, building on the previous
chapter by introducing the plurality of sex/gender systems. The following chapters then
examine how sex/gender systems are expressed and maintained in social institutions.
For this new edition, we have revised chapter framework essays to reflect the most
up-to-date research and theory in the field. We’ve also included new readings that are con-
temporary and exciting. With each new edition, we strive to keep the textbook fresh and
interesting for our students. We wish you all the best in your class and hope the book is a
helpful addition to both teaching and learning.
xvi preface

NEW TO THIS EDITION

• Fifty-eight new readings, bringing in young feminist writers and contemporary topics
such as disability and social justice, trans*masculinities, transgender issues, Cardi B,
queer Muslim women, immigration policies, human trafficking, #SayHerName, sexual
assault on campus, military femininities, white supremacist women, activism, and
much more.
• Revised chapter framework essays to reflect the most up-to-date research and theory in
the field.
• A new feature in each chapter called “The Blog”: posts written by Susan when she was
blogging for the Huffington Post from 2015 to 2017. While most of these brief pieces were
written in response to some current event, the feminist lens they offer remains timely,
and the topics are still important for feminist conversations.
• A new title—Gendered Voices, Feminist Visions—to represent the shift from an essential-
ized notion of “woman” to a broader understanding of gender as socially constructed
categories that shape our lives. This also reflects the renaming of academic programs
nationwide from “Women’s Studies” to “Women and Gender Studies” or just “Gender
Studies.”

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Writing a textbook is inevitably a community project, and without the assistance of a
number of people this project would have been impossible. We would like to thank Karen
Mills, administrator for the School of Language, Culture, and Society, and Leo Rianda,
office assistant for Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, for their support; our gradu-
ate students and colleagues who wrote a number of sidebars for this edition; and students
Lauren Grant and Nasim Basiri, who helped with fact-checking.
We also would like to acknowledge the work of the many reviewers who provided in-
sights and suggestions for this edition:

Ozlem Altiok, University of North Texas

Josephine Beoku-Betts, Florida Atlantic University
Suzanne Bergeron, University of Michigan Dearborn
Adriane Brown, Augsburg College
Suzanne M. Edwards, Lehigh University
Kara Ellerby, University of Delaware
Julie Goodspeed-Chadwick, Indiana University-Purdue University Columbus
Tara Jabbaar-Gyambrah, Niagara University
Rachel Lewis, George Mason University
Hilary Malatino, East Tennessee State University
Amanda Roth, SUNY Geneseo
Robyn Ryle, Hanover College
Carissa Jean Sojka, Southern Oregon University
Beth Sutton-Ramspeck, Ohio State University
Martha Walker, Mary Baldwin University
 Preface xvii

Jan Wilson, University of Tulsa

One anonymous reviewer

Finally, we want to thank Sherith Pankratz and Grace Li at Oxford University Press,
who have provided invaluable support and encouragement; Micheline Frederick, our pro-
duction editor; and Mary Anne Shahidi, our amazing copyeditor. We’d also like to thank
Serina Beauparlant, who initiated the first edition of the book with us when she was an
editor at Mayfield Publishing.
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Susan M. Shaw is professor of women, gender, and sexuality studies at Oregon State Uni-
versity. Her research interests are in feminist theology and women in religion. Professor
Shaw teaches courses in global feminist theologies; feminist theologies in the United
States feminism and the Bible; gender and sport; and gender, race, and pop culture. She is
author of Reflective Faith: A Theological Toolbox for Women (Smyth & Helwys, 2014) and God
Speaks to Us, Too: Southern Baptist Women on Church, Home, and Society (University Press of
Kentucky, 2008), and co-author of Intersectional Theology: An Introductory Guide (Fortress
Press, 2018) and Girls Rock! Fifty Years of Women Making Music (University Press of Ken-
tucky, 2004). She is general editor of the four-volume Women’s Lives Around the World: A
Global Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2018). She is an avid racquetball player, reader of murder
mysteries, hot tubber, and fan of Beavers women’s basketball.

Janet Lee is professor of women, gender, and sexuality studies at Oregon State University,
where she teaches a variety of courses on gender and feminism. Professor Lee’s research
interests include early-twentieth-century feminist and queer British histories and histori-
cal geographies of the relationships between space, modernity, and masculinities. She is
author of War Girls: The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) in the First World War (Manches-
ter University Press, 2005) and Comrades and Partners: The Shared Lives of Grace Hutchins and
Anna Rochester (Rowman and Littlefield, 2000); co-author of Blood Stories: Menarche and the
Politics of the Female Body in Contemporary U.S. Society (Routledge, 1996); and co-editor with
Susan Shaw of Women Worldwide: Transnational Feminist Perspectives on Women (McGraw-
Hill, 2010). Her new book Fallen Among Reformers: Miles Franklin, and the New Woman Writ-
ing from the Chicago Years is forthcoming from Sydney University Press. She enjoys playing
tennis and all things equestrian.

xix
 C HA PTER 1

WOMEN’S AND GENDER STUDIES

Perspectives and Practices

W H AT I S W O M E N ’ S A N D G E N D E R S T U D I E S ( W G S ) ?
WGS is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning women, gender,
and feminism. It focuses on gender arrangements (the ways society creates, patterns, and
rewards our understandings of femininity and masculinity) and examines the multiple
ways these arrangements affect everyday life. In particular, WGS is concerned with gender
as it intersects with multiple categories, such as race, ethnicity, social class, age, ability, re-
ligion, and sexuality. Exploring how we perform gender and how this interacts with other
aspects of our identities, WGS focuses on the ways women and other feminized bodies
experience discrimination and oppression. Simply put, WGS involves the study of gender
as a central aspect of human existence.
The goal of WGS, however, is not only to provide an academic framework and broad-
based community for inquiry about the impacts of gender practices on social, cultural,
and political thought and behavior, but also to provide advocacy and work toward social
change. This endeavor is framed by understandings of the social, economic, and political
changes of the past half century that include a rapid increase in globalization and its im-
pacts locally, including the deindustrialization of the global north, the blurring and disper-
sal of geopolitical boundaries and national identities, and the growth of new technologies
that have not only transformed political and economic institutions, but supported mass
consumerism. Such changes shape contemporary imperialism (economic, military, politi-
cal, and/or cultural domination over nations or geopolitical formations) with implications
for people in both local and global communities.
In this way, WGS seeks understanding of these issues and realities with the goal of
social justice. In this endeavor it puts women and other marginalized peoples at the center
of inquiry as subjects of study, informing knowledge through these lenses. This inclusion
implies that traditional notions regarding men as “humans” and women as “others” must
be challenged and transcended. Such a confusion of maleness with humanity, putting
men at the center and relegating women to outsiders in society, is called androcentrism.

1
2 gendered voices, feminist visions

LEARNING ACTIVITY
WHY ARE WE READING THESE ESSAYS?
Margaret Stetz, University of Delaware
Imagine that you, not Susan Shaw and Janet Lee, have
final responsibility for Gendered Voices, Feminist Visions.
Shaw and Lee have finished arranging all the contents,
which appear in their current order. Everything is ready
to go to press, and at this point you cannot move any-
thing around. Nonetheless, you have just received an
urgent message from the publisher, who wants to include
one additional essay in the book: Pandora L. Leong’s
“Living Outside the Box” from Colonize This! (2002). Your
instructor will let you know how to access this article.
Now it is up to you to figure out where to place Leong’s
essay in the existing volume. Leong discusses a number of
feminist issues, which means that the essay could go into
any one of several different sections of the book. You will
have to decide which is the most significant of the topics
that Leong raises, as that will determine which chapter
would be most appropriate for this inclusion.
But you will also have to choose where, within the
chapter, to put the essay, and that, too, will be an impor-
tant matter. If you place it at the start of a section, how
might that affect readers’ feelings about the essays that
follow, especially the essay that comes right after it? If
you place it at the end of a section, how will its presence
implicitly comment on the earlier essays in the section
and perhaps color readers’ reactions to the essay imme-
diately preceding it? And if you sandwich it between two
essays, midway through a section, how will that influ-
ence the way readers look at both the essay that comes
before it and the one that comes after? You have a lot of
power here, and you must think about how to exercise it.
Write a report to the publisher. In your report, you
will need to do the following:
1. Identify the issue in Leong’s “Living Outside the
Box” that you think is most worth highlighting, and
describe what she says about it.
2. Explain how you chose a place for “Living Outside
the Box” in Gendered Voices, Feminist Visions, and
make a case for your choice.
3. Discuss the possible implications of its placement,
talking briefly about the essays that will surround it.
What do you think this activity suggests about the con-
struction of an introductory women’s and gender stud-
ies textbook? What kinds of decisions do you think Shaw
and Lee had to make in developing Gendered Voices,
Feminist Visions? If you were a co-author/co-editor,
would you make similar or different decisions?

By making those who identify as women and other marginalized peoples the subjects of
study, we assume that our opinions and thoughts about our own experiences are central in
understanding human society generally. Adrienne Rich’s classic essay from the late 1970s
“Claiming an Education” articulates this demand for women as subjects of study. It also
encourages you as a student to recognize your right to be taken seriously and invites you
to understand the relationship between your personal biography and the wider forces in
society that affect your life. As authors of this text, we also invite your participation in
knowledge creation, hoping it will be personally enriching and vocationally useful.

H O W D I D W G S O R I G I N AT E ?
The original manifestation of WGS was the emergence of women’s studies programs and
departments in response to the absence, misrepresentation, and trivialization of women
in the higher education curriculum, as well as the ways women were systematically ex-
cluded from many positions of power and authority as college faculty and administrators.
This exclusion was especially true for women of color, who experienced intersecting obsta-
cles based on both race and gender. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, students and faculty
began demanding that the knowledge learned and shared in colleges around the country
 Women’s and Gender Studies 3

be more inclusive of women’s issues. It was not unusual, for example, for entire courses in
English or American literature to not include a single novel written by a woman, much less
a woman of color. Literature was full of men’s ideas about women—ideas that often con-
tinued to stereotype women and justify their subordination. History courses often taught
only about men in wars and as leaders, and sociology courses addressed women primarily
in the context of marriage and the family. Similarly, students and faculty asked to see more
women in leadership positions on college campuses: entire departments often consisted
exclusively of men with perhaps a small minority of (usually white) women in junior or
part-time positions. Although there have been important changes on most college cam-
puses as women’s and multicultural issues are slowly integrated into the curriculum and
advances are made in terms of leadership positions, unfortunately these problems still
exist in higher education today. What kinds of people hold leadership positions on your
campus?
It is important to note in terms of the history of WGS that making women subjects
of study involved two strategies that together resulted in changes in the production of
knowledge in higher education. First, it rebalanced the curriculum. Women as subjects
of study were integrated into existing curricula through the development of new courses
about women. This shifted the focus on men and men’s lives in the traditional academic
curriculum and gave some attention to women’s lives and concerns by developing, for
example, courses such as “Women and Art” and “Women in U.S. History” alongside “regu-
lar” courses that sometimes claimed to be inclusive but focused on (usually white) men.
In addition, not only did traditional academic departments (such as sociology or English)
offer these separate courses on women, but the development of women’s studies programs
and departments offered curricula on a variety of issues that focused specifically on (ini-
tially, mostly white) women’s issues.
Second, the integration of women as subjects of study resulted in a transforma-
tion of traditional knowledge. People began questioning the nature of knowledge, how
knowledge is produced, and the applications and consequences of knowledge in wider
society. This means that claims to “truth” and objective “facts” were challenged by
new knowledge integrating the perspectives of marginalized people. It recognized, for
example, that a history of the American West written by migrating whites is necessar-
ily incomplete and differs from a history written from the perspective of indigenous
native people who had their land taken from them. Although the first strategy was
an “add women and stir” approach, this second involved a serious challenge to tradi-
tional knowledge and its claims to truth. In this way, women’s studies aimed not only
to create programs of study where students might focus on women’s issues and con-
cerns, but also to integrate a perspective that would challenge previously unquestioned
knowledge. This perspective questioned how such knowledge reflects women’s lives
and concerns, how it maintains patterns of male privilege and power, and how the con-
sequences of such knowledge affect women and other marginalized people. This ap-
proach fostered heightened consciousness and advocacy about gendered violence and
was also central in the development of other academic fields such as gay and lesbian
and gender studies.
4 gendered voices, feminist visions

HISTORICAL MOMENT
THE FIRST WOMEN’S STUDIES curriculum of 11 courses. The school hired one full-time
DEPARTMENT instructor for the program. Other instructors included
students and faculty from several existing departments.
Following the activism of the 1960s, feminists in aca-
Quickly, many other colleges and universities around
demia worked to begin establishing a place for the
the nation followed suit, establishing women’s studies
study of women. In 1970 women faculty at San Diego
courses, programs, and departments. In 1977 academic
State University (SDSU) taught five upper-division wom-
and activist feminists formed the National Women’s
en’s studies classes on a voluntary overload basis. In the
Studies Association (NWSA) to further the development
fall of that year, the SDSU senate approved a women’s
of the discipline. NWSA held its first convention in 1979.
studies department, the first in the United States, and a

Women’s studies has its origins in the women’s movement of the 1960s and 1970s,
known as the “second-wave” women’s movement. The second wave refers to this twentieth-
century period of social activism that addressed formal and informal inequalities associ-
ated, for example, with the workplace, family, sexuality, and reproductive freedom. The
second-wave movement can be distinguished from “first-wave” mid-nineteenth-century
women’s rights and suffrage (voting) activity, which sought to overturn legal obstacles
to women’s participation in society, and more contemporary “third-wave” movements,
discussed in more detail later. As an academic discipline, women’s studies was influenced
by the American studies and ethnic studies programs of the late 1960s. The demand to in-
clude women and other marginalized people as subjects of study in higher education was
facilitated by broad societal movements in which organizations and individuals focused
on such issues as work and employment, family and parenting, sexuality, reproductive
rights, and violence. The objective was to improve women’s status in society and there-
fore the conditions of women’s lives. The U.S. women’s movement emerged at a moment
of widespread social turmoil as various social movements questioned traditional social
and sexual values, racism, poverty and other inequities, and U.S. militarism. These social
movements, including the women’s movement and the civil rights movement, struggled
for the rights of people of color, women, the poor, gays and lesbians, the aged and the
young, and the disabled, and fought to transform society through laws and policies as well
as changes in attitudes and consciousness.
Two aspects of the women’s movement—commitment to personal change and to so-
cietal transformation—helped establish women’s studies. In terms of the personal, the
U.S. women’s movement involved women asking questions about the cultural meanings
of being a woman. Intellectual perspectives that became central to women’s studies as a
discipline were created from the everyday experiences of people both inside and outside
the movement. Through consciousness-raising groups and other situations where some
women were able to come together to talk about their lives, participants realized that they
were not alone in their experiences. Problems they thought to be personal (like work-
ing outside the home all day and then coming home to work another full day’s worth of
 Women’s and Gender Studies 5

domestic tasks involved in being a wife and mother) were actually part of a much bigger
picture of masculine privilege and female subordination. Women began to make con-
nections and coined the phrase “the personal is political” to explain how things taken as
personal or idiosyncratic have broader social, political, and economic causes and conse-
quences. In other words, situations that we are encouraged to view as personal are actu-
ally part of broader cultural patterns and arrangements. In addition, the idea that the
personal is political encouraged people to live their politics—or understandings of the
world and how it is organized—in their everyday lives: to practice what they preach, in
other words. This concept is illustrated in the essay (originally presented as a leaflet) “No
More Miss America,” written in 1968 by members of an organization called the New York
Radical Women. It accompanied a protest against the 1968 Miss America beauty pageant
and was one of the first women’s liberation protests covered widely by the national media.
The 10 points in the leaflet present a feminist critique of the objectification of female
“beauty” and its connection to sexism, racism, and consumerism. Is this critique still
relevant today? Particularly interesting about the 1968 protest was the way the media
produced the idea that women were “burning their bras.” Even though no bra-burnings
took place there, and there is no evidence that any ever took place, the notion has survived
many decades and still exists as a fabricated, yet iconic, aspect of feminism. Why do you
think this is the case?
By the 1970s questions were being raised about this generic notion of “woman” and
the monolithic way “women’s experiences” were being interpreted. In particular, cri-
tiques of the women’s movement and women’s studies centered on their lack of inclu-
sivity around issues of race, class, sexual identity or orientation, and other differences.
These critiques fostered, among other developments, a field of black women’s studies that
encouraged a focus on intersectionality that continues to transform the discipline. Inter-
sectionality involves the ways all people’s experiences of gender are created by the inter-
section, or coming together, of multiple identities like race, ethnicity, social class, and so
forth. The need to provide more inclusive curricula involves the necessity of incorporating
knowledge by and about people of color and those who do not identify with the bina-
ries of gender (masculinity/femininity) or sexuality (heterosexuality/homosexuality) or
who represent marginalized communities like immigrants, migrants, or people with dis-
abilities. Although intersectionality is most easily understood as multifaceted identities,
it also necessarily includes the organization of power in society and can be used as a tool
of social justice. Kia M. Q. Hall addresses these intersections in the reading “A Transna-
tional Black Feminist Framework,” using the Black Lives Matter movement as an example
of intersectionality and solidarity in activism. As readings in Chapter 2 also illustrate,
intersectional analyses have shown how systems of power maintain patterns of privilege
and discrimination.
The emergence of WGS within the last few decades represents not only the inclusion
of intersectional analyses as mentioned earlier, but the movement away from a stable and
fixed idea of “woman,” as in “women’s studies,” toward a more inclusive focus on gender,
as in “gender studies.” The latter encourages the study of gender as socially constructed,
6 gendered voices, feminist visions

historically and culturally variable, and subject to change through social and political
action. Recognizing that “woman” and “man” are changeable and contested categories is
central to the study of the ways gendered personhood is mapped onto physical bodies. In
particular, gender studies provides knowledge and advocacy for understanding the ways
bodies and gender expressions (as feminine or masculine) do not necessarily adhere to the
typical female/male binary (implied in what is known as “trans” or gender fluid or gender
nonbinary and discussed more in later chapters). However, while such a study emphasizes
the ways social practices produce bodies that perform gender, it is important to note that
gender performances are privileged and constrained by institutional structures that affect
people who actually identify as “real” women and men. This means that even though
gender studies may provide a more inclusive approach, there are social and political con-
sequences of identifying as a woman, or living with a feminized body, that result in certain
experiences and outcomes (for example, being more likely to live in poverty, or experience
violence and sexual assault). The importance of understanding the experience of living as
women in society, alongside the recognition of inclusivity and intersectionality, means
that “women’s studies” tends not to have been changed to “gender studies,” but instead
to have been transformed into “women’s and gender studies.” This move recognizes the
historical development and contemporary reality of the field of women’s studies as a site
for social justice for those who live and identify as women in the world.
A key term for WGS writers and activists is “patriarchy,” defined as a system where
men and masculine bodies dominate because power and authority are in the hands of
adult men. Discussions of patriarchy must recognize the intersectional nature of this
concept whereby someone may be simultaneously privileged by gender but face limita-
tions based on other identities. Men of color, for example, may benefit from patriarchy,
but their expressions of masculine privilege are shaped by the politics of racism. It is
important to remember that many men are supporters of women’s rights and that many
of the goals of the women’s movement benefit men as well, although being a supporter
of women’s rights does not necessarily translate into men understanding how everyday
privileges associated with masculinity maintain entitlements in a patriarchal society. It
is one thing to feel indignant about inequality or compassion for marginalized people,
and another to recognize that one’s privilege is connected to the oppression of others.
Connecting with the personal as political encourages men to potentially function as
allies on a deeper, more authentic level. The concept of the personal as political has rel-
evance for those with masculine privilege as understandings are made about the connec-
tions between social institutions that reward men and personal experiences of gendered
entitlement.
In terms of societal change, the U.S. women’s movement and other social movements
have improved, and continue to improve, the lives of marginalized people through various
forms of activism. The legal changes of the second wave include the passage of the Equal
Pay Act of 1963 that sought equal pay for equal work, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964 that forbade workplace discrimination, and the creation of the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1965 to enforce antidiscrimination laws (although
 Women’s and Gender Studies 7

LEARNING ACTIVITY
WHAT’S IN A NAME? Different colleges and universities have grappled
with the controversies and developments in different
What is the program that sponsors this introduc-
ways. At Oregon State University, our program came
tory course at your institution called? Is it “Women’s
into being in late 1972 as “Women Studies.” Notice
Studies,” “Gender Studies,” “Women’s and Gender
the absence of the apostrophe and “s.” In the archives
Studies,” “Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies,”
we have a number of memos back and forth between
“Feminist Studies,” or some other name? Have you ever
the founder of our program and university administra-
stopped to think about the history and politics of the
tors about this. The founder argued (successfully) that
name of that unit?
women were the subject of study, not the owners of
In this chapter we have discussed how in its early
the discipline. Therefore, she contended, the program
years, women’s studies tended to focus on women as
should be “Women Studies,” not “Women’s Studies.”
an essential category and explored the ways women ex-
This name lasted for 40 years, even as the focus of our
perienced discrimination based on sex or recovered the
program shifted with changes in the discipline. From
ways women had contributed to society. Soon a number
about 2008 to 2012 we added faculty members with ex-
of critiques and realizations challenged this understand-
pertise in multicultural, transnational, and queer femi-
ing of the discipline, emphasizing that sex and gender
nisms, and so in 2013 we changed our name to “Women,
are socially constructed ways of relating within systems
Gender, and Sexuality Studies” to reflect growth both in
of domination and subordination.
the discipline and in our specific program. As our name
This realization that gave rise to “gender studies”
change proposal moved through the approval process,
as an interdisciplinary field examines the complex inter-
we were asked several times why we wanted to keep the
actions of biology and society, sex and gender, with a
word “women.” Our response was twofold: We did not
specific emphasis on how gender is constituted across
want women to become invisible in our identity, and we
forms of difference.
wanted to acknowledge our history. So, as you can see,
Another contested area of study that related
politics played a very important role in the naming of
to but was not always central to women’s studies
our program and shaping of our identity nearly 50 years
and gender studies was sexuality. While many early
ago and very recently.
second-wave feminists made important connections
What about your program? Research the history of
between women’s oppression and the control of sex-
your program’s name, and find out why your institution
uality, others feared the intrusion of lesbian politics.
made the decisions it did. Has the name changed over
As queer studies emerged, debates also arose about
the years? Why or why not? Ask your professors how
the place of gay men, transgender people, and queer-
they think those choices have affected the courses and
identified people in the women’s studies and gender
degrees the program offers. What difference do you
studies curricula.
think the name makes for you?

this enforcement did not occur until 1972). Rulings in 1978 and 1991 prohibited discrimi-
nation against pregnant women and provided women workers the right to damages for
sex discrimination, respectively. The Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 provided 12 weeks
of unpaid, job-protected leave for workers to care for children or ill relatives (although
it is required only for businesses with more than 50 employees and for workers with at
least a year’s tenure in their job). Affirmative action as a legal mechanism to combat dis-
crimination was first utilized in 1961 and was extended to women in 1967, although it
is increasingly under attack. Similarly, although Supreme Court decisions such as Roe v.
Wade legalized abortion and provided reproductive choices for women and the Freedom
of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act of 1994 protected reproductive health care work-
ers and patients accessing these services, such gains are currently under attack as well.
In terms of legal changes directly aimed at higher education, Title IX of the Education
8 gendered voices, feminist visions

Amendments of 1972 supported equal education and forbade gender discrimination, in-
cluding in sports, in schools. Since that time the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 re-
versed a Supreme Court decision gutting Title IX, and more recent rulings (e.g., Fitzgerald v.
Barnstable School Committee, 2009) established parents’ right to sue for sex discrimination
in schools under both Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amend-
ment to the Constitution. Women’s right to fight in combat positions and the overturning
of the antigay military policy “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” in 2012 also reflect the activism of
the women’s and other civil rights movements, especially LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual,
trans, queer) activism. These examples of civil rights legislation, often taken for granted
today, are the result of organized resistance and a concerted effort to democratize the legal
structure of U.S. society.
Legal changes in the United States have been accompanied by relatively significant
increases in the numbers of women and people of color running for political office; taking
positions of authority in government, business, education, science, and the arts; and be-
coming more visible and active in all societal institutions. These societal changes have
strengthened the demand for alternative educational models: Not only is it the right thing
to include women in college life, but it is illegal to prevent their participation. Alongside
Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards’s classic essay “A Day Without Feminism,” which
encourages you to think about these second-wave gains, is Marge Piercy’s plea to recognize
the “heroines” who continuously strive every day in their families and communities to
improve women’s everyday lives. Her poem/reading “My Heroines” emphasizes that it is
these people who write our future.

W H AT W E R E T H E O R I G I N S O F W O M E N ’ S R I G H T S
A C T I V I S M I N T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S ?
Although the original women’s studies programs emerged out of the second wave of
mid- to late-twentieth-century social activism, that activism itself was a part of an ongo-
ing commitment to women’s liberation that had its roots in late-eighteenth-century and
nineteenth-century struggles for gender equity. Women had few legal, social, and eco-
nomic rights in nineteenth-century U.S. society. They had no direct relationship to the
law outside of their relationships as daughters or wives; in particular, married women lost
property rights upon marriage. Women were also mostly barred from higher education
until women’s colleges started opening in the mid-nineteenth century. However, when
socioeconomically privileged white women started to access higher education in the late
nineteenth century, most women of color still faced obstacles that continued through
the twentieth century and into the present. Despite this, African American women like
Ida B. Wells, Mary Church Terrell, and Anna Julia Cooper (see “Activist Profile”) offered
strategies of resistance that provided an explicit analysis of patriarchy to address racial
domination.
Most early women’s rights activists (then it was referred to as “woman’s” rights) in the
United States had their first experience with social activism in the abolition movement,
the struggle to free slaves. These activists included such figures as Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth, Sarah M. and Angelina Grimke, Henry
 Women’s and Gender Studies 9

Blackwell, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman. Many abolitionists became aware of
inequities elsewhere in society. Some realized that to improve women’s status a separate
social movement was required. In this way, for many abolitionists, their experiences with
abolition inspired their desire to improve the conditions of all women’s lives.

ACTIVIST PROFILE
ANNA JULIA COOPER

Anna Julia Cooper was born in North Carolina in 1858

to an enslaved woman and her white slave owner. By the
latter part of the nineteenth century, she had become a
profound voice for the rights and dignity of black women.
Even as a child, she protested the unequal treat-
ment of women and girls, and when she attended Ober-
lin College, she refused to take the less rigorous course
set out for women and insisted on enrolling in the men’s
course. By 1887, she had earned a master’s degree in
math, and she moved to Washington, DC, to work at the
only all-black high school in the city. She became the
school’s principal in 1902.
Cooper saw education as the path to uplift and
empower black women. She insisted on preparing stu-
dents for college rather than for the trades, and she was
successful in sending many students on to prestigious
universities. She also founded the Colored Women’s
League of Washington and helped begin the first black
women’s chapter of the YWCA.
Her book A Voice from the South offered an early
analysis of the intersections of gender and race. In it she
wrote, “Only the BLACK WOMAN can say when and where
I enter, in the quiet, undisputed dignity of my womanhood,
without violence and without suing or special patronage,
then and there the whole Negro race enters with me.”
In 1924, Cooper became only the fourth black
woman in the United States to earn a PhD. In 1930, she
became president of Frelinghuysen University, a DC
Learn more by visiting the website for the Anna
institution founded to provide access to education for
Julia Cooper Project at www.cooperproject.org.
local residents. She died in 1964 at the age of 105.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
THE NATIONAL WOMEN’S HALL OF FAME States, visit the National Women’s Hall of Fame at www
.womenofthehall.org. What is the mission of the Hall of
How many significant American women can you name?
Fame? Select five inductees and read their biographies.
Most students cannot name 20 women from Ameri-
Why do you think they were selected for the Hall of
can history. To learn more about some of the women
Fame? What do you think is the significance of having a
who have made important contributions in the United
­National Women’s Hall of Fame?
10 gendered voices, feminist visions

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), by English philosopher Mary Wollstone-

craft, is seen as the first important expression of the demand for women’s equality, al-
though the beginning of the women’s movement in the United States is usually dated to
the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. This convention was conceived as a response to the
experience of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who, as delegates to the World
Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840, were refused seating, made to sit behind a
curtain, and not allowed to voice their opinions because they were women. Their experi-
ence fueled the need for an independent women’s movement in the United States and fa-
cilitated the convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848. An important document,
the “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions,” came out of this convention. Authored
primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, it used the language of the U.S. Declaration of Inde-
pendence and included a variety of demands to improve women’s status in the family and
in society. Woman’s suffrage, the right of women to vote, was included. Other conven-
tions were held across the country, and national organizations were formed to promote
women’s rights generally and suffrage in particular. These organizations included the Na-
tional Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) formed in 1869 and the National American
Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1890. NAWSA was formed from the merging of
NWSA and the American Woman Suffrage Association and continues today as the League
of Women Voters. It is important to understand that throughout all this history the rights
of women of color were often subordinated and “women’s rights” came to mean the lib-
eration of white women. In some cases movement leaders conspired with racist forces to
 Women’s and Gender Studies 11

keep women of color subordinated, arguing, for example, for literacy requirements for
voters that enhanced the status of economically privileged women and undermined the
poor, ex-slaves, and many immigrants and migrants. Despite these serious problems, the
first-wave women’s movement fought for political personhood—a struggle that continues
today. The “Anthony Amendment,” a proposed women’s suffrage amendment, was intro-
duced into Congress in 1878; it took another 42 years for this proposal to be ratified as
the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, granting women the right to vote.

W H AT I S T H E S TAT U S O F W G S O N
C O L L E G E C A M P U S E S T O D AY ?
WGS has steadily become institutionalized, or established as a regular custom, on many
college campuses. From a scattering of courses (often taught for free by committed faculty
when colleges did not want to spend money on these courses) have come whole programs
and departments with minors and majors of study and graduate degrees at both the mas-
ter’s and doctoral levels. Although most programs adopted the name “women’s studies,”
some went with “gender studies” and others with “feminist studies,” and over the years
many have been renamed “women’s and gender studies.” These different names reflect dif-
ferent perspectives concerning knowledge about and for women. As the learning activity
“What’s in a Name?” asks, how is WGS institutionalized on your campus?
Professors of WGS might teach only in WGS, or they might do most of their work in
another department like anthropology or history. This illustrates the multidisciplinary
nature of our field: It can be taught from the point of view of many different disciplines.
For the most part, however, WGS is interdisciplinary; that is, it combines knowledge and
methodologies from across many academic disciplines. Knowledge integration has oc-
curred at a more rapid rate in the humanities and social sciences than in the biological
and physical sciences. This is primarily because those sciences are considered “objective”
(free of values), with topics of study immune from consideration of issues of gender,
race, and class. However, as scholars have pointed out, science is a cultural product and
its methodologies are grounded in historical practices and cultural ideas. There are now
courses on many campuses examining the history and current practices of science that
integrate knowledge about science as a human (gendered and racialized) product.
A list of the goals or objectives of WGS might look like this:

• To understand the social construction of gender: the ways gendered personhood is

mapped onto physical bodies.
• To examine the intersection of gender with other systems of inequality, including the ef-
fects of imperialism and globalization.
• To learn about the status of women and other marginalized peoples in society and ways
to improve that status through individual and collective action for social change.
• To experience how institutions in society affect individual lives and to be able to think
critically about the role of patterns of privilege and discrimination in our own lives.
• To develop critical thinking skills, improve writing and speaking skills, and empower self
and others.
12 gendered voices, feminist visions

W H AT D O E S W G S H AV E T O D O W I T H F E M I N I S M ?
WGS is generally associated with feminism as a paradigm for understanding self and soci-
ety. Although there are many definitions of feminism and some disagreement concerning
a specific definition, there is agreement on two core principles underlying any concept of
feminism. First, feminism concerns equality and justice. Because feminism is a politics of
equality and a social movement for social justice, it anticipates a future that guarantees
human dignity and equality for all. A social movement can be defined as a sustained, col-
lective campaign that arises as people with shared interests come together in support of a
common goal. Second, feminism is inclusive and affirming of women across their differ-
ences; it celebrates women’s achievements and struggles, and it works to provide a positive
and affirming stance toward women and expressions of the feminine. As longtime femi-
nist advocate and Ms. magazine cofounder Gloria Steinem explains in an interview with
Rachel Graham Cody, feminism is about social, economic, and political equality. Steinem
makes the case that reproductive freedom is the key to women’s equality, emphasizing its
role in explaining poverty, educational attainments, and health outcomes.
Feminism is a personal perspective as well as a political theory and social movement
that has worked as a central force in advocating women’s rights and making room for
other liberatory possibilities. Put this way, feminism is hardly a radical notion. In the
reading “Feminist Consciousness,” Sara Ahmed points to the ways that people come to
feminism and embrace its liberatory possibilities. In terms of transforming social in-
equality in a broad sense, however, it is important to note that feminism has worked
alongside other social movements such as immigrant and migrant rights and indigenous
peoples’ movements that may or may not identify as feminist. And, while feminism is
usually at the center of WGS and has embodied the discipline with advocacy for social
justice and cultural plurality, the concept itself, and the often accompanying (although
not always or necessarily present) “baggage” of its ideological location in the global
north, can exclude those who do not identify as feminist from movements for the im-
provement of women’s lives.
It is also important to understand that although this chapter addresses the origins of
U.S. feminism, the movement for social justice takes different forms in societies around
the world, and certainly feminism’s multiple origins do not necessarily reside in the United
States. In addition, transnational feminism, the movement for the social, political, and
economic equality of women across national boundaries, is alive and well. Transnational
feminism recognizes opportunities associated with the development of alliances and net-
works for the emancipation of marginalized peoples worldwide. It also educates about the
problems of claiming a “universal sisterhood” that ignores differences between women
and claims solidarity based on shared conditions, experiences, or concerns. Such claims
often result in women in the global north or “First World” societies (those with politi-
cal and economic privilege in the world order) making decisions for those in developing
countries of the global south or “Third World” nations. Note how the terms “First World”
and “Third World” imply a hierarchical ordering. The problematic nature of these terms
is underscored by the phrase “Two-Thirds World” to emphasize that the global north has
defined most of the world as coming in third.
 Women’s and Gender Studies 13

In this way, feminism recognizes both the similarities and differences in women’s status
worldwide. This status in developing and nonindustrialized countries is often very low, espe-
cially in societies where strict religious doctrines govern gendered behaviors. Although women
in various countries around the world often tend to be in subordinate positions, the form this
subordination takes varies. As a result, certain issues, like the ability of women to maintain sub-
sistence agriculture and feed their families—matters of personal survival—take priority over
the various claims to autonomy that characterize women’s issues in the global north or what is
often termed “westernized” societies. What are considered feminist issues in the United States
are not necessarily the most important concerns of women in other parts of the world. As al-
ready mentioned, it is important to understand this in order to avoid overgeneralizing about
feminism’s usefulness globally, even though the notion of global feminism or transnational
feminism is real and useful for political alliances across national borders. It is also important
to recognize that any claims for “Western” feminisms are necessarily interpreted internation-
ally in the context of U.S. militarism, a history of colonialism, and international “develop-
ment,” as well as in regard to the power of U.S.-based corporations, consumerism, and popular
culture. Nonetheless, transnational feminisms underscore the similarities women share across
the world and seek strategies that take into account the interdependence of women globally.
And, as communication technologies have advanced, the difficulties of organizing women in
all parts of the world have decreased, despite issues of access for many people.
Some feminist peace and social justice movements have used the concept of the per-
sonal as political to make the case that diverse personal narratives shared within and across
cultures encourage political awareness and have the potential to foster opportunities for
communication and networking in an increasingly globalized world. Indeed, transna-
tional feminist groups have worked against militarism, global capitalism, and racism, and
for issues identified by local women in specific communities worldwide. Such actions were
reflected in the United Nations (UN) Fourth World Conference on Women held in Bei-
jing, China, in 1995 and the post-Beijing gatherings of the last decades. More than 30,000
women attended the Beijing conference, and 189 governments signed the “Platform for
Action.” This platform was a call for concrete action to include the human rights of women
and girls as part of universal human rights, thus eradicating poverty of women, removing
the obstacles to women’s full participation in public life and decision making, eliminating
all forms of violence against women, ensuring women’s access to educational and health
services, and promoting actions for women’s economic autonomy.
Currently, much transnational feminist emphasis is on the passage of CEDAW (Conven-
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women), adopted by the
UN General Assembly in 1979 and already ratified by 186 countries (over 90 percent of UN
countries). CEDAW prohibits all forms of discrimination against women by legally binding
the countries that ratify it to incorporate equality of men and women into their legal sys-
tems. Measures include abolishing discriminatory laws and adopting new ones, establishing
tribunals to ensure the protection of women, and eliminating acts of discrimination against
women by persons, organizations, or enterprises. As of this writing, the United States is the
only industrial society that has still not yet ratified the convention because of fear among
some that it would give the UN power over U.S. legal statutes and institutions.
14 gendered voices, feminist visions

Various kinds of feminist thought (while embracing the two core concepts described
earlier) differ in terms of their specific explanations for understanding the social organi-
zation of gender and their ideas for social change. An important distinction among U.S.
feminisms is that between liberal and radical feminisms. Liberal feminists believe in the
viability of the present system (meaning the system is okay) and work within this context
for change in such public areas as education and employment. They attempt to remove
obstacles to women’s full participation in public life using strategies such as education,
federal and state policies, and legal statutes.
Whereas liberal feminists want a piece of the pie, and have been critiqued as conser-
vative reformists on account of this perspective, radical feminists (sometimes known as
radical cultural feminists or difference feminists) want a whole new pie. Radical feminists
recognize the oppression of women as a fundamental political oppression wherein women
are categorized as inferior based on their gender. It is not enough to remove barriers to
equality; rather, deeper, more transformational changes need to be made in societal in-
stitutions (like the government or media) as well as in people’s heads. Patriarchy, radical
feminists believe, shapes how women and men think about the world, their place in it, and
their relationships with one another. Radical feminists assert that reformist solutions like
those that liberal feminism would enact are problematic because they work to maintain
rather than undermine the system. The “No More Miss America” manifesto by the radical
feminist social organization New York Radical Women illustrates these points.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
GLOBAL FEMINISMS, TRANSNATIONAL Botswana have worked diligently to support people
ACTIVISM living with HIV/AIDS and to stop the spread of the virus
through the empowerment of women.
Feminism is not simply a U.S. phenomenon. Indigenous
Choose one of the following nations and research
feminisms have arisen all over the world to address the
feminisms in that country. What issues facing women
specific issues facing women in particular places. For
do feminists confront? What forms does feminist ac-
example, in Botswana in the early 1990s a human rights
tivism take? How do these feminisms and forms of
attorney named Unity Dow challenged her country’s
activism connect with feminist issues and activism
Citizenship Act. That act, authorized in 1984, conferred
in other countries? How do feminists work together
citizenship on children born in Botswana only when the
across national borders to support one another’s
father was a citizen of Botswana. If the mother was a
efforts?
citizen of Botswana but the father was not, the children
were not granted citizenship. Dow believed the law vio- • Australia
lated Botswana’s constitution and challenged it in the • Chile
high court. She won the case after four years of fighting. • China
Another Botswanan woman, Musa Dube, a biblical critic • Costa Rica
and professor at the University of Botswana, uses her • Egypt
perspective as an African woman as a lens for interpret- • Ghana
ing the Bible. So, for example, when she reads the story • India
of the hemorrhaging woman in Mark 5: 24–43 from an • Lesotho
African postcolonial feminist perspective, she imagines • Russia
the bleeding woman as Mama Africa, who is oppressed • South Africa
by sexism as well as colonialism and yet survives and • South Korea
participates in her own healing. Other feminists in • Turkey
 Women’s and Gender Studies 15

Not surprisingly, although the focus of liberal feminism is on the public sphere, the focus
of this radical approach is the private sphere of everyday individual consciousness and change.
Radical feminist offshoots include lesbian feminism, which focuses on how compulsory het-
erosexuality (the cultural norm that assumes and requires heterosexuality) and heterosexual
privilege (the rights and privileges of heterosexuality, such as legal marriage and being inti-
mate in public) function to maintain power in society. Radical feminist thought also includes
ecofeminism, a perspective that focuses on the association of women with nature and the
environment and the simultaneous relationships among patriarchy, global economic expan-
sion, and environmental degradation. Radical feminism tends to have a relatively fixed or
biologically based idea of who is a “woman” and is often guilty of essentialism in treating all
women as having common attributes and in minimizing differences among them.
Other feminist perspectives of “late modernity” (the latter part of the twentieth century)
include Marxist feminism, a perspective that uses economic explanations from traditional
Marxist theory to understand women’s oppression. For Marxist feminists, the socioeco-
nomic inequities of the class system are the major issues. This can be distinguished from
socialist feminism, a perspective that integrates both Marxist and radical feminism. So-
cialist feminists use the insights of class analysis alongside radical feminist explanations
of gender oppression. Contemporary socialist feminists seek to understand the workings
of capitalist patriarchal institutions and often incorporate an environmental analysis that
sees capitalism’s push for private profits as the major cause of environmental degradation.
Many of these feminist approaches have been critiqued by the perspectives of women
of color, who insist that theory be inclusive of all women’s lives. Multiracial feminism or
women of color feminism, for example, asserts that gender is constructed by a range of in-
terlocking inequalities that work simultaneously to shape women’s experience. This is the
concept of intersections mentioned earlier. It brings together understandings drawn from
the lived experiences of diverse women and influences all feminist writing today. Indeed,
expressions of feminism grounded in the lives of women of color have included woman-
ism, a social change perspective rooted in the lives of black women and other women of
color that emphasizes that social change begins with self-change, and critiques the loca-
tion of feminism in the ivory towers of academia. The name of this perspective was coined
in 1983 by writer Alice Walker, who sought to distinguish this approach from that of white
feminism. More recently, Latina/Chicana feminists have referred to themselves as Xicani-
stas to represent their indigenous roots and postcolonial histories.
Finally, some feminists have utilized a postmodern perspective that focuses on the
relationship between knowledge and power. A postmodern approach questions the as-
sumption that reality has an inherent order that is discernible through scientific inquiry,
rejects binaries or dualistic thinking like male/female and heterosexual/homosexual, and
attempts to destabilize such fixed identities. This approach recognizes changes in the or-
ganization of contemporary social life as a result, for example, of virtual technologies
and increasing globalization and capitalist development. It also pays attention to how
language constructs reality. Christine Garcia highlights the importance of language in dis-
rupting hegemonic assumptions in the reading “In Defense of Latinx.” Postmodernism
emphasizes that humans actively construct or shape their lives in the context of various
16 gendered voices, feminist visions

social systems, and often in the face of serious constraints. Queer theory is influenced by
postmodernism and makes the case that gender and sexuality are socially produced and
used as instruments of power. “Queer,” once a derogatory term, is claimed back and cel-
ebrated in this approach that emphasizes fluid notions of power and identity and seeks to
dismantle the binaries of gender and sexuality.
Many writers refer to a “third wave” of feminist activity influenced by postmodernism,
queer theory, and multiracial feminism, that problematizes the universality and potential
inclusivity of the term “woman.” Third-wave feminism has its origins in the 1990s and
reflects the thinking, writing, and activism of those who came of age taking for granted
the gains of second-wave feminism, as well as the resistance or backlash to it. Third-wave
perspectives are shaped by the material conditions created by globalization and techno-
culture, and tend to focus on issues of sexuality and identity. Contemporary third-wave
activity has been important in fueling feminist activism, especially through musical and
art forms, such as “zines” (consciousness-raising magazines produced locally and often
shared electronically), and through social networking and other virtual technologies.
Despite the advantages of using a “wave” metaphor to characterize the developments
in feminism, the metaphor distracts attention from the continuity of feminist activity and
runs the risk of setting up distinctions and potential intergenerational divisiveness between
a more stodgy second-wave generation, devoid of sexuality and unwilling to share power,
and a younger, self-absorbed generation obsessed with popular culture and uncritically

THANK A FEMINIST become available to women, and certainly access to

Thank a feminist if you agree that . . .
• Women should have the right to vote.
• Women should have access to contraceptives.
• Women should have the right to work outside the
home.
• Women should receive equal pay for equal work.
• Women should have the right to refuse sex, even
with their husbands.
• Women should be able to receive a higher education.
• Women should have access to safe, legal abortion.
• Women should be able to participate in sports.
• Women should be able to hold political office.
• Women should be able to choose any career that
interests them.
• Women should be free from sexual harassment in
the workplace.
• Women should be able to enter into legal and finan-
cial transactions.
• Women should be able to study issues about wom-
en’s lives and experiences.
One hundred years ago, none of these statements
was possible for women in the United States. Only
through the hard work and dedication of feminists in
each decade of the twentieth century did these rights
each of these rights still continues to be shaped by race,
social class, sexual identity, gender identity, ability, age,
and other forms of difference.
Imagine a world without feminism. If you are a
woman, you are not be in college. You are not able to
vote. You cannot play sports. Contraception is illegal.
So is abortion. You’re expected to marry and raise a
family. If you must work, the only jobs available to you
are in cleaning, clerical services, or teaching.
And you have no legal protection on the job if your
boss pressures you for sex or makes lewd comments.
Your husband can force you to have sex, and, if you were
sexually abused as a child, most likely no one will believe
you if you tell. If you are sexually attracted to women,
you are considered mentally ill and may be subjected to
an array of treatments for your illness.
Of course, much work remains to be done. Women
across all their differences still do not have equality.
Feminist work on issues of racial justice, gender iden-
tity, economic disparities, and other social justice
issues is necessary to transform systems of oppression.
Still, today, young people who claim “I’m not a
feminist, but . . .” benefit from the many gains made
by feminists through the twentieth century. So the next
time you see a woman go to class or vote or play basket-
ball, thank a feminist!
 Women’s and Gender Studies 17

IDEAS FOR ACTIVISM

TWO-MINUTE ACTIVIST Women (AAUW) at www.aauw.org. Click the “Take
Action” button to find the Two-Minute Activist sugges-
Many important legislative issues related to women
tions. There, you’ll find links to information about the
come before elected officials regularly. You can make
latest issues before Congress and to prewritten AAUW
your voice to support women heard by contacting your
messages that you can personalize and send to your
senators and representatives. To become a two-minute
representatives. You can also sign up for Two-Minute
activist (“one minute to read, one minute to act”), visit
Activist alerts.
the website of the American Association of University

sexualized. And, although contemporary feminism is accessible for many young women
in the United States and is energizing in its focus on media, popular culture, sexuality, and
so forth, it is critiqued as an “anything goes” movement. Some critics question its trans-
formation of self rather than society, in part because of its potential ineffectiveness for col-
lective action and structural change. In addition, they suggest it distorts the history of the
second wave and fabricates a victim and/or anti-sex feminism that actually never existed.
In this way, just as feminism encompasses diversity, so feminists do not all agree on what
equality looks like or how to get there. As a social movement, feminism has always thrived
on differences of ideology and practice. In “A Day Without Feminism,” s­elf-proclaimed
­t hird-wavers Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards actively claim feminism as relevant
to their lives and underscore the gains of second-wave feminist activism.

W H AT A R E T H E M Y T H S A S S O C I AT E D W I T H F E M I N I S M ?
A nationwide poll on feminism was published by the Washington Post–Kaiser Family Founda-
tion in 2016. Sixty percent of women and 33 percent of men polled indicated they considered
themselves to be either a feminist or a “strong feminist.” Sixty-three percent of women aged
18–34 identified with these categories. Eighty-three percent of women aged 18–34 said femi-
nism is empowering, and 45 percent have posted views about women’s rights on social media.
Only 16 percent of women younger than 35 viewed feminism as “outdated.” Fifty-eight per-
cent reported thinking that feminism is focused on the changes they want to see. An earlier
poll from 2003 also found that when respondents were asked their opinion of the movement
to strengthen women’s rights, not the “women’s rights movement,” people’s support was much
higher. The misleading and negative connotations associated with the words “feminism” and
“women’s movement” play a central role in backlash, or organized resistance, to them and
encompass what some call the “battered-word syndrome.” The organized backlash to femi-
nism also involves, for example, the ways certain groups who believe they would lose from a
redistribution of power have worked hard to discredit and destroy the feminist movement and
brand feminists in negative ways. This perspective is known as anti-feminism. Although such
anti-feminist activity includes conservative groups and politicians, it also involves women
who claim to be feminists yet are resistant to its core principles. These women, whose careers
in part have been fueled by the gains brought about by the feminist movement, include such
successful female academics as Christina Hoff Summers, Camille Paglia, Daphne Patai, Katie
Roiphe, and Rene Denfield, and syndicated journalists like Mona Charen.
18 gendered voices, feminist visions

One result of this backlash has been the coining of the term “postfeminism” by those
who recognize feminism as an important perspective but believe its time has passed and
it is now obsolete. “We’re already liberated” is the stance they take. The way this notion is
accepted by public opinion is evidenced above by the number of people who believe the
goals of the women’s movement have already been met. Like other broad generalizations,
there is some small truth to this: Things have improved for some women in some areas.
Although generally it is accurate to say that women’s status in the United States in the early
decades of the twenty-first century is markedly improved, we still have a long way to go to
reach full equality. In terms of the issues of poverty, violence, pornography, and health (to
name just a few), things are worse for many women than they ever have been. There are
still many areas in which women’s status might be enhanced, and, for the majority of the
world’s women, life is very difficult indeed.
The idea that women have achieved equality is reinforced by the capitalist society in
which we live. Surrounded by consumer products, we are encouraged to confuse libera-
tion with the freedom to purchase products or to choose among a relatively narrow range
of choices. Often personal style is mistaken for personal freedom as the body becomes a
focus for fashion, hair, piercing, exercise, tattoos, and so forth. We are often encouraged to
confuse such freedoms of expression with freedom in the sense of equality and social jus-
tice. Of course, popular culture and social media play a large part in this. We are encour-
aged to enjoy the freedoms that, in part, feminism has brought, often without recognition
of this struggle or allegiance to maintaining such freedoms. Feminist writers explain that
cultural changes exacerbated by virtual technologies often encourage young women to
participate in their own objectification (being made into objects for male pleasure). They
emphasize that these young women (who might consider themselves feminists) confuse
their freedom to objectify themselves with authentic freedom.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
THE DINNER PARTY the beginnings of a revolution. They write, “Every time
women get together around a table and speak honestly,
In Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future,
they are embarking on an education that they aren’t get-
Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards tell the
ting elsewhere in our patriarchal society. And that’s the
story of a dinner party they hosted, reminiscent of the
best reason for a dinner party a feminist could hope for.”
consciousness-raising meetings of the 1970s during
­
Have a dinner party! Invite five or six of your friends
which women shared the stories and frustrations of their
over for dinner to discuss issues related to women,
lives, most of which were directly related to sexism. The
gender, and sexuality. What are the experiences of the
point of consciousness raising was to radicalize women,
people around the table in terms of sexuality, work,
to help them develop the consciousness and motiva-
family, body image, media, and religion? What are the
tion needed to make personal and political change in
political implications of these experiences? What can be
the world. One night many years ago, Jennifer and Amy
done to make the world better around these issues?
brought together six of their friends around a dinner
After your dinner party, write about what hap-
table to talk about current issues for women and direc-
pened. What issues came up? What did various guests
tions needed for the contemporary women’s movement.
have to say about the issues? What strategies for change
They found that the conversation wound its way around
did the group identify? What plans for action did the
personal experiences and stories and their political
group make? What did you learn from the experience?
implications and strategies. Their dinner party offered
 Women’s and Gender Studies 19

Many people, groups, and institutions have attempted to discredit feminism (and
therefore WGS) in other ways. Feminism has been subject to the following accusations: (1)
Feminists are angry, whiny women who have an axe to grind, who have no sense of humor,
and who exaggerate discrimination against women; (2) feminists hate men or want to be
like men and selfishly want to create new systems of power over men; (3) all feminists
are lesbians, women who choose romantic relationships with other women; (4) feminists
reject motherhood, consider children a burden, and reject all things feminine; and (5)
feminism is a white, middle-class movement that draws energy away from attempts to cor-
rect social and economic problems and discourages coalition building.
While several of these myths contain grains of truth, as a whole they can easily be
shattered. First, although there are some feminists who respond, some would say rightly,
to societal injustices with anger, most feminists work patiently with little resentment. Men
as a social group demonstrate much more anger than women, feminists included. Even
though male rage comes out in numerous acts of violence, wars, school shootings, and
so on, men’s anger is seen merely as a human response to circumstance. Note the andro-
centrism at work here. Because a few angry feminists get much more publicity than the
majority of those working productively to change the status quo, a better question might
be why women are not more angry, given the levels of injustice against women both in
the United States and worldwide. Feminists do not exaggerate this injustice; injustice is
a central organizing principle of contemporary society. We should also ask why women’s
anger provokes such a negative response. The cause of the relatively intense reaction to
women’s anger is grounded in a societal mandate against female anger that works to keep
women from resisting their subordination—that is, it keeps them passive. Anger is seen as
destructive and inappropriate, going against what we imagine to be feminine. As a result,
organized expressions of anger are interpreted as hostile.
Second, it is often said that feminists hate men. It is accurate to say that in their affir-
mation of women and their desire to remove systems of inequality, feminists ask men to
understand how gender privilege works in men’s lives. Many men are more than willing to
do this because the same social constructions of masculinity that privilege men also limit
them. Because the demand for the examination of gender privilege is not synonymous
with hating men, we might ask why these different concepts are so easily conflated. A more
interesting question is why men are not accused more often of hating women, given the
high levels of violence perpetrated by men against women. Certainly the world is full of
misogyny—the hatred of, or contempt for, women—and every day we see examples of the
ways misogyny influences, and sometimes destroys, the lives of women. The reality, of
course, is that most feminists are in relationships of some kind (family, work, friends) with
men, and some feminists are men. Some men eagerly call themselves pro-feminist because
feminism is a perspective on life. The reading by Byron Hurt in Chapter 13, “Feminist
Men,” illustrates this practice. Nonetheless, the man-hating myth works to prevent many
women who want to be in relationships with men from claiming feminism. They are en-
couraged to avoid a political stance that suggests antagonism toward men.
Feminists often respond to the declaration that they hate men with the observation
that the statement illustrates a hypersensitivity about the possibility of exclusion and loss
20 gendered voices, feminist visions

of power on the part of men. Only in a patriarchal society would the inclusion of women
be interpreted as a potential threat or loss of men’s power. It is a reflection of the fact that
we live in a competitive patriarchal society when it is assumed that the feminist agenda is
one that seeks to have power over men. Only in an androcentric society where men and
their reality is center stage would it be assumed that an inclusion of one group must mean
the exclusion of another. In other words, male domination encourages the idea that af-
firming women means hating men and interprets women’s request for power sharing as a
form of taking over. This projection of patriarchal mentality equates someone’s gain with
another’s loss.
In response to the assertion that feminists want to be men, it is true to say that femi-
nists might like to share some of the power granted to men in society. However, femi-
nism is not about encouraging women to be like men; it’s about valuing women for being
women and respecting expressions of femininity no matter what body these expressions
are mapped on. People opposed to feminism often confuse sameness with equality and
say that women will never be equal to men because they are different (less physically
strong, more emotional, etc.) or they say that equality is dangerous because women will
start being like men. Feminism, of course, affirms and works to maintain difference; it
merely asks that these differences be valued equally. That is the basis of social justice.
Third, feminists are accused of being lesbians in an effort to discredit feminism and
prevent women both from joining the movement and from taking WGS classes. The term
for this is “lesbian baiting.” Feminism affirms women’s choices to be and love whomever
they choose. Although some lesbians are feminists, many lesbians are not feminists, and
many feminists are heterosexual or have other sexual identities. Feminists do not interpret
an association with lesbianism as an insult. Nonetheless, homophobia—the societal fear
or hatred of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people—functions to maintain this as an
insult. There is considerable fear associated with being called a lesbian, and this declara-
tion that all feminists are lesbians serves to keep women in line, apart from one another,
and suspicious of feminism and WGS. Note that this myth is related to the earlier discus-
sion on man hating because it is assumed that lesbians hate men too. Again, although
lesbians love women, this does not necessitate a dislike of men.
Fourth, feminism does not reject motherhood but instead attempts to improve the
conditions under which women mother. Contemporary legislation to improve working
mothers’ lives and provide safe and affordable health care, child care, and education for
children (to name just a few examples) has come about because of the work of feminists.
In terms of rejecting femininity, feminists have rejected some of the constraints associated
with femininity such as corsets and hazardous beauty products and practices, but mostly
they strive to reclaim femininity as a valuable construct that should be respected.
Fifth, feminism has been critiqued as a white, middle-class perspective that has no
relevance to the lives of women of color. The corollary of this is that WGS is about only
the lives of white, bourgeois women. This critique is important because, as discussed ear-
lier, the history of the women’s movement provides examples of both blatant and subtle
racism, and white women have been the ones to hold most positions of power and au-
thority in those movements. Similarly, working-class women have been underrepresented.
 Women’s and Gender Studies 21

This is also reflected in the discipline of WGS as faculty and students have often been
disproportionately white and economically privileged. Much work has been done to trans-
form the women’s movement into an inclusive social movement that has relevance for all
people’s lives. WGS departments and programs today are often among the most diverse
units on college campuses, although most still have work to do. It is absolutely crucial
that the study of women and other marginalized peoples as subjects both recognizes and
celebrates diversity and works to transform all systems of oppression in society. Feminist
scholar bell hooks claims back feminism as the movement to do just that. She emphasizes
that any call to sisterhood must involve a commitment on the part of white women to ex-
amine white privilege and understand the interconnections among gender, race, and class
domination.
Although the women’s movement has had a profound impact on the lives of women
in the United States and great strides have been made toward equality, real problems still
remain. Women continue to face workplace discrimination and harassment, domestic
violence, rape and abuse, education inequities, poverty, racism, and homophobia. WGS
provides a forum for naming the problems women face, analyzing the root causes of these
problems, envisioning a just and equitable world, and developing strategies for change. As
you read the following articles, keep these questions in mind: What does the author iden-
tify as problems women face? What does the author suggest is the root of these problems?
What strategies does the author suggest for bringing about change to improve the lives of
women?

THE BLOG
WHY WE STILL NEED ETHNIC STUDIES AND
WOMEN, GENDER & SEXUALITY STUDIES
Susan M. Shaw (2017)
Recently someone wrote a letter to the editor of our
local paper criticizing our university’s Ethnic Studies and
Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies programs for
being divisive by their focus on “tiny subgroups” (­African
American, Latinx, Native American, Asian American,
LGBTQ, women) rather than the larger human population.
In other words, this writer believes we don’t need
Ethnic Studies (ES) and Women, Gender, and Sexuality
Studies (WGSS) because we should be teaching about
our common humanity rather than our different identi-
ties, experiences, and cultures.
He could not be more wrong.
First of all, human beings do experience themselves
as people who have gender, race, sexuality, and culture.
And those differences lead to different experiences in
the world. If we are to broaden and deepen our under-
standing of human experience, we have to examine it
in all of its diversity and understand the difference dif-
ference makes. Ignoring social differences in human ex-
perience in academic study would make as much sense
as ignoring differences in fish or stars or flowers. Com-
monalities don’t negate differences.
Second, those “tiny subgroups” are actually the
majority of the human population, and, yet, those sub-
groups are still mostly ignored or marginalized in much
of the curriculum of higher education. Ethnic Studies
and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies ensure that
students have an opportunity to develop skills to under-
stand how race, gender, sexuality, and other forms of
difference work in the world.
Third, research shows that taking Ethnic Studies
and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies classes is
good for students and helps achieve the goals of higher
education.
Many Ethnic Studies and Women, Gender, and
Sexuality Studies students are members of the groups
studied in these courses, and they are attracted to
courses that focus on their communities, identities, and

(continued)
22 gendered voices, feminist visions
histories because they do not find their experiences and
concerns centered in many other classes throughout the
university. Research shows that ES and WGSS courses
have positive impacts on these students. Taking these
courses improves students’ sense of empowerment and
their sense of self-worth and enhances student engage-
ment and academic achievement.
ES and WGSS courses also have positive impact on
all students, especially heterosexual white men. White
students who take Ethnic Studies courses experience
­reductions in prejudice and bias, and they become more
democratic in their orientation. Students in ES and WGSS
classes become more empathetic and more accepting of
diversity.
Additionally, students who take ES and WGSS
courses develop greater cognitive complexity and
higher levels of thinking because of their exposure to
diverse experiences and ideas.
And on campuses with strong attention to diversity,
students across all groups report that they are more sat-
isfied with their college experience than students who
do not engage with diversity in college.
Finally, ES and WGSS faculty contribute essential
scholarship to local and global communities. Here at
Oregon State University my ES and WGSS colleagues
are involved with research on motherhood, immigra-
tion, minority health, student success, and transnational
adoption, to name a few topics. One just returned from
1. CLAIMING AN EDUCATION
ADRIENNE RICH (1979)
For this convocation, I planned to separate my re-
marks into two parts: some thoughts about you, the
women students here, and some thoughts about us
who teach in a women’s college. But ultimately, those
two parts are indivisible. If university education
means anything beyond the processing of human
beings into expected roles, through credit hours,
tests, and grades (and I believe that in a women’s col-
lege especially it might mean much more), it implies
an ethical and intellectual contract between teacher
and student. This contract must remain intuitive, dy-
namic, unwritten; but we must turn to it again and
again if learning is to be reclaimed from the deper-
sonalizing and cheapening pressures of the present-
day academic scene.
supporting a medical team working with refugees in
southern Iraq. Another works with Latinx communities
in Oregon. One was nationally recognized [in 2016] for
work on behalf of transgender people. Another was
recently honored by our local community on MLK Day
for his work with students and other people of color on
campus and in the community.
Ethnic Studies and Women, Gender, and Sexuality
Studies bring unique analytical lenses to academic study
that help us understand how race, gender, sexuality, and
other forms of difference shape individual and group ex-
periences. They help us examine social institutions and the
roles these institutions play in maintaining social inequality.
And these academic disciplines also help us think about
how people can work to bring about changes in the world
that create more inclusive, equitable, and just workplaces,
families, schools, churches, and other social organizations.
We still need Ethnic Studies and Women, Gender,
and Sexuality Studies because race, gender, and sexual-
ity are still important facets of human experience that
give shape to the ways we are in the world. We need ES
and WGSS because people from those “tiny subgroups”
need an academic home to explore their concerns. We
need ES and WGSS because all students benefit from
exposure to diverse people and ideas. And we need ES
and WGSS because the world still needs academics who
can help us see things in a new way and develop skills to
create a world that is life-affirming for us all.
The first thing I want to say to you who are stu-
dents is that you cannot afford to think of being here
to receive an education; you will do much better to
think of yourselves as being here to claim one. One
of the dictionary definitions of the verb “to claim”
is to take as the rightful owner; to assert in the face of
possible contradiction. “To receive” is to come into pos-
session of; to act as receptacle or container for; to accept
as authoritative or true. The difference is that between
This talk was given at the Douglass College Convocation,
September 6, 1977, and first printed in The Common
Woman, a feminist literary magazine founded by Rutgers
University women in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

acting and being acted upon, and for women it can
literally mean the difference between life and death.
One of the devastating weaknesses of univer-
sity learning, of the store of knowledge and opin-
ion that has been handed down through academic
training, has been its almost total erasure of wom-
en’s experience and thought from the curriculum,
and its exclusion of women as members of the aca-
demic community. Today, with increasing numbers
of women students in nearly every branch of higher
learning, we still see very few women in the upper
levels of faculty and administration in most institu-
tions. Douglass College itself is a women’s college in
a university administered overwhelmingly by men,
who in turn are answerable to the state legislature,
again composed predominantly of men. But the most
significant fact for you is that what you learn here,
the very texts you read, the lectures you hear, the
way your studies are divided into categories and frag-
mented one from the other—all this reflects, to a very
large degree, neither objective reality, nor an accurate
picture of the past, nor a group of rigorously tested
observations about human behavior. What you can
learn here (and I mean not only at Douglass but any
college in any university) is how men have perceived
and organized their experience, their history, their
ideas of social relationships, good and evil, sickness
and health, etc. When you read or hear about “great
issues,” “major texts,” “the mainstream of Western
thought,” you are hearing about what men, above all
white men, in their male subjectivity, have decided
is important.
Black and other minority peoples have for some
time recognized that their racial and ethnic experi-
ence was not accounted for in the studies broadly
labeled human; and that even the sciences can be
racist. For many reasons, it has been more difficult
for women to comprehend our exclusion, and to real-
ize that even the sciences can be sexist. For one thing,
it is only within the last hundred years that higher
education has grudgingly been opened up to women
at all, even to white, middle-class women. And
many of us have found ourselves poring eagerly over
books with titles like The Descent of Man; Man and
His Symbols; Irrational Man; The Phenomenon of Man;
The Future of Man; Man and the Machine; From Man to
1. Claiming an Education 23
Man; May Man Prevail?; Man, Science and Society; or
One-Dimensional Man—books pretending to describe
a “human” reality that does not include over one-half
the human species.
Less than a decade ago, with the rebirth of a
feminist movement in this country, women students
and teachers in a number of universities began to
demand and set up women’s studies courses—to
claim a woman-directed education. And, despite the
inevitable accusations of “unscholarly,” “group ther-
apy,” “faddism,” etc., despite backlash and budget
cuts, women’s studies are still growing, offering to
more and more women a new intellectual grasp on
their lives, new understanding of our history, a fresh
vision of the human experience, and also a critical
basis for evaluating what they hear and read in other
courses, and in the society at large.
But my talk is not really about women’s studies,
much as I believe in their scholarly, scientific, and
human necessity. While I think that any Douglass
student has everything to gain by investigating and
enrolling in women’s studies courses, I want to sug-
gest that there is a more essential experience that you
owe yourselves, one which courses in women’s stud-
ies can greatly enrich, but which finally depends on
you, in all your interactions with yourself and your
world. This is the experience of taking responsibility
toward your selves. Our upbringing as women has so
often told us that this should come second to our re-
lationships and responsibilities to other people. We
have been offered ethical models of the self-denying
wife and mother; intellectual models of the brilliant
but slapdash dilettante who never commits herself
to anything the whole way, or the intelligent woman
who denies her intelligence in order to seem more
“feminine,” or who sits in passive silence even when
she disagrees inwardly with everything that is being
said around her.
Responsibility to yourself means refusing to let
others do your thinking, talking, and naming for
you; it means learning to respect and use your own
brains and instincts; hence, grappling with hard
work. It means that you do not treat your body as
a commodity with which to purchase superficial
intimacy or economic security; for our bodies and
minds are inseparable in this life, and when we allow
24 gendered voices, feminist visions
our bodies to be treated as objects, our minds are in
mortal danger. It means insisting that those to whom
you give your friendship and love are able to respect
your mind. It means being able to say, with Charlotte
Bronte’s Jane Eyre: “I have an inward treasure born
with me, which can keep me alive if all the extrane-
ous delights should be withheld or offered only at a
price I cannot afford to give.”
Responsibility to yourself means that you don’t
fall for shallow and easy solutions: predigested
books and ideas, weekend encounters guaranteed
to change your life, taking “gut” courses instead of
ones you know will challenge you, bluffing at school
and life instead of doing solid work, marrying early
as an escape from real decisions, getting pregnant
as an evasion of already existing problems. It means
that you refuse to sell your talents and aspirations
short, simply to avoid conflict and confrontation.
And this, in turn, means resisting the forces in so-
ciety which say that women should be nice, play
safe, have low professional expectations, drown
in love and forget about work, live through others,
and stay in the places assigned to us. It means that
we insist on a life of meaningful work, insist that
work be as meaningful as love and friendship in our
lives. It means, therefore, the courage to be “differ-
ent”; not to be continuously available to others when
we need time for ourselves and our work; to be able
to demand of others—parents, friends, roommates,
teachers, lovers, husbands, children—that they re-
spect our sense of purpose and our integrity as per-
sons. Women everywhere are finding the courage
to do this, more and more, and we are finding that
courage both in our study of women in the past who
possessed it, and in each other as we look to other
women for comradeship, community, and challenge.
The difference between a life lived actively, and a life
of passive drifting and dispersal of energies, is an im-
mense difference. Once we begin to feel committed
to our lives, responsible to ourselves, we can never
again be satisfied with the old, passive way.
Now comes the second part of the contract. I be-
lieve that in a women’s college you have the right to
expect your faculty to take you seriously. The educa-
tion of women has been a matter of debate for centu-
ries, and old, negative attitudes about women’s role,
women’s ability to think and take leadership, are still
rife both in and outside the university. Many male
professors (and I don’t mean only at Douglass) still
feel that teaching in a women’s college is a second­
rate career. Many tend to eroticize their women
­students—to treat them as sexual objects—instead of
demanding the best of their minds. (At Yale a legal
suit [Alexander v. Yale] has been brought against the
university by a group of women students demand-
ing a stated policy against sexual advances toward
female students by male professors.) Many teachers,
both men and women, trained in the male-centered
tradition, are still handing the ideas and texts of
that tradition on to students without teaching them
to criticize its antiwoman attitudes, its omission of
women as part of the species. Too often, all of us fail
to teach the most important thing, which is that clear
thinking, active discussion, and excellent writing are
all necessary for intellectual freedom, and that these
require hard work. Sometimes, perhaps in discour-
agement with a culture which is both antiintellec-
tual and antiwoman, we may resign ourselves to low
expectations for our students before we have given
them half a chance to become more thoughtful, ex-
pressive human beings. We need to take to heart the
words of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, a poet, a think-
ing woman, and a feminist, who wrote in 1845 of her
impatience with studies which cultivate a “passive
recipiency” in the mind, and asserted that “women
want to be made to think actively: their apprehension
is quicker than that of men, but their defect lies for
the most part in the logical faculty and in the higher
mental activities.” Note that she implies a defect
which can be remedied by intellectual training—not
an inborn lack of ability.
I have said that the contract on the student’s
part involves that you demand to be taken seri-
ously so that you can also go on taking yourself seri-
ously. This means seeking out criticism, recognizing
that the most affirming thing anyone can do for
you is demand that you push yourself further, show
you the range of what you can do. It means reject-
ing attitudes of “take-it-easy,” “why-be-so-serious,”
­“why-worry-you’ll-probably-get-married-anyway.” It
means assuming your share of responsibility for what
happens in the classroom, because that affects the
Another random document with
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te bevinden. Dit was echter niet het geval. Als de menschen, die er
in de streek woonden, naar het drie kwartier gaans verwijderde dorp
moesten, passeerden ze deze laan en kozen verder denzelfden
weg, dien Steven gegaan was om hier te komen. Dicht in de buurt,
ter linkerzijde, lag een boerderij, tevens uitspanning en tolhuis. Er
was namelijk door den eigenaar van 't kasteel een harde weg
aangelegd, waarover men den grooten rijksweg kon bereiken.
Wanneer de boeren van dezen kunstweg gebruik wilden maken,
moesten ze voor paard en wagen een halven stuiver tolgeld betalen.
Die halve stuiver had toentertijd ongeveer de waarde, die thans een
dubbeltje heeft. Kochten de lui echter een borrel van vijf centen, dan
werd hun het tolgeld geschonken.

Steven mocht ook al huiverig zijn om hier lang te vertoeven, toch

was bij hem de nieuwsgierigheid sterker dan de vrees.

Hij keek omhoog langs de dikke boomstammen.

"Als ik in zoo'n boom zat," dacht hij, "dan zou ik alles kunnen zien."

Hij beproefde de boomen te omvademen, maar kon dit niet. Toen

ging hij een weinig dieper de laan in en zag nu een dikken,
knoestigen stam, waarlangs hij zonder veel moeite opklom. Eenige
oogenblikken later zat hij schrijlings op één der dikke, benedenste
takken en had nu een vrij uitzicht op den tuin en ook op 't kasteel.

Dat was eerst een prachtige tuin; een echt Wonderland! Aan zijn
opgetogen blikken vertoonden zich groote perken met mooie,
kleurige bloemen. Op andere perken stonden sierstruiken, die nog
haast mooier waren.

Doch 't heerlijkst van al vond hij de perken met bessenstruiken, die
vol rijpe trossen zaten, en de breede randen met aardbeiplanten, vol
groote, rijpe vruchten, langs de wandelpaden en de boomen vol rijpe
kersen. Vlak bij 't kasteel waren groote broeikassen, waaruit hem
ook al rijpe vruchten tegenblonken.
 Die tuin was een waar Luilekkerland.

En hoe hoog waren die met klimplanten begroeide muren van 't
kasteel, loodrecht oprijzend uit de gracht. Druivenboompjes
omslingerden met hun frisch groen de vensters en den ronden boog
der deur.

De ramen waren met de warmte opengeschoven en voor een

dezer zat een dame te lezen uit een fraai gebonden boek, verguld op
de snede. Ze was geheel in 't wit gekleed. Vroolijke kinderen,
eveneens in witte kleederen, speelden op 't groote, frischgroene
grasperk. Ze schenen den knaap wezens toe uit een andere, betere
wereld, die met de boerenkinderen uit zijn omgeving, — zijn
schoolmakkers, — maar zeer weinig gemeen hadden en deze in
schoonheid onbeschrijfelijk ver te boven gingen.

Hoe wenschte hij, deel te mogen nemen aan hun spelen en steeds
met hen te mogen verkeeren. Maar hij begreep tot zijn groote
droefheid, dat hij veel beter voegde bij de boerenkinderen, dan bij
hen, om zijn kleeding, zijn spraak, zijn manieren en levenswijs.

Terwijl hij daar zoo zat te peinzen, hoorde hij eensklaps een geluid,
alsof er heel in de verte een kanonschot gelost werd. En toen hij
naar dien kant uitkeek, zag hij de dalende zon achter een donkere
wolk schuil gaan.

Een killen schrik ging hem door de leden.

Hij begreep nu eerst recht het verlatene van zijn toestand. De

avond viel, er kwam een dreigend onweer opzetten en hij was alleen
en zoo ver van huis.

Er kwam al beweging in de hooge boomtoppen; kikvorschen

begonnen in de slooten te kwaken en met het schuilgaan der zon
kwam er een schemering over het kort te voren nog zoo licht en
zonnig landschap. Overigens heerschte overal nog een diepe stilte,
slechts nu en dan afgebroken door 't dof gerommel van 't naderend
onweer uit de verte.
 Er was iets vreemds, iets sombers gekomen over de laan, waarin
hij zich bevond, die hem kort te voren nog zoo mooi, zoo heerlijk had
toegeschenen en waar hij zulk een uitnemende beschutting had
gevonden voor de felle zonnestralen.

't Leek hem toe, dat het plotseling avond geworden was en hij groot
gevaar liep om den nacht buiten in 't donker te moeten doorbrengen.

Er was iets vreemds, iets onbeschrijfelijk sombers gekomen over

de groene velden met ruischend graan; over de bloeiende weiden en
de zoo even nog glanzende boomen van de streek, die hij uit zijn
verheven zitplaats overzien kon.

Drukkender dan ooit was intusschen de warmte, angstwekkend de

stilte. Door die stilte heen meende hij een onheilspellend ruischen te
hooren, heel ver verwijderd, ja, maar dat aldoor duidelijker werd,
onrustbarend snel naderde en de geheele ruimte vulde.

Ook in 't kasteel had men de naderende bui bespeurd.

De schoone dame toch riep de stoeiende jongeluitjes toe, dat ze

binnen moesten, komen, want dat er een geducht onweer kwam
opzetten.

Eenige oogenblikken later waren nu allen in 't groote kasteel

verdwenen; de ramen werden er dicht geschoven; alles werd er stil
en eenzaam en Steven bevond zich daar onder die hooge boomen
en te midden van die vreemde, oneindige wereld moederziel alleen.
De arme jongen wist niet, dat hier dicht in de buurt de hoeve was
van boer Jansen, een vriend zijner ouders, dien ook hij zeer goed
kende, omdat hij haast iederen Zondag, na kerktijd, bij moeder De
Laat een kop koffie kwam drinken. In tien minuten zou Steven die
gastvrije woning hebben kunnen bereiken. De boer, of anders een
zijner huisgenooten, zou hem, als 't onweer geëindigd was, met
genoegen weer hebben thuis gebracht.

Doch Steven wist dit niet. Hij snelde daarom de laan uit, die hem
nu in hooge mate angstwekkend toescheen en verwijderde zich zoo
snel mogelijk van deze voor hem geheimzinnige plaats. Hij holde 't
bruggetje over, waaronder het water van de beek traag voortvloeide
naar de rivier en met deze langs drukke steden, vroolijke dorpen,
donkere bosschen, bloeiende heiden, korenlanden en weiden naar
de groote zee in 't verschiet.

Steven vroeg zich niet af, vanwaar dit water op zijn rusteloozen
tocht door de ruimte kwam en waarheen het nu ging. Hij lette
evenmin op de visschen, die met de warmte aan de oppervlakte
stonden en hem met hun groote oogen als verwonderd aanstaarden.
Hij liep voort, alsof zijn leven afhing van den spoed, dien hij maakte.
Angstig zag hij telkens weer om naar de bui, die met verbazende
snelheid kwam aanzetten.

Een onweer, zooals slechts enkele stokoude ingezetenen er ooit

een hadden bijgewoond, brak boven 't kasteel en den omtrek los.
Wolken, angstwekkend donker en dreigend, met helkleurige banen
als doorstreept, naderden in ijzingwekkende vaart en bedekten alras
naar drie zijden de gansche lucht. De saamgepakte wolkgevaarten
rolden en buitelden over elkaar, joegen in woeste vaart in kringen
rond en ze dreven niet, maar vlogen, als voortgegeeseld door een
wervelstorm. Bliksemflitsen schoten door die donkere wolkenbergen
heen met oogenverblindende schittering; krakende donderslagen
deden telkens weer den grond dreunen en sloegen den anders zoo
moedigen knaap in zijn verlaten toestand met een killen schrik.
Groote, donkere stukken werden daar omhoog door den storm van
de groote wolk afgescheurd en aan flarden uiteen gerukt. Toch was
de bui nog niet boven hem.

Hoe onheilspellend ruischten en klaterden echter die rustelooze

loovers der populieren!

Daar stak eensklaps ook waar de knaap zich bevond de wind op.
Hij loeide en gierde; de boomen bruisten; 't was een gerucht, dat
hooren en zien deed vergaan en een luchtpersing die den doodelijk
vermoeiden knaap, al loopende, schier den adem benam.
 Daar werd zijn vaart eensklaps gestuit door het getuinde hek, dat
den ingang afsloot. Ook nu poogde hij, door de opening te kruipen,
die hem ruim een uur geleden een doorgang had verschaft. De
spoed, dien hij maakte, was echter oorzaak dat hij er in beklemd
raakte. Zij kin zat vast tegen zijn knie gedrukt en hoe hij zich ook
inspande, hij kon voor- noch achteruit, evenmin als een boef, die in
de boeien is kromgesloten.

En daar barstte nu vlak boven hem de bui met ongekende

hevigheid los.

De bliksem schitterde; de donder ratelde met korte

tusschenpoozen. Stukken ijs ter grootte van een duivenei of nog
grooter vielen bij stroomen al kletterend naar beneden. Ze kwamen
met zulk een kracht tegen den grond, dat ze herhaaldelijk weer hoog
opsprongen en een wilden dans uitvoerden. En die stukken waren
niet rond, zooals gewone hagelkorrels, maar zeer onregelmatig van
vorm, met scherpe hoeken, alsof er door een vreeselijke kracht een
zware ijsbank boven in de lucht was in stukken gebeukt.

De koeien, door de pijn als dol, galoppeerden in de naburige weide

met geheven staarten woest heen en weer. De ganzen staken de
koppen in de veeren. Steven moest dien kouden zilveren stroom
maar op zich laten neerkomen, evenals de gierigaard uit het
sprookje, die den wenschring geroofd had en honderdduizend
rijksdaalders wenschte te hebben. Die werd jammerlijk gedood door
den stroom van op hem neêrvallende geldstukken.

De angst van den armen knaap was onbeschrijfelijk. Hij huilde, hij
kermde, hij riep om vader en moeder, maar zijn stem werd door 't
gebulder van den storm, 't geklater van den ijsstroom en 't ontzaglijk
geratel van den donder geheel verdoofd. En hoe meer pogingen hij
deed om zich los te werken, hoe vaster hij tusschen de stokken van
't hek beklemd raakte.

De bui trok eindelijk af en toen lagen de veldvruchten in de streek,

waar ze gewoed had, vernield tegen den grond.
 Vogels, die een uur te voren nog lustig gezongen hadden, lagen nu
dood onder de boomen, tusschen het stuk gehagelde, afgewaaide
loover, dat overal de wegen bedekte.

De wagensporen en andere lage plaatsen waren opgevuld met

groote brokken ijs, en ofschoon 't in den zomer was, lagen zij er den
anderen dag nog.

De zon was intusschen ondergegaan. Het werd avond en Steven

zat nog steeds gevangen en zijn angstgeschrei en zijn geroep om
hulp bleven maar altijd vruchteloos.

Zou hij hier den heelen nacht zoo moeten blijven zitten?

IX.
Hoe Dronken Teunis uit visschen ging en wat hij thuis bracht.

Teunis Vlak, gewoonlijk dronken Teunis genoemd, zat op den

drukkend-warmen namiddag, in 't vorige hoofdstuk vermeld, in zijn
hut voor 't klein, vierkant raampje en keek belangstellend uit naar 't
bed met bloeiende Duizendschoonen, die hij met veel zorg had
gekweekt op een perkje in 't midden van 't stukje grasgrond vóór zijn
deur.
 Een dagloonersvrouw uit de buurt, moeder Bremer, die medelijden
had met den eenzamen man, had hem zaad gegeven en uit
dankbaarheid had hij dezen morgen een hoekje grond voor haar
omgespit. "Je bent menschen, die ook moet tobben en sloven om
van den eenen dag tot den anderen te komen en voor wat hoort
wat," had hij gezegd.

Maar met zijn dik, log lichaam en bij die groote warmte was hem dit
ongewoon werk uiterst moeilijk gevallen, temeer daar hij zijn pijekker
niet had kunnen uittrekken om den haveloozen, vervuilden toestand
zijner overige plunje.

Hij was zeer blij geweest, toen tegen den middag het werk was
afgeloopen. De vrouw had hem op een maal aardappelen en een
stukje spek vergast en daaraan had hij zich recht tegoed gedaan. En
nu zat hij in zijn hut van de vermoeienis wat uit te rusten en van 't
vriendelijk uitzicht te genieten.

De oude stoel, — de éénige die hij rijk was, — kraakte onder zijn
gewicht, zoo vaak hij zich maar even bewoog. Zijn beenen lagen
gestrekt over 't worteleinde van een afgezaagden eikenstam, die
hem voor tafel diende.

"'t Lijkt wel niet heel netjes, zoo met de beenen op tafel te zitten,"
zeide hij bij zich zelf. "'k Doe juist zoo als de boer, wiens dochter als
keukenmeid bij een groot heer diende en die hem bij zijn bezoek op
lekkere kluifjes onthaalde. "Leg de beenen maar op tafel, vader!" zei
de dienstmaagd en de man, die moe was van 't loopen, strekte ook
zijn beslijkte beenen over de tafel uit; hahaha!"

Hij lachte zoo, dat zijn dikke buik er van schudde. De vergissing
van dien boer vond hij erg komiek.

"Ik zit hier toch wel gemakkelijk," — dus ging hij, in zich zelf
sprekende, voort. "'k Zit hier juist zoo, of 'k van mijn renten leef! Voor
rentenier heb ik werkelijk heel veel aanleg. Hoe jammer toch dat
vader Adam, toen hij nog in 't Paradijs en derhalve in goeden doen
was, vergeten heeft om één gulden voor mij op de spaarbank te
beleggen, rente op rente! Als hij dit gedaan had, zou ik nu wijd en
breed millionair zijn geweest. Nu is 't voor mij: "Adam, gij moet
werken!" En aan werken heb ik een broertje dood. 'k Begrijp niet,
hoe de menschen 't bij zoo'n hitte een heelen dag volhouden! Toch
zal ik op de eene of andere wijze moeten pogen om wat te
verdienen. Van 't leegloopen kan de schoorsteen niet rooken. Haha!"
lachte hij weer, "al had ik ook volop te koken, te bakken en te
braden, toch zou er een zware wijs opgaan om m i j n
s c h o o r s t e e n , d i e e r n i e t i s , aan 't rooken te krijgen. 't Is
hier een naar, duf hol; erg vervelend om er alleen te wonen. Maar als
ik hier een vrouw en een half dozijn schreeuwende kleuters om mij
heen had, zou er toch rijkelijk veel leven in de brouwerij zijn, dunkt
me zoo. Maar 'k zit me hier anders erg te versuffen. Die grauwe
leemen wanden, die zoldering van stroo, die vloer van zand, waarin
de stoel telkens wegzakt, zijn allesbehalve geschikt om iemands
leven te veraangenamen. 'k Heb al heel wat buitelingen gemaakt
met dien stoel en vrees nog eens mijn nek er mee te zullen breken.

Maar hoe ik mijn toestand zou kunnen verbeteren, weet ik niet.

Voor straat- of struikroover mis ik de noodige vereischten. Die kerels
zouden zich niet ontzien om een moord te plegen. Ze wilden me
dwingen om te zeggen wie hun kameraad een groot gat in 't hoofd
had geslagen, natuurlijk om hem later te dooden, want de schelmen
staan voor niets. Doch ik hield mij onnoozel. 'k Zei maar, dat ik in
een droge sloot achter 't elzen hakhout had verborgen gezeten, toen
er twee personen waren voorbij gekomen, van wie de één den ander
verteld had, dat hij naar D. ging en met een aardige som geld in den
buidel hoopte terug te komen.

Neen, met dat boevengespuis wil ik in 't vervolg niets meer te

maken hebben. Maar de gebraden duiven vliegen me hier ook niet in
den mond, dat is zeker! 't Best zal zijn, dat ik met den hengel wat ga
visschen. Welbezien is het toch alles maar begonnen om de hap-
hap-hap en de snap-snap-snap. Jan Blom zei laatst: hij nam 't zijn
vader erg kwalijk, dat die hem het e t e n geleerd had, omdat hij nu
van den morgen tot den avond moest sloven en zwoegen om een
schraal kostje te winnen. 't Is een oolijke grappenmaker, die Jan,
doch dat aldoor werken in 't land zou mij toch op den duur niet
bevallen. 't Is vrij wat gemakkelijker om, zooals ik, met visschen en
wildstroopen, of, als 't niet anders kan, met bedelen aan den kost te
komen. Maar komaan! Laat ik den tijd en de gelegenheid te baat
nemen en geen gras laten groeien over 't plan om te gaan visschen.
'k Denk haast, dat de visch met dit warme weer wel zal willen bijten."

Met een vlugge beweging poogde hij op te staan. Ongelukkig

kwam zijn log lichaam nu grootendeels op de ééne zijde van den
wrakken stoel te rusten. De poot brak en onze Teunis werd
zandruiter.
 {Illustratie: Hoe onheilspellend ruischten en klaterden echter die
rustelooze loovers der populieren! (Pag. 74).}

"Daar heb je 't al," bromde hij, terwijl hij steunend en kreunend
overeind scharrelde. "'t Is hier toch allemaal terdege goed spul van 't
jaar nul. 't Ergste is, dat ik nu geen stoel meer heb: in 't vervolg zal ik
op de tafel moeten zitten."

Hij sloeg met de vlakke hand het zand van zijn pijekker, ging toen
naar een hoek van 't vertrek, nam een bierflesch met wormen om tot
aas voor de visschen te dienen en stak die in den zak. Vervolgens
stak hij een paar angels bij zich en stapte heel deftig naar buiten. De
wrakke deur trok hij achter zich toe, terwijl hij bromde:

"Waar niets is, heeft zelfs de keizer zijn recht verloren. 't Is daarom
ook geheel onnoodig, mijn deur te sluiten."

Daarop spoedde hij zich langs zijwegen en paden naar de lage

streek, ten Westen van 't dorp, waar de meeste slooten waren en er
derhalve de meeste kans was om wat te vangen.

Op de plaats gekomen, waar hij zijn geluk wilde beproeven,

wischte hij zich met de mouw het zweet van 't gelaat en sneed toen
een buigzamen tak van een knotwilg, maakte daaraan de lijn met
den angel vast en zei: "Ziezoo, klaar is Kees!"
 De flesch met de wormen legde hij naast zich neer. Achter 't elzen
hakhout vond hij een schaduwrijk plekje en 't malsche gras bedekte
er, als een mollig tapijt, den bodem. 't Was een heerlijk plekje, veel
beter geschikt om er na de vermoeienissen van dezen dag eens
goed uit te rusten, dan zijn duffe, vunzige hut.

De vogels zongen lustig; heerlijk geurden de bloemen; overal daar

buiten was het licht en vroolijk.

Hij kon dan ook den lust niet weerstaan, om hier een middagdutje
te doen. "'t Is toch gemakkelijk, als je overal thuis bent!" zeide hij.

Languit ging hij in 't gras liggen en weldra sliep hij zoo vast als een
beer.

Toen tegen den avond het onweer kwam opzetten, lag hij nog in
een diepen slaap gedompeld. Hij hoorde niet steeds heviger en
dreigender het rommelen van den donder en zag evenmin 't aldoor
feller schitteren van de bliksemstralen.

Men verbeeldde zich dus zijn ontsteltenis, toen hem plotseling een
stroom van scherpe ijsstukken met kracht op hoofd en aangezicht
vielen en daarop hun rondedans dansten. In 't eerst meende hij in
zijn botte verbijstering, dat de kwajongens, die hem op straat wel
eens honend naschreeuwden, met striemende zweepslagen zijn
gezicht bewerkten. Woedend sprong hij op, stiet een rauwen vloek
uit en balde de vuisten om de denkbeeldige vijanden te lijf te gaan.
Doch al ras begreep hij, wat er eigenlijk gaande was en dat het de
neerkletterende ijsstroom was, die hem pijnigde.

Ten einde raad wierp hij zich plat op zijn buik, trok zijn pijekker over
't hoofd en bleef zoo liggen, tot de bui had uitgewoed. Doch ook toen
hij zoo lag ontlokte de pijn hem nog telkens smartelijke kreten. 't
Leek hem bij 't afgrijselijk gerucht, dat de bui maakte, dat de wereld
vergaan moest.
 De bui trok af, even snel als ze was opgekomen. De natuur kwam
weer tot bedaren, maar geen vogel hoorde men meer zingen. Een
doodsche stilte had het wilde gerucht van zoo even vervangen.

Teunis haalde diep adem. Om zich heen vertoonden zich overal de

teekenen der verwoesting. Weiden en velden glinsterden, maar 't
was de kille glans van 't ijs, dat overal den bodem bedekte en hier en
daar zelfs lag opgehoopt. De hoop van den landman op een goeden
oogst was over een groote streek vernietigd.

Onder den naasten populier lag tusschen de ijsstukken een doode

lijster. Teunis nam den vogel in de hand, bekeek hem een poosje en
zei toen meewarig: "Arm dier! Kort geleden hoorde ik je nog zoo
lustig zingen en nu al dood! Maar je einde is snel en je doodspijn niet
groot geweest. Koude en hitte, honger en dorst, storm en onweer
kunnen je niet meer deren!"

Zacht legde hij den vogel neer onder 't elzenloof. "Mijn mooie
bloemen zullen ook wel duchtig geleden hebben," mompelde hij,
terwijl hij in gedachten voortging.

Het vreeselijk natuurtooneel had een diepen indruk op hem

gemaakt.

Juist wilde hij een zijweg inslaan, die voorbij het dorp naar zijn hut
leidde, toen hij op eenigen afstand het angstgeschrei en 't geroep
om hulp van een knaap hoorde. Hij liep vlug dien kant uit en vond er
Steven in de klem zitten.

"Hoe kom jij hier zoo verzeild, jongen?" vroeg hij verbaasd. En toen
de knaap maar aldoor bleef om hulp schreeuwen, poogde hij hem uit
zijn moeilijken toestand te verlossen. "Je hebt het zwaar te verduren
gehad, mijn baasje!" zei Teunis. "Je bloedt! Wist ik maar, hoe 'k je
helpen kan!"

Na eenig wikken en wegen begon hij de stokken van boven af in de

hoogte te werken en zoo de ruimte, waarin Steven bekneld zat, te
vergrooten en op die manier gelukte 't hem den knaap te verlossen.
 Hij vatte hem vriendelijk bij de hand.

Steven, die zich nu weer vrij voelde, kwam ook welhaast tot
bedaren. Hij klaagde echter dat gezicht, hoofd, nek en handen hem
zoo'n pijn deden.

"Geen wonder!" zei Teunis. "Je hebt de bui ongedekt moeten

doorstaan. Maar vertel me toch eens, hoe je zoo ver van huis bent
weggedraaid!"

"Moeder was druk met de wasch en vader was ook niet thuis,"
antwoordde de knaap. "Ik verveelde me en ben maar wat gaan
wandelen. 'k Ben heelemaal bij 't kasteel geweest en kon, toen de
bui opkwam, niet weer zoo gauw terug loopen."

"'t Is niet goed van je, om heel alleen zoo ver weg te loopen," zei
Teunis, die hem wel een aardige jongen vond. "Als je wandelen wilt,
doe je beter door den anderen kant uit te gaan, waar niet zulke diepe
modderslooten zijn. Hier zou de bullebak je wel eens kunnen te
pakken krijgen en dan was 't met je gedaan."

Zoo pratende, waren ze 't dorp genaderd en gekomen op de plek,

waar een zijpad leidde naar de buurt waar Teunis woonde. En daar
deze om begrijpelijke redenen De Laat en zijn vrouw liever niet wilde
ontmoeten, zeide hij: "Ziezoo, mijn jongen! nu kun je 't huis
gemakkelijk zelf vinden, is 't niet? Kijk, daar staat de kerk met den
hoogen toren en er vlak bij is je huis."

"O ja," antwoordde Steven. "Wel bedankt!"

Toen liep hij wat hij loopen kon voort en de eerste, die hij op straat
ontmoette, was zijn vriendinnetje Tonia, die hem vertelde, dat men in
't dorp overal naar hem zocht.

Teunis ging in gedachten verdiept zijns weegs. Hij dacht na over

allerlei dingen en o.a. ook daarover, hoe 't hem, die geen werken
geleerd had, mogelijk zou zijn om in 't vervolg op een fatsoenlijke
manier te leven en den kost te winnen.
 't Was ook voor hem geen geschikte tijd, om ergens in 't dorp
bezoeken af te leggen.

In verschillende huizen was geen ruit heel gebleven. De bewoners,

die zich, toen de bui losbrak, buiten de deur gewaagd hadden, met
het voornemen om de blinden te sluiten, waren genoodzaakt
geweest om in allerijl weer naar binnen te vluchten, zonder hun doel
bereikt te hebben.

De dorpsstraat was dik bedekt met stukken ijs; de riolen waren er

mee opgevuld. Veld- en tuinvruchten waren vernield. Droefheid en
ontsteltenis heerschten algemeen.

Toen Steven thuis kwam, vond hij er zijn vader en moeder niet: ze
waren in den grootsten angst naar hem aan 't zoeken. Hij ging
derhalve weer de straat op, om te ontdekken waar ze waren.
Welhaast vonden ze elkaar weder. Toen de ouders hoorden, waar
hun jongen geweest was en wie hem uit zijn moeilijken toestand
verlost en weder thuis gebracht had, kende hun verbazing geen
grenzen. 't Kwam hun voor, dat ze Teunis wel eens verkeerd hadden
beoordeeld en ze waren voortaan vriendelijk jegens hem.

X.
 Op de Dorpskermis.

"Het gras was gehooid en het koren was binnen.

De najaarszon gloorde met feestlijken glans.
't Was kermis in 't dorp en de blonde boerinnen
Verzelden de juichende boeren ten dans."

J. VAN BEERS.

Een half dozijn jaren is er verloopen, sinds de voorvallen, in de

voorgaande bladzijden beschreven, plaats hadden.

't Is 's morgens tegen tien uur en een mooie, zonnige dag in den
na-zomer.

Het dorpje, anders zoo stil, is nu vol leven en beweging. Een bonte
menigte van boeren en boerinnen, knapen en meisjes, verdringt zich
op straat voor de kramen en spellen.

Uit de herbergen klinkt ons een opwekkende dansmuziek tegen.

't Is kermis.

Die kramen en spellen staan op 't kerkplein, een grasveld, waarop

men overal platte paaltjes vindt met letters er van boven ingesneden.
't Zijn de voorletters der namen van wie daar begraven liggen.

Evenals op de meeste andere plaatsen toch, was vroeger ook hier

het k e r k p l e i n tevens k e r k h o f . Rijke menschen werden zelfs
in de kerk begraven en in veel kerken bestaat de vloer nog in onzen
tijd, gedeeltelijk uit grafsteenen, terwijl men in niet weinige mooie
praalgraven aantreft. Het sierlijk monument op 't graf van M. A. de
Ruyter in de Nieuwe Kerk te Amsterdam is van algemeene
bekendheid.
 't Is erg druk op de kermis, dat moet gezegd worden. Geen wonder
ook!

De buitenmenschen hebben weinig afwisseling in hun leven. 't Is

daarom wel te begrijpen, dat ze van deze gelegenheid tot
ontspanning, zoo mogelijk, gebruik maken.

Steven de Laat bevindt zich ook onder de feestgenooten. Men ziet

hem gewoonlijk op plaatsen, waar drukte heerscht en 't vroolijk
toegaat. Hij is, om een bekende spreekwijze te gebruiken, op alle
markten en kermissen thuis.

Zorgen en verdriet zijn hem zoo goed als onbekend. Alleen vindt hij
't erg onpleizierig, dat zijn goede moeder in den laatsten tijd niet
meer zoo gezond is als vroeger. 't Gebeurt soms dat hij, als hij van
een uitstapje in de buurt thuis komt, haar vindt te bed liggen. Doch
als hij dan voorstelt om den dokter te halen, zegt ze geruststellend:
"Welneen, 'k heb alleen maar een beetje pijn in de borst en moet erg
hoesten: 't is een zware verkoudheid. Morgen ben ik allicht weer
heelemaal beter. 'k Heb me misschien wat overspannen."

Ja, zij overspant zich wel eens met werken en zorgen: ze begint
zich steeds ernstiger bezorgd te maken over de toekomst van haar
éénigen zoon, van wien ze zulke groote verwachtingen koesterde.

Geen wonder ook: zijn vroegere speelmakkers zijn allen reeds op

de eene of andere wijze nuttig werkzaam: de een is dag op dag druk
in de weer om een handwerk te leeren, de ander helpt zijn ouders in
den landbouw en de veeteelt; bakker Antoon is 's morgens voor dag
en dauw al in de bakkerij bezig en Jan van den ontvanger bereidt
zich voor op 't examen van veearts.

Doch als men hem, Steven, vraagt wat h i j worden wil, is

gewoonlijk 't bescheid: "Vraag me iets, dat ik weet en niet iets, dat ik
niet weet!" De buren, die 't goed met hem meenen, schudden wel
eens ernstig het hoofd, terwijl ze de opmerking maken, dat het dan
toch hoog tijd wordt, om daarover te denken.
 Steven schijnt echter te meenen, dat hij nog tijd genoeg heeft om
met geregelde werkzaamheden te beginnen. "Er gaat niets boven de
vrijheid," dus redeneert hij en staat, als er niets bijzonders te zien is,
nu eens bij de timmerlui, dan bij de metselaars, een anderen keer bij
de schilders naar hun werk te kijken. Zoo brengt hij vaak heele
dagen zoek. 's Avonds, als 't overal en ook op straat donker is,
omdat de straatverlichting hier nog altijd op zich laat wachten, neemt
hij gewoonlijk zijn toevlucht tot de smederij van 't dorp. Hij vindt er
genoegen in om den smid den zwaren hamer te zien zwaaien,
zoodat de vonken om hem rond spatten. Maar om zelf den hamer
eens ter hand te nemen, den bezigen man het werk te verlichten en
te zien of ook hij geen lust in dit vak krijgen kan, dat komt niet in hem
op.

Alleen 's Zaterdagsavonds helpt hij zijn vader bij 't houden van 't
boek en ziet dan gewoonlijk, dat deze een voordeeligen handel
gedreven heeft. Hij begrijpt zeer goed, dat dit ook voor hem van
groot belang is en de vader, die hem dan zoo ijverig bezig ziet om
zich met alles op de hoogte te stellen, zegt dan wel eens tot zijn
bezorgde vrouw:

"Wees maar gerust! Met onze jongen zal alles wel op zijn best
uitloopen: hij heeft een uitmuntend verstand, is goedaardig, vlug en
vriendelijk jegens iedereen."

En intusschen gaat De Laat zelf geregeld voort zijn zaadhandel te

drijven, die hem, al reizend, een gewenschte afwisseling verschaft
en bovendien een goed bestaan verzekert.

Dat de gezondheid zijner goede vrouw er in den laatsten tijd niet

beter op geworden is, schijnt hij niet te merken. Wel is hij een
belangstellend huisvader, maar toch in de eerste plaats een man van
zaken. Daardoor is 't hem juist mogelijk geweest om hier in dit
afgelegen hoekje van de wereld een zaak te stichten, die in de heele
Graafschap en Twente gunstig bekend is en hem en zijn klein gezin
een onbezorgd bestaan verzekert.
 Maar 't was ons voornemen om een dorpskermis bij te wonen in
een tijd, die ongeveer veertig jaar achter ons ligt.

Daar staan we dan in gedachten op 't kerkplein en komen er juist

op tijd om de schutters te zien uittrekken naar 't grasveld in de buurt,
waar ze een schietwedstrijd willen houden. De beste schutter zal
straks s c h u t t e r s k o n i n g zijn en op één na de beste
k o n i n g s k n e c h t . De eerste kiest zich dan uit de aanwezige
meisjes een koningin en de ander een k o n i n g s m e i d . Ook de
gekozen meisjes bekomen ieder een prijs. Ze achten 't bovendien
een groote eer, uit zoovelen gekozen te worden tot koninginnen van
't feest.

De schutters staan reeds in rijen van vieren aangetreden, ieder met

zijn eigen of wel met een geleend geweer op schouder, niet zooals
dat bij de militairen 't gebruik is, met de kolven omlaag en de
trompen omhoog, neen, ieder draagt ze, zooals hem dat het best
uitkomt.

Jan Vreeman, een timmerman van zijn ambacht, die soldaat is

geweest en bij de infanterie was ingedeeld, is kommandant van den
troep. Zijn vrouw heeft hem een paar breede strooken, —
korporaalsstrepen, — op de mouwen van zijn kapotjas genaaid. Zijn
houding is zoo heldhaftig als die van den kranigsten officier; zijn
kommandostem is welluidend en krachtig. Jammer genoeg mist zijn
troep de noodige vaardigheid in 't uitvoeren der handgrepen en hij
zelf mist het noodig gezag over de jongelui, in wier huizen hij onder
gewone omstandigheden op daghuur gaat werken.

De meesten toch, zich hun onbedrevenheid bewust en bang om

voor de toeschouwers, onder wie zich ook hun tegenwoordige of
toekomstige vrijsters bevinden, een mal figuur te maken en
uitgelachen te worden, nemen bij voorbaat reeds een houding aan
die den anderen toonen moet dat hun dit oorlogszuchtig gedoe
niemendal schelen kan en ze 't als een laffe komedie beschouwen.
Anderen daarentegen wekken den lachlust der toeschouwers op
door hun overdreven krijgshaftige houding.
 De troep wordt voorafgegaan door een paar allerverschrikkelijkste
b i e l e m a n s . Ze hebben zich 't gezicht zoo zwart gemaakt, als
een echte neger zich zijn huid maar kan wenschen en springen als
bezetenen nu naar rechts, dan naar links, terwijl ze in alles hakken,
wat hun in den weg komt, zelfs in de keien aan den hoek van 't
smalle kerkstraatje. Ze zwaaien zoo woest met hun botte bijlen, als
moest de heele burger- en boerenbevolking op echt-ouderwetsche
wijze in de pan gehakt worden.

Vooral op de jeugdige schoonen hadden ze 't gemunt. Deze

springen dan ook bij hun onverhoedsche aanvallen verschrikt, onder
allerlei uitroepen van verbazing en schrik, uit den weg.

Maar wie van de schutters zich ook al plomp en onbeholpen moge

aanstellen, of 't belang dezer openbare vertooning schijne te
minachten, niet alzoo de vaandrig. Hij toch zwaait de vaderlandsche
driekleur in sierlijke kringen om zijn hoofd, om zijn middel, onder 't
één en 't ander been door met een hoogernstig gezicht en een
gezwindheid, die van ernstige vooroefeningen getuigt.

En de trommen der beide tamboers mogen ook al erg oude

instrumenten zijn, — ze zijn zoo netjes opgepoetst, dat ze blinken in
de zon.

Daar klinkt het bevel van den kommandant: "Geeft acht!"

Veel manschappen verkeeren blijkbaar geheel in 't onzekere,

waarop zij acht moeten geven en nemen derhalve een afwachtende
houding aan. Ze zien een gescharrel met voeten en geweren en
volgen dit voorbeeld hunner kameraden. De verwarring is vrijwel
algemeen.

Om daaraan en einde te maken, roept de aanvoerder: "Tamboers!"

Een roffel klinkt en maakt blijkbaar een diepen indruk op de

aanwezigen. 't Geroezemoes van stemmen houdt op, evenals 't
gescharrel met de voeten en zelfs de onhandigsten en de
onverschilligsten onder de schutters laten hun achtelooze houding
varen.

Van de ontstane stilte maakt de aanvoerder op een verstandige

wijze gebruik. Zijn bevel klinkt: "Voorwaarts, marsch!"

De tamboers roeren weer de trommen en op de maat daarvan zet

zich de heele bonte stoet in beweging. Allen, tot zelfs de meisjes die
nog de zwarte kap met veeren dragen, doen hun best om in den pas
te blijven.

Welhaast was men nu in de weide gekomen, waar de schijf stond

opgericht.

"Waar zou 't veiligst wezen om te staan, Barend?" vroeg een

spotvogel aan den boer nevens hem.

"Vlak achter de schijf," antwoordde deze lachend.

Ten einde ongelukken te voorkomen had men twee van de beste

geweren uitgekozen, om er mee naar de schijf te schieten.

De deelnemers aan den wedstrijd moesten, om te beginnen, een

nummer trekken, dat hun beurt om te schieten aanwees.

Steven de Laat, die bij geen openbare vermakelijkheid van eenige

beteekenis gemist werd, behoorde ook tot de schutters. Hij had
echter nog nooit te voren een geweer in handen gehad, zoodat zijn
kans om een prijs te winnen uiterst gering was. Er bevonden zich
namelijk onder de schutters ettelijke wildstroopers, die maar zelden 't
doel misten. Bovendien had Steven nog te nauwernood den
vereischten leeftijd bereikt om aan den schietwedstrijd deel te
nemen.

Maar hij voelde behoefte aan afwisseling en verstrooiing. Hoe

ouder hij werd, hoe meer hij gekweld werd door een drukkende
verveling.