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Importance of Education
Indus Water Treaty The term river system refers to the ‘river along with its tributaries'.

Based on their source, the Indian River system is classified into - Himalayan Rivers and
Peninsular Rivers.

The Himalayan Rivers, as the name suggests, originate from the Himalayas and flow through the
Northern Plains.

The major Himalayan River systems are:

The Indus River System

The Ganga River System
The Yamuna River System
The Brahmaputra River System

Peninsular River System or Peninsular Drainage emerges mainly from the Western Ghats. Since
the Western Ghats form a ‘water divide’, these rivers either flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal
or into the Arabian Sea towards the west. Peninsular Rivers are ‘rain-fed’ rivers.

The major Peninsular River Systems are:

Mahanadi
Godavari
Krishna
Cauvery

They drain into the Bay of Bengal as they flow eastwards on the plateau and make ‘deltas’ at
their mouths; whereas the Narmada, Tapti - the west-flowing rivers fall into the Arabian Sea and
make ‘estuaries’.

These do not originate in glaciers but are rain-fed rivers. These rivers reduce considerably or dry
up during summers.

THE HIMALAYAN RIVERS

Indus River System

The reference to the Indus River or Sindhu River is found in the early Hindu Scriptures and
mythological texts. It is known as the ‘Puranik River’. The river originates in Tibet near
Mansarovar Lake. Flowing westwards, it enters India in Jammu and Kashmir, further flows
through Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and enters Pakistan. Flowing further westwards, it reaches
the Arabian Sea near Karachi. Indus is the largest river in Pakistan and is the country's national
river. Its tributaries in India are Zanskar, Nubra and Shyok, and Hunza in Pakistan. Sutlej, Ravi,
Beas, Chenab, and Jhelum are its other tributaries after which the state of Punjab is named.

Ganga River System

Ganga (Ganges) River system is the largest river system in India. It originates in the Gangotri
glaciers. The upstream Bhagirathi joins the other stream named Alaknanda at Devprayag to form
River Ganga. Ganga has tributaries on both banks; its right bank tributaries are the Yamuna
(which is a major river), and Son. While Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi are some left bank
tributaries. The Ganges flows through the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. It finally reaches the Bay of Bengal.

Yamuna River System

The Yamuna is a major river system in Northern India. The river rises from Yamnotri and flows
through Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana. It passes through Delhi, Mathura, and Agra and
meets the rivers Chambal, Betwa, and Ken to finally join the Ganga at Allahabad. Major
tributaries of Yamuna are Tons, Chambal, Hindon, Betwa, and Ken.

Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra, one of the major rivers in India, originates in the Angsi glacier of the
Himalayas in Tibet. There it is known as the Tsangpo River. It enters India in Arunachal Pradesh
and is called the Dihang River. It is joined by many other tributaries; the Dibang, the Lohit, and the
Kenula to form the main Brahmaputra River and flow its longest course through Assam, enter
Bangladesh and finally fall into the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra has the greatest volume of
water of all the rivers in India.

THE PENINSULAR RIVERS

Mahanadi

The Mahanadi is a major river in East-central India. It originates in the Sihava mountains of
Chhattisgarh and flows its major course through the state of Orissa (Odisha). This river deposits
more silt than any other river in the Indian subcontinent. Mahanadi flows through cities
Sambalpur, Cuttack, and Banki.

Godavari

The Godavari River covers the second-longest course in India after the Ganga. The river
originates at Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, and together with its tributaries (Pravara,
Indravati, Maner Sabri, etc.,) flows through the states of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa (Odisha), Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Puducherry, to finally flow
into the Bay of Bengal. Thanks to its long course, the river is described as Dakshina Ganga.

Krishna River

The Krishna is the third-longest river in India with a length of about 1,300 km. Originating from
Maharashtra's Mahabaleshwar region, it flows through Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra
Pradesh to finally pour into the Bay of Bengal. The major tributaries of river Krishna are
Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima and Tungabhadra.

Kaveri River

The Kaveri (Cauvery) is a major river in Southern India and originates in Kogadu, Karnataka in the
form of a spring at Brahmagiri Hill at Tala Kaveri. Also known as the Ganges of the South, it is
one of the holiest rivers in South India. Kaveri River widens as many tributaries such as
Hemavati, Moyari, Shimsha, Arkavati, Honnuhole, Kabini, Bhavani, Noyill and Amaravati join it. It
slithers about 805 kilometres across the three states, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, slightly
touching Pudducherry and drains into the Bay of Bengal.

Narmada and Tapi or Tapti

The Narmada and the Tapti are the only major rivers that flow into the Arabian Sea. The total
length of the Narmada flowing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat
equals 1,312 km. Amarkantak in Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh is the place of origin of Narmada.
Flowing mainly through Central India, from eastward direction to westward, Narmada merges
into the Arabian Sea.

The Tapti follows a parallel course to the South of Narmada, flowing through the states of
Maharashtra and Gujarat on its way into the Gulf of Khambhat. Its three major tributaries are
Purna, Girna, and Panjhra.

Almost all the major Indian cities are situated on the banks of their rivers. Indian rivers also play
a crucial role in the lives of its people, economically as well as culturally. Indian agriculture is
dependent on irrigation of water drawn from its network of rivers. Most of its religious, cultural,
and harvest festivals are celebrated on the banks of rivers. Like most ancient religions, the Hindu
religion and its mythology regard rivers as sacred. There are nine important rivers of India and
are The Ganges, Yamuna (a tributary of the Ganges), Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Narmada,
Godavari, Tapi, Krishna, and Kaveri. Parts of the Indus River also flow over Indian soil.

Eight important rivers, together with their various tributaries, comprise the River System of India.
The majority of the rivers discharge their waters into the Bay of Bengal; nevertheless, a number
of the rivers whose itineraries take them across the western end of India and in the direction of
the east pour into the Arabian Sea. Northern portions of the Aravalli range, portions of Ladakh,
and the barren areas of the Thar Desert have Inland Drainage. (Refers to drainage where the
rivers do not reach an ocean or sea but empty their waters in a lake or an inland sea).

The River Systems of India

 Length Ends Places
Name Area Originates From
(km) in Benefited

3180/
3,21,289 in Tibet in northern slopes of Arabian
Indus 1114 in India and Pakistan
Sq.Km. Mount Kailash sea
India

Uttar Pradesh,
1.08 million Bay of
Ganga (Bhagirathi) 2525 Gangotri in Uttrakhand Uttrakhand, Bihar,
Sq.Km. Bengal
West Bengal

366223 Bay of Delhi, Haryana and

Yamuna (Jamuna) 1376 Yamunotri in Garhwall
Sq.Km. Bengal UP

194413
916 - in Bay of Assam, Arunachal
Brahmaputra Sq.Km. - in Angsi glacier in Tibet
India Bengal Pradesh
India

Kaveri (Dakshina
Brahmagiri hills in Kogadu, Bay of Karnataka and
Ganga or Ganges of 765 81155 Sq.Km.
Karnataka Bengal Tamil Nadu
the south)

3,12,812 Triambakeshwar in Bay of South-eastern part

Godavari 1465
Sq.Km. Maharashtra Bengal of Andhra Pradesh

258948 Mahabaleshwar in Bay of Maharashtra &

Krishna 1400
Sq.Km. Maharashtra Bengal Andhra Pradesh

Amarkantak in Madhya Arabian Madhya Pradesh

Narmada 1312 98,796 Sq.Km.
Pradesh Sea and Maharashtra

Betul district of Madhya Arabian Madhya Pradesh

Tapti 724 65,300 Sq.Km.
Pradesh in the Satpura range Sea and Maharashtra

Jharkhand,
1,41,600 Sihava mountains of Bay of
Mahanadi 858 Chhattisgarh,
Sq.Km. Chhattisgarh Bengal
Orissa

Bay of Madurai in Tamil

Vaigai 258 7,741Sq.Km. Varusanadu Hills
Bengal Nadu

Sivagiri peaks of Bay of Tamil Nadu and

Periyar 244 5,398 Sq.Km.
Sundaramala, Tamil Nadu. Bengal Kerala

Agastyarkoodam peak of
Gulf of
Thamirabarani 185 4,400 Sq.Km. Pothigai hills of the Western Tamil Nadu
Mannar
Ghats,

Last Updated on: June 13, 2023

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Rivers in India

Ganges River Map Godavari River Map Narmada River Map

Brahmaputra River Map Krishna River Map Beas River Map
Indus River Map Kaveri River Map Saraswati River Map
Kosi River Map Tsang Po River Map Mahanadi River Map
Chambal River Map Subansiri River Map Tapi River Map
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Jamuna River Map Ravi River Map