SUSTAINABILITY WASTE MANAGEMENT REPORT

FOR UDAYARPALAYAM

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

(An initiative of Naan Mudhalvan in
collaboration with L&T Edu Tech )

Submitted by

REG.NO: NAME:

814821103001 ABDUL RAHUMAN. S

814821103002 ABISHEK.A
814821103017 SUSMITHA.M
814821126001 ARUN KUMAR.R

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

ARIYALUR
 CERTIFICATION OF EVALUATION

COLLEGE : UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,ARIYALUR

BRANCH : B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMESTER: VI

NAME & REGISTER

S.NO. NUMBER OF THE PROJECT TITLE
STUDENT
1. ABDUL RAHUMAN S & SUSTAINABILITY WASTE
814821103001
MANAGEMENT
2. ABISHEK A & 814821103002

3. SUSMITHA M & 814821103017 REPORT FOR

4. ARUN KUMAR R & UDAYARPALAYAM

814821126001

There port of the project work submitted by the above student as a part of Solid

Waste Management Course for the Naan Mudhalvan Programme in collaboration with

L&T Edu Tech is evaluated and confirmed to be the work done by the student.

Submitted on

Head of the Department Facultyin-charge

(Designation, Signature with seal) (Designation, Signature with seal)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Section Page No.
1 Introduction 1
2 Characterization of Waste 1
2.1 Preparation of general profile of UDAYARPALAYAM 1
2.2 Survey Phase 4
2.3 Waste Stream Assessment &Quantification in 6
UDAYARPALAYAM at Selected Points
3 Questionnaire on Waste Collection System 9
4 Management Plan for effective waste collection 13
5 Community Bin Layout 13
6 Suitability Analysis of Collection system for 13
UDAYARPALAYAM
7 Vehicle Routing 17
8 Transfer Station 19
9 Feasibility and economic analysis for a new transfer 21
station
10 Beneficial analysis of waste compaction 23
11 Mass Balance Recovery of MRF 24
12 MRF Sequence 26
13 Tanner’s Diagram 26
14 Comprehensive analysis of the current waste treatment 25
practices
15 Waste Disposal Plan for UDAYARPALAYAM 26
16 Current Disposal Practices in UDAYARPALAYAM 26
17 Waste Management Plan using WaPla 28
18 Conclusion 40
 TASK-1
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION
1. Introduction
Urban sustainable waste management involves implementing strategies and practices to
minimize waste generation, maximize recycling and reuse, and reduce environmental impact within
urban areas. By employing innovative technologies and community engagement initiatives, cities
aim to achieve efficient waste collection, processing, and disposal while promoting environmental
stewardship and resource conservation. This holistic approach not only mitigates pollution and green
house gas emissions but also fosters a healthier and more resilient urban environment for present and
future generations.
The sustainable waste management report for UDAYARPALAYAM, ARIYALUR has been
prepared for enhancing existing waste collection, processing, and disposal practices.
Waste characterization is also known as Waste Stream Assessment, and it is a part of
quantification. It means finding out how much paper, glass, food waste, etc. is discarded in the waste
stream. The goal of waste characterization is to understand the composition and characteristics of the
waste stream, which can be valuable for various purposes. Waste characterization information helps
in planning how to reduce waste, set up recycling programs, and conserve money and resources.

2. Characterization of Waste
Step1: Preparation of general profile
Step 2: Survey Phase
Step3: Waste Stream Characterization
Preparation of general profile of UDAYARPALAYAM [5 marks]
1. Location:
a) Latitude and Longitude 11.1855° N, 79.22965 °E
b) State Tamil Nadu
c) Distance from nearby airport 96.4 km
d) Area of the locality 12 sq.km
 2. Accessibility through highways and railways
a) Distance from nearest highway 10.9 km
b) Distance from nearest railways 28 km

The proximity of the highways and railways to UDAYARPALAYAM is advantageous for waste transfer
and transport. Well- connected roads increase the efficiency of waste collection.

3. Population [Table 1,2]

a) Number of wards: 15
b) Total population :17800
a. Total households:3155
b. Population density 428 persons/sq.km
c) Population projection for future years 5100 persons/sq.km by 2050

Table1- Population Ward wise

Number of wards Nature of No. of Male Female Total % of total
area household population
Ward No.15 Urban 3155 8990 8810 2.16%
(UDAYARPALAYAM

ARIYALUR)Total 822500

Table2-Population density in surrounding regions

Region Area in Males Females Total Population
sq. km. Density per
(Survey sq.km.
of
India)
UDAYARPALAYAM 12 8990 8810 17800 428
KACHI 12 3103 3062 6165 290
PERUMAL
THOLARANKURICHI 12 4817 4826 9643 353
JAYANKONDAM 21 16998 16947 33945 454

4.Physiography:

d) Coastal, mountainous, plains, or another physiographic zone: Nil

e) Terrain characteristics (undulating, hills, valleys): Nil
f) General slope direction: Towards East
5.Geology:
g) Main geological formations: Limestone , Sandstone ,Clay and Marl
6. Soil:
h) Major soil type: Red loamy soil
i) Drainage: Drains of Peruvalai and Pullambadi Canal
7.Land Use:[Table 3]
1. Percentage coverage of different land use types Table 3
2. Detailed classification of the area Figure 2
 Figure 2 Land use map – UDAYARPALAYAM [Source: Research Gate
Website] Table 3- Classification of the geographical area
Sl. No. Description Area coverage (%)
01 Primary Residential 35
02 Mixed Residential 25
03 Commercial 5
04 Institutional 5
05 Industrial 5
06 Special And Hazardous Industrial 0
07 Open Space &Recreational 5
08 Urbanisable 1
09 Non Urban 2
10 Water Body 10
11 Agricultural 4
12 Reserved Forest 3
Total 100

ii. Climate:[Table4]
1. Type of climate: Tropical
2. Seasonal variations: Summer, monsoon, winter
3. Monsoon periods and rainfall distribution: Rain(Aug-Dec),Dry(Mar-May)

Table4 Historical rainfall data for a specified period

Sl. No. Year Highest Rainfall
in cm/day
1 2015 42
2 2023 27
Normal rainfall 69mm/day
 b. Survey Phase [5 marks]
In UDAYARPALAYAM, an integral aspect of urban sustainable waste management involves gathering
public opinion sand suggestions. To achieve this, a structured questionnaire will be utilized to solicit
input from residents, local businesses, and community organizations. Additionally, interviews were
conducted with stakeholders such as waste management experts and municipal officials to
comprehensively assess the current state of solid waste management in UDAYARPALAYAM This
Inclusive approach aims to incorporate diverse perspectives and insights, fostering collaborative
efforts towards implementing effective and sustainable waste management practices tailored to the
specific needs of the community. Follow in Survey sample has been conducted on waste segregation
practices from a resident of UDAYARPALAYAM
Date: 25/3/24
1. Name of Surveyor: ABDUL RAHUMAN.S , ABISHEK.A, SUSMITHA.M , ARUN KUMAR.R
2. Name of the Authority: UCEA Name of Neighborhood/locality Ariyalur Town
3. Household family size: 4
4. Do you agree if the waste is not disposed properly, it can pollute the environment? Y/N;
If yes, identify the causes/ reasons for some of these problems
(a) As there is no dustbin nearby, wastes are disposed anywhere and this create a nuisance.
(b) Wastes are not collected regularly.
(c) Wastes are left around the dustbin.
(d) Wastes are left in the drain.
(e) Wastes are left on the road.
5. Who disposes of your house hold waste?
(a) Servant
(b) Family member
(c) Any other person
6. Where is the household waste disposed?
(a) In the dustbin
(b) By the side of the road
(c) In an empty space near the house
(d) Waste collector from the municipality does the door-to-door waste collection
7. How much are you currently spending on waste disposal per month? Nil
8. Satisfaction level about the present municipal waste removal system: (a)
Very good (b) Good (c) Ok/medium (d) Not satisfactory
9. How often do you dispose of your household waste?
(a)Everyday (b) Once every two days(c) Once every three days
10. How do you dispose your house hold waste in:
(a)Polythene/plastic packet (b) Small bucket (c)Any other container
11. Generally, when do you dispose of your waste?
(a)No definite time (b) Between6am to6pm (c)After 6pm
12. How often does the city municipality collect the waste?
(a)Everyday (b)Once in two days(c)Once in three days(d)Irregularly(e)Don't know
13. Which system do you prefer for removal of your household waste?
 (a) A collector will collect the waste from the house.
(b) The collector will come to a certain place at a certain time, you will give him the waste.
(c) You yourself will dispose of the waste in the dustbin.
(d) You will keep your waste container at a certain time by the roadside and the collector
will collect it from there.
14. Ratefrom1-4, with 1 being the least:
Facilities in
Priority
Your locality
Water supply 4
Sanitation 3
Solid waste
3
management
Drainage 2
15. What do you feel is the most common type of waste generated at your home? Food waste
16. Would you like to dispose of waste from your house hold daily? Yes
17. What types of wastes are you willing to store for a few days
(a) Wet waste
(b) Packaging material including milk cover sand other food packaging
(c) Batteries
(d) Household sanitary waste
(e) Electronic waste
18. Would you segregate your house hold waste because
(a) It's your responsibility
(b) It's mandatory
(c) It can generate some in come
19. What types of waste are you segregating and selling? Batteries ,Plastic Bottle
20. Do you know where the house hold waste is taken? Yes. Dump yard
21. Are you willing to participate in the exercise to assess the volumes of waste
produced for different categories? Yes.
Udayarpalayam is known frits temple and local street shops .The following questionnaire has been
prepared for the floral shops located alongside the temples of Udayarpalayam.

Questionnaire for establishments

Type/Nature of the establishment:
Shop/Office/Restaurant/Institution
1. Name of major products/process: Flowers, Leaves
2. Type/nature of solid waste generated, if any? Flower petals
3. Approximate quantity of waste generated per day 8tons
4. Existing disposal practices:
Open dumping/Combustion/land filling/Recycling/composting/others
(specify)………………………………
If open dumping , site of disposal Corporation Garbage Bunk , Andimadam
5. Are you satisfied with the Existing solid waste management practices of your municipality?
Yes/No
If no, why?
6. What method do you suggest for your municipality in the area of solid waste management?
Composting box required
7. Which area of yours, you suggest, is ideal for setting up of a solid waste management
system Kaikatti
8. Will you support a waste management system in corporating
nearby Municipalities? No
9. Will you pay for the services, if a paid waste management system is introduced in
your locality: Yes / No

a. Waste Stream Assessment & Quantification in Udayarpalayam

at Selected Points [10 marks]
i. Identify Nearby region and Sources:
1. Name the near by region Udayarpalayam, Kachiperumal, Tholarankurichi, Jayankondam
2. List the main sources of solid waste generation
3. a. Udayarpalayam: Domestic ,Shops, Institutions, Offices
b. Kachiperumal : Domestic, Hotels, Public areas, Shops
c. Tholarankurichi: Domestic, Shops, Institutions, Offices
d. Jayankondam : Domestic, Shops

Figure 3 Neighboring Localities

i. Quantification:
 Total daily solid waste generation for the entire area was calculated by dividing
the area/locality into 10 sampling points. It was fixed by grouping apartment waste
or from each residential house.
 Sampling points were restricted to10.It was fixed based on the extent of area.
1. Methodology of waste segregation–Figure 4
2. Breakdown the solid waste generation by segments-[Table5]
 Figure 4 Methodology of waste segregation
Table 5 – Segregation results of solid waste samples per day

Gross weight
Sampling Organic Plastic Glass Stone Shell Metal
(grams)
stations (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams) (grams)
S1 1180 763.315 150 40 0 0 0
S2 800 1098.33 226.667 0 20 1.6667 0
S3 900 1170 343.333 0 1900 0 0
S4 1247 1743.33 366.667 0 0 0 0
S5 2358 926.66 193.333 36.66 33.12 0 0
S6 1258 1243.33 303.333 0 0 0 0
S7 4587 826.66 180 5 0 0 21.45
S8 1653 1296 243.333 96.25 0 0 16.45
S9 1259 1033 400 13.58 0 6.257 6.127
S10 963.3 923.25 40 0 0 0 0

ii. Refuse percentage:

1. Percentages of each refuse category[Table 6]
Table 6 -Percentage of various components in solid waste samples

Sampling Organic Plastic Glass Stone Shell Metal

Stations Waste (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
S1 80.07 15.73 4.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
S2 61.25 17.22 0.00 1.52 0.13 0.00
S3 34.28 10.06 0.00 55.66 0.00 0.00
S4 82.62 17.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
S5 77.87 16.25 3.08 2.80 0.00 0.00
S6 80.39 19.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
S7 90.00 17.42 0.48 0.00 0.00 2.10
S8 78.48 14.72 6.78 0.00 0.00 1.04
S9 82.25 15.87 1.06 0.00 0.53 0.57
S10 96.85 14.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
iii. Moisture Content:
1. Moisture percentage of organic substances-[Table7]

Table7-Moisture content of the organic fraction of waste samples

Sampling Total Wet waste Total dry waste Moisture content

stations (gm) (gm) (%)
S1 763.333 480.32 42.16835
S2 1068.33 749.23 29.83441
S3 1170 994.353 15.01256
S4 1203 796.0007 54.34022
S5 926.667 408.5446 55.91247
S6 1243.33 720.6727 42.03689
S7 9960 371.1967 55.09719
S8 4587 810.9923 37.45577
S9 1033.33 679.9372 34.19941
S10 923.333 409.0993 55.6932

2. Identify areas with high organic content:

3. Sampling points 4, 5, 7 and10 indicates higher potential for composting

 TASK-2
WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM
The chapter includes analysis and design of waste collection system appropriate for the study
location. The term "collection" refers to not only the collecting of solid wastes from various sources,
but also the transporting of these wastes to a point where the collection trucks' contents are emptied
and the unloading of the vehicles.

d. Questionnaire on Waste Collection System [5marks]

The questionnaire on waste collection system in the locality facilitates understanding the
existing practices in the locality.
Door to Door Collection
Individual Houses:
a. Name of the locality: Udayarpalayam
b. Type of locality(urban/rural): Urban

Waste Collection Process:

i.Who is responsible for waste collection in your locality?

c. Private waste management company c .Other
ii.How frequently is waste collected in your area?
Daily b. Weekly c. Bi-weekly d. Monthly
iii.Anyissuesorchallengesobservedinthewastecollectionprocess?(e.g.,missedcollections,
irregular schedules) Briefly describe: Daily waste collection was strictly implemented and
monitored regularly
Waste Segregation at Source:
i. Is waste segregated into dry and wet waste at the household level? a. Yes b. No
ii. If no, what are the reasons for not segregating waste at the source?
Waste Disposal:
i. Where is the collected waste taken?
a. Dumping yard
b. Nearest open place
c. Recycling facility d. Other (please specify): Corporation Garbage Bunk Kaikatti 2kms
away from ARIYALUR)
ii. How satisfied are you with the current waste disposal practices in your area?
a. Satisfed b. Neutral c. Dissatisfied
Road Sweeping Practices
Road Sweeping Schedule:
i. Who is responsible for road sweeping in your locality? a. Sweepers b. Private cleaning
service c. Other (please specify):
ii. How frequently are internal streets swept in your locality? a. Once a week b. More than
once a week c. Other (please specify):
iii. How often are main roads swept in your area? a. Once a week b. Twice a week c. Other
(please specify): Manual Sweepers – Every Day
 iv. What is the time window for road sweeping on both internal streets and main roads?
a. 6 am to 7 am b. other(please specify):
Waste Collection and Transport:
i. How is the collected waste transported to the nearest dust or open place? a. Tricycles
b. Other(please specify):Battery Operated Vehicles
iii. Are there any observed issues or challenges in the waste transportation process? Area is
congested
Briefly describe:
Satisfaction Level:
i. How satisfied are you with the current road sweeping practices in your area? a. Very satisfied
b. Satisfied c. Neutral d .Dissatisfied e. Very dissatisfied

Commercial Areas:
a. Name of the commercial area : Ariyalur
b. How long have you been associated with or visiting this area?15 years
Shopkeeper Attitude towards Bins:
i. Do shopkeeper sallow the placement of bins near their shops for waste disposal? a. Yes b.
No
ii. If no, what reasons do shop keepers typically give for not allowing bins near their shops?
iii. How do shopkeepers expect waste to be manage different bins are not allowed near their
shops?
Waste will be collected in bins or bags and disposed in communal bins
Waste Disposal Practices:
i. In the absence of bins near shops, where does the waste usually end up? a. Streets b.
Drains c. other (please specify):
ii. Is street sweeping the primary method used to clear waste from streets and drains? a. Yes
b. No
iii. How does the absence of bins near shops impact the overall cleanliness of the area? Street
littering, breeding of insects, bad odour, leaching
iv. Is there any on going communication or awareness program to educate shopkeepers about
proper waste disposal? Yes
Hotel Waste Collection Practices
i. How long have you been associated with or residing in this area?15 Years
Waste Collection Process:
i. How is the waste generated from hotels collected? a. Tractor with sanitary workers b.
Private waste management service c. Other (please specify):
ii. How many sanitary workers are typically involved in the waste collection process? 3
iii. At what time is the waste collection usually conducted in the morning? 6am to 8am
Frequency of Waste Collection:
i. How often is waste collected from hotels in your area? a. Daily b. Weekly c. Bi-weekly
Other (please specify):
ii. How satisfied are you with the current frequency of waste collection from hotels?
a. Very satisfied b. Satisfied c. Neutral d. Dissatisfied e. Very dissatisfied
Waste Disposal Destination:
i. Where is the collected waste from hotels taken? a. Dumping yard b. Recycling facility
c. other(please specify):Wet waste to bio fuel, energy
Markets:
Waste Collection Process: (Flower Shops- Local shops near temples)

i. How is the waste generated in the market collected? a. Tricycles b. Private waste
management service c. Other (please specify):
ii. How frequently is waste collected from the market area? a. Daily b. Weekly c. Bi-weekly
d. Other(please specify):
Transportation to Dump Yard:
i. How is the collected waste transported to the dump yard? a.Tractors b.Other (please
specify):
Satisfaction and Feedback:
i. How satisfied are you with the current waste collection frequency in the market area?
a. Very satisfied b. Satisfied c. Neutral d. Dissatisfied e. Very dissatisfied
Waste Disposal Destination:
i. Is the waste transported to a dump yard?
a. Yes b. No
If no, where is the waste disposed of? (Please specify): Composting pits
Hospital or health care facility:
How long have you been associated with or visited this hospital? 5 Years
Waste Collection Process:
I. How is non-biomedical waste collected in hospitals? a. Govt service b. Private waste
management service c. other (please specify):
ii. At what time is the waste collection usually conducted in the morning?6am
Frequency of Waste Collection:
i. How often is non-biomedical waste collected from hospitals? a. Daily b. Weekly c. Bi-
weekly d. Other (please specify):
ii. How satisfied are you with the current frequency of waste collection from hospitals? a.
Very satisfied b. Satisfied c. Neutral d. Dissatisfied e. Very dissatisfied
iii. Are you aware of the guidelines and regulations related to biomedical waste management
in India? a. Yes b. No
Waste Disposal Destination:
i. Where is the collected non-biomedical waste from hospitals taken? a. Dumping yard
b. Recycling facility c. other (please specify): Incineration/deep burying
Collection and Segregation
How is bio medical waste collected in your facility? a. In-house collection b. Out sourced to a
biomedical waste management service c. Combination of both
i. Is there a proper segregation system in place for different types of biomedical waste? a. Yes
b. No
ii. How is biomedical waste stored before disposal? a. In designated color-coded bins b. In
sealed containers c. Other (please specify)
iii. How is biomedical waste transported from your facility to the disposal site? a. In-house
transportation b. Outsourced to a waste management service c. Combination of both
iv. How frequently is biomedical waste disposal carried out? Daily
Component Bins for segregation Door to Door collection Street Sweeping Secondary Collection

4.ManagementPlanforeffectivewastecollection
Arrange for door to door Organize Street
collection of segregated sweeping
Segregation of waste at source solid waste from all covering all the
by storing of waste in 3 households including residential

Table8-ManagementPlan foreffectivewastecollection
Is there any communal
Indicator different bins wet, dry and slum sand informal And commercial areas
bins located?
domestic hazardous settlements, commercial, on
waste Institutional and all the days of the year
other irrespective of Sundays
non- residential premises. and public holidays.

Only wet and dry waste is

Informal settlements are
Existing collected. Domestic hazardous Organized street
missed in the collection Yes
Practices waste is also collected alone sweeping is carried out
process
with dry waste

Effective planning for

Proposed Separate Collection for
slum waste management Nil Nil
Solution hazardous waste
must be done
 Community Bin Layout [5marks]
Figure5Community Bin Layout for UDAYARPALAYAM

5. Suitability Analysis of Collection system for UDAYARPALAYAM [10

marks]
In this project an optimal placement of a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) near the commercial
area of Udayarpalayam was proposed. The task at hand involves determining the maximum
distance within which the MRF can be strategically located. Additionally, there's a need to assess
whether the cost of operation for the hauled container system matches that of the stationary container
system. It's assumed that a single collector-driver vehicle will be utilized for both the stationary and
hauled container systems, emphasizing the importance of efficiency and cost-effectiveness in waste
management operations throughout Udayarpalayam

Data for HCS:

a) Quantity of solid wastes=250 m3/week
b) Container size=9m3/trip
c) Container Utilization factor=0.65
d) Container pickup time =0.05 h/trip
e) Haul time constants a=0.25 h/trip and b=0.03h/km
f) At-site time(s)=0.10 h/trip
g) Over head costs= 38465 per week
h) Operational Costs=₹1250per/hour of operation
Data for SCS:
a) Quantity of solid wastes =250 m3/week
b) Container size=9m3/location
c) Container utilization factor=0.65
d) Collection vehicle capacity= 25m3/trip
e) Collection vehicle compaction ratio =5
f) Container unloading time=0.10h/container
g) Haul time constants: a=0.25h/trip and b=0.03h/km
h) At-site time (s)=0.10h/trip
i) Over head costs=54470 per week
j) Operational costs=1500 per hour of operation
k)
Location Characteristics:
a) Average distance between container locations= dbc -=0.20km
b) Operational costs =15000 per hour of operation
c) Constants for estimating driving time between container locations for both haul and stationary
container systems are 𝑎 = 0.050 h/ trip and b = 0.032 h/km
Hauled Container System [HCS]:

Step1: Number of trips per week

Weekly quantity of waste collected
Nw=
(Average container size)(Container utilization factor)
𝑉𝑤 250
Nw = = =42trips/wk
𝑐𝑓 9×0.65
Step2:Average pick up time for the HCS
𝑃HCS=pc + uc + dbc If
‘dbc’ is not given, use haul speed constants
𝑃HCS=pc+ uc+ (a+bx)
𝑃HCS=0.25+0.25+0.05+0.03 (0.20)=0.556h/trip
Step 3: Time required per week (Tw) as a function of the round-trip haul distance
𝑁𝑤(𝑃𝐻𝐶𝑆+𝑠+𝑎+𝑏𝑥)
𝑇𝑤 = (1−𝑊)
42(0.55 +0.10+0.25+ 0.013𝑥)
𝑇𝑤=
8(1−0.15)
TW= 5.6+0.13𝑥𝑑/𝑤𝑘d/wk
Step4: Weekly operational cost as a function of round-trip haul distance
Operational cost=(Operational cost per hour)*(Daily total hours of operation)*[Time required per week
(Tw)]
Operational cost= (1250)(8)[(5.6+(0.13)(x)]d/wk
Operational cost = 2000+ 3024.45 (x)(/wk) Over head
cost= Rs. 38465(given)
Total cost(/Week) =Operational cost + overhead cost = 10000+ 3024.45 (x)+ 38465
Total cost(/week) =10000+3024.45 (x)
Stationary Container System [SCS]
Step1:Number of containers emptied per trip
(volume of collection vehicle)(compaction ratio)
𝐶1=
(container volume)(container utilization factor)

𝑣𝑟 25 ×5
= = =21 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑐𝑓 9×0.65
Step 2: Pickup time per container
PSCS=C1(uc)+(Np-1) dbc
PSCS= 21 x0.05 +(21-1) (0.05+0.03 x0.20)=2.17 h/trip
Step3:No.oftripsrequiredperweek
Weekly quantity of waste collected
Nw =
(volume of collection vehicle)(compaction ratio)
𝑉𝑤 250
= = =2 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠/𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘
𝑉𝑟 25 ×5

Step4:Time required per week, Tw as a function of the round-trip haul distance

𝑁𝑤×𝑃𝑠𝑐𝑠+𝑁𝑤(𝑠+𝑎+𝑏𝑥)
𝑇w(𝑠𝑐s)=
(1 −𝑊)

2×2.17+ 2(0.10+ 0.25+ 0.03𝑥)

𝑇𝑤(𝑠𝑐𝑠)=
8(1−0.15)
Tw=0.63+0.58𝒙d/week
Step5:Weekly operational cost as a function of round−trip haul distance
Operational cost=Operational cost per hour x daily total hours of operation x Time required per week
(0.63+(0.58)(x)]d
Operational cost=(1500)(8)[ ]
w
=12000+313.25x(/udwk)
Over head cost=Rs.54470 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 (given)

Total cost (Rs./week)= 12000+ 313.25x+ 54470

Total costSCS(Rs./ week =65370 + (313.25x )

Step 6 : Comparison of Cost
As a study,the weekly total cost for HCS &SCS for round trip haul distances(s) 0,5,10,15,20,25, 30 ,
35 m is worked out.

Table 9 Comparison of cost

Hauled Container System
Round Trip Stationary Container System(₹/week),
(₹/week)
Haul Distance 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕=65370 +
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 =10000+
(x), km 313.25 (𝒙)
3024.45(x)
0 10000 65370
5 25122.25 66936.25
10 40244.5 6850.25
15 55366.75 70068.75
20 61489 71635
25 76611.25 73201.25
30 91733.5 74767.6
35 106855.75 76333.75
 It can be inferred that, as the haul distance increases, haul cost also increases. Thus, the cost
of Hauled Container System is higher. In the case of SCS, though the initial cost is high when
compared to HCS, it does not increase drastically as distance increases.
In Udayarpalayam, the task at hand involves pinpointing the maximum round trip haul
distance at which the costs of implementing a hauled container system match those of a stationary
container system.

This is achieved by equating the total costs of both systems and solving for'𝑥',representing the
distance. This analysis is crucial for efficient waste management in Udayarpalayam, ensuring that the
chosen system aligns with the municipality's budgetary considerations while effectively addressing
the area's waste disposal needs.
Total cost HCS =Total cost PCS
10000+ 3024.45(x ) =65370 +313.25 (𝒙)
40,74.85 =1000.50 𝑥
𝑥 =30.56 km
Thus, One-way distance to the Material Recovery Facility (MRF)=21kms
 TASK – 3
WASTE TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
The most expensive element of any waste management system is generally collection and
transportation. This task provides a solution for effective and economical vehicle routing for
door- to-door waste collection in the Udayarpalayam locality. The collected waste will be
dumped at the nearest transfer station, from where it will be transported to a processing center,
MRF station, or dumping yard.

Vehicle Routing (7Marks)

Urban waste collection routes are a crucial aspect of waste management. For a residential
colony in the Udayarpalayam locality the economical vehicle routing is determined through
manual or heuristic approaches, adhering to common guidelines such as no U-turn sand
collection one ach side of the street with right-hand drive vehicles. To arrive at the optimized
waste collection route for the residential colony in Udayarpalayam following factors or data
are assumed or collected:
Residential colony layout with blocks containing 2, 6, 12 houses

Figure 6 Layout of Residential Colony

Occupancy rate 4 occupants per house

Collection frequency: 1 week with curb service collection
Collection crew size: One person
Collection vehicle capacity: 30 m³
Compacted waste density: 350 kg/m³
Waste generated per person per day: 2kg

Calculation and Analysis:

a) Group A = 15 Nos Group C= 15 Nos
b) Group B = 5

Step1:
Find compacted volume of waste to be collected per week
No of Blocks= Block 1 to 10 No of Group=03
No of Block in each group:
total number of residences in each group
a) Group A
= Total number of residences Group A 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 = 16 Nos
= 16x15 = 240Nos

b) Group B

residents Group B 12+6+12+6=36 Nos

Total Number of residents Group B 36x5=180 Nos

Number of residences Group C 28x1 = 28Nos Total number of

Group C residences in colony = 332 Nos

Number of residences = 2 + 12 + 2 + 12 = 28 Nos Total number of

waste per household = 4 x 2 = 8 kg/day
Total daily waste= Daily waste per house hold x Total number of residences
Total daily waste in all residences = 8x 332 = 2656 kg/day Total weekly
waste = Total daily waste × 7
Total weekly waste = 2656 x7….=18592 kg/week
Total weekly waste
Volume of compacted waste =
Specific weight of compacted waste
Volume of compacted waste=53.12m3/week

Step2:
Find number of trips per week
Volume of compacted waste
No of trips/week=
Collection vehicle capacity
No of trips per week=1

Step 3:
Find average residences per trip calculation
No of resident covered/week =Total number of residences
No of trips/week
No of resident covered per week = 332 Resident/trip

Step4:
Preparation of Collection Route Layout (Manual Approach without overlap)
No of routes 1 Nos
 No of block covered in each route:
Route 1: 5 blocks
Route 2: 5 blocks

No of residence covered in each route:

Route1:200residences
Route2:150residences

Figure 7 Vehicle Routing for Residential Colony in Udayarpalayam

6. Transfer Station (3Marks)
A transfer station is a light industrial-type facility or site for the temporary deposition of
waste. It can be either Open-air stations or enclosed buildings The key activities carried out in
transfer station is unloading, pre-screening, removal of inappropriate items. The compacting of
waste and reloading onto larger vehicles for transport to disposal sites, MRFs, or dump sites is
also carried out at these facilities. The currently operating closest transfer station or disposal area
in the Udayarpalayam Locality for waste disposal has been identified with the help of Google
Maps. The closest transfer stations identified are listed below.

Table 10 Nearest Transfer Stations or Disposal area in Udayarpalayam

S. Transfer station or Location Distance from your

No disposal area Name Locality
1 Ariyalur Corporation Ariyalur 35 km
Dump Yard
2 Corporation Garbage Udayarpalayam 15 km
Bunk
3 Daily Dump Kaikatti 3 km
4 Dum tray Jayakondam 4 km
Figure 8 Route map from Udayarpalayam to Corporation Ariyalur DumpYard

Figure 9 Route map from Udayarpalayam to Corporation

Figure 10 Route map from Udayarpalayam to Daily Dump,

Kaikatti and Ariyalur MMD
 Figure 11 Route map from Udayarpalayam to Dum try Jayakondam

Figure 1 Entrance of Transfer Station

The nearest transfer station or disposal area in Udayarpalayam for efficient waste disposal
is identified as the Corporation Garbage, Udayarpalayam located 2 km away

7. Feasibility and economic analysis for a new transfer station (5Marks)

In the Udayarpalayam community, authorities are exploring ways to optimize waste
management. Currently, municipal solid waste is directly hauled from households to distant
landfills. A feasibility study is underway to introduce new transfer stations strategically placed
across the city. Feasibility and economic analysis for a new transfer station in Udayarpalayam
locality is carried out through Break-Even Analysis. Data such as cost of transfer station,
average payload for direct haul, average payload for transfer haul station to landfill and average
cost of trucks for direct or transfer haul were collected for the analysis. From the collected data
the feasible round trip distance for the location of new transfer station arrived.

The collected data areas follows:

 Cost of transfer station= Rs. 200/ton
 Average Pay load for direct haul= 10 tons
 Average Pay load for transfer haul station to landfill= 30 tons
 Average cost of trucks for direct or transfer haul= Rs. 25/km
 Distance of haul (Round-trip distance in km)-?
Cost of direct haul and transfer haul is calculated by using the below mentioned formula:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙=
Direct haul payload
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝐻𝑎𝑢𝑙=𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡+
Transfer haul payload
Table 11 Costing Tabulation for Analysis
Distance in Cost of Direct Cost of Transfer
km Haul Haul
0 0.00 5.00
5 2 10.71
10 4.29 11.43
15 6.43 12.14
20 8.57 13.86
25 10.71 13.57
30 12.86 14.29
35 15.00 15.00
40 18.14 15.71
45 20.29 16.43

Figure 13 Graph Plotting for Analysis

 From the analysis it is observed that transfer station is cost-effective when round-tripdistance
exceeds 35 km; direct haul is more cost-effective for distances less than 35 km.

8. Beneficial analysis of waste compaction (5Marks)

For the current sustainable waste handling optimization study, a high-rise residential complex
in Udayarpalayam the locality is chosen. The goal is to optimize waste handling practices in a
high-rise residential complex consisting of 300units The objective is to assess the economic and
environmental impact of waste compaction on the total waste generated by residents.

Currently, waste is collected daily from each unit and directly transported to the landfill
without compaction. The proposed waste management practice is to introduce a waste
compaction system before transporting waste to the landfill.

The key data for the study is as follows:

 Number of units 150 houses
 Average persons per house:4
 Waste generated per person per day 2kg
 Specific weight of un compacted waste: 150kg/m³
 Specific weight of compacted waste: 350kg/m³
 Volume of truck: 6m3

Calculation and Analysis:

Daily waste per household=Residents per Unit x Daily Waste Generation per Person
Daily waste per household = 3 x 2 = 6 kg per day
Total daily waste for 300 units = 300 x Daily waste per household Total daily
waste for 300…units=300x6=1800 kg per day Total weekly waste = Total
daily waste × 7
Total weekly waste=1800x7= 12600kg per week

a) Without Compaction:
Volume before compaction=Total weekly waste /Specific weight of un compacted waste
Volume before compaction = 5770 /100… = 57.7 m3
No of trips=Volume before compaction/Volume of truck
No of trips= 57.7/6 =9.61 Nos (10Trips per week)

b) With Compaction:
Volume after compaction=Total weekly waste/Specific weight of compacted waste
Volume after compaction = …5770/350… = 15.91 m3
No of trips=Volume after compaction/Volume of truck
No of trips=15.91/6=2.65 Nos (3Trips per week)
The implementation of a waste compaction system results in a reduction of 10 trips per week
leading to significant savings in fuel costs. Additionally, the compactor's closed and covered
design helps prevent wastes pillage ,making compaction an optimal solution with positive
economic and environmental impacts.
 TASK–4
WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
9. Mass Balance Recovery of MRF [7 marks]
The Material Recovery Facility (MRF) in Udayarpalayam a bustling
neighborhood in operates around the clock, processing 1050 tons of
Mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) everyday. As the sun rises over, Udayarpalayam the MRF
Springs to life, ready to tackle the day's waste management challenges. Trucks loaded with
MSW from residential, commercial, and industrial areas of the city begin to queue up at the
facility's entrance, each carrying the discarded materials. The MRF operates 15 hours a day,
tirelessly processing 1050 tons of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) daily. Air classifier in
the MRF separates the waste components as shown:
 Initial Moisture content = 30%
 Moisture loss= 25%.of initial value from light fraction
 Heavy fraction in light fraction= 5%
 Light fraction in heavy fraction = 15%
 Recovery percentage –Ferrous metals=70% Glass= 80% ,and Aluminium = 70 %

Table 12 Components Vs Weight of Processed waste in MRF [Data based on

visitation to MRF]
Component Percentage by weight
Food Waste 30
Paper 35
Cardboard 4
Plastics 3
Textile 1
Rubber 1
Leather 1
Garden Trimming 15
Wood 1
Glass 6
Tin Cans 6
Non ferrous metals 1
Ferrous metals 2
Dirt, ashes, brick 4
100

Initial light fraction = 80 % [Food to Wood] Initial

heavy fraction=20%[Glass to Brick]
1. Mass Balance Quantities
a. Moisture loss
Total weight of waste = 1050 T/d
Initial Moisture content = 30%= 0.30
Weight lost due to initial Moisture loss=1050x0.25= 262 T/d
Moisture loss = 30 % of initial value from light fraction Weight
lost due to Total moisture loss = 0.3x262= 78 T/d

b. Total Weight of light fraction

Initial light fraction =80%= 0.80
Initial total weight of light fraction =1050x0.80=840T/day
Total weight of light fraction after moisture loss =840-50 = 790 T/day

c. Total weight of heavy fraction

Initial heavy fraction =20%= 0.20
Total weight of heavy fraction=1050x0.20= 210T/day
d. Total weight of light fraction including carry over
Heavy fraction in light fraction = 5% Light
fraction in heavy fraction = 15%
Weight of light fraction after removing heavy fraction present in light fraction=(1-0.30)790=
553T/d
Weight of light fraction carried to heavy fraction [Carryover] =0.05x210 = 10.5T/d
Total weight of light fraction including carryover= 560 T/d

e. Total weight of heavy fraction including carry over

Weight of heavy fraction after removing light fraction present in heavy fraction = (1-0.05)x210
= 105T/d
Weight of heavy fraction carried to light fraction [Carry over] =0.30x790 = 237T/d
Total weight of heavy fraction including carryover =300T/d

f. Weight of ferrous metals (Ferrous + Tin can) recovered

Weight of ferrous metals in waste = (0.03+0.05) x 1050=84 T/d
Weight of ferrous metals recovered =84% of ferrous metals =0.84x84 = 70T/d

g. Weight of glass recovered

Weight of glass in waste= 0.08x1050 = 84 T/d
Weight of glass recovered= 80% of glass= 0.8x80 = 64T/d

h. Weight of non-ferrous metal recovery

Weight of non-ferrous in waste =0.01x1050=10.5.T/d
Weight of non-ferrous metal recovered=70% of non-ferrous metal= 0.7x10 =7T/d

Loading Rate, T/h

Total amount in coming or loaded,
MRF sequence = Loaded amount/ Hours
T/day
of work
1050
Shredder 65
1050-50(removed weight due to
Classifier 60
moisture loss) = 1000
Magnetic Separator 300 25
300-70 (removed iron)
Glass Separator 15
= 230
Aluminium Separator (removed glass)=180 10
Residue Storage 180-7(removed non ferrous)=173 11

Amount of residue in heavy fraction = (300-70-64-7) =159T/d

Table 13 Loading rate for 18 h operation of MRF plant

10. MRF Sequence [5marks]

Magnetic
Manual sorting Shredder Classifier separator

Glass
Residue Optical sorting Eddy current Separator

11. Tanner’s Diagram [3marks]

To evaluate the additional fuel requirement for the incineration of coming led wastes the
following data were collected. [Data based on the type of waste. Standards were used]
Moisture content, W=0.30%
Ash content, A=5%
C, Combustible =25%
Do the lines merge inside? Yes

Figure 14Tanner’s Diagram

Inference : As the 3 lines converge to form a polygon inside the shaded area, Plastic does not
need auxiliary fuel for burning after ignition while incinerating. It self-burns
12. Comprehensive analysis of the current waste treatment practices[5marks]

The gap analysis for the current existing waste treatment practices followed in Udayarpalayam
were studied and efficient waste treatment method was proposed in the table below.
 Table 14 Comprehensive analysis of waste treatment practices

Current Gaps in the Proposed treatment

S.No Type of waste
Treatment method treatment methods if any
70%is going to Can be used in producing
1 Food waste 25%composting
the landfill Biogas
Recyclable waste-
100% is getting
2 Plastics, glass and Not treated Not treated
recycled in MRF
metals
60% of the e-waste has to
E-waste (batteries, 25% only is 60% of the e -
be segregated in the source
circuit boards, segregated and waste generated
3 and given it to the PCB
electrical waste processed in goes to landfill
certified vendors for proper
etc.) the MRF) without treating.
recycling.
100%is going to It must be properly
4 Sanitary waste Not treated
the landfill incinerated.
 TASK–5
WASTE DISPOSAL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

13. Waste Disposal Plan for Udayarpalayam [5marks]

A sanitary landfill to serve the Udayarpalayam population has been worked out for the
following data.
 Solid waste generation per day by per person (for the locality chosen) =0.5kg
 Out of generated waste only 25% reaches the landfills.
 Compacted density of solid waste in landfill =400kg/m3
 Average depth of compacted solid waste=5m
 Population of Udayarpalayam = 384000
Total solid waste generation per day in the community = 384000x0.5kg= 19200 kg/day
Volume of waste reaching the landfill = 19200 x 0.5 = 9600 kg/day
Total volume after compaction =Total waste generated =19600= 24m3/day
Compacted Density 400
Compacted volume 24 2
Required land fill area= = =24 = 4 m /day
Depth 5
Required area per year=Per day required land fill area x365
=4x365=1460 m2/year
14. Current Disposal Practices in Udayarpalayam [5marks]
In Udayarpalayam there is no landfill, and the reasons were analyzed. It was found
that for Udayarpalayam solid waste disposal itself there is an area requirement of
4062.45 m2/year as shown.

15. Waste Management Plan using WaPla [10marks]

Input data
Annual Precipitation: 100mm/yr
Average Temperature: 270C
Waste Generated = 15000 t/yr
MRF:
Composting: Incineration:
Table 15 System Definitions
S. No System Definitions TC Range
1 Waste Generation
Waste collected 0.2 – 0.8
Recyclables from households 0 – 0.2
Waste not collected 0.05 – 0.8
2 Uncollected Waste
Waste to dumping 0.3 – 1.1
Leakage to waters 0 – 0.5
Waste to open burning 0 – 0.6
 3 Waste Collection
Waste to materials recovery facility 0 – 1.0
Waste to composting* 0 – 0.63
Waste to incineration* 0 – 1.0
Landfill/Formal Disposal 0 – 1.5
4 Open Burning
Burning residuals 0.1 – 0.6
Open burning emissions 0.7 – 1.0
5 Materials Recovery Facility
Refuse-derived fuel 0 – 0.35
Recyclable materials 0 – 0.3
Organic material 0 – 0.66
Residuals of materials recovery facility 0.15 – 0.4
6 Composting
Compost 0.2 – 0.4
Composting residuals 0.1 – 0.4
Gaseous and liquid composting losses 0.6 – 0.7
7 Incineration
Incineration residuals 0 – 0.4
Off-gas 0.5 – 1.0
8 Informal Dumping
Waste burned at dump sites 0 – 0.4
Recyclables from dump sites 0 – 0.5
Landfill/Formal Disposal (cleanup of 0 – 2.0
Dump sites)
Bio degradation rate and losses via 0.3 – 0.8
leachate†
Waste to dump stock 0 – 0.6
9 Landfill/ Formal Disposal
Waste burned at formal landfills 0 – 0.4
Recyclables from landfills 0 – 0.2
Biodegradation rate and losses via 0.3 – 0.5
leachate
Waste to land fill stock 0.25 – 0.9

Table 16 Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutant (uPOP) Emissions

uPOP Emissions Range
1 Open Burning
Emission factor –Air [µg TEQ/t 40
waste burned]
Emission factor–Land[µg TEQ/t 1
waste burned]
2 Composting
Share of clean compost 50%
Share of gray compost 50%
3 Incineration Air pollution Air Residue
No pollution: 2500 65
Air pollution control and type of Minimal: 250 765
combustion Good: 20 30
Sophisticated: 0.5 3
Combustion of refuse-derived 1 µg TEQ/t
Fuels in cement kiln
4 Informal Dumping To water To residue
Share of domestic waste dumped 0.05 5
[kg/kg dumped]
Share of mixed waste dumped 0.5 50
[kg/kg dumped]
Share of hazardous waste[kg/kg 5 50
dumped]
5 Landfill/Formal Disposal To water To residue
Share of domestic wasteland filled 0.05 5
[kg/kg land filled]
Share of mixed waste land filled 0.5 50
[kg/kg land filled]
Share of hazardous waste 5 500
Land filled[kg/kg land filled]
6 Fire sat Landfills/ Dumpsites
Emission factor –Air [µg TEQ/t 300
waste burned]
Emission factor–Land[µg TEQ/t 10
waste burned]

Table 17 Green house Gas (GHG) Emissions

GHG Emissions Range
1 Waste Collection
Fuel (diesel) consumption [liter/year] Depends
2 Open Burning
Plastics content of waste burned [kg/kg] 0 to 30%
3 Composting Management
Quality of composting process Very well:
Managed:
Poorly:
4 Recycling kg/kg EF:CO2
eq/tonne
 Share of paper& cardboard [kg/kg 0 to 1 -0.15
recyclables]
Share of glass[kg/kg recyclables] 0 to 0.5 -0.4
Share of plastics[kg/kg recyclables] 0 to 2 -1.7
Share of scrap metals[kg/kg recyclables] 0 to 0.6 -1.9
5 Incineration
Waste incineration with energy recovery Yes/No
AND Refuse - derived fuels are utilized in Yes/No
(cement industry)
Plastics content of waste incinerated 0 to 30%
[kg/kg]
6 Informal Dumping
Quality of dumpsite management H>7m, More GHG
Paper &cardboard content[kg/kg 0 to 35%
dumped]
Bio waste content[kg/kg dumped] 0 to 80%
7 Landfill/Formal Disposal
Quality of landfill/formal disposal site
management
Paper & cardboard content[kg/kg 0 to 35%
Land filled]
Bio waste content[kg/kg land filled] 0 to 80%
Share of landfill gas collected[%] No gas/Well gas
8 Fires at Landfills/ Dumpsites
Plastics content[kg/kg waste burned] 0 - 30%

Table 18 Costs of Waste Management

Costs of Waste Management Range
1 Waste Collection
Annual operating costs( Currency per 7600000
year)
Total investment costs(Currency) 0
Depreciation time for investments (Years) 1
Loan interest rate(Percentage) 0
2 Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
Annual operating costs(Currency per 4750000
year)
Total investment costs(Currency) 0
Depreciation time for investments (Years) 0
Loan interest rate(Percentage) 0
3 Composting
 Annual operating costs( Currency per 1700000
year)
Specific revenues(Currency per ton ne 20000
Compost produced)
Total investment costs(Currency) 0
Depreciation time for investments (Years) 0
Loan interest rate (Percentage) 0
4 Recycling:
Specific revenues from recycling (Card 8000
board and paper) (Currency per
tonne)
Specific revenues from recycling(Glass) 4750
(Currency per tonne)
Specific revenues from recycling 23500
(Plastics)(Currency per tonne)
Specific revenues from recycling(Scrap 18000
metal) (Currency per tonne)
5 Incineration
Annual operating costs(Currency per 7050000
year)
Revenues from selling energy(Currency 805000
Per year)
Total investment costs(Currency) 6,62,50,000
Depreciation time for investments (Years) 35 yrs
Loan interest rate(Percentage) 15%
6 Informal Dumping
Annual operating costs (Currency per 0
year)
7 Landfill/Formal Disposal:
Annual operating costs (Currency per 43.63,500
year)
Total investment costs(Currency) 3,25,00,000
Depreciation time for investments (Years) 15 yrs
Loan interest rate (Percentage) 0
WaPla Tool Input

Figure 15 Project Information

Figure 16 Uncollected waste definitions

Figure 17 Material Recovery Definition

Figure 18 uPOPS

Figure19 GHG’s data

 Figure 20 Collection &Transportation Costs

17.2WaPla Tool Output

Figure 20 Flow chart of management Plan

Figure 21 uPOP Emission Components

Figure22 GHG Emission Components

Figure 23 Cost and revenue

 Figure 24 Operation Costs
The waste management plan that is created for Udayarpalayam town using the WaPla tool
provides insights into the total GHG emission, cost on investment, operational costs and
opportunities for improvement.
16. Conclusion
1. In conclusion, the comprehensive waste characterization and quantification efforts in
Udayarpalayam Ariyalur , have yielded crucial technical insights vital for optimizing
urban sustainable waste management strategies.
2. By discerning the composition and volume of waste streams, particularly the
identification of high organic content areas, such as sampling points4,5,7,and 10,targeted
interventions like composting initiatives can be efficiently deployed to minimize waste
generation and enhance resource utilization.
3. It can be inferred that for Udayarpalayam , as the haul distance increases, haul cost also
increases. Thus, the cost of Hauled Container System is higher. In the case of SCS,
though the initial cost is high when compared to HCS, it does not increased rastically a
distance increases.
4. For collection, one-person crew is economical for Udayarpalayam
5. The nearest transfer station or disposal area in Udayarpalayam for efficient waste
disposal is identified as the Corporation Garbage Bunk in T. Nagar, located 4.3 km
away.
6. No of block covered in each route:
a. Route 1: 5 blocks
b. Route 2: 5 blocks
7. No of residence covered in each route:
a. Route 1: 200 residences
b. Route 2: 150 residences
8. From the analysis it is observed that transfer station is cost-effective when round-trip
distance exceeds 35km; direct haul is more cost-effective for distances less than 35km.
9. The implementation of a waste compaction system results in a reduction of 5 trips per
week, leading to significant savings in fuel costs. Additionally, the compactor's closed
and covered design helps prevent wastes pillage, making compaction an optimal solution
with positive economic and environmental impacts.
10. Waste taken to the MRF was processed in the following sequence:
a. Manual sorting
b. Shredder
c. Classifier
d. Magnetic separator
e. Glass Separator
f. Eddy current
g. Optical sorting
h. Residue
11. In Udayarpalayam,there is no landfill, and the reasons were analyzed. It was found that
for Udayarpalayam solid waste disposal itself there is an area requirement of 4062.45
m2/year.
12. WaPla tools was used to prepare the Waste Management Plan including the cost of entire
operation, uPOP's and GHG emissions of the operations are studied.