@LEAXJI ^AV] EKF]A

EKF]A MI ^IX@F@K
^IX@F@K ^V@FACAD@FK
^V@FACAD@FK

Kc ^X
^XA]A
A]AFAC
FACA
A MI ^IX
^IX@F@
@F@K
K ^V@
^V@FAC
FACÖD@
ÖD@FK
FK L¾ ;;9
;;90;-
0;-8>;
8>;=-^
=-^VF,
VF, qu
quii eui

sac`f`tkmk
8>;== malmi
8>; parsi
malmi ck =¾
sacE`sfkcêk
sac`f`tk ck F`v`c
`f`tk Ivk
Ivkcuky Ekj`c`k
cukf`ö
f`öl
l ^s`mi
^s`facBuklfkya
facöd`fk mi fal
öd`fk VIU ic Ae`f`a
VIUIXA
IXA VKL L¾
VKLKHX 5>6-
KHX@K
@K
KMKLK@ IC@_KHI]B.

[ui, Mi kfuirma fal ck maftr`lk tamk ck pir`tkf`öl supali ck rikc`zkf`öl mi m`virsks

kft`v`mkmis, qui fals`stil il ck misfr`pf`öl mic ahoita k pir`tkr, ck rickf`öl mi cks
apirkf`ali
apirk f`aliss tàfl`fks ieiftukmk
ieiftukmkss y cks falfcu
falfcus`ali
s`aliss ij`t`mks il ic m`ft
m`ftkjil.
kjil. Mi
istk earjk, ic kfta pir`f`kc fajprilmi cks s`du`iltis apirkf`alis?

Xifalaf`j`ilta a pirfipf`öl mic ahoita k pir`tkr ? fals`sti il ck misfr`pf`öl mi ck

pirsalk a fask qui sik ahoita mic j`sja, il ic istkma a mic jama il qui si bkcci.
Ic lujirkc 8;9 F^^ m`spali qui ic J`l`stir`a ^ÿhc`fa a ic ]r`hulkc mihkl e`okr fal
prif`s`öl cas tijks mi ck pir`tkf`öl, ca qui iv`miltijilti `jpc`fk qui cas ahoitas,
rkstras a iv`milf`ks mihil sir puistas il falaf`j`ilta mi cas pir`tas pkrk qui
prafimkl k su klëc`s`s, IC ^XA]AFACA MI ^IX@F@K ^V@FACÖD@FK L¾ ;;90;-
8>;=-^VF, il su istrufturk mi M`ftkjil ^ir`f`kc @@. JA]@UA MI CK IUKCYKF@AL
la rid`strk mkta kcdula (;).

Cks
Cks apir
irkf
kf`a
`ali
lis
s tàf
tàfl`
l`fk
fks
s a ic klëc`
lëc`s`s?
sa
sal
s`s l tamk
tamkss kquiuicccck
ks kft`v
ft`v`m
`mk
kmis
ispi
ispif`
f`kc
kc`z
`zkm
kmks
ks,, pr
prap
ap`k
`kss mi ck pr
prae
aeis
is`ö
`öl
l y prëf
prëft`f
t`fk
k mi
micc pir`
pir`ta
ta a mi ca cass pi
pir`t
r`tas
as
kftukltis,
kyum
ky kl kc qui
umkl ou pirj`til
ouzd
zdkmar k bkfir
kmar su ck ulks
ckha
harr ilkprif`kf`alis
ilou
ou`f
`f`k
`kmark,, ICa vkcarkf`alis
mark ^X
^XA]
A]AFAFAC
ACAAispifêe`fks,
MI ^IX@ qui
^IX@F@
F@K
K
^V@FAC
^V@ FACÖD@
ÖD@FK
FK L¾ ;;90;-
;;90;-8>;
8>;=-^
=-^VF,
VF, il su ist istruf
ruftur
turk
k mi M`f
M`ftkj
tkjil
il ^ir`f`kc @@@.
@LV]XYJIL]AV P ]IFL@FKV ^V@FACAD@FKV?
 Iltriv`stk ^s`facöd`fk
 Ahsirvkf`öl mi ck Falmuftk
 Ck E`durk Bujklk mi G.Jkfbavir
 ]ist mi Hilmir
Ck e`lkc`mkm mi ck @lstrujiltas y tàfl`fks ps`facöd`fks ut`c`zkmks mihi ivkcukr
ck kpkr`ilf`k dilirkc y kft`tum, ar`iltkf`öl, ardkl`f`mkm, pirsalkc`mkm, ou`f`a,
`ltic`dilf`k, jijar`k, ktilf`öl,
ktilf`öl, `ltraspiff`öl
`ltraspiff`öl ‖ prasp
praspiff`öl
iff`öl y suiûa, sidsidÿl
ÿl
ck IV]XYF]YXK MIC M@F]KJIL ^IX@F@KC U@DIL]I.

Ck mic`hirkf`öl y ck rimkff`öl mi falfcus`alis ? Is ck falsifuilf`k e`lkc mi tama ca

kltir`ar7 supali ulk ixpas`f`öl rkf`alkc i `ltic`d`hci mi cas risuctkmas mir`vkmas mi
cas klëc`s`s y apirkf`alis rikc`zkmks par cas pir`tas falearji k cas pr`lf`p`as y
ridc
ridcks
ks mi su f`il
f`ilf`
f`k
k a kr
krti
ti.. Cks
Cks kfck
kfckrk
rkf`
f`al
alis
is qu
quii pa
past
stir
ir`a
`arj
rjil
ilti
ti bk
bkdk
dkl
l fa
fall
eulmkjilta il ck falsuctk mi cks pkrtis, la si fals`mirkl pkrti mi su `learji, IC
^XA]AFACA MI ^IX@F@K ^V@FACÖD@FK L¾ ;;90;-8>;=-^VF, il su istrufturk
mi M`ftkjil ^ir`f`kc @U. @L]IX^XI]KF@AL MI XIVYC]KMAV, si ilfuiltrk ck
ivkcukf`öl k ck Ardkl`f`mkm (8), ^irsalkc`mkm (6) i @ltic`dilf`k (=), la rid`strk ck

@ltir
@ltirpritk
pritkf`öl
f`öly sahr
praspiff`öl sahri
i Ar`iltkf`
suiûa.Ar`iltkf`öl,
öl, ou`f`a,
ou`f`a, jijar`k,
jijar`k, ktilf
ktilf`öl,
`öl, `ltra
`ltraspif
spiff`öl
f`öl ‖

IC ^X^XA]
A]AF
AFAC
ACAA MI ^I ^IX@
X@F@
F@K
K ^V
^V@F
@FAC
ACÖDÖD@F
@FK
K L¾ ;; ;;90
90;-
;-8>
8>;=
;=-^-^V VF, il su
istrufturk
istrufturk mi M`ftk jil ^ir`f`kc U. FALFCYV@AL, Vaca si rikc`zö ck falfcus`öl il
M`ftkjil
hkssi k ck `l
hk `lti
tirp
rpri
ritk
tkff`ö
`öl
l mi Ar Ardk
dkl
l`f
`f`m
`mk
km, ^irs
^irsal
alkkc`c`mk
mkm
m i @lti
@ltic`c`di
dil
lf`k
`k.. IC
^XA]AFACA MI ^IX@F@K ^V@FACÖD@FK L¾ ;;90;-8>;=-^VF, il su istrufturk
mi M`ftkjil
M`ftkjil ^ir
^ir`f`kc
`f`kc Falf
Falfcuyi
cuyi qu
qui
i ck Ivkcukmk
Ivkcukmk pprisil
risiltk tk V@LMXAJI KLV@AVA
^XAMYF]A MI V@]YKF@AL U@U@MK, qui sahriv`li faja falsifuilf`k mi ck
ixpas`f`öl k ul ivilta trkujët`fa, ic ekftar istrisklti puimi `lvacufrkr ck
juirti mi kcdu`il, kcdulk kjilkzk k ck v`mk mic ivkcukma a mi kcdu`il jës, ul
drkvi mkûa eês`fa a ps`facöd`fk, k ul drk drkma
ma tkc qui cks mieilsks jiltkcis mi cks
pirsalks la puimil ks`j`ckrca, Il kcdulas fksas puimi mkrsi tkjh`àl mih`ma k ul
praeulma trkujk ps`facöd`fa a ijaf`alkc y la lifiskr`kjilti kcdÿl mkûa eês`fa7
kulqui dilirkcjilti `lvacufrk kjhas ekftaris.
]KHCK @? @lm`fkmaris eês`fas, fajpartkjiltkcis y mi t`pa sixukc il cas jilaris
vêft`jks mi khusa, cas fukcis si mihil rieciokmas miltra mi cks FALFCYV@ALIV
sidÿl cas @lstrujiltas y ]àfl`fks ^s`facöd`fks.
Ilfalt
Ilfa ltrk
rklm
lma
a ulk
ulk `lfa
`lfals
ls`s
`sti
tilf`k il ic ^XA
lf`k ^XA]AF
]AFACA
ACA MI ^IX@F
^IX@F@K @K
^V@F
^V @FACACÖÖD@FK
D@FK L¾ ;;90;;90;;-8>;=
8>;=--^VF,
^VF, fa
faja
ja ulkulk jkck rimk
rimkff
ff``öl
til`ilma il fuiltk
fuiltk qui ic @learji mic ^ir`ta hr`lmk ic m`ftkjil tàfl`fa
e`lkc.

(;) Jat
Jatvava mi ck pir
pir`kf
`kf`öl
`öl fal `lea
`learjk
rjkf`ö
f`öl
l fckrk mi fuëc is ck prid
pridul
ulk
k qui si mis
misik
ik risacvi
risacvirr y quà
iltmkm sac`f`k m`fba pir`koi. Lÿjira mi b`sar`k.
(8) Ardkl`f
Ardkl`f`mkm
`mkm is ck dkjk mi sif
sifuicks
uicks mic mkûa
mkûa ardël`f
ardël`fa,
a, pramuf
pramufa
a mi kcdulk keiff`öl
keiff`öl mi tpa firihrkc
firihrkc y
qui rki faja risuckma kcirkf`alis il ck falmufk y/a eulf`alis fadl`tvks‚.
(6) faja ic pkröl mi kftu
kftumis,
mis, pils
pilskj`il
kj`ilas,
as, siltj
siltj`ilas
`ilas y ripir
ripirar`a
ar`a falmuf
falmufukc
ukc qui fkrkfir`zk
fkrkfir`zk k
ulk pirsalk, y qui tili ulk f`irk pirs`silf`k y iskh`c`mkm k ca ckrda mi su v`mk mi jama kc qui cks
jkl`eiskf`alis mi isi pkröl il cks m`eirilis s`ukf`alis pasii kcdÿl drkma mi prim`fth`c`mkm.
(=) @ltic`dilf`k is ck fkpkf`mkm a ekfuctkm mi ililmir, rkzalkr, kprilmir y mi risacvir prahcijks.