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Four-Dimensional Printing for Clinical Dentistry
Rupinder Singh, Ravinder Sharma, and Nishant Ranjan, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India
r 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1 Introduction 1
2 Screw Extrusion 2
2.1 Types of Screw Extrusion Processes 2
2.2 TSE 2
3 FDM 4
3.1 Advantages of FDM Process 4
3.2 Disadvantages of FDM Process 4
4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 5
5 Case Study 5
5.1 Materials Used 5
5.1.1 Biocompatible grade of PVC 5
5.1.2 Biocompatible grade of PP 6
5.1.3 HAp 6
5.2 Experimentation 6
5.3 Result and Discussions 9
5.3.1 Optimizing process parameters of TSE 9
5.3.1.1 Mechanical properties 9
5.3.1.1.1 Peak load 9
5.3.1.1.2 Break load 11
5.3.1.1.3 Young’s modulus 12
5.3.1.2 Material properties 12
5.3.1.3 Shore-D hardness 13
5.3.1.4 Dimensional analysis 16
5.3.1.5 Thermal properties 17
5.3.2 Parametric optimization of FDM 18
5.3.2.1 Surface roughness 18
5.3.2.2 Shore-D hardness 19
5.3.2.3 Dimensional analysis 21
5.3.2.4 Tensile testing 22
5.3.2.4.1 Peak load 23
5.3.2.4.2 Break load 26
5.3.2.5 Microscopic analysis 26
6 Conclusions 26
Acknowledgment 27
References 27
1 Introduction
The low cost and remarkable properties like strength, temperature/chemically resistant, nonconductivity, and reprocess or reusable
ability (Rosato et al., 2001) of polymers have attracted the interest of researchers for their use in various applications in the fields of
engineering, aerospace, biomedical science, etc. Thermoplastics materials having low melting point and could be easily molded
into variety of shapes by heating up (Bodner, 2004). The biocompatibility of some polymers makes them possible for use in
biomedical application. The polymers like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), poly
lactic acid (PLA), etc. are the most widely used polymers in the biomedical field, particularly in the field of tissue engineering and
drug delivery.
Biocompatibility is defined as adaptability of some foreign component by the body environment without producing any
adverse effect to the functionality of the system. In medical science, biocompatibility is known as the interaction of any medical
part or component material with the tissue or living system. So in general a biocompatible object does not provide any harm to the
patient (Lendlein and Sisson, 2011; Tian et al., 2012). Most plastics intended for medical devices, including medical grades of PVC,
polyethylene, polycarbonate, PEEK, Ultem PEI, PP, poly-sulfone, and polyurethane, have to undergo stringent tests before their
actual use in medical applications (Majumdar, 1998). As compared to other materials the mechanical processing of the polymers
Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10167-5 1

2 Four-Dimensional Printing for Clinical Dentistry
required much less energy (Rosato et al., 2001; Abeykoon et al., 2014). The extrusion process is mainly used for conversion of raw
polymer grains into usable rod or wire form. For reinforcement of ceramic or metal particles in the polymer matrix, a twin screw
extruder (TSE) has been generally used (Erdmenger, 1964). TSEs have numerous advantages over single-screw extruders like better
feeding and more positive conveying characteristics, i.e., they allow the machine to process hard-to-feed materials (Wendaal,
2014). Some studies highlighted that the synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles were reinforced into a polymer matrix to
produce composites for medical applications and corotating twin-screw compounding produces an effective and homogeneous
distribution of HAp particles in a polymer matrix, which is maintained after compression molding (Wright, 2016; Ben-Gal, 2005;
Wang et al., 1994).
These polymer filaments can be easily used in biomedical applications with the help of additive manufacturing (AM). The
traditional way of implant fabrication has been replaced with AM, in which the implants have been directly fabricated from the 3D
computer aided design (CAD) data (Kurtzman, 2010). Nowadays, AM and CAD have been directly integrated with the 3D imaging
techniques, i.e., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) scan, etc. (Tukuru et al., 2008). In AM, functional
and nonfunctional prototypes of the polymers have been fabricated by continuously adding layer by layer of material until the
digital CAD model has been completely converted into real time 3D object (Huang et al., 2015). During the past decade a number
of patents have been claimed by inventing vivid types of AM technologies and thus enabling more and more users to install 3D
printers to produce functional products (Wohlers and Caffrey, 2013; Korpela et al., 2013; Zein et al., 2002). The scope of AM is
continuously increasing for biomedical applications with the combination of natural and synthetic polymers by reinforcement of
ceramics, metals, and other foreign particles in these polymers (Seitz et al., 2005).
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most widely used AM techniques for fabrication of 3D scaffolds having adequate
mechanical, thermal, as well as surface properties for proper implant placement (Galantucci et al., 2009; Sood et al., 2009). FDM
produces the best fit biofunctional parts in very short duration without the wastage material. FDM uses the 3D CAD model to
fabricate the actual product. Initially the CAD created file is converted into the STereoLithography (STL) format, i.e., machine
language, by using a preprocessing software (Boschetto et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2016, 2017). The .stl file has been further sliced into
2D layers by using an open source software K-Slicer (Chua et al., 2010). The filament has been extruded through the extrusion head
having temperature near the melting point of the material. The temperature of the chamber remains constant to prevent the
solidifying material from thermal stress and distortion. The main advantage of FDM over other AM techniques are its trouble free
handling, and providing controllable factors that have been adjusted according to the required properties of the fabricated part
(Sahebrao et al., 2009). The controllable parameters of FDM affect the various properties of the extruded products (Singh et al., 2016).
In this present work effort has been made to develop the 3D scaffolds on FDM using in-house developed biocompatible
filament comprising of PVC, PP, and HAp (as a case study for field scientists). Initially five input parameters (namely, composition
of material, rpm of the screw, temperature, grain size of HAp, and load applied) were judicially selected for preparation of feed
stock filament. The process parameters of the TSE have been optimized. The wire having best mechanical and dimensional
properties has been run on the FDM setup. The experimentation has been designed using Taguchi L9 (3̂ 3) orthogonal array (OA).
The design of experiment (DOE) has been made on controllable parameters: (1) infill percentage, (2) layer thickness, and (3)
deposition speed. The standard tensile specimen has been fabricated on commercial low cost FDM setup without change in any
hardware or software of the system.
2 Screw Extrusion
Extrusion is a manufacturing process in which metal or plastic materials are forced/pushed through a fixed cross-sectional profile
or die to produce a continuous ribbon of the formed product, or, extrusion is a manufacturing process in which raw materials
(plastic/metal) are melted and made into continual profile.
The extrusion process is starting by feeding of material (metal/plastic) in the form of granules, pellets, powders, or flakes from a
hopper into the zone of the barrel of the extruder. After that, materials are gradually melted by heat produced by the mechanical
energy (generated by screw turning) and by the heaters that are positioned along the barrel. The molten materials (plastic/metal)
are pushed/forced into a die, which structure the materials into a pipe and hardened during the cooling process.
2.1 Types of Screw Extrusion Processes

Fig. 1 shows the types of screw extrusion processes and their classifications. Fig. 2 shows the cross-section of single and TSE.
2.2 TSE
The TSE process was developed more than 20 years ago, for continuous production of highly uniform and finely structured
products. It is widely used to produce biosourced plastics, cellulose pulps, and food products. Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram
of twin screw extrusion (TSE) process.
The main aim of TSE processing is to mix two or more materials homogeneously and produce a very high quality shaped
product with accurate control of process conditions (see Table 1). TSEs are capable of ensuring mixing, shearing, cooling, heating,
Four-Dimensional Printing for Clinical Dentistry 3
Continuous screw
extruder
Single screw Twin screw

extruder extruder
Non-
Intermeshing
intermeshing
screws
screws
Contra-rotating Contra-rotating Co-rotating

screws screws screws screws
Parallel Conical
screws screws
Fig. 1 Types of screw extrusion process.
Fig. 2 Cross-section view of single and twin screw extruder (TSE).
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of twin screw extrusion (TSE) process.
compressing, transporting, shaping, pumping, etc. with very high level of flexibility. The main advantages of TSEs (intermeshing
corotating) are their exceptional mixing capability that gives remarkable characteristics to extruded products. In the TSE process,
the raw materials may be solids (granules, powders, flours), slurries, liquids, and possibly gases. Table 1 shows the effects of TSE on
different criteria.
Table 1 Effect of twin screw extrusion (TSE) on different

criteria
Serial no. Criteria Impact
1 Energy cost Low

2 Maintenance cost Very low
3 Final product quality High
4 Flexibility Very high
5 Output consistency Very high
Fig. 4 Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. Reproduced from: CustomPartNet. Available at: www.custompart.net.
3 FDM
In 1988, FDM was invented in the United States by a cofounder of Stratasys Ltd. FDM was patented in 1992 as a rapid prototyping
technology. Commercially FDM is marketed by Stratasys Inc.
Nowadays FDM is a well-known additive technology used for the fabrication of actual or non-actual prototypes. Similar to other
RP technology, it is also a manufacturing tool that produces the part by stacking the material in a layer by layer technique. It is
commonly used for pattern making, modeling, and various production applications. Fig. 4 shows the complete view of FDM process.
3.1 Advantages of FDM Process
• fabrication of functional prototypes/parts

• availability of raw material
• wastage of material is minimum
• no need of any toxic solvent
• very low tolerance
• ease in material change
• support removal is easy
3.2 Disadvantages of FDM Process
• swelling of material in case of high temperature

• surface finishing is not up to the mark
• formation of gap in between the layers reduces the part strength
• choking of nozzle head
• slow manufacturing process

• unpredictable distortion and shrinkage
4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Thermal behavior of the material is one of the major constraints for the use of developed filament in clinical dentistry. For thermal
testing of the material in the present study differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used. The term DSC simply implies
that during a linear temperature ramp, quantitative calorimetric information can be obtained on the sample. This constantly rising
temperature ensures the proper and accurate measurement of thermal characteristics of the material. The materials exhibit
heat flow as a function of temperature and time. DSC comprises of glass transition, melting point, enthalpy change, and
decomposition of the material with respect to the rising of temperature. Common usage includes investigation, selection, com-
parison, and end-use performance evaluation of materials in research, quality control, and production applications.
For thermal analysis METTLER TOLEDO, Model DSC3, Swiss make with STARe (SW 14.00) software was used in N2 gas
environment. The typical DSC setup determines the behavior of applied samples by taking references from standard sample, both
enclosed in a metallic crucible (Al or platinum). As shown in Fig. 5, DSC sensor uses two crucibles for heating and cooling, one for
reference and another for sample.
5 Case Study
To study the influences of input process parameters such as barrel temperature, rpm, and applied load on mechanical, thermal,
and metallurgical properties (peak load, peak strength, Young’s modulus, wear analysis, percentage porosity, and shore-D
hardness), a case study has been performed.
5.1 Materials Used

5.1.1 Biocompatible grade of PVC
PVC was synthesized accidentally by Eugan Baumann, a German chemist, in late 1872. Its chemical formula and structure are
shown in Fig. 6.
Chemical formula: (C2H3Cl)n.
Pure form of PVC is available in white color. It does not show any solubility with the alcohol. The melting point of PVC
varies from 100 to 2601C (212–5001F). But the glass transition temperature is near about 821C or 1801F. The density of PVC is
1.1–1.45 g/cm3 and its Young’s modulus lies in between 1.5 and 15 Mpa for flexible PVC and 1500–300 Mpa for rigid PVC.
Fig. 5 Mettler Toledo differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Fig. 6 Chemical structure of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

5.1.2 Biocompatible grade of PP

After polyethylene the world’s most producible synthetic plastic is PP, also known as PP. Its chemical formula and structure are
shown in Fig. 7.
Chemical formula: (C3H6)n.
The melting range of PP is varies from 130 to 1711C (266–3401F). The density of PP lies in between 0.895 and 0.925 g/cm3 and
its Young’s modulus value is 1300–1800 N/mm2.
5.1.3 HAp
It is also known as hydroxyl apatite. It naturally occurs from calcium apatite.
The chemical formula of HAp (is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 or Ca5(PO4)3(OH)4.
Tenacity: brittle.
HAp can synthesize by various methods such as wet chemical deposition, electrodeposition, and biomimetic deposition. HAp
can also synthesize from waste eggshells, which contain 95% calcium. The wet chemical deposition uses the following reaction for
synthesis of HAp.
10CaðOHÞ2 þ 6H3 PO4 -Ca10 ðPO4 Þ6 ðOHÞ2 þ 18H2 O
HAp is available in different colors like white, gray, yellowish, etc. It is brittle in nature. The decomposition range of HAp is
1000–15001C.
In the human body, it is found in bones and teeth. It has been scientifically proven that human bones are constituent 50% by
volume and 70% by weight of hydroxyl apatite.
5.2 Experimentation
In pilot experimentation, an effort has been made to prepare the feed stock filament of biocompatible grade of PVC and PP in the
ratio of 70:30 (by weight). The first step was to check the possibility of preparation of feed stock filament of PVC and PP, which is
further reinforced with HAp with varying input parameters. Taking random selection of different composition/proportions of
polymer materials, the best parametric condition or range of parametric condition was established for TSE. Fig. 8 shows 3D view of
TSE. For this study commercial make HAAKE Mini CTW, Germany has been used.
The feed stock filament has been prepared as per Taguchi L18 (2̂ 1 3̂ 4) OA. Table 2 shows list of input parameters and their
levels (based upon pilot experimentation) for the experimental study.
Table 3 shows the control log of experimentation based upon Taguchi L18 (2̂ 1 3̂ 4) OA, which was 18 runs of experimentation.
Fig. 7 Chemical structure of polypropylene (PP).
Fig. 8 3D view of twin screw extruder (TSE).

Table 2 Parameter selected for experimentation
Levels Composition of materials Rotational speed Temperature Grain size of hydroxyapatite Load (in kg)
(in percentage) (in rpm) (in 1C) (HAp) (in mm)
1 96A þ 4 30 180 53 10
2 92A þ 8 40 190 106 15
3 – 50 200 150 20
Table 3 Control log of experimentation
Parametric conditions - Composition of materials Rotational speed Temperature Grain size of hydroxyapatite Load (in kg)
(in percentage) (in rpm) (in 1C) (HAp) (in mm)
1 96A þ 4 30 180 53 10
2 96A þ 4 30 190 106 15
3 96A þ 4 30 200 150 20
4 96A þ 4 40 180 53 15
5 96A þ 4 40 190 106 20
6 96A þ 4 40 200 150 10
7 96A þ 4 50 180 106 10
8 96A þ 4 50 190 150 15
9 96A þ 4 50 200 53 20
10 92A þ 8 30 180 150 20
11 92A þ 8 30 190 53 10
12 92A þ 8 30 200 106 15
13 92A þ 8 40 180 106 20
14 92A þ 8 40 190 150 10
15 92A þ 8 40 200 53 15
16 92A þ 8 50 180 150 15
17 92A þ 8 50 190 53 20
18 92A þ 8 50 200 106 10
Note: A-70% of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 30% of polypropylene (PP)
Fig. 9 Fabricated feed stock filament (as per Table 3).
For the investigation of mechanical properties, tensile test has been performed for peak load, break load, and Young’s modulus
on universal tensile tester (UTT, Shanta Engineering, India). After establishing mechanical properties the feed stock filament
extruded at best settings has been investigated for thermal properties on DSC setup and metallurgical properties (grain size and
porosity) were observed on metallurgical microscope.
Further for analyzing the dimensional variations, dimensional accuracy (feed stock filament diameter) was measured with
Mitutoyo’s absolute digimatic micrometers. A total of 18 sets of feed stock filament have been prepared by using different con-
trollable parameters (see Fig. 9) and total of 54 (18 3) experiments were conducted to reduce the effect of experimental errors.
The parametric settings (see Table 4) of TSE, at which the feed stock filament possesses better mechanical, thermal properties,
and dimensional stability, have been used for fabrication of 3D scaffolds on the existing FDM setup (without change in any
hardware or software of the system). Further experimentation has been performed for the parametric optimization of the FDM for
various properties of the fabricated functional prototypes/scaffolds.
After preparing filament wire, it was used on existing FDM setup (3D printer, Make-Divide By Zero, India) shown in Fig. 10(a).
The dumbbell shaped tensile specimens as per ASTM D-638 standard were fabricated. The controllable factors of FDM are layer
thickness, infill density, and deposition speed, though there are other parameters like orientation, wire diameter, humidity, etc.,
but kept constant throughout the experimentation. The temperature of extrusion head was also kept constant according to melting
temperature of material. There are further three levels of each selected factor of FDM, as in the case of infill percentage the parts
were fabricated at low density level, high density level, and at solid condition (available in FDM setup as software option).
Whereas for layer thickness and deposition speed three different ranges were selected as 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 mm, and 33, 35, and
37 mm/s, respectively. The parts fabricated by 3D printing were subjected to mechanical testing, surface roughness, shore-D
hardness and dimensional accuracy and thermal analysis. Fig. 10(b) shows the printing of parts on FDM as per ASTM D-638
standard.
The Taguchi L9 OA has been used to design the complete control log of experimentation and input parameters as shown in
Table 5.
Table 4 Composition and extruder parameters for experimentation
Composition of materials Rotational speed Temperature Grain size of hydroxyapatite (HAp) Load (in kg)
(in percentage) (in rpm) (in 1C) (in micron)
1 96x þ 4HAp 50 200 53 20
Fig. 10 Fabrication of tensile specimen by fused deposition modeling (FDM) extrusion head. (a) Printing of layers for part fabrication start. (b)
Part printing complete.
Table 5 Input parameters and control log of experimentation
Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C)
Infill percentage Layer thickness (mm) Deposition speed (mm/min)
1 20 0.25 33
2 20 0.30 35
3 20 0.35 37
4 60 0.25 35
5 60 0.30 37
6 60 0.35 33
7 100 0.25 37
8 100 0.30 33
9 100 0.35 35
Fig. 11 Reinforced fused deposition modeling (FDM) fabricated specimen for testing.
Fig. 12 Specimens after tensile testing.
A total of 9 sets of specimen have been prepared by using different controllable parameters (see Fig. 11) and a total of
27 (9 3) experiments were conducted to reduce the effect of environmental and human variations, etc. For dimensional analysis
the dimensions of fabricated specimen were compared with the dimensions of standard specimen/CAD data. The surface
roughness, shore-D hardness have been also performed on the fabricated specimens.
Further, the 3D parts fabricated by FDM were subjected to tensile testing on universal testing machine (UTM) as per ASTM
D-638 (see Fig. 12). A total of three sets of experiments/repetitions were performed for nine settings (as per Taguchi L9 OA) by
using different controllable parameters.
After performing the tensile testing, the part with best mechanical properties was used for thermal analysis on DSC and
microscopic analysis by taking the microphotographs through scanning electron microscope (SEM).
5.3 Result and Discussions

5.3.1 Optimizing process parameters of TSE
5.3.1.1 Mechanical properties
After successful runs of pilot experimentation at predefined level of process variables, feed stock filaments were prepared as per
Taguchi L18 (2̂ 1 3̂ 4) OA; the results for the different output parameters (namely, peak load and Young’s modulus) are shown in
Table 6.
As observed from Table 6, experimentation run no. 09 was maximum value of peak load as well as Young’s modulus, in which
parametric conditions are as follows: combination of materials are 96A þ 4 at 50 rpm, temperature was 2001C, HAp grain size is
53 mm, load applied as 20 kg. Further in experimentation run no. 13 was minimum value of peak load as well as Young’s modulus,
in which the parametric conditions are as follows: combination of materials are 92A þ 8 at 40 rpm, temperature was 1901C with
150 mm of HAp grain size, and load applied was 10 kg.
5.3.1.1.1 Peak load

Fig. 13 shows the main effects plot for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for peak load as output parameter (for larger the better
type case).
Table 6 Outputs of peak load and Young’s modulus for different parametric condition
Parametric Composition Rotational Temperature Grain size of Load Peak Break Young’s
conditions - of materials speed (rpm) (1C) hydroxyapatite (kg) load (N) load (N) modulus (N/m2)
(percentage) (HAp) (mm)
1 96A þ 4 30 180 53 10 23.00 20.70 198.68

2 96A þ 4 30 190 106 15 22.16 19.94 187.54
3 96A þ 4 30 200 150 20 20.50 18.45 160.37
4 96A þ 4 40 180 53 15 18.60 16.74 145.21
5 96A þ 4 40 190 106 20 15.20 13.68 131.42
6 96A þ 4 40 200 150 10 23.50 21.15 202.88
7 96A þ 4 50 180 106 10 23.52 21.16 211.29
8 96A þ 4 50 190 150 15 21.28 19.24 187.94
9 96A þ 4 50 200 53 20 26.52 22.19 223.27
10 92A þ 8 30 180 150 20 17.10 14.49 135.55
11 92A þ 8 30 190 53 10 19.87 16.53 157.59
12 92A þ 8 30 200 106 15 18.60 15.49 146.38
13 92A þ 8 40 180 106 20 11.70 10.08 90.21
14 92A þ 8 40 190 150 10 15.98 12.63 121.21
15 92A þ 8 40 200 53 15 14.20 10.78 111.37
16 92A þ 8 50 180 150 15 17.10 14.49 136.57
17 92A þ 8 50 190 53 20 16.10 12.67 128.64
18 92A þ 8 50 200 106 10 20.12 18.19 161.37
Fig. 13 Main effect plots for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for peak load.
As observed in Fig. 13, S/N ratio decreased with increases of HAp proportion. This may be because of the fact that high
proportion of HAp particles leads to more brittleness as it is basically a ceramic material. The S/N ratio for rotational speed first
decreases as rpm increased, and further increased as the rpm increased. At intermediate value of rpm, the dispersion of HAp
ceramic particles may not be uniform, and gets better at further higher values. In the case of temperature, S/N ratio was increased,
with rise in temperature. This may be because of the fact that at higher temperature better melt flow properties are attained. The S/
N ratio for grain size initially decreased then increased, which may due to better dispersion of HAp particles with smaller size. The
S/N ratio for load is continuously decreased as load is increased, mainly because at high load melt flow properties increase
tremendously. Table 7 shows analysis of variance for S/N ratio for peak load.
As shown in Table 7, percentage error was found to be 8.553%. It shows that the model has a higher degree of accuracy. Further it
was observed that composition of material, rotational speed, and load are the only significant parameters, which contribute 39.86%,
28.68%, and 14.49%, respectively, and temperature and grain size (of HAp) was not significant and have less percentage contribution
of 6.38% and 2.02%, respectively. Based upon Table 7, Table 8 shows the response table for S/N ratio for ranking of input parameters.
Finally the calculated value for peak load is 28.38 N, which is close to the experimentally observed value (see Table 6,
experiment no. 9).
Table 7 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for peak load
Source DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F P % Contribution
Composition of materials 1 22.075 22.075 22.0750 37.29 0.000 39.868

Rotational speed 2 15.880 15.880 7.9400 13.41 0.003 28.680
Temperature 2 3.533 3.533 1.7666 2.98 0.108 6.381
Grain size (hydroxyapatite, HAp) 2 1.122 1.122 0.5611 0.95 0.427 2.026
Load 2 8.023 8.023 4.0115 6.78 0.019 14.490
Residual error 8 4.736 4.736 0.5920 8.553
Total 17 55.370
Abbreviations: Adj. MS, adjacent mean of squares; Adj. SS, adjacent sum of square; DF, degree of freedom; F, fishers value; P, probability; Seq. SS, sum of square.
Table 8 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (larger is better) for peak load
Levels Composition of material Rotational speed Temperature Grain size of hydroxyapatite (HAp) Load
1 26.59 26.07 25.12 25.71 26.36

2 24.37 24.15 25.21 25.13 25.33
3 – 26.22 26.10 25.60 24.75
Delta 2.21 2.07 0.98 0.57 1.61
Rank 1 2 4 5 3
Fig. 14 Main effect plots for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for break load.
5.3.1.1.2 Break load

As observed from Table 6, experimentation run no. 09 was maximum value of break load in which parametric conditions are as
follows: combination of materials are 96A þ 4(HAp) at 50 rpm, and temperature was 2001C with the HAp grain size at 53 mm,
with load applied as 20 kg. In experimentation run no. 13 was minimum value of break load in which the parametric conditions
are as follows: combination of materials are 92A þ 8(HAp) at 40 rpm, temperature was 1901C with 150 mm of HAp grain size, and
load applied was 10 kg.
Fig. 14 shows main effects plot for S/N ratios for break load as output parameter (for larger the better type case).
As observed in Fig. 14, S/N ratio decreased with increases of HAp proportion. This may be because of the fact that high
proportion of HAp particles leads to more brittleness, as it is a ceramic material. The S/N ratio for break load initially decreases
with increase in rotational speed. This may be due to the fact that at 40 rpm, the dispersion of HAp ceramic particles may not be
uniform, which gets better at further higher values. In the case of temperature, S/N ratio firstly decreased then increased, with rise
in temperature. This may be because of the fact that at higher temperature better melt flow properties are attained. The S/N ratio
for grain size initially decreased then increased, which may due to better dispersion of HAp particles with smaller size. The S/N
ratio for load is continuously decreased as load is increased, mainly because at high load melt flow properties increase tre-
mendously. Table 9 shows analysis of variance for S/N ratio for break load.
As shown in Table 9, percentage error was found to be 6.97%. It shows that model has higher degree of accuracy. Further it was
observed that composition of material, rotational speed, and load are only significant parameters, which contribute 50.45%,
Table 9 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios

Temperature 2 2.930 2.930 1.465 2.28 0.164 3.98
Grain size (hydroxyapatite (HAp)) 2 0.251 0.251 0.125 0.20 0.826 0.34
Load 2 9.746 9.746 4.873 7.60 0.014 13.25
Residual error 8 5.130 5.130 0.641 6.97
Total 17 73.546
Table 10 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios larger is better
Levels Composition of materials Rotational speed Temperature Grain size of hydroxyapatite (HAp) Load
1 25.61 24.84 23.97 24.13 25.15

2 22.73 22.74 23.81 24.05 23.97
3 – 24.93 24.73 24.33 23.39
Delta 2.87 2.19 0.92 0.28 1.77
Rank 1 2 4 5 3
25.01%, and 13.25%, respectively, and temperature and grain size (HAp) were not significant and have less percentage con-
tribution, 3.98% and 0.34%, respectively. Based upon Table 9, Table 10 shows response table for S/N ratio for ranking of input
parameters.
For optimization the following formula based upon Taguchi design has been used:
Zopt ¼ m þ ðmA1 2mÞ þ ðmB3 2mÞ þ ðmC3 2mÞ þ ðmD3 2mÞ þ ðmE1 2mÞ
where “m” is the overall mean of S/N data, mA1 is the mean of S/N data for composition of materials at level 1 and mB3 is the mean
of S/N data for rotational speed at level 3, mC3 is the mean of S/N data for temperature at level. mD3 is the mean of S/N data for
grain size of HAp and mE1 is the mean of S/N data for load.
yopt 2 ¼ ð1=10ÞZopt=10 for properties; lesser is betteryopt 2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 for properties; larger is better
Calculation:
Overall mean of S/N ratio (m) was taken from Minitab software.
m ¼ 24:14
Now from response table of S/N ratio, mA1 ¼ 25.61, mB3 ¼ 24.93, mC3 ¼ 24.73, mD3 ¼ 24.33, and mE3 ¼ 25.15.
From here,
Zopt ¼ 24:14 þ ð25:61 24:14Þ þ ð24:93 24:14Þ þ ð24:73 24:14Þ þ ð24:33 24:14Þ þ ð25:15
24:14ÞZopt ¼ 28:19 dbNow; yopt 2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 yopt 2 ¼ ð10Þ28:19=10 yopt ¼ 25:67 N

Based upon peak values in Fig. 14, the confirmatory experiment for break load was conducted for 96A þ 4(%HAp), at 50 rpm,
2001C temperature with the 150 mm HAp grain size and 10 kg load applied. The observed value was 25.60 N (which is very close
to the calculated value).
5.3.1.1.3 Young’s modulus

Fig. 15 shows main effect plots for S/N ratios for Young’s modulus. As observed in Fig. 15, the S/N ratio of all parameters in
Young’s modulus is similar to peak load S/N ratio (which is but obvious). Tables 11 and 12, respectively, show the analysis of
variance and ranking response table for larger the better type case. As shown in Table 12, percentage error was found to be 7.383%.
It shows that model has higher degree of accuracy. Further it has been observed that composition of materials, rotational speed,
and load are the only significant parameters, which contribute 47.9%, 26.4%, and 13.75%, respectively, and temperature and grain
size (HAp) were not significant and have less percentage contribution, 3.74% and 0.673%, respectively.
Finally the calculated value for Young’s modulus is 230.906 N/m2, which is close to the experimentally observed value (see
Table 6, experiment no. 9).
5.3.1.2 Material properties

To further ascertain the behavior observed for mechanical properties, photomicrographs were captured using metallurgical
microscope at 100 magnification (see Fig. 16).
Fig. 15 Main effect plots for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for Young’s modulus.
Table 11 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for Young’s modulus

Temperature 2 2.8403 2.8403 1.4201 2.03 0.193 3.749
Load 2 10.4172 10.4172 5.2086 7.45 0.15 13.751
Residual error 8 5.5928 5.5928 0.6991 7.383
Total 17 75.7544
Table 12 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (larger is better) for Young’s modulus
1 45.14 44.24 43.36 43.88 44.73

2 42.30 42.24 43.52 43.48 43.52
3 – 44.67 44.27 43.79 42.90
Delta 2.84 2.42 0.91 0.39 1.83
Rank 1 2 4 5 3
The magnified image was put on gray scale and analyzed on the basis of porosity. It was observed that percentage of porosity
was less than 1% (0.78) for run 09 and 1.55% for run 13 according to ASTM B276 using MIAS Photomicrographs commercial
software. Total no. of porosity count in the experimentation run no. 09 was 22 and 42 count in run 13. A lower count of porosity
as well as low percentage of porosity was better as per strength, because more porosity decreases the strength of feed stock filament,
so that the as per result feed stock filament no. 09 with lower count of porosity (22) and less percentage of porosity (0.78%) in
feed stock filament no. 13 with greater count of porosity (42) and percentage porosity was 1.55. Hence, lower count of porosity
was better feed stock filament as compared to greater count of porosity. The presence of greater count of porosity in feed stock
filament prepared at run 13, tensile strength was less as compared to lower count of porosity in the best feed stock filament (run
9), which justifies the use of parametric settings suggested for run 9 (as per Table 6).
5.3.1.3 Shore-D hardness

Shore-D hardness has been measured using shore-D durometer having range 0–100 HD shown in Fig. 17. Each specimen was
tested three times, so in total 54 (18 3) experiments were conducted to reduce any measurement and instrument error. Mean of
all three readings was taken as final hardness value. The final values were then optimized using Taguchi L18 OA. The measured
hardness values and S/N ratio for hardness values are shown in Table 13. It has been observed that parametric settings for
experiment run no. 8 provide the best shore-D hardness value compared to other experiment runs, according to Table 13.
Experiments run no. 09 Experiments run no. 13
Fig. 16 Photomicrograph view (for porosity result) for run 9 and run 13.
Fig. 17 Shore-D hardness testing.
The S/N ratio plot for shore-D hardness values at larger is best is shown in Fig. 18. The S/N graph shows that with the increase
of HAp percentage shore-D hardness of the parts has been decreased due to increment of brittleness. The S/N ratio for rotational
speed increased as the rpm increased due to proper mixing of polymers with filler. In the temperature S/N ratio first decreases as
temperature increased and further increased as the temperature increased. The S/N ratio of grain size is also continuously increased
with increment of grain size of HAp due to better dispersion of HAp particles. In the load S/N ratio is also increased as the load
increased due to better flow rate.
Analysis of variance of S/N ratios for shore-D hardness shows that two input parameters have been found to be significant
parameters (see Table 14). Rotational speed and composition of materials contribute 67.36% and 15.89%, respectively, toward the
shore-D hardness.
It has been observed that a major effect on shore-D hardness is of rotational speed and composition of materials and there are
much lower effects of temperature, grain size (HAp), and load. Table 15 shows response table for ranking of input parameters
based upon S/N ratio for shore-D hardness.
For optimization following formula based upon Taguchi design has been used:
Zopt ¼ m þ ðmA1 2mÞ þ ðmB3 2mÞ þ ðmC1 2mÞ þ ðmD3 2mÞ þ ðmE3 2mÞ
where “m” is the overall mean of S/N data, mA1is the mean of S/N data for composition of materials at level 1 and mB3 is the mean
of S/N data for rotational speed at level 3, mC1 is the mean of S/N data for temperature at level. mD3 is the mean of S/N data for
Table 13 Outputs of shore-D hardness for different parametric condition
Parametric Composition of Rotational Temperature Grain size of Load Shore-D Shore-D Shore-D Shore-D Signal-to-
conditions materials speed (1C) hydroxyapatite (kg) hardness hardness hardness hardness noise (S/N)
- (percentage) (rpm) (HAp) (mm) 1 2 3 mean ratio
1 96A þ 4 30 180 53 10 27.0 29.0 26.5 27.500 28.767

2 96A þ 4 30 190 106 15 24.0 28.0 27.5 26.500 28.402
3 96A þ 4 30 200 150 20 32.0 29.5 27.0 29.500 29.333
4 96A þ 4 40 180 53 15 30.5 29.0 33.5 31.000 29.781
5 96A þ 4 40 190 106 20 31.0 28.5 30.5 30.000 29.525
6 96A þ 4 40 200 150 10 36.5 32.0 30.5 33.000 30.296
7 96A þ 4 50 180 106 10 34.0 34.0 35.5 34.500 30.751
8 96A þ 4 50 190 150 15 31.0 38.5 39.0 36.166 31.018
9 96A þ 4 50 200 53 20 34.0 36.0 36.0 35.333 30.954
10 92A þ 8 30 180 150 20 23.5 21.0 27.0 23.833 27.407
11 92A þ 8 30 190 53 10 18.0 20.5 19.5 19.333 25.688
12 92A þ 8 30 200 106 15 23.5 24.0 27.0 24.833 27.852
13 92A þ 8 40 180 106 20 27.0 29.5 29.0 28.500 29.077
14 92A þ 8 40 190 150 10 25.5 30.0 26.0 27.166 28.613
15 92A þ 8 40 200 53 15 25.5 25.5 26.0 25.666 28.186
16 92A þ 8 50 180 150 15 36.0 36.5 35.5 36.000 31.124
17 92A þ 8 50 190 53 20 35.0 32.0 33.5 33.500 30.483
18 92A þ 8 50 200 106 10 31.0 32.5 34.0 32.500 30.219
Fig. 18 Signal-to-noise (S/N) response to shore-D hardness data.

Temperature 2 1.098 1.098 0.549 1.41 0.298 3.03
Load 2 0.571 0.571 0.285 0.73 0.509 1.58
Residual error 8 3.108 3.108 0.389 8.58
Total 17 36.215
Table 15 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios larger is better
1 29.87 27.91 29.48 28.98 29.06

2 28.74 29.25 28.96 29.30 29.39
3 – 30.76 29.47 29.63 29.46
Delta 1.13 2.85 0.53 0.66 0.41
Rank 2 1 4 3 5
Table 16 Dimensional analysis of feed stock filament for different parametric condition
Experimentation Ø1 Ø2 Ø3 Ø4 Ø5 Ø6 Ø7 Ø8 Ø Mean No. of deflected Value of Cp Value of Cpk

run no. ↓ wire
1 1.66 1.62 1.58 1.69 1.74 1.76 1.67 1.54 1.66 1 0.685 0.507
2 1.74 1.71 1.77 1.68 1.48 1.58 1.71 1.79 1.68 3 0.477 0.257
3 1.80 1.89 1.76 1.70 1.67 1.69 1.76 1.55 1.73 4 0.539 0.097
4 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.68 1.73 1.82 1.59 1.66 1.72 2 0.577 0.150
5 1.70 1.68 1.55 1.59 1.74 1.53 1.70 1.73 1.65 0 0.439 0.342
6 1.96 1.84 1.76 1.68 1.82 1.67 1.76 1.68 1.77 5 0.445 0.076
7 1.69 1.64 1.72 1.71 1.55 1.67 1.62 1.52 1.64 0 0.577 0.508
8 1.79 1.75 1.76 1.81 1.67 1.71 1.61 1.57 1.71 3 0.783 0.259
9 1.67 1.64 1.68 1.62 1.63 1.67 1.66 1.63 1.65 0 1.495 1.196
10 1.72 1.73 1.62 1.69 1.51 1.49 1.56 1.63 1.62 1 0.621 0.590
11 1.67 1.62 1.61 1.43 1.48 1.40 1.67 1.69 1.57 3 0.498 0.284
12 1.82 1.89 1.78 1.72 1.59 1.71 1.59 1.68 1.72 3 0.470 0.103
13 1.59 1.49 1.56 1.53 1.62 1.60 1.64 1.63 1.61 1 0.914 0.603
14 1.65 1.47 1.59 1.53 1.69 1.73 1.58 1.64 1.61 1 0.427 0.376
15 1.72 1.71 1.59 1.67 1.53 1.77 1.51 1.65 1.64 1 0.332 0.282
16 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.76 1.67 1.53 1.59 1.61 1.65 1 0.748 0.598
17 1.69 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.56 1.59 1.58 1.61 1.61 0 1.371 1.220
18 1.77 1.81 1.84 1.67 1.74 1.87 1.77 1.73 177 5 0.567 0.113
grain size of HAp and mE3 is the mean of S/N data for load.
yopt2 ¼ ð1=10ÞZopt=10 for properties; lesser is betteryopt2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 for properties; larger is better
Calculation:
Overall mean of S/N ratio (m) was taken from Minitab software.
m ¼ 29:30
Now from response table of S/N ratio, mA1 ¼ 29.87, mB3 ¼ 30.76, mC3 ¼ 29.48, mD3 ¼ 29.63, and mE3 ¼ 29.46.
From here,
Zopt ¼ 29:30 þ ð29:87 29:30Þ þ ð30:76 29:30Þ þ ð29:48 29:30Þ þ ð29:63 29:30Þ þ ð29:46 29:30ÞZopt ¼ 31:82 db
Now; yopt2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 yopt2 ¼ ð10Þ31:82=10 yopt ¼ 38:99

As per Fig. 18 (for larger is better type) it was predicted that best parametric condition for the optimized value of shore-D
hardness was 96A þ 4(HAp) at 50 rpm and temperature was 1801C with the HAp grain size is 150 mm with load applied as 20 kg.
The observed value for shore-D hardness at these settings was 39, which is very close to the calculated value.
5.3.1.4 Dimensional analysis

The linear dimensions of the feed stock filament were measured by using Mitutoyo's absolute digimatic micrometers (as per
ISO-3611-1978) having accuracy up to 0.001 mm. The measured dimensions of feed stock filament were compared with the
nozzle diameter of TSE standard diameter. The acceptable dimensional diameter of feed stock filament varies from 1.50 to 1.75
mm for working on the FDM. Each specimen was fabricated eight times, so total 144 (18 8) measurements are to be taken to
reduce the human or measurement error. Measured value of feed stock filament is to be shown in Table 16.
As shown in Table 16, total 144 measurements were taken and processed by using “Process Capability Wizard software”
(Ver. 2.2.0.0) (Symphony Technologies). After detailed analysis the values of Cp and Cpk were calculated. As observed in Table 9
the values of Cp and Cpk were greater than 1 in the two cases (experiment run no. 09 and 17), which was suitable for industrial
purposes from the process capability point of view. This result confirms that experiment run no. 09 is the best feed stock filament
for use in industry for mass production. In the experiment, run no. 17 is good for industry use but because of low tensile strength
feed stock filament is not usable. Fig. 19 shows the dimensional analysis of experiment run no. 09 by using Process Capability
Wizard software.
5.3.1.5 Thermal properties

After optimization of mechanical properties (break load) of feed stock filament wire it was observed that better and poor
mechanical properties are achieved for experiment runs 9 and 13, respectively (see Table 8). The sample filament wire prepared for
all experiment runs was subjected to DSC analysis. For thermal analysis METTLER TOLEDO, Model DSC3, Swiss make with STARe
(SW 14.00) software (as per ASTM E794-06 (2012)) was used in N2 gas environment. Thermal analysis values of all the feed stock
filament are shown in the Table 17.
It was observed (see Table 17) that the range of the melting peak varied between 156.44 and 160.961C in the first thermal cycle
and 153.98 and 156.701C in the second thermal cycle. Also the solidification peak temperature varied between 113.08 and
117.801C in the first thermal cycle and 110.40 and 117.011C in the second thermal cycle. Based upon the observations in Table 18
Fig. 19 Dimensional analysis of experiment runs no. 09 by using Process Capability Wizard. (a) Histogram of experiment run no. 09. (b) Normal
probability plot for experiment run no. 09.
Table 17 Thermal analysis of feed stock filament for different parametric condition
Experimentation run no. ↓ Thermal cycle 1 Thermal cycle 2
Melting peak (1C) Solidification peak (1C) Melting peak (1C) Solidification peak (1C)
1 158.62 117.14 156.15 113.53

2 160.37 117.69 156.39 112.12
3 160.31 116.43 156.33 114.32
4 158.46 117.80 156.32 110.40
5 158.45 115.61 154.97 116.18
6 158.95 113.08 155.44 113.04
7 158.03 115.71 156.06 114.32
8 159.64 116.11 155.65 115.66
9 160.29 116.45 155.81 115.35
10 157.65 116.26 155.35 116.16
11 160.00 115.58 156.70 115.49
12 159.34 116.43 155.35 117.01
13 156.44 114.63 153.98 115.04
14 158.63 115.15 155.45 116.09
15 160.96 116.49 156.33 114.87
16 158.62 115.32 155.15 115.54
17 157.51 115.37 154.35 115.67
18 159.31 115.78 155.30 115.90
Range of peak temperature 156.44–160.96 113.08–117.80 153.98–156.70 110.40–117.01
Table 18 Surface roughness values measured by roughness tester
Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C) Ra1 Ra2 Ra3 Ra avg. Signal-to-noise (S/N) value (db)
1 20 0.25 33 11.620 13.420 12.355 12.465 21.913

2 20 0.30 35 12.721 15.090 16.172 14.661 23.323
3 20 0.35 37 16.705 15.307 17.158 16.390 24.291
4 60 0.25 35 9.017 8.645 6.611 8.091 18.160
5 60 0.30 37 10.412 8.724 8.917 9.351 19.417
6 60 0.35 33 10.018 11.340 11.477 10.945 20.784
7 100 0.25 37 3.898 6.410 2.727 4.345 12.759
8 100 0.30 33 6.716 4.209 4.957 5.294 14.475
9 100 0.35 35 8.117 7.102 6.816 7.345 17.319
Fig. 20 Thermal analysis of sample wire run 9.
it can be ascertained that in the first and second cycle all the peaks (melting peak, solidification peak) are not disturbed. Therefore
it can be presumed that feed stock filament wire will not lose its properties in the heating and cooling cycle so one can reuse this
filament (after little processing). Fig. 20 shows the thermal analysis of feed stock filament runs 9.
As shown in Fig. 20, for thermal analysis two heating/cooling cycles are involved. In the first cycle, initially heat the sample with
comparison to reference from 30 to 2201C at the rate of 10 K/min, after that in the presence of N2 gas (flow rate is 50.0 mL/min)
cooling process is done in which matter was cooled from 220 to 301C at the rate of 10 K/min. After that in the second cycle,
the same process was repeated. The maximum temperature is taken as 2201C because the material was burnt near 2301C and
lower temperature is generally taken as near to room temperature. It has been observed that peak melting point temperature (Tm)
of run 9 was 160.291C and peak solidification temperature at 116.451C in first cycle and 155.81 and 115.351C in second cycle,
respectively.
5.3.2 Parametric optimization of FDM

The filament extruded at parametric settings provides the best mechanical strength as well as other dimensional properties have
been used in FDM. The standard tensile specimens have been fabricated using different parametric settings of the FDM setup.
These settings have been optimized for various properties, including surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, shore-D hardness,
and mechanical strength of 3D scaffolds.
5.3.2.1 Surface roughness

Mitutoyo-SJ-210 (as per ISO 1997) roughness tester has been used to measure the Ra of the fabricated parts at stylus speed
0.5 mm/s, 0.25 mm cut-off length. Each experiment was conducted thrice and its mean was taken as final Ra values. These final
results have been further optimized by using Taguchi L9 OA. Best setting conditions have been obtained with S/N ratio analysis.
Observed values of Ra and S/N values for Ra values are shown in Table 18.
The main effect plot for S/N ratio obtained at smaller the better conditions is shown in Fig. 21.
As shown in Fig. 21, with the increase of infill percentage from low density to solid condition the surface roughness decreases.
This may be due to less spacing between the layers of parts. In case of layer thickness with the increase of layer thickness the surface
roughness increases, which may be due to higher amplitude of peaks and valleys at higher value of layer thickness. The deposition
speed does not enroll much effect on the surface roughness as it lies near around the mean line. As shown in Table 3 it has been
observed that the parametric conditions at experiment no. 7 were better for surface roughness.
Analysis of variance has been performed at 95% confidence level for Ra values (see Table 19). The percentage error was found to
be less than 1%, which supports the higher degree of accuracy in the optimization process. Two input parameters were found to be
significant for Ra values, which are infill percentage and layer thickness. As “P” value is not less than 0.05 for deposition speed, so it
was not taken as a significant factor.
Table 20 shows response table for S/N ratio at smaller is better type case, which suggests that the infill percentage has maximum
contribution and deposition speed has minimum effect on Ra. The calculated value for Ra was 4.44 mm, which is very close to the
observed value for experiment no. 7 (see Table 18).
5.3.2.2 Shore-D hardness

Shore-D hardness has been measured using shore-D durometer having range 0–100 HD shown in Fig. 21. Each specimen was
tested three times, so total 27 (9 3) experiments were conducted to reduce any measurement and instrument error. Mean of all
three readings was taken as final hardness value. The final values were then optimized using Taguchi L9 OA. The measured
hardness values and S/N ratio for hardness values shown in Table 21. It has been observed that parametric settings for experiment
no. 7 provide best shore-D hardness value compared to other experiments (Fig. 22).
Fig. 21 Signal-to-noise (S/N) response to Ra data.
Table 19 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for Ra
Factor DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F P % Contribution
A 2 104.332 104.332 52.166 152.56 0.007 86.04

B 2 15.274 15.274 7.637 22.33 0.043 12.59
C 2 0.956 0.956 0.477 1.40 0.417 0.79
Residual Error 2 0.684 0.684 0.341 0.58
Total 8 121.246
Table 20 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio (smaller is better) for Ra
Levels A B C
1 23.18 17.61 19.06

2 19.45 19.07 19.60
3 14.85 20.80 18.82
Delta 8.32 3.19 0.73
Rank 1 2 3
Table 21 Control log of experimentations and hardness values with signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios
Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C) Shore-D Shore-D Shore-D Shore-D S/N value
hardness 1 hardness 2 hardness 3 hardness avg. (db)
1 20 0.25 33 42.5 40 40.5 41 32.2557

2 20 0.30 35 41 40 40 40 32.0412
3 20 0.35 37 39 37 40 39 31.8213
4 60 0.25 35 54 53 53 53 34.4855
5 60 0.30 37 50.5 51 52 51 34.1514
6 60 0.35 33 49 50 50 49 33.8039
7 100 0.25 37 60 59 58 59 35.4170
8 100 0.30 33 56 58 55 56 34.9638
9 100 0.35 35 53 53.5 55 54 34.6479
Fig. 22 Shore-D hardness testing.
Fig. 23 Signal-to-noise (S/N) response to shore-D hardness data.
The S/N ratio plot for shore-D hardness values at larger is best is shown in Fig. 23. The S/N graph shows that with the increase
of infill percentage from minimum to maximum density level the shore-D hardness of the parts has been increased. Maximum
hardness is achieved in fully solid parts compared to less dense. In case of layer thickness when it was increased from 0.25 to 0.35
the shore-D hardness decreases, which may be due to the presence of hollow space between more thickened layers. The deposition
speed remains around the mean value and has negligible effect on the shore-D hardness of the fabricated parts.
Analysis of variance of S/N ratios for shore-D hardness shows that two input parameters have been found significant at 95%
confidence level (see Table 23). Infill percentage has more than 95% contribution toward the shore-D hardness. The deposition
speed has been found insignificant due to its “P” value more than 0.05 (Table 22).
Table 22 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for shore-D hardness
A 2 14.007 14.007 7.004 1408.69 0.001 95.72

B 2 0.593 0.593 0.296 59.64 0.016 4.05
C 2 0.023 0.023 0.011 2.27 0.306 0.15
Residual Error 2 0.009 0.009 0.08
Total 8 14.6334
Table 23 Response table for ranking of input parameters for shore-D

hardness (for larger is better type case)
Levels A B C
1 32.04 34.05 33.67

2 34.15 33.72 33.72
3 35.01 33.42 33.80
Delta 2.97 0.63 0.12
Rank 1 2 3
Table 24 Control log of experimentation and measured dimensions
Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C) DD1 DD2 DD3 DD avg. Signal-to-noise (S/N) values (db)
1 20 0.25 33 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.18 14.8945

2 20 0.30 35 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.26 11.7005
3 20 0.35 37 0.31 0.32 0.27 0.30 10.4576
4 60 0.25 35 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 12.0412
5 60 0.30 37 0.29 0.30 0.28 0.29 11.0568
6 60 0.35 33 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 16.4782
7 100 0.25 37 0.28 0.28 0.26 0.27 11.3727
8 100 0.30 33 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.10 20.0000
9 100 0.35 35 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.20 13.9794
It has been observed that a major effect on shore-D hardness is of infill density and there is much less effect of layer thickness
and deposition speed. The optimized calculated value for shore-D hardness was 58.922, which was very close to the observed
value in experiment no. 7 (see Table 21). Table 23 shows response table for ranking of input parameters based upon S/N ratio for
shore-D hardness.
5.3.2.3 Dimensional analysis

The linear dimensions of the fabricated parts were measured by using Mitutoyo digital Vernier caliper (as per ISO-3611-1978)
having accuracy up to 0.01 mm. The measured dimensions of FDM fabricated parts were compared with the CAD dimensions of
standard part prepared. The deviation as DD was taken as the difference between the standard dimensional values (CAD data) and
measured dimensional values. The experimental control log and deviation (standard dimensions/CAD data-measured dimen-
sions) are shown in Table 24. The S/N ratio plot for DD (see Fig. 24) at smaller is better has been analyzed. In smaller is better type
case, the experiment having least value of DD was considered as dimensionally more stable.
The S/N ratio plot shown in Fig. 24 was obtained for smaller the better type case, suggesting that with the increase in infill
percentage the dimensional accuracy of fabricated part becomes better; it has been found that the dimensions of solid parts were
closer to the CAD data. In the case of layer thickness the dimensional accuracy increases with the increase of layer thickness.
However, further increase in layer thickness decreases the dimensional accuracy. This may be because increase in layer thickness
beyond a certain point may lead to high amplitude of peak and valleys, which may further contribute to more waviness and
dimensional variations. The deposition speed has majorly affected the dimensional accuracy of the part. The lesser the deposition
speed the greater will be the dimensional accuracy.
As with the increase of deposition speed the dimensional accuracy of the part reduces. This may be due to less deposition of
material at higher speed. Fig. 25 shows on site measurement of liner dimensions using digital Vernier.
Analysis of variance for S/N ratios has shown the percentage contribution of each FDM parameter toward dimensional accuracy
of the fabricated parts (see Table 25). Only one parameter is found to be significant and infill percentage and layer thickness were
insignificant due to their “P” value more than 0.05.
Fig. 24 Main effect plot for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for dimensional variation.
Fig. 25 Digital Vernier caliper.
Table 25 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for dimensional variation
A 2 12.06 12.06 6.03 7.04 0.12 15.38

B 2 3.33 3.33 1.66 1.94 0.34 4.24
C 2 61.27 61.27 30.63 35.75 0.02 78.17
Residual Error 2 1.71 1.71 – – – 2.18
Total 8 78.38 – – – – –
Table 26 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio for

dimensional variation (smaller is better type case)
Levels A B C
1 12.35 12.77 17.12

2 13.19 14.25 12.57
3 15.12 13.64 10.96
Delta 2.77 1.48 6.16
Rank 2 3 1
The response table for S/N ratios at smaller is better type case (see Table 26) suggests that deposition speed has major effect on the
dimensional accuracy of the parts. The calculated value for DD is 0.10, which is the same as observed in experiment run 8 (see Table 24).
5.3.2.4 Tensile testing

After successful runs of pilot experimentation at predefined level of process variables, standard tensile specimens were prepared on
FDM. The resulting output values for the peak load and break load is shown in Table 27.
Table 27 Observations of peak load and break load
Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C) Peak load (N) Break load (N)
Infill percentage Layer thickness (mm) Deposition speed (mm/min)
1 20 0.25 33 39.71 33.93

2 20 0.30 35 35.73 32.13
3 20 0.35 37 31.21 28.62
4 60 0.25 35 86.32 77.67
5 60 0.30 37 73.54 66.15
6 60 0.35 33 52.91 47.61
7 100 0.25 37 145.29 127.98
8 100 0.30 33 125.15 97.02
9 100 0.35 35 107.31 82.65
Fig. 26 Signal-to-noise (S/N) response to peak load data.
Based on the values of Table 27, peak load and break load have been optimized by using MINITAB-17 and S/N response was
analyzed to investigate the effect of input parameters at “larger is better” option. The UTM (Shanta Engineering, India) has been
used for tensile testing of the specimens with load cell of 10 KN.
5.3.2.4.1 Peak load

The previous studies reported that the infill percentage has strong impact on the mechanical strength of the prototypes (Carneiro
et al., 2015). If it varies from 20% to 100% then mechanical strength has been increased by 250%. The S/N ratio plot for peak load
values at larger is better type case is shown in Fig. 28. The S/N ratio shows that with the increase of infill percentage from minimum
to maximum density level the peak load of the parts has been increased. Maximum strength is achieved in fully solid parts
compared to less dense. In case of layer thickness, it has been reported in previous studies that the tensile strength has been
decreased with the increase of layer thickness (Onwubolu and Rayegani, 2014). In this research work it has been observed that
when layer thickness was increased from 0.25 to 0.35 the load carrying capacity decreases. The decrease in strength is due to weak
interlayer bonding because temperature gradient is high toward bottom layers resulting in distortion or it may be due to presence
of more hollow space between more thickened layers. In another study it has been reported that with the increase of layer
thickness from 0.127 to 0.178 mm the tensile strength decreases but further increase in layer thickness up to 0.254 mm mechanical
strength of the part increases (Sood et al., 2009). The deposition speed remains around the mean value and has negligible effect on
the peak load values of the fabricated parts (Fig. 26).
Analysis of variance of S/N ratios for peak load shows that two input parameters have been found significant at 95% confidence
level (see Table 28). Infill percentage has more than 92% contribution toward the peak load, whereas contribution of layer
thickness is 6.95%. The deposition speed has been found insignificant due to its “P” value more than 0.05. The percentage error
was 0.28%, which supports the higher degree of accuracy of the model.
Table 29 shows response for ranking of input parameters based upon S/N ratio for peak load. It has been observed that major
effect on peak load is of infill density and there is much less effect of layer thickness and deposition speed.
Factor DF Seq. SS Adj. SS F P % Contribution
A 2 180.50 180.50 332.50 0.003 92.30%

B 2 13.60 13.60 25.05 0.038 6.95%
C 2 0.91 0.91 1.69 0.372 0.47%
Residual Error 2 0.54 0.54 0.28%
Total 8 195.55
Abbreviations: Adj. SS, adjacent sum of square; DF, degree of freedom; F, fishers value; P, probability; Seq. SS, sum of square.
Table 29 Response table for ranking of input parameters for larger is better type case
Levels A B C
1 30.97 37.98 36.13

2 36.84 36.78 36.80
3 41.94 34.99 36.82
Delta 10.96 2.99 0.69
Rank 1 2 3
Fig. 27 Signal-to-noise (S/N) response to break load data.
Factor DF Seq. SS Adj. SS F P % Contribution
A 2 155.08 155.08 529.07 0.002 89.64%

B 2 15.18 15.18 51.80 0.019 8.78%
C 2 2.44 2.44 8.33 0.107 1.41%
Residual Error 2 0.29 0.29 0.17%
Total 8 172.99
Abbreviations: Adj. SS, adjacent sum of square; DF, degree of freedom; F, fishers value; P, probability; Seq. SS, sum of square.
Table 31 Response table for ranking of input parameters for larger is better type case
Levels A B C
1 29.96 36.85 34.63

2 35.92 35.43 35.43
3 40.07 33.68 35.90
Delta 10.11 3.18 1.26
Rank 1 2 3
The optimized value was calculated according Eq. (1):
Zopt ¼ m þ ðmA3 2mÞ þ ðmB1 2mÞ þ ðmC3 2mÞ ð1Þ
Fig. 28 Microphotographs of the specimen taken on scanning electron microscope (SEM).

where “m” is the overall mean of S/N data, mA3 is the mean of S/N data for infill density at level 3 and mB1 is the mean of S/N data
for layer thickness at level 1, and mC2 is the mean of S/N data for deposition speed at level 2.
yopt2 ¼ ð1=10ÞZopt =10 for properties; lesser is betteryopt2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt =10 for properties; greater is better
Overall mean of S/N ratio (m) was taken from Minitab software. m ¼ 36.58.
Now from response table of S/N ratio, mA3 ¼ 41.94, mB1 ¼ 37.98, and mC3 ¼ 36.82.
Zopt ¼ 36:58 þ ð41:94 36:58Þ þ ð37:98 36:58Þ þ ð36:82 36:58Þ:
Now; Zopt ¼ 43:58 dByopt2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 yopt2 ¼ ð10Þ43:47=10 yopt ¼ 151:11 N

The calculated value for peak load was 151.11 N, which is very close to the observed value for experiment no. 7 (see Table 28).
5.3.2.4.2 Break load

The S/N ratio plot for break load is shown in Fig. 27. It states that with the increase of infill percentage from low density level to
high density level the break load value increases. But in this present study with the increase of layer thickness the break load
decreases. This may be due to small surface contact between the thicker layers and the number of layers is also less as compared to
greater number of layers when layer thickness is less. The deposition speed does not enroll much effect on the break load as it lies
near around the mean line. As shown in Table 29 it has been observed that the parametric conditions at experiment no. 7 was
better for break load.
Analysis of variance has been performed at 95% confidence level for break load values (see Table 30). The percentage error was
found to be less than 1%, which supports the higher degree of accuracy in optimization process. Two input parameters were found
to be significant for break load values, which are infill percentage and layer thickness. As “P” value is not less than 0.05 for
deposition speed, so it was not taken as a significant factor.
Table 31 shows response table for S/N ratio at larger is better type case, which suggests that the infill percentage has maximum
contribution and deposition speed has minimum effect on break load.
The optimized value was calculated according Eq. (1).
Overall mean of S/N ratio (m) was taken from Minitab software. m ¼ 35.32
Now from response table of S/N ratio, mA3 ¼ 40.07, mB1 ¼ 36.85, and mC3 ¼ 35.90.
Zopt ¼ 33:32 þ ð40:07 35:32Þ þ ð36:85 35:32Þ þ ð35:90 35:32Þ
Now; Zopt ¼ 42:18 dByopt2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 yopt2 ¼ ð10Þ42:18=10 yopt ¼ 128:53 N

The calculated value for break load was 128.53 N, which is very close to the observed value for experiment no. 7 (see Table 27).
5.3.2.5 Microscopic analysis

After successful runs of mechanical testing, the specimen showing better mechanical properties has been used for microscopic
analysis. The microphotographs of the specimen have been taken with the help of JEOL JSM-6510LV SEM (Japan). A very thin
layer of gold has been coated on the samples to get good conductivity. The SEM was conducted on the fractured surfaces of the
samples prepared by tensile testing. The microphotographs suggest that the fabricated parts have uniformly open, porous, and
fibrous structure (see Fig. 28), which are sufficiently good for growth of cells and are suitable in clinical dentistry.
6 Conclusions
This study initially highlights the best setting of input parameters of TSE for preparation of in-house feed stock filament based
upon mechanical, thermal, and dimensional properties. The feed stock filament extruded at best settings of TSE have been used to
run in the FDM. Further the parametric optimization of FDM has been also performed for mechanical thermal, dimensional, and
metallurgical properties of the 3D scaffolds with capabilities of 4D features (possible cell growth). Following are the conclusions in
brief of this research study:
• The material composition as 96% polymer matrix (comprising of 70% of PVC and 30% of PP) and filler (HAp) as 4% with
grain size 53 mm at 2001C and rotational speed 50 rpm with load applied of 20 kg were the best conditions observed.
• The results are also supported by microstructure analysis. A biocompatible FDM filament comprising of HAp, PVC, and PP has
been successfully developed with the help of TSE, which has been further used on FDM at various parametric settings without
any change in hardware/software of the system and can be successfully used for preparation of biocompatible dentures in
clinical dentistry with functionally graded tailor made properties.
• The standard tensile specimen (as per ASTM D-638) has been prepared on the different process specific parameters of FDM
with in-house prepared FDM filament comprising of HAp, PP, and PVC, which ensures that the proposed polymer matrix
composite can be successfully extruded for any given mechanical shape.
• The study suggests that with the increase in infill percentage from low density to medium density and further toward the solid,
the surface roughness of the parts has been decreased and shore-D hardness has been increased with the increase of density. But
infill percentage does not have much effect on the dimensional accuracy of the parts. It has been found that the best part has
been fabricated at 100% density level.
• Further the effect of layer thickness has been successfully investigated. The optimized properties have been obtained at
0.25 mm layer thickness. If layer thickness was increased to 0.30 and 0.35 the surface roughness has been increased and
shore-D hardness decreases, respectively. Layer thickness does not show much effect on the dimensional properties of the
reinforced parts.
• It has been found that deposition speed has not shown much effect on the surface roughness and shore-D hardness, but it
majorly affects the dimensional accuracy of the parts. If deposition speed is increased, it decreases the dimensional accuracy.
The best dimensional accuracy has been obtained at 33 mm/s deposition speed.
• It has been observed that when the infill percentage has been increased from low density to medium density and further toward
the solid, peak load values of the specimen have been increased from 31.21 N (specimen no. 3) to 142.29 N (specimen no. 7).
Break load value has been also increased with the increase of density. These are in line with the observations made by other
investigators (Onwubolu and Rayegani, 2014; Carneiro et al., 2015).
• The effect of layer thickness has been successfully investigated. The best results have been obtained at 0.25 mm layer thickness.
If layer thickness was increased to 0.30 and 0.35 the load bearing capacity has been decreased. Both the peak load and break
load values have been decreased with the increase of layer thickness. It has been found that deposition speed has not shown
much attention toward the mechanical properties of the FDM fabricated specimen.
• The thermal analysis using DSC confirms that the samples prepared are thermally stable especially for joining application in
clinical dentistry for job type production activities.
• The microphotographs obtained from the SEM shows that the specimens fabricated by FDM are having open porous and
fibrous structure, which increases the cell cultivation rate for regeneration of new tissues inside the body. Since the functional
prototypes are having porous and fibrous structure, they can be successfully used in clinical dentistry.
Acknowledgment
The authors are highly thankful to Manufacturing Research Lab (Production Engineering Department, GNDEC Ludhiana), DST
(GoI) for financial support to carry out the research work.
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Songs in cities and gardens. *$1.25 Putnam 821
19–19881
The princess’s garden, The narrow glass, To snow, The garden on
the hill, The wayfarer, The playmate, Lost gardens, On the river,
Songs of the rain and the wind, are some of the titles from part 1 of
this collection of poems. Part 2, containing the Songs in cities, is
devoted to such themes as: The house; The portrait; Night, and the
curtains drawn; Beyond knowledge; Old age; Twilight; To fire; The
city; Harvest of dreams. A note says that some of the verses have
been printed in earlier books by the author, now out of print.
“Mrs Granville Barker’s great technical accomplishment is the

source both of her triumphs and of her failures. Sometimes she is
simply exercising her ingenuity in the void, creating bubble-shapes
of a tenuous and fleeting prettiness. But at other times, when she has
good material on which to employ her skill, she produces finished
and distinguished work.”
+ − Ath p1137 O 31 ’19 70w
“Mrs Barker’s verse may not be for those who can ‘see heaven in a
grain of sand,’ but it has a quality that intelligence and taste can
thoroughly enjoy.” W. S. B.
+ Boston Transcript p8 Mr 20 ’20 400w

+ Springf’d Republican p8 D 20 ’19 160w
(Reprinted from The Times [London] Lit
Sup p595 O 23 ’19)
“These songs are quite short and slight little wisps of fancy, as it
were. But one cannot read on without being truly moved by the
passing thoughts so tenderly expressed.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p595 O 23
’19 180w
[2]
BARKER, J. ELLIS. Economic statesmanship;
the great industrial and financial problems arising
from the war. *$7 Dutton 330
(Eng ed 20–11567)
“The publishers have brought out a second edition of J. Ellis

Barker’s ‘Economic statesmanship.’ When this book was first
published in the autumn of 1918 the negotiations at Spa and
Versailles were still in the future. The new edition accordingly
includes about two hundred additional pages dealing with problems
and movements which have come to the front during the last two
years. About half the new material relates to the economic position
and future of Russia and Japan.”—Am Pol Sci R
“The descriptive and analytical features of the book are admirable;

they contain a wealth of economic facts condensed in statistical form
and ably presented to the reader, retaining his interest throughout
with no sacrifice of accuracy and precision of detail. Mr Barker does
not succeed so well in the development of the theoretical features of
his book.” E. S. Furniss
+ − Am Econ R 10:806 D ’20 1000w

Am Pol Sci R 14:737 N ’20 60w
“One may not agree with all Mr Barker’s conclusions, but there is
no doubt that his book is a storehouse of important facts and
figures.”
+ − Ath p224 F 13 ’20 180w
“Neither in the views expressed nor in the compilation of statistics

is there much matter of importance for the American student:
moreover, many of the chapters are inevitably out of date.”
− + Springf’d Republican p6 Jl 20 ’20 200w
BARNETT, EDWARD DE BARRY. Explosives.

*$5 Van Nostrand 662
(Eng ed 20–6748)
In this volume of the Industrial chemistry series “the author has

endeavoured to give a clear but concise account of the manufacture
of explosives, together with an outline of the methods used for
investigating this class of substance.” (Author’s preface) Contents:
Introduction; Gunpowder; Explosive compounds; Smokeless
propellants; Blasting explosives; Safety coal mine explosives;
Percussion caps, detonators and fuzes; Matches, pyrophoric alloys
and pyrotechny; Explosive properties; Sensitiveness and stability;
Conclusion. A brief bibliography follows the introduction. Other
references come at the chapter ends and there is an index.
BARNEY, DANFORD. Chords from Albireo.

*$1.50 Lane 811
20–4705
This is the author’s second volume of poems. “Dust of stars” was

published in 1916. “The present collection includes the work that Mr
Barney has done since the publication of his first volume, and hence
covers the varied periods before his enlistment, during his service in
France, and since his return and discharge.” (Foreword) The four
sections of the book are headed: 1917; France; 1919: By the sea. The
foreword is by Lawrence Mason of Yale university.
Reviewed by W: S. Braithwaite
+ Boston Transcript p6 Ag 14 ’20 600w
“‘Chords from Albireo’ is a worthy successor to his ‘Dust of stars.’

It marks a deepening of the poetic instinct and a firmer grasp of
technique. Mr Barney’s work is important because of its spontaneous
evocation of moods, its impressionistic appeal to the senses.”
+ N Y Times 25:16 Je 27 ’20 240w
“My complaint against Mr Danford Barney is that my

understanding is a horse which he overworks—and starves. All this
would not have been worth saying in this place, had Mr Barney been
destitute of poetical capacity.” O. W. Firkins
− + Review 2:519 My 15 ’20 280w
BAROJA Y NESSI, PIO. Youth and egolatry.

(Free lance books) *$1.75 (4) Knopf 868
20–11320
“When I sat down to begin these pages, somewhat at random, my

intention was to write an autobiography, accompanying it with such
comments as might suggest themselves. Looking continually to the
right and to the left, I have lost my way, and this book is the result.”
(Epilogue) The result is a collection of aphoristic, partly whimsical,
partly cynical, always sincere sketches of the author himself, his
personality, his beliefs, his literary opinions and inclinations, the
main facts of his life. The translation from the Spanish is by Jacob S.
Fassett and Frances L. Phillips with an introduction by H. L.
Mencken who says of the writer that he is more Spanish than most of
his famous contemporaries. The contents are grouped under:
Fundamental ideas; Myself, the writer; The extraradius; Admirations
and incompatibilities; The philosophers; The historians; My family;
Memories of childhood; As a student; As a village doctor; As a baker;
As a writer; Parisian days; Literary enmities; The press; Politics;
Military glory. The appendices are: Spanish politicians; On Baroja’s
anarchists; Note.
Booklist 17:60 N ’20
“Baroja is a Latin: lucid reasoning and clear patterns of thinking

teach him to gauge and adapt life.” Stark Young
+ Nation 111:693 D 15 ’20 370w
“The book is annoying and at the same time distinctly fascinating.

The pages that are worth while are immeasurably fewer than the
worthless ones; but these are so worth while that the book’s existence
is justified.” C. W.
+ − N Y Call p11 S 12 ’20 190w
“He is wilful and headlong, but sometimes discerning in his

literary judgments.”
+ − Review 3:322 O 13 ’20 330w
BARR, MRS AMELIA EDITH

(HUDDLESTON). Songs in the common chord;
songs for everyone to sing, tuned to the C major
chord of this life; introd. by Joseph C. Lincoln. *$1.50
Appleton 821
20–1986
“From among the hundreds of poems I have written during forty

years I have saved enough to make a small volume which some day I
may publish.” So Amelia E. Barr is quoted in the introduction to this,
the promised small volume. Among the titles are: The great
happiness; The old piano; Lost flowers; The empty purse; At fifty
years; Quiet hours; An old street; Harvest song; A country place in
heaven; The tree God plants; At the last; A writer’s question.
Booklist 16:233 Ap ’20

Boston Transcript p9 F 21 ’20 320w
“Mrs Barr frankly was content with fireside narrative and easy
injunction, with good deeds and cheerful rhythms. Her rhythm
occasionally cantered too fast, so that her cheeks flushed and her
bonnet bobbed; but there always was a halt somewhere, with no real
effect of a runaway.” M. V. P.
+ − Nation 111:247 Ag 28 ’20 150w
“Mrs Barr was no master of the flaming phrase, to be sure, yet she
had her felicity of line. What she looked at she saw clearly, and there
was something of the folk quality in the best of her work.”
+ N Y Times 25:245 My 9 ’20 700w
BARRETT, WILTON AGNEW. Songs from the

journey. *$1.25 Doran 811
20–5607
Among the contents of this book are poems reprinted from Poetry,
the Forum, Contemporary Verse, Boston Transcript, McCall’s
Magazine, and “Victory,” Mr Braithwaite’s anthology of peace poems.
The author employs both free verse and regular meters. Titles are:
Songs from the journey; A New England church; To a pair of scarlet
tanagers in the square; Soldiers, behold your beauty; The valley and
the shadow; The holiday; A song of fulfillment.
+ Booklist 16:336 Jl ’20
“Mr Barrett is one of the quieter young American poets who is not
likely to be very much talked about, but who will leave an influence
upon his readers wherever his book finds them.” W. S. B.
+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 7 ’20 550w
“Novel conceits of fancy expressed with appealing grace and

fraught with the glamour of dreams.”
+ Cleveland p85 S ’20 30w
“Once only, in ‘Songs from the journey,’ does Mr Barrett touch

authentic poetry—in the suave and colorful ‘The vase.’ The book is
not distinguished verse.”
− + N Y Call p11 Ag 1 ’20 210w
“Mr Barrett is a poet of great promise, a spirit clear-eyed and

keen.”
+ N Y Times 25:193 Ap 18 ’20 160w
“He has mastered the not too recondite, yet also not too facile,
secret of expressiveness in free verse.” O. W. Firkins
+ Review 3:171 Ag 25 ’20 100w

BARRON, CLARENCE WALKER. World
remaking; or, Peace finance. *$1.75 (4c) Harper
330.9
20–4717
“All history is bound up in the human problems of personal and

national finance—personal and national protection to daily
subsistence.” (Foreword) It is the object of the book to set forth from
the point of view of the financier and the enemy of socialism “the
true relations between the work of capital and the work of hand, and
the relation of both to the labor of brain,” and to show their bearing
on our present-day problems. Some of the articles are: England the
great war loser; England’s weakness and restricted output; Ships and
shipping; The value of the pound sterling; Protection and protected
shipping; Reducing hours and increasing efficiency; The spirit under
British finance and business; The social unrest; Peace “without
victory”; Helpless Russia; Indemnities and signatures; Socialism
versus democracy; Inflation by currency, war bonds, and taxes; Are
we to pay for German intrigue at Panama? Bolshevik danger and the
remedy.
Booklist 16:260 My ’20
“The book is gossipy and readable, and yet is trustworthy, for Mr

Barron had entrée to authorities who talked freely.”
+ N Y Times 25:172 Ap 11 ’20 250w

“There are many little affectations of speech scattered through the
book which some may find irritating. But it is, nevertheless, a good
book and well worth reading.”
+ − Review 2:464 My 1 ’20 220w

R of Rs 61:556 My ’20 60w
BARRUS, CLARA. John Burroughs; boy and

man. il *$3.50 Doubleday
20–20968
“The incidents here related have been told me by Mr Burroughs

himself, and are sanctioned by him. During the midsummer and fall
for many years past I have wandered with him over the fields and
hills and through the woods where he roamed as a boy. In these
rambles he has pointed out the places where the narrated events
occurred. He has explained in detail the curious and interesting ways
and means of long ago—old-time ways which will never come again.
And not only in his youthful haunts, but also during many an evening
by the fireside at The Nest, he has again recounted the childish
recollections, the boyish pastimes, and the youthful dreams recorded
here.” (Preface) After a characterization of the “grown-up boy” and
his forebears the contents are grouped under the headings:
Childhood; Boyhood; Youth; Maturity. There are numerous
illustrations and an index.
“Originally intended as a boys’ life of Burroughs, this is full of the

human, humorous life of the country boy, with the story of the work
and play of the man written in a way to interest readers of any age.”

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Four-Dimensional Printing for Clinical

4D Printing: Fundamentals and Applications Rupinder

Elsevier Weekblad - Week 26 - 2022 Gebruiker

Jock Seeks Geek: The Holidates Series Book #26 Jill

The New York Review of Books – N. 09, May 26 2022

Love, Chai, and Other Four-Letter Words Annika Sharma

Love, Chai, and Other Four-Letter Words Annika Sharma

Love, Chai, and Other Four-Letter Words Annika Sharma

Odell's Clinical Problem Solving in Dentistry 4th

Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10167-5 1

2.1 Types of Screw Extrusion Processes

Single screw Twin screw

Contra-rotating Contra-rotating Co-rotating

Fig. 1 Types of screw extrusion process.

Fig. 2 Cross-section view of single and twin screw extruder (TSE).

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of twin screw extrusion (TSE) process.

Table 1 Effect of twin screw extrusion (TSE) on different

Serial no. Criteria Impact

1 Energy cost Low

3.1 Advantages of FDM Process

• fabrication of functional prototypes/parts

3.2 Disadvantages of FDM Process

• swelling of material in case of high temperature

• slow manufacturing process

4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

5.1 Materials Used

Fig. 5 Mettler Toledo differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Fig. 6 Chemical structure of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

5.1.2 Biocompatible grade of PP

Fig. 7 Chemical structure of polypropylene (PP).

Fig. 8 3D view of twin screw extruder (TSE).

Table 2 Parameter selected for experimentation

Table 3 Control log of experimentation

Note: A-70% of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 30% of polypropylene (PP)

Fig. 9 Fabricated feed stock ﬁlament (as per Table 3).

Table 4 Composition and extruder parameters for experimentation

1 96x þ 4HAp 50 200 53 20

Table 5 Input parameters and control log of experimentation

Exp. no. Parameter (A) Parameter (B) Parameter (C)

Inﬁll percentage Layer thickness (mm) Deposition speed (mm/min)

Fig. 12 Specimens after tensile testing.

5.3 Result and Discussions

5.3.1.1.1 Peak load

1 96A þ 4 30 180 53 10 23.00 20.70 198.68

Source DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F P % Contribution

Composition of materials 1 22.075 22.075 22.0750 37.29 0.000 39.868

1 26.59 26.07 25.12 25.71 26.36

5.3.1.1.2 Break load

Table 9 Analysis of variance for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios

Source DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F P % Contribution

Composition of materials 1 37.104 37.104 37.104 57.86 0.000 50.45

Table 10 Response table for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios larger is better

1 25.61 24.84 23.97 24.13 25.15

24:14ÞZopt ¼ 28:19 dbNow; yopt 2 ¼ ð10ÞZopt=10 yopt 2 ¼ ð10Þ28:19=10 yopt ¼ 25:67 N

5.3.1.1.3 Young’s modulus

5.3.1.2 Material properties

Source DF Seq. SS Adj. SS Adj. MS F P % Contribution

Composition of materials 1 36.3390 36.3390 36.3390 51.98 0.000 47.969

1 45.14 44.24 43.36 43.88 44.73

5.3.1.3 Shore-D hardness

Experiments run no. 09 Experiments run no. 13

Fig. 17 Shore-D hardness testing.