Experimenter Publishing

Experimenter Publishing was an American media company

Experimenter Publishing
founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1915.[1] The first magazine was
The Electrical Experimenter (1913–1931) and the most notable
magazines were Radio News (1919–1985) and Amazing Stories
(1926–2005). Their radio station, WRNY, began broadcasting
experimental television in 1928. In early 1929 the company was
forced into bankruptcy and the Gernsback brothers lost control of
Experimenter Publishing. The magazines did not miss an issue and
were quickly sold to another publisher. The Gernsbacks promptly
started new magazines to compete with their former ones.

Radio News became Popular Electronics and the January 1975

issue featured the Altair 8800 computer on the cover; this launched
the personal computer revolution. Hugo Gernsback's Amazing
Stories is regarded as the first dedicated science fiction magazine
and every year World Science Fiction Society gives the Hugo
Awards for the best science fiction and fantasy works. First issue of The Electrical
Experimenter

Origins Company type Publishing,

media
Hugo Gernsback was born in Luxembourg in 1884 and he became Industry Magazines, radio
fascinated with electricity as a boy. While studying electrical
1915
engineering at a Technikum University in Bingen, Germany; he Founded
built a simple radio transmitter and receiver. Gernsback also Founder Hugo Gernsback
developed a powerful dry-cell battery but was unable to patent it in Headquarters United States
Europe. In February 1904 Gernsback emigrated to America hoping Products Amazing Stories
to sell his battery design to automobile companies and had modest
Revenue 41,348 United
success with this. Gernsback lived in a New York City boarding States dollar
house where he met Lewis Coggeshall, a railroad telegraph (2021)
operator.[2] They found it difficult to purchase radio parts in New Number of 3 (2021)
York City so in 1905 they decided to start the Electro Importing employees
Company to sell European-imported radio components and
electrical components by mail order.[3] An early product was a spark-gap telegraph transmitter with a one-
mile range that was first advertised in the November 25, 1905, issue of Scientific American and sold for
$8.50.[4] Another product featured by the Electro Importing Company was Gernsback's own Telimco
Wireless Telegraph, the name of which comes from the letters in the catalog's name. The set was sold
starting in 1905, with the lowest-priced option starting at $6.00 The low price caused trouble, however, as
Gernsback received accusations of fraud from people who believed the Telimco was too cheap to be a
product of actual quality. Upon investigation, Gernsback and Coggeshall were able to prove to a police
officer who had come to the Electro Importing Company's office that the Telimco did work as advertised.[4]
The Electro Importing Company catalogs soon had 64 pages of products and detailed technical articles on
how to use the components offered for sale. The catalog used the title Modern Electrics in 1908 before the
magazine was launched. The catalog continued to grow and used
various titles. The catalog reached several prominent radio
entrepreneurs, including Lee de Forest, who read the catalog while
developing his Audion tube,[4] Edgar Felix, who purchased
headphones from the store on Fulton Street, and Stanley Manning,
a Detroit broadcaster who traveled to New York to see Gernsback's
store.[5] Gernsback bought Coggeshall's share of the company in
1907. To expand Electro Importing, Gernsback ran a classified ad
in the January 27, 1908, New York Times looking for a new
investor.[6]

Partner wanted in well-established electrical

manufacturing business; good chance for right party;
have more orders than can fill; only parties with
sufficient capital need apply. H. Gernsback, 108 Electro Importing Catalog
Duane St.

Milton Hymes answered and with the new capital, Electro Importing moved to a larger building on Fulton
Street and later opened two retail stores. Modern Electrics was launched as a magazine in April 1908. The
Electro Importing Catalogs continued independently. This is the magazine where Gernsback wrote his first
science fiction story "Ralph 124C 41+" in April 1911. Gernsback wanted to start a second magazine,
Electrical Experimenter, so he sold Modern Electrics and the Modern Publishing Company to a business
partner, Orland Ridenour. The last issue with Hugo Gernsback as editor was March 1913. The first issue of
Electrical Experimenter was May 1913.[7] Modern Publishing acquired Electrician and Mechanic and
merged it with Modern Electrics in January 1914 to become Modern Electrics and Mechanics. After a
series of mergers and title changes the magazine became Popular Science Monthly in October 1915 and is
still published today.

Hugo Gernsback frequently formed new partnerships with investors for a new magazine or other
opportunity (such as a radio station). The Experimenter Publishing Company was incorporated in March
1915. The corporate officers were Hugo Gernsback, his brother Sidney Gernsback and Milton Hymes.[1]
Hymes had worked with Gernsback since 1908 and was an officer in both the Electro Importing Company
and the Experimenter Publishing Company. Hymes died in a railroad accident in 1917.[8] Robert W. De
Mott replaced Hymes as advertising manager and corporate secretary.[9]

Magazines
Electrical Experimenter, introduced in May 1913, was initially published by the Electro Importing
Company.[10] The new Experimenter Publishing Company became the publisher with the May 1915
issue.[11] The June 1918 cover had a sub-title of "Science and Invention", and the contents expanded to
include general science, chemistry and mechanics. It continued to publish fiction stories. Science and
Invention became the primary title in August 1920 and the last issue was in August 1931.

Experimenter Publishing created a magazine devoted to radio in July 1919, Radio Amateur News. The title
was shortened to Radio News in June 1920. The magazine was very successful. It appealed to amateur
radio operators and to hobbyists wanting to listen to the new commercial radio stations. Radio News, under
various titles, was published until 1985.
The articles in Radio News were technically sophisticated so a new
magazine, Practical Electrics, was created to appeal to a wider
audience. This was initially published by Practical Electrics
Company, a subsidiary of Experimenter Publishing.[12] The first
issue was November 1921. The magazine never printed more than
60,000 copies; the old Electrical Experimenter had 100,000 readers
and Radio News now had 400,000. In the November 1924 issue
Hugo Gernsback wrote "We therefore decided last month to bring
back the old Electrical Experimenter once and for all"; the title
became The Experimenter.[13] The magazine was merged into
Science and Invention in February 1926.

Other publications
The Consolidated Radio Call Book Company published blueprints Staccatone music synthesizer
and instructions for building radio equipment. These were sold to
amateur radio operators and hobbyist by radio parts stores across
the United States. Hugo Gernsback was president and R. W. DeMott was Secretary of this publicly traded
company. The name was changed to the Consrad Company in June 1923.[14] The Electro Importing
Company was selling more books and fewer radio parts and transitioned into a publishing company.
Consrad began distributing the E. I. Co. books to radio dealers. ) The Radio Specialty Company,
"RASCO", took over the parts business.[15] In 1926 the Consrad started the Radio Listeners' Guide and
Call Book, a quarterly magazine. Sidney Gernsback was the editor and his name appeared on the cover. A
typical issue had 50 pages of radio station listing and 100 pages of detailed radio construction plans.

Sidney Gernsback published a hard bound Radio Encyclopedia for

that was independent of Experimenter Publishing or the Consrad
Company. It claimed to cover every phase of radio with "over 1930
separate definitions, 549 illustrations, a complete cross index, and
many other special features." The Encyclopedia was not part of the
bankruptcy. Hugo Gernsback also published magazines that
appealed to a general audience. Motor Camper & Tourist was a
travel guide for those that toured the United States by automobile.
The July 1924 issue started a series about driving and camping
across the country from New York City to San Francisco.[16]
Another was Your Body, a guide to the operation and mechanics of
the human body. An advertisement for the magazine claimed that
"each issue is practically an endless source of information on sex,
prevention and care of diseases, the senses and the normal functions
of nature as related to our bodies."[17] Time magazine reviewed the
first issue with an article titled "Unsexing Sex". Gernsback Your Body advertisement
promoted it as a magazine for the whole family but Time felt the
target audience was "radio bugs" (a 1920s term for geeks).[18]

Hugo Gernsback had always published fiction stories in his magazines. He wanted stories that promoted
imaginative uses of science and technology. This "scientific fiction" needed to be somewhat plausible. The
August 1923 Science and Invention had an astronaut in a space suit on the cover and the issue was devoted
to scientific fiction. Gernsback began developing a scientific fiction magazine and Amazing Stories was
launched with the April 1926 issue.

By 1928, Experimenter Publishing and Consrad were publishing a wide selection of books. In addition the
radio titles, there were general interest books like Houdini's Spirit Exposes, Beauty Secrets, and Popular
Tricks. These were prominently advertised in their magazines.

WRNY
KDKA in Pittsburgh was the first commercial radio station in the
United States, having made their first broadcast in November 1920.
By 1925 there were over 500 broadcast stations in the United
States. KDKA was operated by Westinghouse Electric to help sell
radio receivers. In addition to radio equipment manufacturers, many
publishers were starting stations. Experimenter Publishing applied
for and was granted a radio station license to transmit at 1160
kilocycles (kHz) with the call sign WRNY. (Over the next three
years they would use 800 kHz, 1070 kHz, 970 kHz, 920 kHz and
finally 1010 kHz.) The state of the art studio was in a room on the
18th floor of the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City and the 500
watt transmitter located on the hotel roof. The first broadcast was on
June 12, 1925, and was reported in the New York Times.[19] The
opening speaker was former Senator Chauncey Depew followed by Ad promoting magazines and radio
the "father of radio", Lee de Forest. This was followed by live station
musical entertainment. The Times noted Hugo Gernsback's
Staccatone signal generator that was used before the station signed
on and signing the end of programs. The Staccatone was a primitive music synthesizer described in the
March 1924 Practical Electrics magazine. Experimenter Publishing used the radio station and the
magazines to promote each other. The station call letters, WRNY, appeared on each magazine cover.

By 1927 there were over fifty radio stations and 1.5 million radio sets in the New York metropolitan area.
There were so many stations it was common for stations to share the same frequency at different times
during the day.[20] The Radio Act of 1912 did not mention broadcasting and it was not clear who controlled
radio stations, the states or the federal government. Early radio receivers were not very selective and there
were frequent disputes over interference between stations with adjacent frequencies. In November 1926,
WRNY (800 kHz) moved its transmitter from the Roosevelt Hotel to Coytesville, New Jersey (directly
across the river from Manhattan). Radio station WHN (830 kHz) claimed this blocked their signal and
alleged WRNY was a "pirate" broadcaster.[21] In 1927 the Federal Radio Commission was established with
the authority to regulate broadcast stations.

Hugo Gernsback first wrote about television in the December 1909 issue of Modern Electrics and had
reported on the technical advances in his magazines. By 1925 mechanical scanning television systems were
becoming available with resolutions of up to 60 scan lines. These mechanical systems were simple enough
that a hobbyist could construct a television receiver. Vladimir K. Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth were
developing electronic scanning systems that were the precursors of modern television. These would not be
available for another decade.
 In April 1928, Pilot Electric Manufacturing and WRNY announced
that television broadcast would begin that fall. Pilot would provide
the transmitting equipment.[22] Pilot also sold the receivers but
Experimenter Publishing magazines provided complete plans that
allowed readers to build their own television. The system used by
WRNY had 48 scan lines with 7.5 frames per second. The image
was about 1.5 inches square. This low resolution picture (without
sound) could be transmitted in the 5 kHz audio bandwidth of an
AM radio station. (The NTSC 525 line standard definition
television signal is allotted a 6 MHz bandwidth.) The first test
broadcast was on August 12, 1928.[23] Others had been
transmitting television before this but WRNY was the first to have a
regular scheduled program.[24] Hugo Gernsback estimated that
there were around 2000 television receivers in the New York area.

Home-made television in Science

and Invention (November 1928)

Bankruptcy

Background
By 1927 the expenses exceeded the income of the Experimenter Publishing Company. The radio station
had a stream of advertising revenue but there was the new transmitter facility in New Jersey plus the
investment in television equipment. WRNY was losing around $50,000 a year by 1927. Hugo Gernsback
received a salary of $50,000 per year; his brother Sidney received $39,000. As a comparison, the Governor
of New York State earned $25,000 a year.[25] In February 1927 the Experimenter Publishing Company
leased the entire sixteenth floor of 230 Fifth Avenue to be used as executive offices.[26] In an effort to boost
the circulation, Hugo Gernsback announce in the April 1927 Radio News that the radio project blue prints
that had been selling for one or two dollars were now free.

The largest expenses for a magazine publisher are paper and printing. The publisher has to print enough
copies to supply every outlet. At the end of the month the distributor would return the unsold copies to the
publisher for a credit. Experimenter Publishing had four or five monthly magazines so this was a
considerable expense. By 1928 the creditors had installed resident accountants at Experimenter Publishing
to review the expenditures.

Proceedings
The largest creditors were the paper supplier, Bulkley Dunton Co. ($154,406), Art Color Printing Co. of
Dunellen, N.J. ($152,908) and Edward Langer Printing Co., ($14,614).[27] On February 20, 1929, an
involuntary petition in bankruptcy was filed against the Experimenter Publishing Company on behalf of
Daniel A. Walters ($2,030), Marie E. Bachmann ($2,094) and Robert Halper ($2,095). The fact that minor
creditors forced the bankruptcy has nourished various conspiracy theories over the years. The total liabilities
were estimated at $600,000 and assets at $182,000. Federal Judge Mack appointed the Irving Trust
Company as the receiver. Hugo Gernsback spoke to the press afterward and said: "Plans are being
formulated to reorganize and continue publication as heretofore. I am authorized to say this by the
receiver."[28]

The April 1929 issues of Radio News (on the newsstand March 10), Amazing Stores and Science and
Invention were the last to feature Hugo Gernsback as editor. The Irving Trust appointed publisher Bergan
A. MacKinnon as circulation manager and Arthur Lynch as managing editor. The WRNY stayed on the air
and the magazines did not miss an issue. The bankruptcy proceedings were enthusiastically covered in the
news and gossip columns of the New York City press.[29]

The creditors of Experimenter Publishing and the Consrad Company reviewed bids at a March 28 hearing
before the bankruptcy referee. Two publishers, B. A. MacKinnon and Macfadden Publications, entered
similar bids that would almost pay the creditors in full. After these two complete bids were read, Chester
Cuthell then offered $60,000 for the radio stations. The MacKinnon offer was revised to allow the separate
sale of the stations, Macfadden wanted to keep the stations. Motion Picture Publications offered $50,000
cash for Amazing Stories. Fawcett Publishing offered $30,000 cash for Science and Invention. The Robert
McBride Company offered $300,000 for Science and Invention and Amazing Stories. The hearing was
adjourned for a week to allow the creditor's committee to evaluate the bids.[30]

At the April 3 hearing, Mr. MacKinnon agreed to pay $200,000 now and $300,000 more in September. Mr.
Cuthell acting for the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company would pay the other $100,000 for the radio
stations. After administration expenses, the creditors were paid 95 cents on the dollar. The attorneys
handling receivership said this was the first time they had seen a forced sale pay off the creditors in full. The
Irving Trust Company's decision to keep the magazines and stations running avoided an early sale at a
sacrifice price. The first bid for complete company was $100,000. The first offer for the radio stations was
only $7,500. Here is a New York Times account of the final bidding.[31]

The final bidding for the radio stations was spirited. Carl W. Kirchway, acting for The New
York Evening Journal, bid $90,000 and then raised the bid to $100,000. Mr. Kirchway asked
for and obtained a recess to enable him to reach William R. Hearst in California. It was
reported that Mr. Hearst could not be reached and Mr. Kirchway decided that he was not
authorized to exceed Mr. Cuthell's bid.

Hugo and Sidney Gernsback were questioned at an April 19 hearing about

the operation of the Experimenter Publishing and the Consrad Company.
They were questioned by attorneys for the Irving Trust Company and B. A.
MacKinnon "to discover any assets which may have been concealed or
diverted."[32] Attorneys for Mr. MacKinnon, questioned the method of the
bankrupt companies in allowing hotels space for advertising in the
magazines published by the Gernsbacks for trade bills (vouchers) instead of
cash. The Gernsbacks explained that the space assigned to the hotels was
unsold at the press date and the ads were "fillers". The trade bills were
given to wholesalers, advertisers and others with whom they did business.

Hugo Gernsback was also asked about letters soliciting subscribers for his Hotel filler ads
new company, Gernsback Publications, Inc. and if the subscription lists of
the bankrupt firm had been used. "Mr. Gernsback emphatically denied that
such lists had been used."

"Mr. Gernsback said after the hearing that his new magazines would be Radio Craft, Science Wonder
Stories and Air Wonder Stories and that the first issues would be out in June."

The Experimenter Publishing bankruptcy made it to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1933.[33] The state of New
York missed the deadline for filing claims but still wanted the back taxes the Experimenter Publishing
owed. The court ruled that the Constitution gave control of bankruptcy to the federal government and the
states would have to follow the rules and procedures like any other creditor.

After the bankruptcy

Gernsback Publications
Gernsback was quickly able to raise capital for a new publishing company. The June issue of Science
Wonder Stories was on the newsstand on May 3, 1929. This was one of two magazines Gernsback created
to compete with Amazing Stories; his Air Wonder Stories appeared six weeks later.[34] They were merged
into Wonder Stories after a year. The July issues of Radio Craft appeared on the newsstand on June 5,
1929, three months after Gernsback lost Radio News.[35] There was a new Everyday Science and
Mechanics to compete with Science and Invention.

Hugo Gernsback often published articles about the history of his magazines, but the bankruptcy was always
ignored. The April 1958 Radio-Electronics (formerly Radio Craft) has a 16-page story on Gernsback's 50
year publishing history. Here is the complete description of the bankruptcy: "In the spring of 1929, Radio
News, Science and Invention, Amazing Stories and associated magazines were sold to other interest. Radio
News of April, 1929, was the last Gernsback issue."[36]

The eve of the Great Depression was not an ideal time to start new magazines but Gernsback persevered.
Radio Craft and successor titles were in print until January 2003. Gernsback decided to focus on radio
magazines and added Short Wave Craft in June 1930 and Television News in 1931. Wonder Stories was
sold to Thrilling Publications in 1936 and it was in print until 1955. Science and Mechanics was sold to
Virgil Angerman in 1937 and it was in print until the 1970s (as late as May 1974).

Experimenter Publications
B. A. MacKinnon immediately renamed the company to Experimenter Publications and then to Radio-
Science Publications in November 1930. MacKinnon's plan was to pay off the debt of acquiring the
magazine with the revenue from the magazines. The Depression drove many advertisers out of business and
made magazines a luxury for many readers. Radio-Science Publications ceased operations with the August
1931 issues. Bernarr Macfadden's newly formed Teck Publishing Corporation took over with the
September 1931 issue.[37] Radio News and Amazing Stories were continued but Science and Invention was
sold and absorbed into Popular Mechanics magazine.[38]
Radio News and Amazing Stories were in poor financial health when Ziff-Davis acquired them in January
1938.[39] They were listed as publisher in the March issues but the April issues were the first produced
under their control. Radio News was published by Ziff-Davis under several titles until 1985. They
published Amazing Stories until 1965 when it was sold to Ultimate Publishing.

WRNY
Immediately after the bankruptcy auction, the Aviation Radio Station, Inc. was formed to take over the
WRNY radio stations. C. M. Keys, president of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, provided the
financial backing for the new company. Chester Cuthell, the attorney who was at the auction, was the
president and Walter Lemmon was the general manager. The goal of the station was to promote aviation.[40]
The Federal Radio Commission had to approve station license transfer and any changes to the station. Mr.
Cuthell asked the commission for more frequencies as he said that he and his partners had up to $2,000,000
dollars to spend on the stations. The commission approved the license transfers and improvements to the
existing stations.

In August 1929 Aviation Radio moved the studios from the Roosevelt Hotel to 27 West Fifty-Seventh
Street. They also installed a new 1000 watt transmitter with automatic frequency control and new speech
amplifiers at their plant in Coytesville NJ. These upgrades improved the range and sound quality of their
broadcast.[41] The short wave station, 2XLA, increased is power to 15,000 watts.The radio stations format
was changed; the Jazz music was prohibited and replaced with presentations devoted to aviation and
aviators. On a show about women aviators, Amelia Earhart recounted her recent transcontinental flight. The
station gave hourly weather reports of aviators.

After 1928 WRNY was at 1010 kilocycles (kHz) and shared the frequency with 3 other stations. This is a
typical broadcast schedule: WRNY started at 10:00 AM, WHN followed at 1:30 PM, WPAP followed at
7:00 PM, and finally WRNY closed out the broadcast day from 9:30 PM to midnight.[42] WQAO, own by
the Calvary Baptist Church, broadcast three programs on Sunday and one on Wednesday. The owner of
WHN, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, bought the other stations in 1933 and WHN used 1010 kHz full-time
starting in January 1934 .[43] The stations call letters were later changed to WMGM;[44] the station is
today's WFAN, while WEPN replaced it on the frequency.

Experimenter Publishing magazines

Electrical Experimenter, May 1913 to July 1920. Became Science and Invention.[45]
Radio News, July 1919 to April 1959. Became Electronics World
Science and Invention, August 1920 to August 1931.
Practical Electrics, November 1921 to October 1924. Became The Experimenter.
Motor Camper & Tourist, June 1924 to August 1926 (or later)
The Experimenter, November 1924 to February 1926. Merged into Science and Invention.
Radio Listeners' Guide and Call Book, Spring 1926 to Spring 1929
Amazing Stories, April 1926 to April 2005
Your Body Quarterly, Fall 1926 to Summer 1929
How to Make It,
 Television, only two issues, 1927 and 1928

See also
Amazing Stories
Electrical Experimenter
Radio News

Notes
Over the years several dates have been given for the first advertisement of the "Telimco
Wireless Telegraph Outfit" in Scientific American. Hugo Gernsback gave the date of
November 1904 in a radio address on November 10, 1921.[46] and later gave the date of
January 13, 1906 in a 1938 issues of his magazine, Radio Craft.[47] Thomas White found the
earliest advertisement in the November 25, 1905 issue of Scientific American. It was the first
of a series of advertisements that appeared every two weeks.[48] There was also an ad that
appeared in the January 13 issue.

References
1. "New Incorporations". The New York Times. March 20, 1915. p. 15. "Experimenter
Publishing Co., printers, stationers and publishers, $10,000; M. Hymes, S. and H.
Gernsback, 817 West End Av."
2. Steckler, Larry (June 2007). Hugo Gernsback: A Man Well Ahead of His Time (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20070707120111/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2007/2007-06-01/featur
e2/index.html). Marana, AZ: Poptronics. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4196-5858-7. Archived from the
original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
3. Hugo Gernsback and radio intersection in broadcast history magazines: An influential
intersection in broadcast history
4. Banks, Michael A. (September 3, 2004). "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the
future. Part 1. The early days" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061229232338/http://www.sas.
org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-03/feature1/index.html). The Citizen Scientists. Society for
Amateur Scientists. Archived from the original (http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-
03/feature1/index.html) on December 29, 2006. Retrieved Jan 19, 2012.
5. Perry, Stephen D. "Hugo Gernsback and radio magazines: An influential intersection in
broadcast history" (https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:3hMDmoGIovEJ:histv.free.
fr/gernsback/Gernsbach%2520Radio%2520News%25203-13-02.doc+edgar+felix+radio+bio
&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShh7EEFJk_-_8kN8nKguMrk3iM1oBjNgzjEyzkbYhm
xW6ikjV0eIZ_KmnZ7_0tE4c94BWEcwosHwTsP673GG9MdGNhrywoUUu9Jvlczp6_r03Rc3
3qx5lWp-RxOvtlNrXscPyqU&sig=AHIEtbSqyeCx53wTHMzF9R1UpkMzaLBwfA&pli=1).
Illinois State University. Retrieved 2011-03-26.
6. "Business Opportunities". The New York Times. January 27, 1908. p. 12.
7. Ashley, Michael (2000). Time Machines: The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines
from the Beginning to 1950. Liverpool University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-85323-855-3.
8. "Obituary 2". The New York Times. March 4, 1917. p. 21. "Mr. Milton Hymes, Secretary,
business and advertising manager of The Electrical Experimenter and Secretary of the
Electro Importing Co., in the Pennsylvania Railroad wreck on Feb. 27, 1917."
 9. "De Mott an Officer of Electrical Experimenter". Printers' Ink. July 17, 1919. p. 160. "The
Experimenter Publishing Company, New York, recently elected R, W, De Mott, an officer of
that company, with the title of secretary. Mr. De Mott had been advertising manager for both
the Electrical Experimenter and the Radio Amateur News, and he will continue to direct the
advertising of these publications."
10. Copyright Office (1915). "Catalogue of Copyright Entries. Part 2: Periodicals". 10 (1). Library
of Congress: 27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) "Electrical
Experimenter. © Electro Importing Co. New York. … V.2 No.12, Apr. 1915 © Mar. 25, 1915"
11. Copyright Office (1915). "Catalogue of Copyright Entries. Part 2: Periodicals". 10 (2). Library
of Congress: 122. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Electrical Experimenter. © Experimenter Publishing Co. New York. V.3 No.1, May 1915 ©
Apr. 21, 1915"
12. "New Incorporations". The New York Times. September 16, 1921. p. 33. "Practical Electrics
Co., Manhattan, publishers, $20,000; S. and H. Gernsback, R.W. Demott; attorney, J. M.
Herzberg, 2 Rector St."
13. Gernsback, Hugo (November 1924). "The New Experimenter". The Experimenter. 4 (1): 7.
14. "Meetings and Elections". The New York Times. June 16, 1923. p. 17.
15. Shunamen, Fred (November 1967). "Hugo Gernsback, 1884–1967". Radio-Electronics.
Vol. 38, no. 11. Gernsback Publications. p. 58.
16. Martin, Rick (2007). "The Pikes Peak Ocean to Ocean Highway" (http://www.ppoo.org/PPOO
Mags/). Retrieved July 27, 2008. Motor Camper & Tourist magazines.
17. "Your Body advertisement". Radio Listeners' Guide and Call Book. 3 (2): 164. Fall 1928.
18. "Unsexing Sex" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110131222717/http://www.time.com/time/ma
gazine/article/0,9171,722771,00.html). Time. Vol. 8, no. 21. November 22, 1926. Archived
from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722771,00.html) on
January 31, 2011.
19. "Depew Opens WRNY, New Radio Station". The New York Times. June 13, 1925. p. 15.
20. Jaker, Bill; Frank Sulek; Peter Kanze (May 1998). The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated
Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area, 1921-1996. McFarland. p. 9.
ISBN 978-0-7864-0343-1.
21. "WHN Says It Will Sue WRNY as 'Pirate'; Gives Hylan Case in Wave Length Dispute". The
New York Times. November 27, 1926. p. 19.
22. "Television For All Planned This Fall". The New York Times. April 23, 1928. p. 18.
23. "WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts; Radio Audience Will See Studio Artists". The
New York Times. August 13, 1928. p. 13.
24. "WRNY Television Delayed". The New York Times. August 15, 1928. p. 27.The broadcast
has been postponed until Friday (August 17).
25. Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Richard Bleiler (October 1998). Science-fiction: the Gernsback
years. Kent State University Press. p. 548. ISBN 0-87338-604-3.
26. "Publishers Lease Fifth Avenue Space". The New York Times. February 6, 1927. p. E21.
27. "Business Records, Bankruptcy Proceedings". The New York Times. March 12, 1929. p. 53.
"Experimenter Publishing Co., Inc., 230 Fifth Avenue. - Liabilities approximately $500,000,
assets not stated. Principal creditors listed are Art Color Printing Co., Dunellen, N.J.,
$152,908; Bulkley Dunton Co., $154,406; Walter Braunstein, $10,258; Edward Langer
Printing Co., Hollis L.I., $14,614; S. Gernsback, $8, 450; Spencer Wynne Paper Products,
Newburgh, N.Y., $9,249; Sieldinger Press, $8,719; Service Photo Co., $6,227."
28. "Radio News Publisher In Hands Of Receiver". The New York Times. February 21, 1929.
p. 36.
29. "Curtis Follows Hearst. Bankruptcy de luxe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060744/
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732245-2,00.html). Time. April 8, 1929.
Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732245-2,00.ht
ml) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
30. "Bid For Magazines In Receivership". The New York Times. March 29, 1929. p. 13.
31. "To Pay 95% Of Debts In $600,000 Failure". The New York Times. April 4, 1929. p. 22.
32. "Gernsbacks Deny Diverting Assets". The New York Times. April 18, 1929. p. 13.
33. New York v. Irving Trust Co., 288 U.S. 329 (http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDo
cument.asp?CiteID=422313) (1933).
34. Ashley, Michael (2000). Time Machines: The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines
from the Beginning to 1950. Liverpool University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85323-855-3.
35. Shunamen, Fred (October 1979). "50 Years of Electronics". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 50,
no. 10. Gernsback Publications. pp. 42–69.
36. Kennedy, T. R. (April 1958). "From Coherer to Spacistor". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 29, no. 4.
Gernsback Publications. pp. 44–59.
37. "New Incorporations". The New York Times. July 15, 1931. p. 39. "Teck Publishing Corp. J
Schultz. 522 5th Av. $10,000" Joseph Schultz was the attorney for Macfadden Publications,
Inc.
38. "Science and Invention" (https://books.google.com/books?id=veQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35
3). Popular Mechanics. Vol. 56, no. 3. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Co. September 1931.
p. 353. "Science and Invention, a magazine long and favorably known, has been merged
with Popular Mechanics."
39. "Advertising News and Notes". The New York Times. January 18, 1938. p. 28. "Ziff-Davis
Publishing Company, New York and Chicago, has purchased Radio News Magazine and
Amazing Stories."
40. "WRNY Taken Over By New Interests: Aviation Radio Station, Inc. Is Formed". The New
York Times. April 19, 1929. p. 36.
41. "Wire Work To Keep WRNY Off Air Today: New Transimitter Will Be in Use by End of Week -
Studio to Move on Labor Say". The New York Times. August 21, 1929. p. 32.
42. "Today on the radio". The New York Times. November 14, 1929. p. 37.
43. "Radio Stations Merge". The New York Times. January 11, 1934. p. 22.
44. Jaker, Bill; Frank Sulek; Peter Kanze (May 1998). The Airwaves of New York: Illustrated
Histories of 156 AM Stations in the Metropolitan Area, 1921-1996. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-
7864-0343-1. OCLC 37928610 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37928610).
45. Catalog of copyright entries: Periodicals, Part 2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=DEgcA
QAAIAAJ). Library of Congress. Copyright Office. 1920. pp. 238, 288.The last issue of
Electrical Experimenter is Volume 8 Number 3, July 1920 (B 463976). page 238 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=DEgcAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA238) The first issue of Science and
Invention is Volume 8 Number 4, August 1920 (B 466556) page 288 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=DEgcAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA288)
46. Lacault, Robert E (January 1922). "Jazz from the Air" (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Im
age:Science_and_Invention_Jan_1922_pg842.png). Science and Invention. 9 (9): 842, 842,
844, 850. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
47. Gernsback, Hugo (March 1938). "The Old E.I.Co. Days". Radio Craft. 9 (9). New York:
Radcraft Publications: 574.
48. White, Thomas H. (2008). "United States Early Radio History" (https://earlyradiohistory.us/19
05teli.htm). Retrieved July 31, 2008.
Further reading
Banks, Michael A. (September 3, 2004). "Hugo Gernsback: The man who invented the
future. Part 1. The early days" (https://web.archive.org/web/20061229232338/http://www.sas.
org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-03/feature1/index.html). The Citizen Scientists. Society for
Amateur Scientists. Archived from the original (http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-
03/feature1/index.html) on December 29, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2012. part 2 (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20070624130031/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-09-10/featur
e1/index.html) and part 3 (https://web.archive.org/web/20070624130543/http://www.sas.org/t
cs/weeklyIssues/2004-10-01/feature1/index.html)
Massie, K.; Perry, S. (2002). "Hugo Gernsback and radio magazines: An influential
intersection in broadcast history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070704174902/http://home.
utah.edu/~u0202363/hugo_pub.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Radio Studies. 9 (2): 264–281.
Archived from the original (http://home.utah.edu/~u0202363/hugo_pub.pdf) (PDF) on July 4,
2007. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
Shunaman, Fred (October 1979). "50 Years of Electronics". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 50,
no. 10. Gernsback Publications. pp. 42–69.
Steckler, Larry (June 2007). Hugo Gernsback: A Man Well Ahead of His Time (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20070707120111/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2007/2007-06-01/featur
e2/index.html). Marana, AZ: Poptronics. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4196-5858-7. Archived from the
original on 2007-07-07. Retrieved on January 18, 2012. part 2 (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070806002136/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2007/2007-07-06/feature2/index.html)
White, Thomas H. (2008). "United States Early Radio History" (https://earlyradiohistory.us/se
c012.htm). Retrieved July 31, 2008.

External links
MagazineArt's collection of Hugo Gernsback's magazine covers. (http://www.magazineart.or
g/publishers/gernsback.html)

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