NYAMIRA NATIONAL POLYTHECNIC

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEY

TRADE PROJECT

ON

SEWER AT NYAMIRA NATIONAL POLYTHECNIC COMPOUND

PRESENTED BY : LAMECK MARUBE MONGA’RE

INDEX NUMBER :

PAPER NUMBER : 1308/316A

CENTRE NUMBER : 728101

PRESENTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (KNEC)

AS A REQUIREMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA LAND SURVEYING

EXAM SERIES : JULY 2024

SUPERVISOR : MR. OKELLO YUSUF

We certify that this project is our original work carried out by Lameck Marube Monga’re. It has

not been presented anywhere else and for the award of Diploma in Land Survey.

NAME…………………………………………SIGNATURE; -......................DATE;

-....................

NAME…………………………………………SIGNATURE; -......................DATE;

-....................
 CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISION

I certify that this project is truly the candidate’s own effort; it has been done under my

supervision and has therefore been submitted for examination with my approval.

SUPERVISOR...........................................................

SIGNATURE.............................................................

DATE..........................................................................
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are indebted to pass our special thanks for the continued encouragement and support from
the following;-

1. Our parents and siblings for their financial support shown during the whole project.
2. Our trainers and colleague students.
3. Our project supervisor Mr.Okello Yusuf
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to our family and anyone who has contributed positively to the success
of it. The commitment they have shown to our advancement of the knowledge and practice of
our profession.

THANK YOU ALL.

ABSTRACT

A sewer is an underground conduit or channel designed to carry away surface water and waste matter,
typically consisting of human excrement and another wastewater.

Here are some key aspects of sewers:

1. Purpose: The primary function of a sewer is to transport wastewater from homes,

businesses, and industries to treatment facilities where it is processed to remove
contaminants before being discharged into the environment.
2. Types of Sewers:
o Sanitary Sewers: These are designed to carry wastewater from residential and
commercial buildings to treatment plants.
o Storm Sewers: These are designed to carry rainwater and surface runoff from
streets and other surfaces to prevent flooding. They often discharge directly into
natural water bodies without treatment.
o Combined Sewers: These systems carry both sewage and stormwater in the same
pipe. During heavy rainfall, combined sewers can overflow, leading to untreated
sewage being discharged into the environment.
3. Construction: Sewers are typically constructed from materials such as concrete, clay,
plastic, or metal. They are designed to be durable and able to handle the volume and
pressure of the transported wastewater.
4. Maintenance: Regular maintenance of sewers is crucial to prevent blockages, leaks, and
other issues that can lead to environmental contamination and public health hazards.
Maintenance activities include cleaning, inspection, and repair of the sewer
infrastructure.
5. Environmental Impact: Properly functioning sewers are essential for public health and
environmental protection. However, malfunctioning sewers can lead to contamination of
water bodies, spreading diseases and harming ecosystems.

Overall, sewers are a critical component of urban infrastructure, ensuring the safe and efficient
removal and treatment of wastewater.
Table of Contents

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISION...............................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................4
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................9
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................9
1.1 Problem Statement...........................................................................................................10
1.2 Objective of the Study......................................................................................................10
1.3 Tasks to be done...............................................................................................................10
1.4 Location of the Area.........................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................11
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................11
2.1 Horizontal Control............................................................................................................11
2.2 Methods of Providing Horizontal Control........................................................................12
2.3 Classification of a Traverse..............................................................................................13
2.4 Methods of Traversing.....................................................................................................15
2.5 Traversing Procedure.......................................................................................................15
2.6 Sources of errors in traversing..........................................................................................16
2.6.1 Instrumental errors............................................................................................................16
2.6.2 Personal errors....................................................................................................................16
2.6.3 Natural errors.....................................................................................................................16
2.7 Errors in adjustment of traverse.......................................................................................16
2.8 Traverse Accuracy............................................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................17
3.0 METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................17
3.1. SOURCE OF DATA.......................................................................................................17
3.2. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL USED.......................................................................17
3.3. RECONNAISANCE.......................................................................................................18
 3.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL....................................................18
3.5 PREPARATION OF THE BEARING SHEET...............................................................19
3.6 ADJUSTMENT OF A TRAVERSE BY RAY TRACE..................................................20
3.7 SURVEYOR’S REPORT.................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................20
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................20
4.1 Traverse............................................................................................................................20
4.4 Sources of Errors and Problem Encountered...................................................................21
4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation....................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................23
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Surveying is defined as the art of determining relative positions of points above, on or beneath
the surface of the earth, or establishing such points. While Land survey is the technique,
profession and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and
distance and angles between them. There are several branches of land surveying such as
Geodetic survey, Plane survey, Topographical survey, Engineering survey, Control survey and
Cadastral survey. The first two branches are based on the curvature of the earth while the
remaining is based on purpose/objective of survey.

1.1 Problem Statement

Over the past years the student population has been increasing and population has become too
large. This has made the existing sewer lines to be unable to handle the increased volume of
wastewater due to population growth.

1.2 Objective of the Study

i. To mitigate flooding by efficiently channeling stormwater away from populated areas.

 ii. To Ensure that waste is effectively collected and treated maintains a high standard of
sanitation.
iii. To prevent the spread of waterborne diseases by safely removing waste.

iv. The knowledge of sewer systems ensures compliance with local, national, and
international wastewater treatment standards.
v. To design and maintain the long-term costs associated with waste management and
infrastructure repairs.
vi. To promote the integration of smart technologies in sewer systems for better monitoring
and maintenance.
vii. To ensure that sewer systems can handle unexpected events like heavy storms or
infrastructure failures.
viii. To ensure that sewer systems can handle unexpected events like heavy storms or
infrastructure failures.
1.3 Tasks to be done
Generally, it involved the use of a Dumpy Level to take precise measurements and data
collection, used for determining elevations and creating profiles of the sewer system.

1. Inspection and Monitoring:

2. Maintenance and Cleaning:
3. System Upgrades and Rehabilitation:
4. Emergency Response:
5. Environmental Compliance:
6. Data Collection and Analysis:
7. Community Interaction and Education:
8. Planning and Development
9. Health and Safety Compliance:

1.4 Location of the Area

The area is situated at Nyamira National Polythecnic Compound.

 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW