AA SPEC 114010 Concrete Structures

AA SPECIFICATION 114010
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DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Copyright
1 SCOPE 2
2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED 3
3 DEFINITIONS 4
4 REQUIREMENTS 5
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 5
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY 5
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS 5
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 5
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.7 MATERIALS 9
4.8 LOADS 10
4.9 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 14
4.10 FOUNDATION LOADS 14
4.11 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 14
4.12 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 15
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS 18
APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS 19
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS 20
APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 21
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 22
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 23
2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 1 of 25

Anglo American accepts no liability for any damages whatsoever that may result from the use of this material or the
information contained therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.
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1 SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of mass concrete, reinforced
concrete, precast concrete and prestressed concrete structures for underground and
surface applications in mine shafts and plants.
It is intended for use in the design of steel structures, provided all specific requirements,
as set out in the relevant national structural design and construction standards, and
legislation, are taken into account.
Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

• Shaft winding structures, e.g. headgears, collars and winder houses.
• Industrial structures and buildings, e.g. plant structures, stores and workshops.
• Material handling structures, e.g. conveyor structures.
• Material containing structures, e.g. silos, bunkers and bins.
• Material retaining structures, e.g. retaining walls.
• Foundation structures, e.g. footings and bases.
• Non-pressurised liquid containing structures, e.g. tanks.
• Dynamically loaded structures, e.g. mill foundations and crusher support structures.
• Chimneys, stacks and towers.
The use of this specification, together with appropriate qualifications, variations and
additions, or supplementary rules, shall be specified on the relevant design drawings, or in
the project specification, or in another Anglo American specification.
Structures not covered by this specification include:
• Offshore structures.
• Road and rail bridges.

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2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

The following requirements shall be specified in all tenders, contracts or orders for design,
or for design and construct, of concrete structures:
• Design shall comply with the requirements of the latest issue of AA Specification
114010: Design of concrete structures.
• No deviations from AA Specification 114010 will be allowed without the written
approval of a competent person within Anglo American.

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3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
APPROVED : Approved by the Engineer in writing
BS : British Standard
BS EN : British Standard European Norm
C&CI : Cement and Concrete Institute
CP : Code of practice - British Standards Institution
CLIENT : The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural
design. The Client can also be the Owner
DESIGN : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all

DRAWINGS members with their size, concrete grade and reinforcement layout,
and any other information required for construction
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung
ECSA : Engineering Council of South Africa
ENGINEER : The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation
of the Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared
by others) and, where applicable, inspection of construction for
conformity with the design.
Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person

referred to in Clause 4.2
ISO : International Standards Organization
OWNER : Legal owner of structure or company benefiting from the use of the
structure
REGISTERED : Person registered as a Professional Engineer or Professional

PERSON Engineering Technologist in terms of the required local legislation.

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4 REQUIREMENTS
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS

All designs must adhere to the national normative codes. The design standards,
specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A form part of this specification
and all structural design shall comply with the relevant requirements of these documents.
It should be noted that only limit-states design is allowed, with the exception where
national normative codes (for example the earth quake code in Chile) refer to allowable
stress design.
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY
The design of concrete structures shall be performed by, or under the direction, control
and supervision of a registered person, who shall accept legal responsibility for the
design. Such registered person shall have appropriate knowledge of, and appropriate
experience in, the analysis and design of concrete structures in the particular application,
and shall comply with all the requirements of the registration body’s rules of conduct for
registered persons.
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS
The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of the
Anglo American prescribed design and engineering management plan.
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
4.4.1 General
Formal calculations shall be prepared for all concrete structures. Calculations shall be
recorded on calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive,
and easy to follow. Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be
easily audited. An index shall be provided for each set of calculations applicable to a
particular structure.
Calculations shall be retained by the engineer for a minimum period of 10 years from the
date of commissioning of the particular structure. A copy of the calculations shall be
provided to the client and the owner, who shall retain them for as long as the structure is
in use.
4.4.2 Calculation sheet format
The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

• Name and address of engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• Name of client or owner.
• Project title.
• Title of structure or area under consideration.
• Name of person who carried out the calculations and date when calculations were
carried out.

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• Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were
reviewed.
• Project number or calculation file number.
• Calculation sheet number and revision number.
4.4.3 References
The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

• Reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. supplier’s equipment drawings,
mechanical layout drawings or structural design drawings).
• Design criteria adopted.
• Design codes and specifications adopted.
• Geotechnical information.
• All assumptions made.
4.4.4 Headings
A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each
calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural
component(s) under consideration. All headings shall be underlined.
Example : Main heading : Foundations
: Sub-heading : Column foundation F5
4.4.5 Information
For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the
relevant calculation sheet(s):
• Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an
individual component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the
component numbers shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations,
defining the general arrangement of the structure.
Examples: Foundation F1, Column C3, Beam B2.
• Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly
defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies
to simply supported beams.
• Loading: Each load case and each load combination adopted in the design shall be
defined in an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All
loading calculations shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It
shall be clearly stated whether the indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored
loads) or whether they are design loads (factored loads).
• Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together
with the results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load
diagrams, or values.

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For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:

▪ Software name and version, data file name and location.
▪ Sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, element
numbers, member releases, etc.
▪ Summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinations
considered.
▪ Summary of computer output providing all relevant analysis results, e.g.
bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values.
When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values
are nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values (factored).
• Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual
calculations shall be shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant
computer calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted
onto calculation sheets, or printed out on electronic calculation sheets. Most of the
commercially available computer design software does not perform all the required
code checks, and computer calculations thus need to be supplemented with manual
calculations (in most instances) in order to complete the design. Computer design
software shall only be used where it can be shown that the software has been
verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software.
• All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, web bearing, web crippling, axial load,
deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the adequacy of the
selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects, shall be proven.
• Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall

always be stated in the calculations. This might be in the form of a fully dimensioned
sketch, clearly showing the extent and quantity of reinforcing required.
4.4.6 Units
The following units shall be used:

• Loads, load effects and forces : kN, kN/m or kN/m²
• Moments : kNm
• Stresses : MPa
• Section properties : mm
• Deflections : mm
• Linear dimensions : m
4.4.7 Symbols
All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the
particular code of practice or standard being used.
For example:

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M, V, C and T : Nominal (unfactored) bending moment, shear force,

compressive force and torsion.
Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu : Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force or torsion.
Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance,
compressive resistance or tensile resistance.
4.4.8 Terminology
Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used.
The terms permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live
load.
4.4.9 Checking and reviewing of calculations
All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the
design. In addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the
responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2.
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS

Design drawings shall show all information required for construction, including concrete
grade, reinforcement grade, cover requirements and joint details. In addition, the following
information shall be shown on the drawings:
• Concrete construction specification: AA Specification 114011.
• Specified imposed floor loads and equipment loads - see Clause 4.8.2 and 4.8.3.
• Allowable ground bearing pressure.
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

All designs and design drawings of concrete structures shall be approved by the
responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2 by way of a full signature, affixed
to the relevant design drawings.
In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

• Name and registration number of the responsible registered person.
• Name and address of the engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• The following statement: Designed and approved in accordance with AA
Specification 114010.
Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an
appropriately engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms
of structural strength, stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended
service. Approval of a design drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the
drawing conforms to the design and that the structural content of the drawing is correct. A
signature on a design drawing confirms that both the design and the drawing are
approved.

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4.7 MATERIALS
4.7.1 Concrete
The minimum concrete grade shall be in accordance with Table 1. Examples of exposure
categories are as follows:
• Very severe : Continuously wet areas.

• Severe : Frequently wet areas.
• Moderate : Always dry areas.
TABLE 1
MINIMUM CONCRETE GRADE FOR VARIOUS
EXPOSURES
ELEMENT
VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE EXTREME
SEVERE
Mass concrete and blinding 10 15
Foundations, ground
beams, piles and pile caps 25 30
Floor beams and slabs
Surface beds
Material containing and 30
retaining structures 35 40
All underground elements
30
Columns and walls
Liquid containing structures 35
Under no circumstances shall concrete of grade 50 (50 MPa) and higher be used without
prior approval from the client.

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4.7.2 Reinforcement
Mild steel reinforcement shall only be used for chairs, stools, links, stirrups and pull-out
bars.
Cold worked high yield steel shall not be used.
4.8 LOADS
4.8.1 Nominal loads
Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with national
normative codes of practice and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the
provisions of Clauses 4.8.2 to 4.8.13 shall apply:
4.8.2 Imposed floor and roof loads
Imposed floor and roof loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or
occupancy of the structure. Imposed loads shall be approved by the client and the owner
prior to commencement of design. The loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the
design drawings. The minimum uniformly distributed load adopted shall be as follows:
Notes:
• Floors supporting electrical switchgear : 7,5 kN/m2

• Other floors and platforms (excluding office floors) : 5,0 kN/m2
• Office floors : 3,0 kN/m2
• Stairs, landings and access walkways
The same as the zones they serve but not less than : 3,0 kN/m2
• Flat roofs with access : 2,0 kN/m2
• Flat roofs without access (irrespective of size) : 1,0 kN/m2
• Conveyor gantry floors and walkways : 2,5 kN/m2
Elevated conveyor gantries, the floor area shall be taken as the solid plan area of the
gantry, including that part of the gantry below the conveyor belt

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4.8.3 Equipment loads
Equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the
supplier of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The
loads adopted in the design shall be indicated on the design drawings. Where certified
loading information is unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by, the client and the owner prior to commencement of design, and shall be
verified once certified information becomes available.

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4.8.4 Dynamic loads
See Appendix F.
4.8.5 Conveyor belt Applied loads
Loads induced by belt tension shall be resisted by support steelwork at the point of load
application, e.g. at the head end, tail end or take-up pulleys. This requirement may be
relaxed for short conveyors (20 metres or less), belt feeders and cantilevered conveyors,
which may be designed so that the belt tension loads are resisted by the conveyor sub-
structure between points of load application.
4.8.6 Conveyor belt start-up loads
Loads induced during conveyor belt start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed and
in no case shall be taken as less than 1,4 times the normal operating loads. The start-up
loads shall be used for both structural framework and foundation design.
4.8.7 Conveyor belt tensioning loads
For the assessment of nominal loads induced by belt tensioning devices, other than
gravity devices, an impact factor of 2,0 shall apply. This impact factor need not be
combined with the factor of 1,4 referred to in Clause 4.8.6.
4.8.8 Wind loads
The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by the
client and the owner. The terrain category adopted for inland terrains shall not be less
severe than a category that falls midway between Category 2 and Category 3.
4.8.9 Loads imposed by stored bulk materials
Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be
assessed in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6.
Material coefficients for bulk materials not listed in DIN 1055 Part 6 shall be determined by
testing. Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk materials,
resulting from process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction, etc. All
material coefficients used in the design, must be confirmed by the client and the owner.
Stored bulk materials shall be clearly identified on the design drawings.
In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix C may be used for preliminary
design purposes.In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for
pressure ratio  and wall friction  shall be adjusted 10% upwards and 10% downwards
and the pressures shall be obtained as follows:
Horizontal pressures : use higher value of  and lower value of 
Vertical pressures : use lower value of  and lower value of 
Wall friction : use higher value of  and higher value of 

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4.8.10 Loads applied to box fronts
The loads applied to box fronts shall always be based on hydrostatic pressure - see SANS
10208 Part 4. The density of the ore pass contents shall be taken as 2800 kg/m3 for
platinum and chrome bearing rock, and as 2000 kg/m3 for all other rock types.
Loads applied to box fronts shall be considered as operational loads, and not as
emergency loads.
4.8.11 Loads imposed by retained soil
Loads imposed by retained soil shall be determined on the basis of a rational analysis.
The active horizontal pressure coefficient adopted shall not be less than 0,4 and the
passive horizontal pressure coefficient adopted shall not exceed 3,0.
4.8.12 Temperature load effects
Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion
and contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and
temperature differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature
changes on exposed structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or
minus 20 C shall be considered. The temperature load assessment shall be based on the
un-cracked section modulus of the various structural elements.
The coefficient of linear expansion of mass and reinforced concrete shall be taken as
10 x 10 -6 / º C .
4.8.13 Abnormal loads or conditions
A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or
conditions should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that
there is an unacceptable risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the
effects of such an abnormal loading event or condition shall be taken into account in the
design. Abnormal loading events or conditions to be considered may be caused by any of
the following:
• Impact from vehicles and other moving objects.
• Equipment failure.
• Explosion.
• Fire.
• Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc.
• Riot and panic in crowds.
4.8.14 Erection rigging loads
For the assessment of loads acting on structures or structural elements specifically

designed for erection rigging (e.g. lifting lugs, lifting points and anchoring points), an
impact factor of 3,5 shall apply.

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4.9 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load factors and load combinations shall be determined in accordance with national
normative codes of practice and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the
following provisions shall apply.
4.9.1 Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings
The load factors and load combinations referenced in normative codes shall be
interpreted as shown in Appendix D for ultimate limit states and in Appendix E for
serviceability limit states.
4.10 FOUNDATION LOADS

Foundation loads shall be based on nominal loads. A foundation loading schedule, clearly
indicating the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads, for each specific nominal
load case, shall be prepared for all structures.
4.11 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
4.11.1 General
The provisions of national normative codes and the provisions of the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply. In
addition, the following provisions shall apply:
4.11.2 Dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment
See Appendix F.
4.11.3 Foundations
4.11.3.1 Foundations with less than 1 m soil cover
Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is
considered, and a safety factor of 1,2 when the effect of the soil cover is ignored.
4.11.3.2 Foundations with more than 1 m soil cover
Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is
considered, and a safety factor of 1,2 when the effect of 1 m of the soil cover is ignored.
4.11.3.3 Foundations for dynamically loaded equipment
Foundations for dynamically loaded equipment shall be designed in accordance with the
applicable national normative code and Appendix F.
4.11.4 Surface beds
Surface beds shall comply with the requirements of the C&CI publication: “Concrete
Industrial Floors on the Ground - Louis R Marais and Bryan D Perrie”.

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4.12 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
4.12.1 Cover
The minimum cover shall be clearly indicated on the drawings. The minimum cover shall
be with due consideration of the conditions of exposure, required durability, fire risk,
aggregate size and fixing tolerances. The minimum cover shall not be less than that
shown in Table 2. Refer to Clause 4.7.1 for examples of exposure categories. Cover shall
not exceed 60 mm without prior approval from the client, except where concrete is cast
directly against excavated surfaces.
4.12.2 Expansion joints
Expansion joints shall be provided in all concrete structures to such an extent that no point
within a structure is located more than 30 m from a free edge.
4.12.3 Welding of reinforcement
Welding of reinforcement is not allowed.
4.12.4 Blinding
A 50 mm blinding layer shall be provided underneath all foundations.
4.12.5 Retaining wall footings
Where the height of retained soil exceeds 2,0 m, retaining wall footings shall be provided
with a key, cast against undisturbed soil, to prevent sliding.
4.12.6 Bent up bars
Bent up bars shall not be used for shear reinforcement.
4.12.7 Minimum reinforcement
Minimum reinforcement shall be in accordance with national normative design and

detailing codes, but not less than the values illustrated in Table 3.

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TABLE 2
MINIMUM COVER FOR VARIOUS EXPOSURES
ELEMENT VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE EXTREME
SEVERE
Foundations, ground
beams and pile caps cast
75
directly against excavated
surfaces
Foundations, ground
beams, and pile caps not
50
cast directly against
excavated surfaces
Floor beams and slabs

30 40
Surface beds
60
Material containing and
50
retaining structures
40
All underground elements
Columns and walls
Liquid containing
structures

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TABLE 3
ELEMENT MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
Piles 0,008 Ac
Pile caps Y12 @ 250 in all directions
H < 600mm Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom only
Foundations 600 mm < H < 1200mm Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom and top
H > 1200mm Y 12 @ 200 EW bottom, middle and top
Columns 4Y16
Beams 2Y16 top and bottom
Slabs Y10 @ 300 EW top and bottom
Y 12 @ 300 EF vertical
Walls
Y 10 @ 300 EF horizontal
Notes
1. Ac : Gross concrete area
2. H : Height of foundation
3. EW : Each way
4. EF : Each face

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APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS

The latest editions of the following documents are deemed to form part of this specification:
AA Spec 114002 : Construction of structural steelwork

BS EN 10025 : Hot-rolled products for non-alloy structural steel
BS EN 12285 : Workshop fabricated steel tanks
Part 2: Horizontal cylindrical single skin and double skin tanks for the
aboveground storage of flammable and non-flammable water polluting liquids
BS 5400 : Steel, concrete and composite bridges

BS EN 14015 : Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical,
flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tanks for the storage of liquids at
ambient temperature and above
BS 7854 : Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts
BS 8007 : Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
CP 2012 : Code of practice for foundations for machinery

Part 1: Foundations for reciprocating machines
C&CI : Concrete industrial floors on the ground – Louis R Marais & Bryan D Perrie
DIN 1055 : Design loads for buildings - Part 6: Loads in silo bins
ISO 2631-1978 : Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration
(NB. Do not use SANS ISO 2631-1:1997)

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APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS
Issue 12 : Globalised version, based upon AAC Specification 114010 (Issue 11) – December
2017, Kurt Waelbers & De Wet Strydom.
Issue 13 : Removed ambiguity relative to bin design in Appendix C - November 2019, Kurt
Waelbers.

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APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS
• Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be
determined by testing.
• For preliminary design purposes only, the values given in the following table can be used:
BULK ANGLE OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

BULK OVERPRESSURE MATERIAL
DENSITY SLOPE RATIO OF WALL
MATERIAL COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT
(kN/m3) (DEGREES) (Ph/Pv) FRICTION
   1 2 3 eh G
Anthracite 11,5 40 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5
Coal: crushed 11,0 40 0,45 0,60 0,45 0,40 1,4 0,5

Coal:
17,5 35 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,5 0,5
pulverised
Chrome ore 26,0 35 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,45 1,3 0,5
Carbon 6,2 35 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5
Copper ore 19,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5
Gold ore 18,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,40 1,3 0,5
Ilmenite 27,0 25 0.60 0,60 0,40 0,30 1,5 0,5
Iron ore 22,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5
Kimberlite 16,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,55 0,40 1,4 0,5
Platinum ore
24,0 40 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(Merensky)
Platinum ore
28,0 40 0.45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(UG2)
Rutile 24,0 30 0,60 0,60 0,45 0,35 1,4 0,5
Zinc ore 21,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
Zircon 25,0 30 0,50 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,4 0,5
Note:
Where the effective coefficient of internal friction  has been established by testing, the pressure ratio 
may be calculated as follows:
 = 1,1 (1 – Sin )

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APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,5
2 1,2 * 1,6 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
3 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
4 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
5 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 1,6 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
6 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 1,3 $ 0,8 0,8 0,6
7 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,6 1,2 0,6
8 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,2 1,6 0,6
9 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 1,2
10 0,9 1,3 $
NOTES:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage
and parking).
4. $ Use 1,5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers.
5. * For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1,4 if there is any
doubt about the accuracy of the load.
6. For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to national normative design
codes.
7. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
8. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load

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APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the serviceability limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
2 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
3 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
4 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 1,0 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
5 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5
6 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 1,0 0,75 0,5
7 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,75 1,0 0,5
8 1,1 0,3+ 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 1,0
9 1,0 0,6
NOTES:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 0,6 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and
parking).
4. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
5. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents) and plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load

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APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY

AND EQUIPMENT
1. General: Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of rotating,
vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be determined and
interpreted in accordance with this Appendix.
2. Structural framing: In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to
columns and foundations shall be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where
practical, the vibrating part(s) of the structure shall be isolated from the rest of the structure.
3. Dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads
induced by machinery and equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and
crushers, shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the
dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or random impulse-type excitation, shall be clearly
established. Dynamic loads, obtained from manufacturers, shall be verified from dynamic
data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced masses, spring stiffness, screen
stroke and screen stroke angle.
Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any two
machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or
mechanically coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled, the
worst combination shall be based on a rational assessment.
4. Modal analysis: A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and natural
frequency of each significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a mode, which is
compatible with the displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s).
5. Dynamic response: The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic
locations on the structure:
• amplitude of acceleration and displacement

• amplitude of dynamic stress
6. Resonance: For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in which
the exciting frequency ( f e ) equals the natural frequency ( f n ) of any significant vibration
mode of the structure.
To avoid resonance or near-resonance, the following conditions shall be satisfied:
f n  1,4 f e or f n  0,6 f e where f n = natural frequency of any significant vibration mode.
When f n1  1,4 f e the structure is considered high-tuned and when f n1  0,6 f e the structure is
considered low-tuned ( f n1 = fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).
High-tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high tuning is
unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are met.
• The client must approve the use of low tuning
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• The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to a frequency of at least 3fe
• The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.
7. Vibration limits
7.1. Machine sensitivity: Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from BS 7854,
or from the manufacturer.
7.2. Structural integrity: The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic
stresses shall be evaluated on the basis of a rational analysis.
7.3. Human response: For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from the
equations given in the following table:
EXCITING K-VALUE
FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
UNDETERMINED
(Hz) VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS
DIRECTION
1 to 2 28 ah 28 au
0,5
10 av fe
2 to 4
33,5 au fe 0,25
4 to 8 56 ah / fe 20 av
8 to 80 160 av / fe 160 au / fe
Where fe = exciting frequency (Hz)
2
ah = root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration ( m / s )
au = root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction
( m / s2 )
2
av = root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration ( m / s )
• The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:
Exposure time K-value
1 hour 16
4 hours 7.0
8 hours 4.2
12 hours 3.5

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NOTES:
1. The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in
accordance with ISO 2631-1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the
fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary, as defined in ISO 2631.
2. Unless otherwise agreed by the client and the owner, an exposure time of 8 hours shall be
adopted.
3. For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a' /  2 where a' = amplitude of acceleration.
4. When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the range
1 to 80 Hz, each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference to the
appropriate limit at that frequency.
5. For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631-1978.
6. If vertical and horizontal vibrations occur at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall be
evaluated from the following equation:
K = ( K h + K v ) 0, 5
2 2
Where : K h = the K-value evaluated for horizontal vibration
K v = the K-value evaluated for vertical vibration


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AA SPECIFICATION 114010

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 1 of 25

Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

Structures not covered by this specification include:

• Road and rail bridges.

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 2 of 25

2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 3 of 25

APPROVED : Approved by the Engineer in writing

BS EN : British Standard European Norm

C&CI : Cement and Concrete Institute

CP : Code of practice - British Standards Institution

DESIGN : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all

DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung

ECSA : Engineering Council of South Africa

Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person

ISO : International Standards Organization

REGISTERED : Person registered as a Professional Engineer or Professional

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 4 of 25

4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS

4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS

4.4.2 Calculation sheet format

The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 5 of 25

• Calculation sheet number and revision number.

The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 6 of 25

For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:

• Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall

The following units shall be used:

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 7 of 25

M, V, C and T : Nominal (unfactored) bending moment, shear force,

4.4.9 Checking and reviewing of calculations

4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS

4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 8 of 25

• Very severe : Continuously wet areas.

Liquid containing structures 35

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 9 of 25

Cold worked high yield steel shall not be used.

4.8.1 Nominal loads

4.8.2 Imposed floor and roof loads

• Floors supporting electrical switchgear : 7,5 kN/m2

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 10 of 25

4.8.3 Equipment loads

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 11 of 25

4.8.4 Dynamic loads

4.8.5 Conveyor belt Applied loads

4.8.6 Conveyor belt start-up loads

4.8.7 Conveyor belt tensioning loads

4.8.8 Wind loads

4.8.9 Loads imposed by stored bulk materials

2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 12 of 25

4.8.10 Loads applied to box fronts

4.8.11 Loads imposed by retained soil

4.8.12 Temperature load effects

4.8.13 Abnormal loads or conditions

4.8.14 Erection rigging loads