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(Download PDF) Physics For Jee Main and Advanced Electrostatics and Current Electricity 1St Edition Shashi Bhushan Tiwari Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Physics For Jee Main and Advanced Electrostatics and Current Electricity 1St Edition Shashi Bhushan Tiwari Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Physics For Jee Main and Advanced Electrostatics and Current Electricity 1St Edition Shashi Bhushan Tiwari Full Chapter PDF
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Prelims.indd 1 31-08-2019 15:00:22
Prelims.indd 2 31-08-2019 15:00:22
Shashi Bhushan Tiwari
No Part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise
or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and
executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7085462 23 22 21 20 19
Information contained in this work has been obtained McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither, McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw
Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
should be sought.
This book forms a part of the series “Your Personal Coach”. Like other books in this series, this book has been written
on two core principles:
(i) a text book must have continuity and flow in what it discusses.
(ii) nothing contributes more in understanding Physics than a good example.
I have tried to unfold the concepts gradually, one-by-one; illustrating each of them with examples. The main aim is to
make the students learn the basic principles of Physics independently.
Many of the experiments that you do in your school laboratory are related to the electric circuits. I found it appropriate
to include a chapter on Measurements and Errors in this book. A lot of questions in this chapter have been deliberately
framed on measurements related to the electric circuits.
I shall be grateful to everyone who would provide feedback or help me with useful suggestions.
S.B. Tiwari
To make full use of this book one must go through the topics sequentially while working through the examples and in-
chapter problems given under heading “Your Turn”. By doing this you will have a fair amount of grasp over all the
essentials in a chapter.
Miscellaneous examples given at the end of each chapter have problems which involve multiple concepts or have some
mathematical complexity or are tricky. If you are studying the subject for the first time or are hard pressed for time, you
may skip the section on miscellaneous examples.
Almost every solved example starts with explanation of physical situation and basic principles involved. This feature
comes under heading “Concepts” at the beginning of each example.
I have highlighted the important points of learning under the heading “In short”. Here, I have also taken important
learning points from the examples. While going through the chapter it is essential to go through these points.
Physics cannot be mastered without practice. Keeping this in view I have given three Worksheets (exercises) after every
chapter. Worksheet 1 has multiple choice objective type questions with single correct answer. Worksheet 2 has multiple
choice questions having one or more than one correct answers. Worksheet 3 has subjective problems. A good number of
problems has been given in the Worksheets to give you a good practice on concepts learnt.
After few chapters, at regular intervals, you will find separate assignments on miscellaneous type problems. These are
problems based on latest trend of competitive examinations and contain Match the Column type questions and problems
based on a given paragraph. Attempt these questions only after you gain enough confidence in the related chapters.
I have kept these problems in separate chapters so that you have no bias or hint about the equation/s to use.
In the last chapter, you will find a collection of questions asked in competitive examinations since 2005. This is an
ideal collection of problems for revision.
In the end of the book, solutions to all questions has been given. Solutions are quite descriptive and easy to
understand.
Those who desire to practice at even higher level, I recommend my book – “Problems in Physics for JEE
Advanced”.
I hope you will enjoy this book.
S.B. Tiwari
S.B. Tiwari
10. Error and Measurement 10.1–10.24 10. Precision and Accuracy 10.17
Miscellaneous Examples 10.18
1. Introduction 10.1
Worksheet 1 10.20
2. Reporting a Single Measurement 10.1
Worksheet 2 10.22
2.1 Uncertainty in a single measurement 10.1
Worksheet 3 10.23
2.2 Rules to identify significant figures 10.2
Answer Sheet 10.24
• Your Turn 10.4
3. Errors in Measurement 10.4
11. Miscellaneous Problems on
4. Estimating Uncertainty in Multiple
Chapter 10 11.1–11.3
Measurements 10.5
• Your Turn 10.6 Match the Column 11.1
Electrostatic Field
“On graduating from school, a studious young man who would withstand the tedium and monotony of his duties has no
choice but to lose himself in some branch of science or literature completely irrelevant to his assignment”.
— Charles Augustin Coulomb
1. INTRODUCTION forces are repulsive and not attractive and therefore they are
not the gravitational force]. The electrons and protons have
Mass is a property which causes objects to apply force on a god gifted property known as charge which helps them
one another. Force of gravitation is caused by mass. There exert force on one another.
is yet another property of matter which makes interaction An electron and a proton placed 1 cm apart attract each
amongst objects possible. This property is known as charge. other with a force of 2.3 × 10–24 N. We conclude that charges
Electric forces resulting due to property of charge are can attract as well as repel (recall that force of gravitation is
far stronger than gravitational force. Apart from electric attractive only). There are two types of charges. Like charges
phenomena, all magnetic phenomena we are aware of repel and unlike charges attract. To differentiate between the
results from the property of charge. In our entire course two types of charges we call them as positive and negative
of electricity and magnetism we will be dealing with this charges. [We could have called them as blue and red charges
property of matter called charge. as well; or for that matter dark and bright charges. In fact
Force which keeps a building intact in a strong wind is any name assigned to the two types of charges would not
electromagnetic. Friction which helps you in walking also have changed the Physics.
arises due to complex interactions of charged particles. In Unit of charge is Coulomb (C). At this stage it is difficult
fact, all forces which you and I experience in daily life are to define how much charge exactly is 1 Coulomb. Assuming
fundamentally electromagnetic or gravitational. that you have studied a little about electric current in junior
In this chapter and the next one, we will discuss the classes, all I can say is 1 C is the quantity of charge that
properties of charges at rest and develop the concept of flows through a wire in 1 second if it carries a current of
electric field and potential. 1 ampere.
Charge on one electron is equal to –1.602 × 10–19C and
2. CHARGE charge on a proton is positive of this value. We often denote
this value by symbol e.
It was Benjamin Franklin, in 18th century, who introduced
the idea that all substances contain what he called “electric 2.1 Charging of Material Bodies
fluid”, or “electric fire”. He introduced the convention of All matter is a mixture of positive protons, negative electrons
positive and negative signs. He argued that if a body gets too and neutral neutrons. There are numerous attractive and
much of fire then it gets positively charged and if a body has repulsive force pairs inside a piece of matter. But we do
deficiency of it then it is negatively charged. What Franklin not notice any such force. The balance is perfect! When you
had not figured out is what the fire really consists of. stand near someone you don’t feel any force though both
Today, we know that every piece of matter is composed the bodies have literally infinite amount of charged particles.
of atoms and every atom is made of fundamental particles Can you imagine what will happen if the God just removed
– electron, proton and neutron. Neutrons are neutral. What it 1 % of electrons in your bodies? You will repel each other
means is that they do not apply electric force on one another. with a force that would be enough to throw both of you out
Two electrons placed 1 cm apart repel each other with of the gravitational field of the Earth – somewhere deep into
a force equal to 2.3 × 10–24 N. This is same as force of space travelling at terrible speed!
repulsion between two protons placed 1 cm apart. [Note that
Example 1 A body has 1 mC of negative charge on it. When you comb your hair, it gains electrons from hairs
How many excess electrons does it have? and becomes negatively charged. [In fact, you need not
Solution worry much about the sign of the charge]. When the comb
is brought close to the pieces of paper, the phenomenon of
Concepts
induction takes place. The edge of the paper closer to the
Charge is quantized. Adding n electron to a body results comb becomes positively charged and the further side of
in the body acquiring a charge q = −ne the paper piece acquires negative charge. The comb attracts
the positive side of the paper and repels the negative side.
q 1× 10−3 C Overall force on the paper is towards the comb because the
n = = = 6.25 × 1015 positive edge is closer to the comb and experiences a higher
e 1.6 × 10−19 C
force. The force is quite strong. Pieces of paper jump against
Example 2 Even a small piece of matter has huge gravity and cling to the comb.
amount of charge comb
A copper wire has mass 6.35 g. Knowing that molar mass
of copper is 63.5 g mol–1 and its atomic number is 29, find
(a) Total charge on all the protons in the wire.
(b) The charge acquired by the wire if it loses 0.0001%
+ +
of its total number of electrons. + +
Solution –
Concepts – – paper
– –
(i) One mole Cu atoms have a mass of 63.5 g. Charge on edges of the paper
(ii) Each Cu atom has 29 electrons. piece is due to induction.
(iii) q = ne
Note: If you comb your hair for a long time all your hairs
6.35g will stand up and can spark. This happens prominently during
Number of moles of Cu in the wire =
63.5 gmol−1 dry winter days. [Actually moist air takes away charge from
charged bodies]. Due to combing your hairs get charged
= 0.1 mol. and repel each other to remain separated from one another.
Number of Cu atoms in the wire = 0.1 × 6.02 × 1023
= 6.02 × 1022 Example 4 Inside a nucleus, a neutron can convert itself
into a proton and an electron. A third particle known as
Number of protons in the wire = 6.02 × 1022 × 29
antineutrino is also formed. Can you guess the charge present
= 1.75 × 1024 on antineutrino?
(a) Charge on all protons, Q = + ne Solution
= 1.75 × 10 × 1.6 × 10–19 C = 2.8 × 105 C
24
Concepts
This is a huge amount of charge.
Conservation of charge
(b) Number of electrons = Number of protons in neutral
wire. n → p + e (antineutrino)
Charge on 10–4 % of all electrons will be Charge on a neutron is zero. Sum of charges on the
10−4 three products must also be zero. Sum of charges on proton
q = –(10–4 % of Q) = − × 2.8 × 105 = –0.28 C and electron is zero. Therefore, third particle must have no
100
charge.
In Short
(i) Charge is a property of matter which is responsible (viii) If two bodies, made of different substances, are
for all electric and magnetic phenomena. rubbed, electrons may get transferred from one of
(ii) Charge is of two types – positive and negative. them to another. Therefore, the two bodies acquire
equal and opposite charge.
(iii) Smallest charge in nature is electronic charge
±e = 1.6 × 10–19 C. (ix) A conductor is a substance which has plenty of free
electrons in it. These electrons help in movement
(iv) Charge of an isolated system is conserved.
of charge inside a conductor. An insulator does not
(v) In real life a body acquires charge due to gaining have free electrons.
electrons or losing them.
(x) When a neutral body is brought close to a charged
(vi) A body which loses electrons gets positively charged body (without touching it), there is separation of
and one which gains them becomes negatively charge in the neutral body. Its face closer to the
charged. charged body acquires an opposite charge and the
(vii) Charge on a body which loses n electrons is far face gets a charge similar to the charged body.
q = +ne and the one which gains n electrons has This phenomenon is called induction. It happens in
a charge q = –ne. conductors as well as insulators.
Your Turn
Q.1 A neutral body becomes positively charged due to Q.4 A petrol tanker has a metallic chain suspended from
rubbing. Has its mass changed? its body touching the road. Why?
Q.2 How many electrons will make 1 coulomb of negative Q.5 A charged comb attracts bits of paper (refer to
charge? example 3). Paper pieces often jump away from the comb
Q.3 A spray-painting machine has a nozzle that produces after contact. Why?
droplets of paint in a cone shaped beam. By some mechanism Q.6 A piece of solid has 1022 atoms. If one electron is
each droplet is given a positive removed from each of 0.01 % atoms of the solid, find the
charge as it leaves the nozzle. What charge acquired by the solid.
effect will it have on the beam?
Y
X r = r2 – r1
In Short
(i) Coulomb’s law gives force between two point (iv) Force due to source charge (q) on a test charge (Q)
charges. We can use it directly to get force between can be written in vector form as
two small charged bodies kept at large separation. qQ
(ii) Magnitude of force between two charges is F = k 2 rˆ
r
1 q1q2 where r is distance between the two charges and r̂
F=
4pe0 e r r 2 is a unit vector directed from the source charge to
the test charge. While using this equation we must
where e r = 1 for vacuum and air. For all other put q and Q with their respective signs.
medium e r > 1 (v) Electrostatic force is far stronger than the
1 N-m 2 −12 C2 gravitational force.
(iii) k = = 9 × 109 and e= 8.85 × 10
4pe0 C2
0
N-m 2 (vi) 1 coulomb is a large charge.
Your Turn
Q.7 Write dimensional formula for permittivity of free Q.10 In a hydrogen atom a proton is fixed and an electron
space (e0). revolves around it in an orbit of radius r. The electrostatic
Q.8 Force between two charged particles is F0 when they attraction provides the centripetal force. Find speed of the
are kept in vacuum at a separation r. When the charges are electron. Mass of an electron is m and charge on it is –e.
immersed in a gaseous medium force between them for Q.11 A point charge q1 = 10 μC is kept fixed at (1, 1) m.
r Find the force that the charge exerts on another point charge
separation is still F0. Find the relative permittivity of the
2 q2 = 20 μC placed at (4, 5) m. Write the x and y components
gaseous medium. of the force.
Q.9 A charge Q is divided into two point charges having Q.12 Find the smallest possible force between two charged
magnitudes x and (Q – x). Find x which results in maximum particles kept at a separation of 1 m.
force between the charges for a given separation.
5. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION would have been if force between q1 and Q got changed due
to presence of q2! Thanks god, it is not so.
Force between two
F3
charges does not alter if F2 Example 9 Three point charges (q, q
a third charge is brought q and Q) are kept at the vertices of a
right angled isosceles triangle. Equal
near them. Consider q1 F1
Q sides of the triangle have length x each.
a set of fixed source x
charges q1, q2, q3,….. Find the electrostatic force on charge
Force applied by q1 on Q.
Q q
q3 x
a test charge Q is F1 . q2 Solution
This force between q1 Concepts
and Q remains same
whether q2, q3,… are present or absent. Similarly, forces by Resultant force on Q is vector sum of forces due to the
other two charges.
q2, q3,… on Q are F2 , F3 ….. respectively. Net force on Q
in presence of all the source charges is given by Force due to q on Q has magnitude
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ... (7) qQ
F =k
This may appear trivial. But scientists have taken the pain x2
of verifying this principle. Imagine how difficult physics
= kQl −
[Ratio of two distances cannot be negative. Therefore, we x L
L+x 1 1 kQl
do not consider = − 2 ]. = kQl − =
x L 2 L 2 L
Your Turn
Q.13 A regular hexagon has side length x. Five identical Q.16 Positive point charges, Q each, are placed at the
point charges are placed on its vertices. A sixth charge is diagonally opposite corners of a square. Two other identical
placed at the centre of the hexagon. What is direction of charges (q each) are placed at the Q q
electric force experienced by the sixth charge? Assume all remaining two vertices. In this
charges to be negative. arrangement of charges, force on Q
What is magnitude of force on the sixth charge if each is found to be zero.
charge is –q? (a) What is sign of q?
Q.14 Three charges, q each, are placed at the vertices of q
(b) Find . q Q
an equilateral triangle of side length x. Find the electrostatic Q
force on any one charge.
Q.17 Two point charges Q and 2Q are held at a separation
Q.15 A small charged particle (C) A Q d. A third charge q is placed on the line joining the two
having mass m is tied to two strings as charges such that it remains in equilibrium.
shown. A point charge Q is fixed at top (a) What is sign of q if Q is Q
x 2Q
end A of the upper string and another positive?
C
point charge 2Q is fixed at the lower end + q d
B of the other string. All three charges (b) What is distance of q from
lie on a vertical line and there is no x Q?
tension in the strings. Find charge q on B (c) Is equilibrium of q stable for small displacements
the particle. Each string has length x. along the line joining the two charges?
2Q
q r Q
Fe Example 12 Field on perpendicular bisector of line
P joining two point charges
q r Q Two identical positive charges q are kept at a separation 2a.
r P
E P is a point on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining
the two charges. Distance OP is y. Find electric field at point
A test charge Q is placed at a point P at a distance r from P. Approximate your answer for y >> a.
1 qQ
q. Force experienced by Q is Fe = rˆ P
2
4pe 0 r
y
Electric field at P due to q is
∴
q q
Fe 1 q O
E =
= rˆ (9)
Q 4pe0 r 2 a a
r̂ is a unit vector from the source charge q to the point P. Solution
Equation (9) tells us that electric field due to a point charge
Concepts
1 q
q at a distance r from it is E = and its direction is (i) Field due to a positive charge is directed radially
4pe0 r 2 q
radially
outward if q is positive. For negative q, direction of away from it. Magnitude is E = k r 2 .
E is radially inwards towards q.
(ii) Resultant field at P is vector sum of fields produced
due to the two point charges.
Field at P due to charge at 1 is
E E
–q +q q
E1 = k where=r a2 + y2 .
r2
E2 cos q E1 cos q
y
Arrows show the direction of Direction of field due to E2 E1
field at different points due a positive point charge. q
to a negative point charge.
E2 sin q P E1 sin q x
q
6.2 Electric field obeys superposition principle r r
y
Consider an arrangement in which there are number of
source charges. Electric field ( E ) at a point is obtained by q
y
q
1 cos q = 2
vector addition of electric fields produced due to each of r
the source charges. Field at point P due to presence of q1,
q2 and q3 (see figure) is Field at P due to charge at 2 also has same magnitude.
q
E = E1 + E2 + E3 (10) E2 = k 2
r
E3
E2 Directions
of E1 and E2 are as shown. We have to add
q1 P E1 and E2 to get resultant field at P. Components of E1 and
E1
E2 along x direction cancel out. Their components along y
q2
direction adds up to give resultant field as
q3 q
=E E1 cos q + E2 cos
= q 2k cos q
r2
q1, q2, q3 are source charges
q y 2kqy
= 2k = 3
E1 E2 and E3 are electric fields due to q1, q2 and q3 r2 r r
respectively at P. 1
clear.
r3 = 1 m q q
E2 E3 Solution
E1
q1 q2 q3 A Concepts
r2 2m
= (i) Field due to a point charge at a distance x from
q
r1 = 3m it is E = k 2 . Direction of field due to a positive
x
charge is radially away.
q1
E1 = k
(ii) When we choose a point very close to a point
r12
charge (i.e., x → 0), the field becomes very large
9 × 109 × 4 × 10−9 (i.e., E → ∞). For writing field at a point very
= = 4 N/C(→) close to a point charge, one can always forget about
32
contributions made by other charges.
[Field due to a positive charge is radially away from (iii) When we move far away from the system of the
the charge]. two charges E → 0.
Your Turn
Q.18 Four point charges are kept at the vertices of a Q.22 An equilateral q
square as shown. Side length of the square is x. Find the triangle has side length
electric field at the centre of the square. a and point charges
q have been placed at its a a
4q
vertices as shown. Find
the magnitude and
x direction of the electric
field at the centroid of
–2q a –2q
2q x –q the triangle.
Q.19 Two point charges q1 = 5 nC and q2 = 20 nC are at Q.23 A point charge q = –1 nC is kept at a point having
separation of d = 2 m. Find the distance of point from q1 co-ordinates (0, 1, 2) m. Find electric field due to the charge
where the electric field is zero. at a point (1, 2, 3) m.
Q.20 A small droplet of ink in an ink-jet printer carries Q.24 Twelve equal charges, q, are located at the vertices
a charge q = 1.6 × 10–10. It is deflected onto a paper by of a regular 12 sided polygon (for example, one on each
applying an electric field. The electric force experienced by numeral of a clock face).
the droplet is F = 3.2 × 10–4 N. Find the strength of field. (a) Find electric field at the center of the polygon.
Q.21 In example 12, at what distance y (from O), the (b) One of the charges is moved to the centre of the
electric field is maximum? Draw a rough graph showing polygon. Its distance from all other charges is r. Find
variation of field for O ≤ y < ∞ . force acting on it.
6.3 Electric Field due to Continuous Distribution of The figure shows two components of the field–along
Charge the axis (dEx) and perpendicular to it (dEy). Consider an
identical charge element at point B that is located exactly
In real life it is difficult to get a point charge. We have opposite to A. This element will produce a field at P having
charged bodies where charge may be distributed on a line magnitude dE and having its y component in negative y
(curved or straight), on a surface or in a volume. For direction (see figure). Therefore, resultant of the two fields
example, you can easily think of a long thread carrying has no y component. However the components along x
charge or a sheet having charge on its surface or a spherical direction add.
volume occupied by charge.
We can think of our ring as made up of such pairs of small
For finding electric field due to a charged body, we charges located at diametrically opposite ends. It is easy to
need to mentally divide the body into infinitesimally small see that resultant field is along the axis. Y components of
charge elements. We have to write field due to all small field cancel out in pairs.
elements (treating them to be point charges) and add them.
Field at P is obtained by adding x components of field
Such additions are usually done using integration while
due to each element in the ring.
remembering that we are adding vectors.
In case of charge distributed on a line, linear charge ∴=E ∫=
dE ∫ dE cos q
x
density (λ) is the charge present on unit length of the line. All
Its unit is C/m. element
When charge is present on a surface, surface charge k
= cos q∫ dq
density (σ) is a useful quantity and is defined as charge r2
present on unit area. C/m2 is unit of σ.
Note that value of r is same for all elements. Value of
In case of charge present in a three dimensional space, cos θ is also constant as we move from one element to
volume charge density or, simply charge density (ρ) another on the ring.
represents charge inside a unit volume. Unit of ρ is C/m3.
k kQ x x
Below we present few simple cases of continuous charge ∴ = E cos q ⋅ =
Q ⋅ ∵ cos q = r
r2 r2 r
distribution and show how integration can be used to find
electric field. We will take up few more cases after learning kQx
=
Gauss’s law, later in this chapter. r3
Qx
6.3.1 Electric field on the axis of a charged ring ⇒ E=k r (a 2 + x 2 )1/ 2 ]
[∵= (11)
(a 2 + x 2 )3/ 2
Figure shows a uniformly charged ring of radius a having
charge Q. P is a point on the axis of the ring at a distance Note the following points:
x from its centre O. We wish to find electric field at P due (i) What is field at the centre +A
to change on the ring. of the ring? Obviously, it is + +
zero. Field produced due to dEB
A
+ + small identical elements of + +
+ r charge at A and B cancel out.
+ a Similarly, all pairs of charges dEA
x +
+ q P dEx at diametrically opposite +
+ O x
x q ends produce zero field at +B
y
+ + dE the centre.
dEy
+ By putting x = 0 in equation (11) we get the same
+
B + result, i.e., E = 0.
(ii) What do we expect if x >> a? Looking at the ring
from point P, we will hardly see a ring. It will appear
Consider an infinitesimally small segment of the ring at
like a small point charge if x >> a. Therefore, field
A. Let the element have a charge dq on it. This element can
at P can be easily guessed to be equal to
be treated as a point charge and we can write electric field
(dE) at P due to this element as Q
E = k 2
dq x
dE = k , where=r a2 + x2 Does equation (11) predict this result? Let’s see.
r2
Qx Qx
Direction of the field (dE) is along AP if the ring carries a E k=
= k
(a 2 + x 2 )3/ 2 3a
2
3/ 2
a2 k (dq ) x 1 2prdr ⋅ σ ⋅ x
For x >> a, << 1
= dE =
2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2
x2 (r + x )
2 4 pe 0 (r + x )
2
a2
∴ 1 + 1 σx rdr
x2 =
Q
2e0 ( x + r 2 )3/2
2
∴ E k 2
x Direction of field is along the axis as shown. Every ring
that we consider in the disc will contribute its field in the
(iii) Field is zero at x = 0 (i.e., at the centre of the ring).
same direction. Resultant field at P is obtained by adding
It is certainly zero at a large distance x → ∞. It
contributions due to all such rings.
means that the field increases as we move along the
r =a
axis starting from the centre, becomes maximum at σx rdr
a point and then decreases to be zero at ∞. E
∴ = ∫=
dE
2e0 ∫
r =0 ( x
2
+ r2 )
3/2
x axis to argue for this. [Please take a note of the limits of integration]
We only need to add x component of field produced kl p /2 kl p p
due to each element. = [sin q]−p
= sin − sin −
a 2
/2
a 2
(ii) The size of the element is easier to express in terms
of its angular width. 2k l l
E
= = (i)
(iii) In case of quarter circle Ex = Ey due to symmetry. a 2pe 0 a
Quarter circle
Consider an element (A) of angular width dθ at position
Two things are important to note:
θ as shown in figure.
(a) Due to symmetry Ex = Ey
A+ + dEB (b) Ex is half of the field given by (i)
+ dq
+ a l + +
∴ E= E= +
x
+ q E x y
4pe 0 a
x +
+ q q
+ O +
Ex y
x l
+ dEA =E (iˆ + ˆj )
B+ 4pe0 a Ey
+
y
Your Turn
Q.25 In example 15, the half ring has a uniformly Q.27 A wire is in the shape of an arc of a circle subtending
distributed charge Q and field at O is E. Find magnitude of an angle 2θ at the centre as shown. +
field at O in the second diagram where the quarter ring has Radius of the arc is a and it carries a + a
a uniformly spread charge equal to Q. uniform linear charge density λ on it. + q
O
Q.26 A horizontal ring of radius a has a uniformly spread Find electric field at the centre O. How + q
+
negative charge Q on it. A particle having mass m is released much force will an electron experience if +
at a height h on the axis of the ring and it is found to stay it is placed at O? In which direction? +
at rest. Find the charge on the particle. h is height measured
from the plane of the ring.
Q.28 A particle of mass m and charge –Q is constrained Q.29 A circular wire loop of radius R carries a uniformly
to move along the axis of a ring of radius a. The ring has a distributed charge Q along its +
+ +
+ +
uniform linear charge density λ along its periphery. Initially, circumference. Two identical small
+ +
the particle is at the centre of the ring. It is displaced slightly segments of length ∆L are cut and
and released. Show that it will perform SHM and find time removed from the wire. These segments + 120° +
In Short
(i) Electric field lines originate from positive charge
or at infinity and end on a negative charge or at
infinity.
+ – –q (ii) Field lines are radial for an isolated point charge
2q A
directed away from a positive charge and towards
a negative charge.
(iii) Number of lines at a charge is proportional to its
magnitude.
(iv) Uniform field is represented by equally spaced
Figure shows 14 lines originating from 2q and 7 lines parallel lines.
terminating on –q. Remaining lines terminate at infinity.
(v) Two field lines never intersect.
At point A field is zero. Line density is zero there.
(vi) Absence of field lines in a region indicates that
electric field is zero there.
Your Turn
Q.30 When electric field is of constant magnitude and has Q.32 Three point charges are placed as shown in figure.
a fixed direction in a region of space, it is said to be uniform. Distance of q2 from q1 as well as q3 is d.
Draw field lines to represent a uniform electric field. (a) What can you say about signs of the three charges?
Q.31 Two point charges q1 and q2 are kept at a separation
d. A rough sketch of field lines due to these charges has
been shown in figure.
q1 q3
q2
+ – q2
A
q1
8. ELECTRIC FLUX of field lines piercing through the surface. Obviously, larger
the area more will be the lines passing through it. Thus, flux
Now, we wish to study Gauss’s law which helps us in finding is proportional to area (∆S). E
electric field in many symmetrical situations in effortless If electric field strength is
way. To be able to state the law we need to introduce a new doubled, the density of field DS
physical quantity known as electric flux. lines doubles and number
Imagine a plane surface of area ∆S placed in a uniform of lines piercing through
electric field E. For simplicity, we first assume that field is the surface doubles. It
normal to the surface. Flux of electric field through an area means flux is proportional
is basically a quantity that gives us an idea about number to E. Therefore, number of
field lines piercing through the surface is proportional to the with its ends closed, a box shaped surface etc.). A small
product E∆S. circle is placed on the sign of integration to indicate that
This quantity is known as flux of electric field (φ) through the integration is being performed over a closed surface.
the given area ∆S
dS1
q E
φ = E DS
There is one more thing which
DS 1 dS2
decides the flux through an area. It q 2
is orientation of the area relative to q
the direction of the field. Consider E E
the surface shown in above E
diagram to be tilted by an angle
θ from its previous position. Now, For finding flux over a closed surface,
we take
the direction of area vector
the number of lines passing through the surface has reduced.
(dS) along outward normal.
Flux has reduced. You can easily argue that number of lines
passing through the surface in this new position is same as
number of lines passing through projection of area ∆S on a =
φ ∫ E ⋅ dS (16)
plane that is normal to the direction of the field. Therefore,
number of lines piercing through the surface is proportional While calculating flux over a closed surface we will always
to E and DScosθ. Flux through the surface is defined as consider the direction of area vector to be along outward
normal.
φ = E DS cos q .
Whenever a field line pierces out of a closed surface flux
We draw a vector of magnitude ∆S along the normal to the will be positive, and it will be negative when a field line
surface. This is area vector( DS ) for the given surface. Angle pierces into a closed surface. In the figure shown, flux
between DS and E in the above figure is θ. Therefore, flux through small area dS1, is positive [∵ q is acute and cos θ
through a plane surface kept in a uniform electric field can is positive]. Flux through small area dS2 is negative [ angle
be written as
between dS 2 and E is obtuse].
φ = E DS cos q = E ⋅ DS (14)
Example 20 Flux through a box
Flux is a scalar and its unit is Nm2C–1. Being a scalar,
addition of flux is simple. If a given surface has two parts A box has the shape as shown in figure. Length AD and
and flux through them are f1 and f2, then flux through the DH are l each and the face BCGF is inclined at 30° to the
surface is φ = f1 + f2. We can use this to find flux when a vertical. The box is placed in a uniform electric field E that
surface is not plane as well as when the electric field is not is perpendicular the face AEHD. Find flux of electric field
uniform. through the box. Also write flux through the face CBFG.
Consider a curved surface shown in the figure. It is placed E
H
in an electric field. To find flux through the surface, we divide G
the entire surface into infinite number of infinitesimally l
small areas. We need to write flux through each of these D 30°
C
small areas and add them. Mathematically, this means.
ds l E
F
ds K
E
E
A B
H
E
Solution
=
φ ∫ E ⋅ dS (15) Concepts
(i) We will calculate flux through each face of the box
Integration must be performed so as to cover the entire
and add them.
surface.
(ii) Box is a closed surface. For a closed surface
In the context of Gauss’s law, we will be evaluating
outward normal is regarded as the direction of
electric flux over closed surfaces (e.g., a sphere, a cylinder
area vector.
Your Turn
Q.33 Consider a circular surface of radius r =1 m kept cylinder is parallel to the direction of the field. Cross sectional
in a uniform electric field E =10 N/C. The surface of the area of the cylinder is S and l E
circle makes an angle of 30° with the direction of the field. its length is l. Find the flux
Calculate the magnitude of electric flux through the surface. of electric field through the
cylinder. One end of the x
Q.34 Consider an imaginary cylindrical surface placed in cylinder is at x = 0 and the
an electric field. The field is along x direction and its other is at x = l. x=0 x=l
magnitude changes with x co-ordinate as E = ax. Axis of the
Proof of the Gauss’s Law Using the Coulomb’s Law as negative and the flux is taken to be positive at point
We will prove the Gauss’s law using the Coulomb’s law in where it exits the surface. Flux through the surface is zero
three steps. as number of lines moving into the surface is equal to the
Step 1: Flux due to a point charge inside the surface number of lines moving out of the surface.
Consider a point charge q. Taking it So, we have proved that electric flux through a closed
E
as centre draw a sphere of radius r. surface due to a point charge placed outside the surface is
zero.
Let’s take this sphere as our closed dS
surface. Electric field at any point on Step 3: Flux due to multiple charges
the surface of the sphere is (given by q Consider a system of fixed point S
Coulomb’s law) charges as shown in figure. S is
a closed surface, q1, q2, q3 are
q1 q2
1 q charges inside the surface and q4,
E= [in radial direction]
4pe0 r 2 q5 are those outside the surface. q3
While calculating
flux, we
A small patch of area dS on the surface has area vector consider field E at a location on
q5
q4
along the radius of the sphere in outward direction. Flux the surface which is given by
through the small patch will be superposition of the electric fields due to q1, q2,…… q5
1 q
=
cos 0°
d φ EdS= dS E = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5
4pe 0 r 2
where Ei is field due to qi.
Flux through the entire sphere is
Flux through S is
1 q
=
φ ∫ d=
φ
4pe 0 r 2
∫ dS φ = ∫ E ⋅ dS = ∫ ( E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 + E5 ) ⋅ dS
=
⇒ φ
1 q
⋅ 4pr 2
=
q
(i)
= ∫ E ⋅ dS + ∫ E
1 2 ⋅ dS + ∫ E3 ⋅ dS + ∫ E4 ⋅ dS + ∫ EdS
4pe 0 r 2 e0
q1 q2 q3
Now consider a different = + + +0+0
e0 e0 e0
surface S 1 enclosing the
same charge q. What is flux
through this surface? The flux S1 S This is because ∫ Ei ⋅ dS is flux through S when only qi
q is present.
is still given by equation (i),
irrespective of the shape of 1 qin
∴=φ (q1 + q2 +=
q3 )
the surface S1. e0 e0
This is because every This completes the derivation of the law for all cases.
field line that passes through
All field lines passing through At the end, I want to make following important comments:
the sphere S must also pass
through the surface S1. We sphere S also pass through S1. (i) The closed surface on which the Gauss’s law is
are repeatedly stressing that electric flux is proportional to applied is sometimes known as the Gaussian surface.
number of field lines passing through a surface. (ii) The Gaussian surface should never be considered to
So, we have proved that flux through a closed surface of be passing through a point charge. A point charge
q shall always be inside the surface or outside it, it
any shape is if a point charge q is lying inside it. should never be on the surface. However, we are
e0
free to choose a Gaussian surface passing through a
Step 2: Flux due to a point charge outside the surface continuous distribution of charge.
Consider a single point
closed
charge q lying outside a S Example 21 Charge inside a cube
surface
closed surface. The field A point charge q is kept at the centre of a cube.
lines which pierce into (a) Find the flux of electric field through the cube.
the surface will also exit
q (b) Find the electric flux through one of the faces of the
at some other point of the
cube.
surface. We know that when
a line moves into the closed (c) Will the flux through a face change if the charge is
surface, the flux is regarded moved inside the cube? Will the flux through the
entire cube also change?
In Short
(i) Electric flux (φ) through a plane
surface (S) placed (iv) Electric flux is basically measure of number of field
in a uniform electric field E is defined as lines passing through a surface.
φ= E ⋅ S = ES cos q (v) Flux is zero if field lines are parallel to a surface.
where q is angle between E and area vector ( S ) . (vi) The Gauss’s law tells us that electric flux though a
q
Area vector is taken along the normal to the surface. closed surface is always equal to in where qin is
e0
(ii) When the area is curved or the field is non uniform, the charge present inside the surface.
we calculated flux as
(vii) A charge outside a closed surface contributes
=φ ∫ E ⋅ dS nothing to the flux.
(iii) When the flux is calculated over a closed surface, a
small circle is drawn on the integral sign to indicate
this
=φ ∫ E ⋅ dS
Your Turn
Q.35 Two point charges q and –q are placed inside a Q.40 A point charge q is located at the centre of a
spherical surface. There is no other charge anywhere else. hemispherical surface. Find the flux of electric field through
(a) Find flux through the sphere. the curved hemispherical surface.
(b) Another point charge Q is placed
q
outside the sphere. Will the electric
–q
field at a point on the surface of the
sphere charge? Will the flux through q
the spherical surface be non zero now?
Q.36 A hemisphere of radius R is placed in a uniform
electric field of strength E. Find the electric flux through
the curved surface if
Q.41 A long line has a uniformly spread charge of linear
density λ on it. Consider a spherical surface of radius R
(a) The field is parallel to the base R
with its centre at a distance from the line. Find flux of
(b) Perpendicular to the base 2
electric field through the sphere.
Q.37 Electric field in a region is given by= E (12iˆ + 16 ˆj )
N/C. A rectangular surface of area S = 0.1 m2 is placed in
Q.42 A circular loop has radius r = 40 cm. It is placed
in a uniform electric field. The loop is rotated about a
Y-Z plane. Find flux of electric field though the rectangular
diameter that is perpendicular to the field. In a particular
surface.
position the flux of the electric field through the loop is
Q.38 Is it right to say that there is no net charge in a Nm 2
region in which electric field is uniform at all points? found to be maximum and its value is 5.02 × 105 . Find
C
Explain.
the magnitude of the electric field.
Q.39 There is a horizontal Q.43 A cone of base radius R and E
square surface of side length q
height h is located on a horizontal table.
a. A point charge q is placed a
2 A uniform horizontal field E exists in the
vertically above its centre at a a
a region. Determine the flux that enters the h
height from the surface. Find cone from its left side.
2 R
the flux of electric field through a
the surface.
10. APPLICATION OF GAUSS’S LAW IN Also, the field will have identical radial directions at all
points on the spherical Gaussian surface. Why the field at 1
CALCULATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD will be radial and at 2 in a different direction? Again there
The Gauss’s law is a fundamental law in electrostatics. It is is no reason for this to happen.
always true. But it may not be always useful in calculation of Now, you must be getting a sense 1
2
electric field. It can be used in certain symmetrical situations why we picked a spherical Gaussian
only, for finding field due to a given charge distribution. surface. If we choose any other surface q
There are three kinds of symmetry where the Gauss’s law surrounding our charge, the benefit of
works. Here, we present them one by one. symmetry is lost. Look at the figure 3
given here. We cannot say that the Gaussian surface
10.1 Spherical Symmetry electric field will be same at points 1,
Consider following three problems: 2 and 3. For writing the flux we will have to assume field as
E1, E2, E3 etc. at different points. With so many unknowns
(i) We have to find electric field due to a point charge
we cannot have our answer.
q at a distance r from it (and assume that we do not
know the Coulomb’s law!) Therefore, we conclude that in all three problems the
electric field has same magnitude (say, E) at all points on
(ii) There is a spherical shell of radius a. A charge q spherical Gaussian surface and has radial direction.
is uniformly spread on its surface. We have to find
To write the flux, consider a small patch of area dS on
electric field at a point at a distance r from the centre
the Gaussian surface. Area vector is radial. Flux through the
of the shell. The point lies outside the shell (r > a).
patch is
(iii) A charge q is uniformly distributed in a spherical = d φ EdS = cos 0° EdS
volume of radius a. We have to find electric field at
a point that lies outside the spherical region and is Flux through the entire surface is
at a distance r (>a) from its centre. φ= ∫ d φ= E ∫ dS= E 4pr 2
The three situations have been shown in the figure given
The last thing that we need to look for is the total charge
below. In all three cases we draw an imaginary sphere of
present inside the Gaussian surface. In all three cases this
radius r passing through point P where we have to find the
charge is q. Hence, using Gauss’s law, we can write
field. This is our Gaussion surface and its centre is at the
point charge (q) or at the centre of the given charged sphere. qin
φ=
We have chosen spherical Gaussian surface because the e0
three situations given here have spherical symmetry. Why
q
will the electric field at point 1 be different from the field at ⇒ E ⋅ 4pr 2 =
point 2; or from the field at point 3? There is absolutely no e0
reason. The field at all the points on the spherical Gaussian
1 q
surface (in all three cases) must have the same magnitude. ⇒ E= (18)
4pe0 r 2
ds
E This is the common answer to the three problems.
1 E E
2 + + We conclude the followings:
+ a +
3 q + (i) Equation 18 gives electric field due to a point charge
r q+ +
r q at a distance r from it. This is Coulomb’s law. Yes,
+
we have proved Coulomb’s law starting from the
Gauss’s law!
A point charge at the centre of A charged shell and spherical (ii) The electric field due to a uniformly charged spherical
a spherical Gaussian surface. Gaussian surface around it. shell or a spherical volume at a point outside it, is
identical to the field due to an equal point charge
placed at the centre.
E
We will consider two more problems which have
++ +
+ ++a spherical symmetry.
+ + ++
q ++ r Electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical shell
A spherical shell of radius a has a charge q uniformly spread
on its surface. We wish to find electric field due to this
A uniformly charged spherical volume of radius a charge distribution at a point (P) inside the shell.
and a concentric spherical Gaussian surface.
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface passing through We must take a note of the following points:
point P that is concentric to the given shell. Once again (i) Field at the centre is obtained by putting r = 0 in the
symmetry of the situation tells us + above equation
that electric field should have same + E +
P Ecentre = 0.
magnitude at all points on the
Gaussian surface. The direction is + r +
(ii) As we move from the centre to the surface of
radial. Flux through the surface can the spherical volume, the field increases linearly.
be written just as we did above. Field on the surface is obtained by putting r = a in
+ + equation (20)
+
φ= ∫ E ⋅ dS = E ⋅ 4pr
2
1 Q
Gaussian surface Esurface =
How much charge is there inside 4pe 0 a 2
the Gaussian surface? There is no charge at all.
0 Example 24 Spherically symmetric but variable charge
∴ E ⋅ 4pr 2 = ⇒ E = 0 (19) density
e0
A spherical volume of radius a contains a non-uniform
Therefore, electric field inside a uniformly charged shell charge density which varies with distance x from the centre
is zero at all points. a
as ρ = ρ0 , where ρ0 is a positive constant. Find the
Electric field inside a uniformly charged spherical x
volume electric field at a distance x0 from the centre of the sphere for
A spherical volume of radius a has (a) 0 < x0 < a and
+ + E +
a uniform charge density ρ. We are + + +
+ (b) x0 > a.
+ + + + +
supposed to find electric field at a point + + r + Also plot a graph showing the variation of electric field
+ + +
inside the sphere at a distance r (< a). + + + + + + + with x.
+ a +
Draw a spherical Gaussian surface of + ++ + +
radius r having its centre at the centre + + + Solution
+ +
of the charged sphere. Once again due Concepts
Gaussian surface
to symmetry we assume that the field is (i) Though the charge density is non-uniform, it
radial at all points and has same magnitude at all points on is spherically symmetric. If you draw a sphere
the Gaussian surface. Let this magnitude be E. of radius x (< a), the charge density is same at
Flux through the Gaussian surface is all points on the surface of the sphere. What is
advantage of having a spherical symmetry? We
φ= ∫ E ⋅ dS = E ⋅ 4pr
2
can consider the field to be radial at all points and
Total charge present inside the Gaussian surface is field will have same magnitude at all the points on
the surface of a sphere that is concentric with the
4
qin =ρ pr 3 given sphere.
3
Using the Gauss’s law (ii) For using the Gauss’s law we need to know the
charge contained in a spherical volume of radius
qin x0. For finding the electric field at an outside point
φ=
e0 (x > a) we need to know the total charge in the
spherical volume of radius a.
ρ 4 pr 3
E ⋅ 4pr 2 = 3
e0 Let’s first calculate total charge present inside a spherical
volume of radius x0.
ρ Consider a shell of radius x and thickness dx. Charge in
⇒ E = r (20)
3e0 the shell is given by
+ +
If total charge inside the spherical volume of radius a is dq = ρ ⋅ 4px 2 dx + +
+ + + +
+
Q, then + + + x dx +
= 4pρ0 a xdx + + +
Q + + + +
ρ = 4 3 Charge inside sphere of radius x0 is + + +
3 pa + a+ x + +
0 +
x0 x0 +
+ + +
Equation (20) in terms of Q becomes q= ∫ dq = 4pρ0 a ∫ xdx
1 Q x =0 x
=
E ⋅ r (21)
4pe 0 a 3 ⇒ q = 2pρ0 ax 2
0 (i)
Language: English
Credits: Al Haines
BY
JAMES GRANT
AUTHOR OF
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
1883.
Chap.
'And your name is Alison,' said the young man, looking tenderly in the
girl's eyes of soft grey-blue, that long, dark lashes shaded. 'Yet I hear some
of your friends call you Lisette.'
'It is, I believe, the same thing—an old Scoto-French name, long
peculiar to our family—the Cheynes of Essilmont—as papa would say if he
were here,' she added, with a soft smile. Then after a pause she asked, 'How
did you learn, Captain Goring, that it was Alison?'
'By looking in Debrett after I first had the pleasure' (he had well-nigh
said the joy) 'of meeting you at the General's garden-party in Aldershot.'
Gathered into a tight coil under her smart riding hat and dark blue veil,
Alison Cheyne's hair was of that bright and rare tint when the brown seems
to blend with or melt into amber, and these into a warmer tint still in the
sunshine, and with which there is generally a pure and dazzling
complexion.
'It was so kind of you, Captain Goring,' said Miss Cheyne, after a pause,
'to invite down papa to dine at your mess at Aldershot.'
'Not at all. Dalton, Jerry Wilmot, and all the other fellows were most
glad to see the old gentleman. I only fear that he thought us rather a noisy
lot.'
'And you have had two brothers in the service, Mrs. Trelawney told
me?' resumed Goring, by no means anxious to let the conversation drop, or
his companion begin to think of friends who might be looking for her.
'Illness there does its work quickly—four and twenty hours will see the
beginning and the end, and the green turf covering all. I have seen much of
it in my time, Miss Cheyne—often buried the dead with my own hands, by
Jove!'
'How sad to die as my poor brother did—so far away,' said the girl, her
soft voice breaking a little. 'We have a saying in Scotland, "May you die
among your kindred."'
'In the service one's comrades become one's kindred—we are all brother
soldiers.'
'Ellon was thrown from his horse near Lahore, and impaled on his own
sword, and so—and so—poor papa has now only me! I don't think he has
ever got fairly over Ellon's death, as it left the baronetcy without an heir.
But let me not think of these things.'
'I remember the unfortunate event of Ellon Cheyne's death,' exclaimed
Goring, the colour gathering in his bronzed cheek. 'It occurred just close by
the Cabul road, the day after we marched in from Umritsur; and, strange to
say, I commanded the firing party at the poor fellow's funeral, on a day
when the sky was like molten brass, and the wind swept past us hot and
stifling like the blast from an open furnace.'
'Yes; my voice gave the orders for the three funeral volleys.'
Her eyes were full of a tender interest now, that made the heart of her
companion thrill; nor did hers do so the less that this event caused a bond of
sympathy—a subject in common between them.
Attracted by each other's society, she and the Captain were now
somewhat apart from all the field, and the brilliant hunt was waxing to its
close.
The day was a bright and clear one early in October, the regular opening
day of the regular season with the Royal Buckhounds. The country wore the
aspect of the month; swine were rooting in the desolate cornfield, eliciting
the malediction of many a huntsman as he tore over the black and rotting
stubble; geese were coming draggled and dirty out of the muddy ponds and
brooks; the hedges looked naked and cold, and the blackened bean sheaves
that had never ripened were rotting in the ground. An earthy odour came
from the water-flags, and every hoof-print was speedily filled with the black
ooze of the saturated soil the moment it was made; but the sky was clear, if
not quite cloudless, and the sunshine bright as one could wish.
The time-honoured meet had duly taken place at the old village of
Salthill, the scene of that tomfoolery called the Eton Montem, till its
suppression in 1848; and we need scarcely inform the reader that a certain
sum is devoted annually to maintain the stables, kennels, and establishment
of the Royal Buckhounds, and that with each change of Ministry the post of
their master is an object of keen competition among sport-loving nobles;
but the opening meet is said to be seldom a favourite one with lovers of
hard riding.
There is always a vast 'field,' and every one who 'by hook or crook' can
procure a mount is there. Salthill thus becomes an animated and pleasant
spectacle to the mere spectator, while it is a source of unmixed excitement
to all who go to hunt—perhaps some five hundred horsemen or so, all
anxious to be first in the chase, and jostling, spurring, and struggling to be
so.
There may be seen young guardsmen from Windsor, cavalry men from
Aldershot, which is about twenty miles distant, in spotless black and white,
side by side with old fellows in tarnished pink with the old jockey-cap,
horse-dealers in corduroys and perhaps blucher boots; city men, and
apparently all manner of men, and here and there a lady such as only may
be seen in the Row, perfect in her mount, equipment, and costume.
On the adjacent road a lady's pretty little victoria may be jammed
between a crowded four in hand and a still more crowded costermonger's
cart; and so the confusion goes on till some well-known deer is quietly
taken away to the front; and punctually to time the master gives the order to
advance, when the huntsmen and hounds scurry into an open field, where
the yeomen prickers in their Lincoln green costumes have uncarted the
quarry.
Anon the line is formed, and away over the open country stream the
hounds like a living tide, with red tongues out, and steam, issuing from their
quivering nostrils, and all follow at headlong speed.
Here it was that Alison Cheyne, Bevil Goring, and others of their party
lost some of their companions in the first wild rush across a hedge with a
wet ditch on the other side. Jerry Wilmot's saddle-girth gave way, and he
fell in a helpless but unhurt heap on the furrows; Lord Cadbury—a peer of
whom more anon—failed utterly to clear the hedge; and Tony Dalton, of
Goring's regiment, though a keen sportsman, came to grief somehow in the
ditch, and thus ere long Alison Cheyne had as her sole squire the
companion we have described, and together, after charging with many more
a gate beyond the hedge, they had a splendid run over an open country.
Together they kept, Goring doing much in the way of guiding his fair
friend, who though somewhat timid, and not much practised as an
equestrienne, had now given her whole soul to the hunt, and became almost
fearless for the time.
In a pretty dense clump 'the field' went powdering along the path
through the village of Farnham, after which the deer headed off for
Burnham Beeches, the beautiful scenery of which has been so often
portrayed by artists and extolled by tourists; and then, like bright 'bits of
colour' that would delight the former, the scarlet coats could be seen
glancing between the gnarled stems of the giant trees, as the horsemen went
pouring down the woody steeps.
'Take care here, for heaven's sake, Hiss Cheyne, and keep your horse
well in hand, with its head up,' cried Bevil Goring. 'The tree stumps
concealed here among the long grass are most treacherous traps.'
'I fear more the boughs of the trees, they are so apt to tear one's hair,'
replied the flushed girl, breathlessly, as she flew, her dark blue skirt and veil
streaming behind her; and now and then a cry of terror escaped her, as a
horse and its rider went floundering into some marshy pool, though
generally with no worse result than a mud bath.
At length the beeches are left behind, while the deer shoots on past
Wilton Park, anon over Chalfont Brook, till she reaches the stable in a
farmyard, and there is captured and made safe, and so ends the day, after
which there is nothing left for the breathless and blown, who have followed
her thus far, but to ride slowly back some fifteen miles to Slough.
Less occupied by interest in the hunt than with each other, Bevil Goring
and Miss Cheyne had gradually dropped out of it, and at the time of the
conversation with which this chapter opens were riding slowly along a
narrow green lane that led—they had not yet begun to consider in what
precise direction.
CHAPTER II.
AT CHILCOTE.
'The hounds threw off at half-past eleven, and the afternoon is far
advanced,' said Miss Cheyne, with a little anxiety of manner. 'I must take
the nearest cut home.'
'Thanks—so much.'
She could not say otherwise, as she could neither decline his escort nor
with propriety ride home alone; yet she gave a glance rather helplessly
around her, as all her immediate friends—and one more especially, whose
escort her father wished her to have had—were now left miles behind,
having 'come to grief' at the first fence, and were now she knew not where.
But then she thought it was not her fault that they had dropped out of
the hunt, or out of their saddles perhaps.
'To reach the high-road, we must take this fence,' said Captain Goring,
finding that the narrow lane they had pursued, ended in a species of cul de
sac.
He measured the distance, cleared the fence, and came safely down on
the hard road beyond.
With a little cry of half delight and half terror curiously mingled, the girl
rushed her horse at the fence, but barely cleared it, as its hoofs touched the
summit.
'What a nasty buck jump,' said Goring. 'Is that an Irish horse, used to
double fences, I wonder?'
'And all my own,' said the girl laughing, as she placed her switch
between her pearly teeth, and with her gauntleted hands proceeded to knot
the coils deftly up; 'all my own, by production, and not by purchase. And
now for home,' she added, as they broke into an easy trot. 'Such a hard
mouth this animal has!' she exclaimed, after a pause; 'my poor wrists are
quite weary.'
'Indeed,' said Goring, briefly, and then after a pause, he added, 'you have
ridden with these hounds before.'
'Yes, once when the meet was at Iver's Heath, and again when it was at
Wokingham, and the deer was caught in a pond near Wilton Park.'
'And did Lord Cadbury on each occasion give you a mount?' he added,
in a casual manner.
'Yes, we have no horses at Chilcote; but how curious you are,' she
replied, colouring again, and with a sense of annoyance that he did not
suspect, though the mention of the peer's name by her lips irritated Bevil
Goring, and made him seek to repress the love that was growing in his
heart.
Yet he knew not that he had impressed Alison Cheyne by his voice and
manner beyond anyone whom she had hitherto met, but she was conscious
that her heart beat quicker when he addressed her, and that the very
sunshine seemed to grow brighter in his presence; but to what end was all
this, she thought, unless—if he loved her—he was rich enough to suit her
father's standard of wealth.
As they drew near Chilcote they tacitly, it seemed, reduced the pace of
their horses to a walk.
'If it does not grieve you now to recur to the fate of your brother Ellon,'
said Goring, in his softest tone, 'I may mention that I have a little souvenir
of him, of which I would beg your acceptance.'
'Yes.'
'Thank you so much,' said she, with a quivering lip; 'but to deprive you
——'
'Nay, nay, do not begin to speak thus. To whom should it belong but to
you? And how strange is the chance that gives me an opportunity of
presenting it!'
'I cannot decline it; but the girl—who can she have been? Poor Ellon,
some secret is buried in his grave.'
'Soldiers' graves, I doubt not, hide many, and many a sad romance. I
have generally worn it, curious to say, as my stock of jewellery is not very
extensive.'
'No, I never wear rings when riding, the stones are apt to get knocked
out. I meant to do myself the pleasure of calling on you after the hunt; and
shall, if you will permit me. To-morrow I am for guard.'
They were close to the house now, and, lifting his hat, he bowed low
and turned his horse just as a groom, who had been waiting in the porch,
took hers by the bridle, and, waving the handle of her switch to him in
farewell, Miss Cheyne gathered up her riding skirt and entered the house.
Bevil Goring lingered at the further end of the avenue that led to
Chilcote, which was in a lovely locality, especially in summer, one of those
sunny places within thirty miles of St. Paul's, and one secluded and woody
—a place like Burnham Beeches, where the tree trunks are of amazing size,
and the path that led to the house went down a deep dell, emblossomed in a
wilderness leafy at all times but in winter.
The ash, the birch, and contorted beeches overhung the slopes on each
side, and there seemed an entire absence of human care about them; and
there in summer the sheep wandered among the tender grass, as if they were
the only owners of the domain; but Bevil Goring had but one thought as he
looked around him, and then turned lingeringly away.
'How delicious to ramble among these leafy glades with her! How
deuced glad I am that I have that poor fellow's ring, and can gratify her—
perhaps myself too. Bother the guard of to-morrow; but I must get it over as
best I may.'
He lighted a cigar, and at a trot took the road to Aldershot, but so sunk
in thoughts that were new and delicious that he forgot all about his 'soothing
weed' till it scorched his thick dark moustache.
She had blushed with annoyance when resigning the reins of her horse
to Gaskins, Lord Cadbury's groom, while thinking that there was neither
groom nor stable at Chilcote, though, as her father had told her many a time
and oft, there were stalls for four and twenty nags at Essilmont, where
others stabled their horses now; and sooth to tell, for causes yet to be told,
she was provoked at being under any obligation to old Lord Cadbury,
especially in the now reduced state of their fortunes.
She was received with a bright smile of welcome in the entrance hall by
their sole male attendant, old Archie Auchindoir, Sir Ranald's man-of-all-
work, who looked resentfully after the unconscious groom while taking
away the horse, which he would gladly have retained for his young mistress
by force if he could, for Archie thought regretfully of the once ample
ménage at far away Essilmont, where, like his father before him, he had
grown to manhood and age in the family of the Cheynes.
'Yes, Miss,' said he, receiving her gloves and switch. 'And waiting
anxiously for you, though ower proud to show it even to me; but, my certie,
it's the life o' an auld hat to be weel cockit.'
Their household was so small now that Alison had no maid to attend
upon her, and quickly changing her costume she sought at once the presence
of her father, smoothing her hair with her white hands as she hurried to
receive his kiss; for, so far as he was concerned, Alison, in her twentieth
year, was as much a child as when in her little frocks.
He was seated in a little room called his study, though there were few
books there; but there were a writing table usually littered with letters, and
invariably with an unpleasant mass of accounts to amount 'rendered;' an
easy chair, deep, high-backed, and cosy, in which he passed most of his
time, and which was so placed that from it he had a full view of the long,
woody, and neglected avenue. There he spent hours reading the Field and
turning over books on farming, veterinary surgery, and so forth, by mere
force of habit, though he had not an acre of land or a dog or a horse to look
after now; and these studies were varied by the perusal of prints of a
conservative tendency, and an occasional dip into the pages of Burke.
He courteously threw into the fire the end of the cigar he had been
smoking as his daughter entered, and twining her soft arm round him said,
while nestling her face in his neck—
'Oh, papa, I have never had so delightful a day with the hounds as this!'
Sir Ranald had a pale and worn face that in youth had been eminently
handsome; his silver hair, or rather what remained of it, was brushed back
behind his wax-like ears, and a smile of great tenderness for his daughter,
the last of his old, old race and the hope of his age, lighted up his
aristocratic features.
His voice was in unison with his face—it was worn too, if we may use
the expression, yet soft and not unmusical.
'You had an escort to the gate, I saw?' said he, interrogatively. 'Lord
Cadbury, of course; why did he not come in?'
'Again?' said Sir Ranald, with just the slightest shade of displeasure
flitting over his face. 'You were safely driven to the meet by Mrs.
Trelawney?'
'Yes; and, when I last saw her and dear little Netty, their victoria was
wedged between a drag and a tax-cart. I do hope they escaped without
harm.'
'I hope so, too, for she is a very charming woman. And you found
Cadbury duly waiting at Salthill with his horses?'
'But why did he not make an effort to escort you home?' asked Sir
Ranald, whom this point interested.
'I missed him in the running, as I said, papa,' replied Alison, colouring
now. 'He is so slow at his fences.'
'Slow; he has the reputation of generally riding faster than his horse,'
said Sir Ranald, who was unable to repress a joke at the parvenu peer,
whom he was not without quiet hopes of having for a son-in-law. 'Then, I
suppose, Captain Goring was your escort for most of the day?'
'In fact, I may presume that you and he were always neck-and-neck;
taking your fences together, and all that sort of thing?'
'Oh, no, papa; certainly not,' replied Alison, thinking it was unwise to
admit too much, though her father's surmises were very near the truth.
'I am astonished that Cadbury did not make an effort to join you.'
'I never saw him after the hounds threw off,' said Alison, a little wearily,
as she knew how her father's secret thoughts were tending.
'No.'
'Can I help it, papa, if his wont is to fail at the first fence?'
'I do not quite see what his place is; but oh, papa, what do you think?
Capt. Goring heard of poor Ellon in India—he actually laid him in his
grave, if one may say so!'
'How?'
She was about to mention the proffered ring, which she deemed a
precious relic, when her father said with a tone of some gravity, and even
crustily—
'I don't much like your following the hounds, and think you must give it
up.'
'There you go!' exclaimed her father, with a petty gush of irritation; 'I
don't like it! Think how a girl looks in an October morning at a cover-side,
her eyes watering, perhaps her nose red, and her cheeks blue, and after a
while, perhaps, with her hat smashed, her habit torn, her hair hanging down
her back, and some fellow fagging by her side drearily when he wishes her