Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Download PDF) Pincer Compounds Chemistry and Applications 1St Edition David Morales Morales Ebook Online Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Pincer Compounds Chemistry and Applications 1St Edition David Morales Morales Ebook Online Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Pincer Compounds Chemistry and Applications 1St Edition David Morales Morales Ebook Online Full Chapter
https://ebookmeta.com/product/classical-mythology-helen-morales/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/wearable-physical-chemical-and-
biological-sensors-fundamentals-materials-and-applications-eden-
morales-narvaez-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/pincer-metal-complexes-
applications-in-catalytic-dehydrogenation-chemistry-1st-edition-
akshai-kumar-editor/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/disinformation-in-the-global-
south-1st-edition-herman-wasserman-dani-madrid-morales/
Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates
and Entomopathogens 2nd Edition Juan A. Morales-Ramos
https://ebookmeta.com/product/mass-production-of-beneficial-
organisms-invertebrates-and-entomopathogens-2nd-edition-juan-a-
morales-ramos/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/aryl-diazonium-salts-and-related-
compounds-surface-chemistry-and-applications-1st-edition-mohamed-
mehdi-chehimi/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/editing-and-montage-in-
international-film-and-video-theory-and-technique-1st-edition-
luis-fernando-morales-morante/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/microbial-bioactive-compounds-
industrial-and-agricultural-applications-1st-edition-ravindra-
soni/
Pincer Compounds
Pincer Compounds
Chemistry and Applications
Edited by
David Morales-Morales
Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright r 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our
arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be
found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as
may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our under-
standing, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should
be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for
any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any
use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-812931-9
Matthew Asay, Instituto de Quı́mica Universidad Peng Cui, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN,
Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico United States
Maravanji S. Balakrishna, Indian Institute of Jason A. Denny, Mississippi State University,
Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India Mississippi State, MS, United States
Wesley H. Bernskoetter, The University of Missouri, Tara K.K. Dickie, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge,
Columbia, MO, United States AB, Canada
Benoı̂t Bertrand, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Alejandro Dorazco-González, Centro Conjunto de
United Kingdom Investigación en Quı́mica Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM,
Manfred Bochmann, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Toluca, Estado de México, México; Universidad
United Kingdom Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Sarote Boonseng, University of Sussex, Falmer, Libor Dostál, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech
Brighton, United Kingdom Republic
Kristin Bowman-James, University of Kansas, Nathan A. Eberhardt, University of Cincinnati,
Lawrence, KS, United States Cincinnati, OH, United States
Juan Cámpora, Instituto de Invetigaciones Quı́micas, Miguel A. Esteruelas, Departamento de Quı́mica
CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis
Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en
Daniel Canseco-González, Universidad Autónoma Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de
Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Ivan Castillo, Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Huaquan Fang, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Shanghai, PR China
Adrian B. Chaplin, University of Warwick, Coventry, Julio Fernandez-Cestau, University of East Anglia,
United Kingdom Norwich, United Kingdom
Basujit Chatterjee, National Institute of Science Michael Findlater, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,
Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India TX, United States
Xiangyang Chen, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Jun-Fang Gong, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China;; University China
of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, PR China
Lucero González-Sebastián, Instituto de Quı́mica,
Gunanathan Chidambaram, National Institute of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, City, Mexico
India
Nikolaus Gorgas, Vienna University of Technology,
Jong-Hoo Choi, University of Cologne, Cologne, Vienna, Austria
Germany
Hairong Guan, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
Hans P. Cook, University of Warwick, Coventry, United OH, United States
Kingdom
Rajeev Gupta, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Hazel Cox, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton,
United Kingdom Go Hamasaka, Institute for Molecular Science,
Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
xv
xvi List of Contributors
Paul G. Hayes, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Pilar Palma, Instituto de Invetigaciones Quı́micas, CSIC -
AB, Canada Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Nilay Hazari, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United Dennis Pingen, University of Konstanz, Konstanz,
States Germany
T. Keith Hollis, Mississippi State University, Mississippi Martin H.G. Prechtl, University of Cologne, Cologne,
State, MS, United States Germany
Zheng Huang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Latchupatula Radhakrishna, Indian Institute of
PR China Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
Kengo Hyodo, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan Luca Rocchigiani, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
Vlad M. Iluc, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United Kingdom
IN, United States Antonio Rodrı́guez-Delgado, Instituto de Invetigaciones
Jun-ichi Ito, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Quı́micas, CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Seville,
Spain
Roman Jambor, University of Pardubice, Pardubice,
Czech Republic Gavin Roffe, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton,
United Kingdom
William D. Jones, University of Rochester, Rochester,
NY, United States Anu Saini, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United
States
Sandeep Kaur, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS,
United States Eduardo Sola, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis
Homogénea, CSIC Universidad de Zaragoza,
Karl Kirchner, Vienna University of Technology, Zaragoza, Spain
Vienna, Austria
Mao-Ping Song, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR
Naveen V. Kulkarni, University of Rochester, China
Rochester, NY, United States
John Spencer, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton,
Pramod Kumar, University of Delhi, Delhi, India United Kingdom
Georgette M. Lang, Mississippi State University, Caroline M. Storey, University of Warwick, Coventry,
Mississippi State, MS, United States United Kingdom
Guixia Liu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, Yasuhiro Uozumi, Institute for Molecular Science,
PR China Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
Connor S. MacNeil, University of Lethbridge, Hugo Valdés, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Lethbridge, AB, Canada México, Mexico City, Mexico
Virginia Montiel-Palma, Centro de Investigaciones Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt, van ’t Hoff Institute for
Quı́micas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam,
de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Amsterdam, The Netherlands
David Morales-Morales, Instituto de Quı́mica, Gerard van Koten, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico Netherlands
City, Mexico
Ola F. Wendt, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Shuichi Nakamura, Nagoya Institute of Technology,
Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Xinzheng Yang, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China;; University
Hisao Nishiyama, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, PR China
Montserrat Oliván, Departamento de Quı́mica Julio Zamora-Moreno, Centro de Investigaciones
Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis Quı́micas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado
Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de
Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain Xinju Zhu, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR
China
Preface
Ten years ago, The Chemistry of Pincer Compounds (Morales-Morales, David, and Jensen, Craig, Eds. 2007.
Burlington: Elsevier) came out from the need to collate the large and quickly growing information then available on
pincer compounds and their reactivities. At that time, Prof. Bill Jones wrote in his “Perspective and prospects for pincer
ligand chemistry” chapter, “Where are the developments for pincer chemistry going in the future? While prediction of
specific applications are speculative at best, it is clear that the pincer ligand will have a strong impact on future
research. The variability in the ligand structure is immense. . . Pincer ligands are here to provide an anchor for the future
of organometallic chemistry.” He was not mistaken as we can see from the 33 chapters in this book which cover a wide
variety of ligands, complexes, and applications. The evolution of pincer complexes has accompanied the evolution of
chemistry—for example, novel pincer compounds with earth abundant metals produce more environmentally benign
processes utilizing sustainable starting materials. Sustainable energy and greenhouse gases are extremely relevant issues
in scientific development which have been addressed by new pincer catalysts. These compounds have advanced our
knowledge in the production of hydrogen and the efficient use of molecules—such as CO2—as an abundant feedstock
to produce value-added products while simultaneously reducing atmospheric emissions. Small molecule activation is
another ongoing topic of research wherein pincer complexes have found relevant and cutting-edge uses. These are just
a few examples of the plethora of chemistry and authors gathered in this book. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all my
colleagues that kindly and professionally accepted the invitation to share their chemistry research and made the time to
write a chapter for this book. I am sure this work will serve as an inspiration for others to continue future developments
in this interesting and pertinent area of pincer compounds.
David Morales-Morales
Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Spring 2018
xvii
Chapter 1
Chapter Outline
1.1 Introduction 1 1.7 Allylation and Propargylation of Carbonyl Compounds 11
1.2 Reduction Reactions 1 1.8 Aldol and Mannich Reactions 13
1.3 Borylation Reactions 5 1.9 Hydrophosphination and Hydroamination 13
1.4 Alkynylation Reactions 6 1.10 Miscellaneous Reactions 16
1.5 Reactions with Carbenoids 7 1.11 Summary 17
1.6 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions 8 References 17
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Chiral pincer complexes have been widely utilized as active and selective catalysts in various asymmetric reactions in
organic synthesis. New chiral ligands and transition metal complexes have been designed to achieve high efficiency
and enantioselectivity. Among them, chiral NCN and PCP ligands A 2 C, containing a central phenyl backbone tethered
to two chiral units, have become popular (Scheme 1.1). These chiral pincer ligands were successfully employed to
develop transition metal catalysts for various asymmetric transformations, including alkylation, allylation, Diels Alder,
aldol, Michael, reductive-aldol, and hydrosilylation reactions. Related transformations were previously summarized by
Richards and Fossey in “The Chemistry of Pincer Compounds,” which was published in 2007 [1]. In this chapter, we
survey the subsequent development of chiral transition metal complexes with anionic pincer ligands for asymmetric
catalysis. In this context, bis(imidazoline) ligands B, which are among the most efficient ligands among chiral pincer
ligands, are described in Chapters 9 and 10, Transition Metal Pincer Complexes with Chiral Imidazoline Donor(s):
Synthesis and Asymmetric Catalysis and Chiral NCN Pincer-Type Catalysts Having Bis(imidazoline)s.
Although the acetate complexes 1 were moisture and air stable, the Rh(I) hydride active species were generated by the
reaction with hydrosilanes. This catalytic system was expanded to the conjugate reduction of bulky α,β-unsaturated
ketones 2, which produced 3 with high enantioselectivity (Scheme 1.2) [3]. In this reaction, the outcome of the absolute
configuration of 3 was significantly affected by the geometry of the CQC bond. Accordingly, E and Z-isomers, 2a and
2b, gave S and R-enantiomers 3, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic loading could be reduced to 0.2 mol% without
loss of enantioselectivity. This reduction strategy mediated by an NCN pincer Rh complex was successfully employed
in a remote stereogenic control to construct an all-carbon quaternary center at the γ-carbonyl position (Scheme 1.2) [4].
Desymmetrizing reduction of one of the two CQC bonds in the γ,γ-disubstituted cyclohexadienone derivative 4
resulted in the formation of the corresponding 2-silyloxy diene 5, and this prevented over-reduction. Subsequent hydro-
lysis afforded the cyclohexenone derivative 6 with high enantioselectivity (93% ee).
Another application of NCN pincer complex 1a is the asymmetric hydrosilylation of disubstituted alkenes 7
(Scheme 1.3) [5]. The catalytic reaction of aromatic alkenes with (EtO)3SiH gave α-silylated products, which were con-
verted to corresponding chiral alcohols 8 in high yields and high enantioselectivities by successive Tamao oxidation. In
this reaction, both trans-alkene 7a and cis-alkene 7b afforded the same S-enantiomer 8a due to the rapid E/Z isomeriza-
tion of the CQC bond. Interestingly, dihydronaphthalene 7c exhibited β-selectivity, with inversion of configuration, to
give the α-hydroxylated product 8c (91% ee).
Asymmetric reduction of ketones to chiral alcohols is also an important transformation in organic synthesis. In
particular, the development of base-metal catalysts, such as Fe, is one of the most important topics in asymmetric
catalysis. Nishiyama applied an NNN pincer ligand bis(oxazolinylphenyl)amine (Bopa, 9a) [6] to the asymmetric
hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones with hydrosilanes catalyzed by the corresponding Fe and Co complexes, which
were generated in situ from Fe(OAc)2 and Co(OAc)2, respectively (Scheme 1.4) [7]. In particular, (EtO)2MeSiH was
found to be a suitable reducing agent. The enantioselectivity of the Co catalyst was found to be higher than that of
the Fe catalyst. The Bopa-Fe complex was isolated from the reaction of FeCl2 with 9a, where Fe(III) chloride
complex 10 was obtained via oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by air. In contrast, the reaction of 9a with Co(OAc)2
provided Bopa-Co(II) complex 11, in which the Bopa ligand acted as a neutral ligand without deprotonation of the
center NaH bond.
Chiral Pincer Complexes for Asymmetric Reactions Chapter | 1 3
The Bopa-Fe system exhibited unique properties in the outcome of the absolute configuration of the obtained chiral
alcohols. The catalytic system was controlled by the presence of Zn metal as an additive (Scheme 1.5) [8]. When the
catalyst was prepared by pretreatment of Bopa-Fe chloride complex 10 with Zn, S-alcohols were obtained as the major
enantiomers with good enantioselectivities in the reaction of cyclic ketones. On the other hand, opposite R-enantiomers
were formed when using the catalyst generated from Bopa and Fe(OAc)2 in the absence of Zn metal.
Gade developed chiral pincer Fe catalysts using bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoles, which were found to be attractive
scaffolds to construct chiral NNN pincer ligands. The (1)-2-carene derived ligand (Carbpi) was successfully utilized to
construct chiral pincer Fe complex 11, which showed high enantioselectivities in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of aro-
matic ketones with (EtO)2MeSiH. (Scheme 1.6) [9]. In this ligand system, introduction of bulky pentaphenyl substitu-
tion to the isoindole backbone effectively improved the enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee). It was proposed that a
potential backside attack of the substrate was blocked in the enantiomer-determining step.
The combination of a bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindole framework with chiral oxazolines produces Boxmi-Fe complexes
12 and 13, which served as efficient catalysts in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of ketones (Scheme 1.7) [10]. Alkoxy
4 Pincer Compounds
complex 13, obtained by the reaction of 12 with (S)-1-phenyl-1-ethanol, showed high performance in the catalytic reac-
tion, giving chiral alcohols with high enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
Chiral NCN Fe complexes were also tested as catalysts for the hydrosilylation of ketones. Phebox-Fe bromide com-
plex 14 in the presence of Na(acac) was used in the catalytic hydrosilylation of ketones to give the corresponding chiral
alcohols with up to 66% ee (Scheme 1.8) [11]. The formation of chiral products suggested that the catalytic reaction
proceeded without decomposition of the NCN ligand framework. Silyl complex 15 exhibited catalytic activity in the
absence of a base but showed modest enantioselectivity [12]. In contract, stannyl complex 16 was less active than 15.
The transfer hydrogenation reaction is a more practical method in the asymmetric reduction of ketones compared to
the hydrosilylation reaction. Baratta reported that chiral Ru complexes 17 containing monoanionic CNN pincer ligands
and Josiphos* ligand 19 (Josiphos* 5 (S,R)-1-{2-[Bis(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphino]ferrocenyl}ethyldicy-
clohexylphosphine) served as highly efficient and enantioselective catalysts in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of
ketones using 2-propanol as reducing agent (Scheme 1.9) [13]. This catalytic reaction can be conducted under high sub-
strate/catalyst ratio (S/C) and TOF. Interestingly, 17 was also active in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones with
5 atm of H2 at 40 C, giving the corresponding chiral alcohols with high enantioselectivities (90% 2 99% ee) [14].
Furthermore, Os complex 18 displayed an improved catalytic activity compared to Ru analog 17 [15]. Combination of
18 with chiral phosphine 19 similarly provided an active and selective catalyst for both transfer hydrogenation and
hydrogenation of ketones.
SCHEME 1.9 Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by chiral CNN Ru and Os complexes.
NCN Pincer Ru complex 20 was used in the asymmetric hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of ketones
(Scheme 1.10) [16]. Complex 20 showed an interesting phenomenon regarding the enantioselectivity, which was
Chiral Pincer Complexes for Asymmetric Reactions Chapter | 1 5
significantly improved by the addition of bulky chiral alcohols, such as (S)-1-(9-anthracenyl)ethanol (21), even in the
presence of large amounts of alcoholic solvents [17]. It was proposed that this result was caused by the strong interac-
tion between the Ru complex and the chiral bulky alcohol.
NCN-Rh complex 1a was used in the asymmetric diboration of alkenes with B2pin2, giving 1,2-diborane compounds
24 (Scheme 1.12) [19]. Oxidation by NaBO3 4H2O afforded chiral diols 25 with excellent enantioselectivities (up to
99% ee). The diboration of styrene could be performed with 0.1 mol% of catalyst without loss of enantioselectivity and
yield. The 11B NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture of 1a with B2pin2 showed the formation of a boryl Rh species,
which was suggested as an intermediate for the insertion to an alkene. This catalytic system was extended to the prepa-
ration of chiral 3-amino-1,2-propandiol derivatives by asymmetric diboration of N-protected allylamines and subsequent
oxidation in a one-pot procedure [20].
SCHEME 1.13 Asymmetric direct alkynylation of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by Phebox-Rh acetate complexes.
As an expansion of the utility of chiral pincer complexes in the asymmetric alkynylation of ketones, chiral CCN pin-
cer Rh acetate complexes 33 containing N-heterocyclic carbene and oxazoline hybrid ligands were tested (Scheme
1.14) [24]. The catalytic reaction of fluoroalkyl-substituted ketones with terminal alkynes afforded the corresponding
propargyl alcohols with high enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee). The stoichiometric reaction of 33b with PhCCH gave
monoalkynyl complex (CCN)Rh(k2-OAc)(CCPh), which reacted with another PhCCH molecule in the presence of pyri-
dine to give bisalkynyl complex (CCN)Rh(CCPh)2(py). Considering this result, bisalkynyl intermediate (CCN)Rh
(CCR)2 was proposed to be the active species for the insertion of the ketone into the Rh 2 alkynyl bond.
NCN Ru acetate complex 35, containing a Phebox-type ligand, showed higher performance in the catalytic alkynyla-
tion of aldehydes than the Phebox-Rh analog (Scheme 1.15) [25]. The catalytic reaction proceeded in 2-propanol to
give chiral propargylic alcohols 36 with high enantioselectivities (up to 95% ee). In contrast to NCN-Rh complexes 1,
the alkynyl complex was not detected in the reaction with the Phebox-Ru catalyst. Complex 35 proved to be a good cat-
alyst for the conjugate addition of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl ketones, esters, amides, and phosphonates [26]. For exam-
ple, 3-penten-2-one gave the corresponding chiral product 37 with 82% ee.
Considering the results of the conjugate addition of alkynes to α,β-unsaturated ketones, a Ru-enolate species was
suspected as intermediate of the reaction. Trapping this enolate species by electrophiles, such as aldehydes, would be
a versatile method for the construction of complex molecules from simple starting materials. Ru complex 35
catalyzed the asymmetric three-component coupling reaction between terminal alkynes, α,β-unsaturated ketones, and
aldehydes in a one-pot procedure to give β-hydroxyketone derivatives 38, containing α-propargyl groups, in
high yields with moderate enantioselectivities (Scheme 1.16) [27]. A control experiment suggested that Ru-enolate
intermediate 39, generated by conjugate addition, was a key intermediate for the subsequent aldol reaction with
aldehydes.
NCN Ru complexes 20 and 43 were found to be active and selective catalysts in the asymmetric cyclopropanation
of alkenes with a diazoester derivative, giving trans-cyclopropanes 44 (Scheme 1.18) [30]. Aqua complex 43 exhibited
high yield with high enantioselectivity. Its catalytic activity and enantioselectivity was found to be comparable to that
of the Pybox-Ru system, which had a neutral bisoxazoline tridentate ligand [31].
Gade reported that Boxmi-Co complex 45, containing the Carbpi ligand, served as a good catalyst in the asymmetric
intramolecular cyclopropanation to afford cyclopropanes 46 with up to 94% ee (Scheme 1.19) [9].
enantioselectivities. This catalytic system was also applied to the asymmetric fluorination of β-ketoesters with NFSI.
Isolation of Boxmi-Ni complex 50a was achieved from the reaction of 47a with NaH, followed by treatment with
NiCl2. Alternatively, the reaction of 47a with Ni(OAc)2 gave the acetate analog 50b.
Boxmi-Cu catalyst 51 was applied to the asymmetric alkylation of β-ketoesters with benzyl iodides and allyl iodides
(Scheme 1.21) [33]. In this reaction, the in situ generated Cu catalyst obtained by treatment of 47a with Cu(OAc)2
showed similar performance compared to the isolated complex 51. Benzyl and allyl iodides, generated in situ from the
reaction of benzyl and allyl alcohol with CsI and BF3 Et2O in MeCN, can be used for the alkylation reaction, enhanc-
ing the utility of this catalytic reaction. The proposed mechanism involved enolate intermediate 54 formed by coordina-
tion of 52 to a Cu center, followed by deprotonation with a base. Since the Si face of the Cu-enolate was blocked by
the Ph substituents of one of the oxazoline groups, the electrophile approached form the Re-face.
The application of the Boxmi-Cu catalyst was expanded to the asymmetric trifluoromethylation reaction of
β-ketoester derivatives (Scheme 1.22) [34]. Reaction of β-ketoester 52 with Togni’s reagent 55 in the presence of the
Boxmi-Cu catalyst, generated in situ by treatment of Cu(OTf)2 with BoxmiH 47a, provided the corresponding trifluoro-
methylated compounds 56 with high enantioselectivities. This catalytic system was applied to β-ketoesters 57, contain-
ing a six-membered cycle, which were effectively trifluoromethylated using Umemoto’s reagent 58 in the presence of a
base.
The Boxmi-Cu system was also utilized in the asymmetric electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolation of β-ketoesters 52
using Lu and Shen’s SCF3-transfer reagent 60 (Scheme 1.23) [35]. β-Ketoesters having both five- and six-membered
cycles afforded the corresponding SCF3 substituted products 61. Since other metal salts, such as Fe(OCOEt)2, Ni
(ClO4)2 6H2O, and Zn(NTf)2, showed no asymmetric induction, the Cu catalyst was found to have an advantage in the
electrophilic transformation of β-ketoesters.
The Boxmi-Fe catalyst 62 was employed in the asymmetric azidation of β-ketoesters 52 and oxindoles 48 (Scheme
1.24) [36]. The enantioselectivity was improved by the addition of silver carboxylate. In the case of the azidation of
oxindoles 48, the Fe catalyst generated in situ from Fe(OCOEt)2 and BoxmiH (47a) displayed higher enantioselectivity
than the catalyst generated from 62 and silver carboxylate, giving the corresponding azide oxindoles 64b.
As an application to Lewis acid catalysis, chiral Boxmi-Zn catalysts were utilized in the asymmetric allylation of oxi-
ndole derivatives 48 with allyl bromide, giving allylated products 65 with high enantioselectivities (Scheme 1.25) [37]. It
was found that the stoichiometric reaction of BoxmiH 47a with ZnEt2, followed by treatment with the oxindole, produced
zinc enolate complex 66, which reacted with allyl bromide to give 65 with high enantioselectivity (98% ee). The DFT calcu-
lation of the reaction with oxindoles showed that the lowest energy pathway was the Si-face attack in the square-pyramidal
geometry. In contrast, the use of Cu instead of Zn in this reaction gave racemic products 65 due to a radical mechanism.
Guiry reported the asymmetric homoallenylation of aldehydes catalyzed by BOPA-Cr catalysts (Scheme 1.28) [42].
The tert-butyl/isopropyl ligand 9b gave the best result in the reaction of homoallenyl bromide 73 with aldehydes, giving
β-allenols 74.
The Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of aldehydes with allyltributyltin was widely studied using chiral
NCN-Rh and PCP-Pd pincer complexes [43]. Gebbink, Gong, and Song reported chiral PCP-Pd complexes 75 and 76
containing amino alcohol-derived phosphoramidite groups, which were employed in the asymmetric allylation of imines
with allyltributyltin to afford homoallyl amines 78 with moderate enantioselectivities (Scheme 1.29) [44]. Szabó
described that binaphthol-based chiral pincer complex 77 exhibited higher enantioselectivities in this reaction [45].
Gond and Song also synthesized C1-symmeric chiral CNN pincer-Pd complex 79 containing an oxazoline group. Pd
complex 79 was used in the asymmetric allylation of isatin derivatives with allylbutyltin to give the corresponding oxi-
ndoles 80 with good enantioselectivities of up to 86% ee (Scheme 1.30) [46].
SCHEME 1.29 Asymmetric allylation with allyltributyltin catalyzed by PCP pincer-Pd complexes.
The asymmetric Mannich reaction is useful for the construction of chiral α-amino acid derivatives. Arai developed
chiral PhBidine Rh acetate complex 84, which served as an effective catalyst in the asymmetric Mannich reaction of
malononitriles with N-Boc imines, affording coupling products 85 in up to 94% ee (Scheme 1.32) [49]. In contrast, the
chloride analog of 84 gave a racemic mixture of product 85. In a proposed mechanism, the acetate ligand acts as a base
and abstracts a proton from malononitrile to give the Rh-enolate Rh-NQCQCHCN.
up to 97% ee. The use of acetate complex 86b without the addition of a base improved the enantioselectivities up to
99% ee. It was proposed that the Pd-acetate complex reacted with Ph2PH to give a Pd-PPh2 intermediate, which under-
went the subsequent conjugate addition to the enone.
This catalytic system mediated by PCP-Pd complexes 86 was tested with other unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
However, ethyl cinnamate 88a did not undergo asymmetric conjugate addition of PPh2H (Scheme 1.34) [52]. Highly
electrophilic ester diethyl 2-benzylidenemalonate 88b resulted in no reaction. In contrast, conjugate addition of PPh2H
to α,β-unsaturated sulfonic esters and subsequent oxidation provided phosphine oxide products 83 with excellent enan-
tioselectivities of up to 99.5% ee [53]. The catalytic reaction proceeded even at 260 C to give the products in high
yields.
Pullarkat and Leung reported the asymmetric conjugate addition of PPh2H to enone 91 catalyzed by the chiral Pd
complex 90, containing a PC-bidentate ligand (Scheme 1.35) [54]. This reaction is considered to provide a versatile pro-
cedure for the enantioselective synthesis of precursors for chiral PCP-pincer ligands. In fact, the reaction of 92 with
PdCl2(MeCN)2 resulted in the formation of the PCP-Pd complex 93a in high yield (85%).
The chiral PCP-Pd complex 94, containing P-stereogenic centers, was investigated by Imamoto and Zhang as
catalyst in the hydrophosphination of nitroalkenes (Scheme 1.36) [55]. The reaction of PPh2H with trans-
β-nitrostyrene derivatives and subsequent oxidation with H2O2 afforded 95 with good enantioselectivity of up to
83% ee. The PCP-Pd complex 94 was employed in the conjugate addition of β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters, giv-
ing the corresponding phosphine oxide products in high yields with moderate to good enantioselectivity of up to
93% ee [56].
In the case of the conjugate addition of α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives there are two plausible reaction
pathways, namely the 1,4-addition and 1,6-addition. The PCP-Pd complex 86b displayed catalytic activity in the conju-
gate addition of PPh2H to ester 97 to give the corresponding 1,6-addition product 98a in moderate yield and enantios-
electivity (Scheme 1.37) [52]. In this reaction, the selectivity of 1,4- and 1,6-addition was controlled by the steric
hindrance of the electron-withdrawing group of the dienes. Thus, while α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketone 99 exclusively pro-
duced 1,4-addition product 101 with 93% ee, α,β,ρ,δ-unsaturated sulfonic ester 100 gave 1,6-addition product 102 with
96% ee, exclusively.
SCHEME 1.37 Asymmetric hydrophosphination of α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated dienes catalyzed by PCP pincer Pd complex 86b.
The acetate complex 93b was tested in the reaction of 97 with PPh2H, giving 1,6-addition product 103a as the
major isomer (Scheme 1.38) [57]. In contrast, The PC-Pd complex 90 exclusively produced 1,4-addition product
103b with 99% ee, suggesting that the PCP-pincer scaffold was important for the 1,6-selectivity. As observed for
acetate complex 86b, complex 104 catalyzed the asymmetric 1,4-addition of PPhH to 99 to afford 101 with excellent
enantioselectivity [58].
16 Pincer Compounds
The PCP-Pd complex 86b also served as a catalyst in the asymmetric 1,2-addition of PPh2H to N-tosylimines 105 to
give products 106 in high yields with high enantioselectivities of up to 96% ee (Scheme 1.39) [59].
The PCP-Ni complex 107, containing P-stereogenic centers, was used in the asymmetric Michael reaction of second-
ary amines with α,β-unsaturated nitriles (Scheme 1.40) [60]. Complex 107 was prepared by CaH activation of the
ligand precursor with NiCl2 6H2O in heating alcohol.
1.11 SUMMARY
Chiral pincer complexes with monoanionic ligands have been developed for asymmetric catalysis, including reduction
of unsaturated compounds, functionalization of carbonyl compounds and CaC bond formation reactions. To this end,
many kinds of pincer ligands were designed in terms of ligand backbones and chiral centers, and applied to construct
the transition metal complexes. Nitrogen-based pincer ligands have the advantage of structural diversity arising from a
large variety of nitrogen chiral sources. Consequently, the fine tuning of the chiral environment has resulted in
increased enantioselectivities. In addition, nitrogen pincer ligands were also found to have a good affinity to 3d transi-
tion metals, such as Fe, Ni, and Cu, which were employed as reduction and Lewis acid catalysts. Phosphorus-based pin-
cer ligands have also been expanded to various structures and applied to the construction of group 10 metal complexes
with square-planar geometry, which proved to be highly selective catalysts in conjugate addition reactions. Metal com-
plexes containing both chiral nitrogen and phosphorus pincer ligands might have a potential for further development of
asymmetric transformations.
REFERENCES
[1] C.J. Richards, J.S. Fossey, Chiral pincer complexes and their application to asymmetric synthesis, in: D. Morales-Morales, C.M. Jensen (Eds.),
The Chemistry of Pincer Compounds, Elsevier, Amsterdam; Oxford, 2007.
[2] Y. Kanazawa, Y. Tsuchiya, K. Kobayashi, T. Shiomi, J. Ito, M. Kikuchi, et al., Chem. Eur. J. 12 (2006) 63.
[3] K. Itoh, A. Tsuruta, J. Ito, Y. Yamamoto, H. Nishiyama, J. Org. Chem. 77 (2012) 10914.
[4] Y. Naganawa, M. Kawagishi, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (2016) 6873.
[5] T. Naito, T. Yoneda, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Synlett 23 (2012) 2957.
[6] H.A. McManus, P.J. Guiry, J. Org. Chem. 67 (2002) 8566.
[7] (a) T. Inagaki, L.T. Phong, A. Furuta, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Eur. J. 16 (2010) 3090. (b) H. Nishiyama, A. Furuta, Chem. Commun.
(2007) 760.
[8] T. Inagaki, A. Ito, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (2010) 9384.
[9] B.K. Langlotz, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (2008) 4670.
[10] (a) T. Bleith, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 2456. (b) T. Bleith, L.H. Gade, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (2016) 4972.
[11] S. Hosokawa, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Organometallics 29 (2010) 5773.
[12] J. Ito, S. Hosokawa, H.B. Khalid, H. Nishiyama, Organometallics 34 (2015) 1377.
18 Pincer Compounds
[13] (a) W. Baratta, G. Chelucci, S. Gladiali, K. Siega, M. Toniutti, M. Zanette, et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 44 (2005) 6214. (b) W. Baratta, M.
Bosco, G. Chelucci, A. Del Zotto, K. Siega, M. Toniutti, et al., Organometallics 25 (2006) 4611. (c) W. Baratta, G. Chelucci, S. Magnolia, K.
Siega, P. Rigo, Chem. Eur. J. 15 (2009) 726.
[14] W. Baratta, G. Chelucci, S. Magnolia, K. Siega, P. Rigo, Chem. Eur. J. 15 (2009) 726.
[15] W. Baratta, M. Ballico, G. Chelucci, K. Siega, P. Rigo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (2008) 4362.
[16] J. Ito, S. Ujiie, H. Nishiyama, Organometallics 28 (2009) 630.
[17] J. Ito, T. Teshima, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Commun. 48 (2012) 1105.
[18] (a) T. Shiomi, T. Adachi, K. Toribatake, L. Zhou, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Commun. (2009) 5987. (b) K. Toribatake, L. Zhou, A. Tsuruta, H.
Nishiyama, Tetrahedron 69 (2013) 3551.
[19] K. Toribatake, H. Nishiyama, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (2013) 11011.
[20] K. Toribatake, S. Miyata, Y. Naganawa, H. Nishiyama, Tetrahedron 71 (2015) 3203.
[21] T. Ohshima, T. Kawabata, Y. Takeuchi, T. Kakinuma, T. Iwasaki, T. Yonezawa, et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 (2011) 6296.
[22] K. Morisaki, M. Sawa, J.-Y. Nomaguchi, H. Morimoto, Y. Takeuchi, K. Mashima, et al., Chem. Eur. J. 19 (2013) 8417.
[23] K. Morisaki, M. Sawa, R. Yonesaki, H. Morimoto, K. Mashima, T. Ohshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (2016) 6194.
[24] J. Ito, S. Ubukata, S. Muraoka, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Eur. J. 22 (2016) 16801.
[25] J. Ito, R. Asai, H. Nishiyama, Org. Lett. 12 (2010) 3860.
[26] J. Ito, K. Fujii, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Eur. J. 19 (2013) 601.
[27] S. Ubukata, J. Ito, R. Oguri, H. Nishiyama, J. Org. Chem. 81 (2016) 3347.
[28] J. Ito, T. Shiomi, H. Nishiyama, Adv. Synth. Catal. 348 (2006) 1235.
[29] C.P. Owens, A. Varela-Álvarez, V. Boyarskikh, D.G. Musaev, H.M.L. Davies, S.B. Blakey, Chem. Sci. 4 (2013) 2590.
[30] J. Ito, S. Ujiie, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Eur. J. 16 (2010) 4986.
[31] (a) H. Nishiyama, Y. Itoh, H. Matsumoto, S.B. Park, K. Itoh, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (1994) 2223. (b) H. Nishiyama, Y. Itoh, Y. Sugawara, H.
Matsumoto, K. Aoki, K. Itoh, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68 (1995) 1247.
[32] Q.-H. Deng, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, Chem. Eur. J. 17 (2011) 14922.
[33] Q.-H. Deng, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 2946.
[34] Q.-H. Deng, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 10769.
[35] Q.-H. Deng, C. Rettenmeier, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, Chem. Eur. J. 20 (2014) 93.
[36] Q.-H. Deng, T. Bleith, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 5356.
[37] T. Bleith, Q.-H. Deng, H. Wadepohl, L.H. Gade, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 (2016) 7852.
[38] M. Inoue, T. Suzuki, M. Nakada, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 1140.
[39] M. Durán-Galván, B.T. Connell, Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2010) 2445.
[40] W. Chen, Q. Yang, T. Zhou, Q. Tian, G. Zhang, Org. Lett. 17 (2015) 5236.
[41] Q. Tian, J. Bai, B. Chen, G. Zhang, Org. Lett. 18 (2016) 1828.
[42] V. Coeffard, M. Aylward, P.J. Guiry, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (2009) 9152.
[43] (a) Y. Motoyama, M. Okano, H. Narusawa, N. Makihara, K. Aoki, H. Nishiyama, Organometallics 20 (2001) 1580. (b) Y. Motoyama, H.
Narusawa, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Commun. (1999) 131. (c) R.A. Baber, R.B. Bedford, M. Betham, M.E. Blake, S.J. Coles, M.F. Haddow,
et al., Chem. Commun. (2006) 3880.
[44] (a) J. Li, M. Lutz, A.L. Spek, G.P.M. van Klink, G. van Koten, R.J.M. Klein Gebbink, Organometallics 29 (2010) 1379. (b) J.-L. Niu, Q.-T.
Chen, X.-Q. Hao, Q.-X. Zhao, J.-F. Gong, M.-P. Song, Organometallics 29 (2010) 2148.
[45] J. Aydin, K.S. Kumar, M.J. Sayah, O.A. Wallner, K.J. Szabó, J. Org. Chem. 72 (2007) 4689.
[46] T. Wang, X.-Q. Hao, J.-J. Huang, K. Wang, J.-F. Gong, M.-P. Song, Organometallics 33 (2014) 194.
[47] H. Inoue, M. Kikuchi, J. Ito, H. Nishiyama, Tetrahedron 64 (2008) 493.
[48] M. Mizuno, H. Inoue, T. Naito, L. Zhou, H. Nishiyama, Chem. Eur. J. 15 (2009) 8985.
[49] T. Arai, T. Moribatake, H. Masu, Chem. Eur. J. 21 (2015) 10671.
[50] (a) J.M. Longmire, X. Zhang, Tetrahedron Lett. 38 (1997) 1725. (b) J.M. Longmire, X. Zhang, M. Shang, Organometallics 17 (1998) 4374.
[51] J.-J. Feng, X.-F. Chen, M. Shi, W.-L. Duan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 5562.
[52] J. Lu, J. Ye, W.-L. Duan, Chem. Commun. 50 (2014) 698.
[53] J. Lu, J. Ye, W.-L. Duan, Org. Lett. 15 (2013) 5016.
[54] Y. Huang, R.J. Chew, Y. Li, S.A. Pullarkat, Org. Lett. 13 (2011) 5862.
[55] B. Ding, Z. Zhang, Y. Xu, Y. Liu, M. Sugiya, T. Imamoto, et al., Org. Lett. 15 (2013) 5476.
[56] Y. Xu, Z. Yang, B. Ding, D. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Sugiya, et al., Tetrahedron 71 (2015) 6832.
[57] X.-Y. Yang, J.H. Gan, Y. Li, S.A. Pullarkat, P.-H. Leung, Dalton Trans. 44 (2015) 1258.
[58] X.-Y. Yang, W.S. Tay, Y. Li, S.A. Pullarkat, P.-H. Leung, Organometallic 34 (2015) 5196.
[59] M. Huang, C. Li, J. Huang, W.-L. Duan, S. Xu, Chem. Commun. 48 (2012) 11148.
[60] Z. Yang, D. Liu, Y. Liu, M. Sugiya, T. Imamoto, W. Zhang, Organometallics 34 (2015) 1228.
[61] T. Niwa, M. Nakada, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 13538.
[62] T. Arai, I. Oka, T. Morihata, A. Awata, H. Masu, Chem. Eur. J. 19 (2013) 1554.
Chapter 2
Chapter Outline
2.1 Introduction 19 2.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 43
2.2 Hydrido Carbonyl Fe(II) PNP Pincer Complexes 21 References 43
2.3 Hydrido Carbonyl Mn(I) PNP Pincer Complexes 33
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The development of sustainable, efficient, and selective synthesis is one of the fundamental research goals in
chemistry. In this respect, catalysis is a key technology, since a large amount of chemical and pharmaceutical
products are made by catalysts [1]. However, most of the catalytic reactions today rely on precious metals such
as ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, and palladium. The limited availability of these precious metals, their high price,
and their toxicity will diminish their attractiveness in the long run and more environmental-friendly and also
economical alternatives have to be found which are in line with green chemistry guidelines. Accordingly, in order
to develop greener, safer, and more cost-effective chemical processes, it is highly important to replace precious
metal catalysts by Earth abundant nonprecious metal catalysts [2]. Among these metals, in particular iron and
manganese comprise promising candidates as these belong to the most abundant metals in the Earth crust, are
inexpensive, and exhibit a rather low environmental impact. Moreover, these metals possess high biocompatibility
and catalytic potential being an essential part of numerous enzymes that are involved in a wide variety of biological
processes [3,4].
In terms of green and sustainable chemistry, catalytic hydrogenation—as one of the most important synthetic pro-
cesses—represents a highly atom-efficient and clean methodology [5]. Apart from synthetic applications, chemical
hydrogen storage based on reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of small molecules might be an attractive technol-
ogy for future energy supply [6]. It is thus not surprising that in recent years, several well-defined iron and manganese-
based catalysts which are highly effective and versatile for the production, activation, and transfer of H2 have been
developed [7].
These metals have long been neglected for applications in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reaction and only
recently it became the subject of intense investigations from many different academic and industrial research groups.
Reasons might be the more complex coordination chemistry in comparison to many second- and third-row transition
metals. For example, while those metals are known to undergo two electron reactions, iron and manganese are often
more prone to be engaged in one electron process which often proceed via radicals and therefore increase the propensity
for unselective and uncontrollable side reactions [8]. Moreover, many iron and manganese complexes tend to adopt
high-spin configurations which may result in substitutionally labile complexes leading to ligand dissociation and, at the
same time, makes them less reactive towards substrate binding [9].
As demonstrated by a large number of recent publications, well-defined iron and manganese hydride carbonyl com-
plexes bearing strongly bound PNP pincer ligands or related tridentate ligands proved to be highly effective and versa-
tile systems for hydrogenations and dehydrogenations [10,11]. The most common structural motifs are depicted in
H H
P P
Isoelectronic
N Fe CO N Mn CO
species
P L = Br, H, BH 4 P
L CO
Fe(II) Mn(I)
CHART 2.1 Most common structural motif of isoelectronic Fe(II) and Mn(I) PNP complexes utilized in catalytic hydrogenation/
dehydrogenation reactions.
Chart 2.1. The reason that iron and manganese pincer complexes received tremendous attention in recent years might
be attributed to the wide structural diversity arising from such ligand scaffolds that can be synthesized in a simple and
modular fashion. Consequently, the synthesis of isolated and structurally well-defined complexes combined with a fun-
damental understanding of reaction mechanisms appears to be a primary objective for the rational development of novel
catalytic systems. In this context of dehydrogenation reactions, the acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation (AAD) is an
oxidant-free, atom-economical approach to yield carbonyl compounds has emerged as a powerful tool for the benign
construction of valuable complex organic molecules [12]. Alcohols are sustainable and abundant building blocks as
they are readily available from a variety of industrial processes and can be obtained renewably via fermentation or cata-
lytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Ketones and aldehydes generated in situ can be converted into other useful
organic materials such as amines, imines, amides, or heterocycles. In the course of these transformations, only dihydro-
gen and water as nontoxic byproducts are generated.
In this chapter, we describe several common and characteristic features of selected well-defined isoelectronic iron-
and manganese-based pincer catalysts as shown in Charts 2.2 and 2.3 that even became competitive to their noble metal
analogs by continuous improvements based on the sound knowledge of specific structureactivity relationships.
Moreover, although Fe(II) and Mn(I) exhibit similar reactivities in many cases, these isoelectronic metal systems also
reveal remarkable divergent behavior which will be also emphasized in this contribution.
H H
H H H H Me H
H PR 2 Me PR 2
PR 2 O PR 2 N PR 2 N PR 2
N Fe CO N Fe N Fe CO N Fe CO N Fe CO N Fe CO
CO
PR 2 O PR2 N PR 2 N PR 2 PR 2 PR 2
X H Me X X
X X X
O H O H
H + H
PCy 2 O H Br
O
PR 2 PR 2 PR 2
CO H H Me PR 2 N PR 2
N
N Fe N Fe Br N Fe CO N Fe CO N N Fe CO
N Fe CO
CO N
Me OC
PR 2 PR 2 N PR2
PPh 2 PR 2 PR 2
Br H H H Br
Ph
Fe11 Fe13 Fe14-NH Fe14-NMe Fe15
Fe12
CHART 2.2 Fe(II) PNP pincer complexes utilized as (pre)catalysts (R 5 iPr unless otherwise noted).
Well-defined Iron and Manganese Pincer Catalysts Chapter | 2 21
H H
B
Br H H CO
H CO H H H
PR2 PR2 H PR 2
H H PR2 PR 2 PR2 N PR2
N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn N Mn CO
CO
CO
PR2 PR2 PR 2 PR2 PR2 PR 2 N PR 2
CO CO CO CO H H CO
Mn1 Mn2 Mn3 Mn4 -NH Mn5 R = tBu Mn6 R = tBu Mn7-NH
+
N +
+ Ph Br
H H Br H CO
N N Me PR 2
N PR2 PR 2 N PR2 H CO R CO
N
R' N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO
N
N PR 2 PR2 N PR 2 PR2 N PR 2
H CO CO H CO CO CO CO
Fe
N H H Br H Br Br
CO PR2 PR 2 R2
H N tBu H H N N P CO
Ph N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO N Mn CO HO Mn OH Mn
N CO
PR2 OC CO
PR2 PR2 PR 2 H2
CO CO CO CO CO
CO
Fe
CHART 2.3 Mn(I) PNP pincer and related complexes utilized as (pre)catalysts (R 5 iPr unless otherwise noted).
J’ai trouvé, dans un livre, cette légende mythologique, que j’ai lue
à mes enfants :
« Il y a une vingtaine d’années, au temps, je crois, où les
théâtres, du moins certains théâtres encore, étaient éclairés au gaz,
un employé de la Compagnie traversait un « plateau », celui où deux
des neufs sœurs immortelles, plus spécialement affectées à l’art
dramatique, ont coutume de fréquenter.
« L’employé du gaz se trouva en présence de l’austère
Melpomène et de l’aimable Thalie. Il n’eut pas plutôt regardé ces
deux sœurs, qu’il acquit sur elles une influence quasi-magique.
« Et il se mit incontinent à les empoigner, avec son énergie
ordinaire :
— Vous allez me faire le plaisir de remonter dans votre loge, et
de me retirer tout ce maquillage que vous avez sur la figure.
« Le visage de Thalie et celui de Melpomène disparaissaient, en
effet, sous des couches renforcées de blanc gras et de rouge. Leurs
traits étaient noyés, leurs muscles faciaux jouaient à peine :
Melpomène et Thalie n’avaient plus figure humaine.
« Comme, tout en étant disposées à obéir, elles s’en allaient trop
lentement, au gré d’Antoine, celui-ci les poussa aux épaules et les