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The Impact of Paul Philippot On The Theo
The Impact of Paul Philippot On The Theo
The Impact of Paul Philippot On The Theo
Let us consider Philippot’s first written work, his master’s thesis (1951)
entitled, The ICR, its organization and its approach to the restoration and
conservation of paintings. The text was composed of three parts: 1) the
administrative organization of the ICR; 2) the position of the ICR with
regard to issues and challenges related to the restoration of paintings (and
in this section Philippot referenced Brandi’s theories, pp. 296–302); and 3)
Figure 2. Cesare Brandi’s inscription to Paul the education and training of restorers and collaborations. In this early
Philippot on the title page of his influential writing, Philippot was synthesizing Brandi’s ideas, yet Brandi’s Teoria
book, Carmine o della pittura. Photograph by was not published until ten years later. He referred explicitly to three
Muriel Verbeeck, 2015
articles by Brandi: “Restauro,” in the Enciclopedia Italiana; “Il fondamento
teorico del restauro,” in the Bollettino dell’Istituto Centrale del Restauro
(BICR), nº 1, 1950; and “Il ristabilimento dell’unita potenziale dell’opera
d’arte,” in BICR, 1950.
Two of these three articles were published only after Philippot’s stay
in Rome. Therefore, the concepts within Philippot’s thesis must have
been based on direct conservations and interactions with Brandi and then
supplemented by the subsequent articles. Two of the articles of the BICR
are condensed versions of Brandi’s curricula at the architecture school,
and it was likely that the curriculum at the Istituto would incorporate
similar content.
Let us look at the Greek concept of crinein, which means “to distinguish,
choose, estimate, appreciate,” and also to “decide, separate the bad from
the good, to judge.” Brandi mentions critical judgment as the process
of the work of art’s “recognition.” For the Italian, this is an intellectual
process, considered to be the province of the art historian. According
to him, material restoration is a practical activity which closely ensues
from it, but is clearly distinct from it. In his eyes, the restorer remains an
“agent of execution.”
The authors mentioned in the introduction that they both had the honor
and privilege to interview Paul Philippot in person at his home. Muriel
Verbeeck interviewed him twice, in 1999 and 2015 (Figures 3–5). The first
time, he had agreed to preface a special issue of CerOArt, dedicated to
young restorers. The second, he provided further explanations regarding
a lecture that was to be given at the Sorbonne in Paris and clarified his
role in disseminating the thought of Brandi. Despite his advanced age,
he was a man with an extraordinary lucidity, with an impeccable memory
for details and a rare mastery of concepts and language. His clarity of
Figure 4. Paul Philippot with his library.
expression, his pedagogical sense made the most dry content become lucid.
Photograph by Muriel Verbeeck, 2015
When asked the question of why he had not followed in the footsteps of
his father and grandfather, and had never become a restorer himself, he
confessed that his hand did not obey his mind; this is understandable,
because his intelligence was truly extraordinary. He was not only a great
intellectual but also someone who was able to translate practical examples
into theory; it is this process that today still allows the principles to be
taught and empiricism to be avoided, which was his primary concern.
In the 1997 interview Paul Philippot noted that he was very impressed
with the Getty Readings book and discussed the problems of translating
sophisticated concepts. He commented that Brandi had “a way of thinking
that is so deeply rooted in the Italian philosophical tradition that a correct
approach to Brandi takes a long time.” Both Philippot and the Moras (in
an interview in 1998, shortly before Paolo Mora died, see also Figure 7)
discussed how “closely a way of thinking is linked to a language and the
importance of languages in transmitting thought. . . . Translation always
changes something and it never works with professional translators, because
they don’t really understand what it is about.” For the Wall Paintings
book, Philippot noted that the three of them working together was “a love
story,” and that they carried out “consecutive translation” themselves; he
Figure 6. Paul Philippot in his home in Chiny.
Photograph by Joyce Hill Stoner, 1997
called it “an enormous work.”
David Bomford introduced the term “positivism” for the Helmut Ruhemann
approach to “complete cleaning” in the title for one of his Slade lectures
(1996–97), “Picture cleaning and positivism.” Philippot agreed with
this concept and said that Ruhemann, at the National Gallery, London,
“considered only the purely material, analytical aspect. . . . A work of
art is not the total of its materials, but a unity that has been created
by the artist, and has had its evolution through time.” He continued
that “the positivistic approach is like considering a poem as a total of
separate words, whereas poetry is made of the relations between those
words, and from that relation comes something that is in no separate
Figure 7. The Moras demonstrating
word, obviously.” Bomford titled the opposite pole “the metaphysical,”
tratteggio at the Getty Museum. Photograph
by Joyce Hill Stoner, 1985 whereas Philippot said he preferred the term historico critico. Philippot’s
concepts of the historico critico were compatible with John Brealey’s
aesthetic, interpretive, and metaphysical approach to the restoration
of paintings; together, these concepts brought about a sea change to
approaches to paintings conservation in the United States in the end
of the 20th century. Similar concepts had also been defined in articles
and interviews with John Brealey (after he arrived to teach and treat
paintings at the Metropolitan Museum in New York City, in 1975, and
was widely interviewed by the press), in the publication of the translated
Mora/Philippot book in 1984, the Getty Readings book with translations
of Philippot’s philosophical articles in 1996, and lectures by David
Bomford about the positivistic and the metaphysical 1996–97.
6 ICOM-CC In a key article, translated in the Getty Readings book but written originally
18th Triennial Conference
2017 Copenhagen
in 1966, Philippot referred to patina as the “normal effect that time
THEORY AND HISTORY OF CONSERVATION
has on material,” whereas in 1963 Ruhemann had considered “patina”
THE IMPACT OF PAUL PHILIPPOT
on paintings to be essentially a distracting and discolored coating of
ON THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF varnish. Philippot considered varnish to be only one element of patina,
CONSERVATION/RESTORATION
along with the craquelure and the change of refractive index; the patina
becomes a humanistic (historico critico) encapsulation of the passage
of time and all of the experiences undergone by the painting, akin to
the concepts of phenomenology. The original viewing experience is no
longer attainable.
The patina of oil paint also may have a surface luster that is analogous
to a skin, a skin that can be pierced by injudicious cleaning. In the Wall
Paintings book, the Moras illustrated a cross section with the patina
depicted as a very real top layer that requires its own special inpainting
approach when disrupted, usually with watercolors. The Moras noted that
“wear of the patina causes a discontinuity of the surface which alters the
luster of the painting, and consequently, the depth of the tones and the
spatial unity of the image” (1984).
CONCLUSION
BRANDI, C. 1989. Les deux voies de la critique, introduction by Paul Philippot. Brussels:
Marc Vokar.
GOMBRICH, E. 1960. Art and illusion: A study in the psychology of pictorial representation.
London: Pantheon books.
MORA, P., L. MORA, and P. PHILIPPOT. 1984. Conservation of wall paintings. London:
Butterworths.
MORA, P. and L. MORA. 1998. Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation
(FAIC), oral history interview by J.H. Stoner.
PHILIPPOT, P. 2012 (1951). L’Istituto Centrale del Restauro, son organisation et sa position
devant les principaux problèmes de la restauration des peintures, edited and published
by G. Basile. F. Provenzani & C.
PHILIPPOT, P. 1960. Réflexions sur le problème de la formation des restaurateurs de
peintures et de sculptures. Studies in Conservation 5(2): 61–70.
PHILIPPOT, P. 1995. La restauration, acte critique. Recherches Poïétiques 3: 18–25.
PHILIPPOT, P. 1996 (1966). The idea of patina and the cleaning of paintings. In Readings
in conservation: Historical and philosophical issues in the conservation of cultural
heritage, eds. N. Stanley Price, M. Kirby Talley Jr., and A. Melucco Vaccaro, 372–76.
Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. (originally published in French)
PHILIPPOT, P. 1997. Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC), oral
history interview by J.H. Stoner.
RICHARDSON, J. 1983. Crimes against the Cubists. New York Review of Books 30(10):
32–24.
RUHEMANN, H. 1963. The training of restorers. Recent advances in conservation, ed. G.
Thomson. London: IIC.
SHEPHERD, R. 1997. Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC), oral
history interview by J.H. Stoner.
STANLEY PRICE, N., M.K. TALLEY, and A.M. VACCARO, eds. 1996. Readings in conservation:
Historical and philosophical issues in the conservation of cultural heritage. Los
Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute.