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INSTRUCTOR’S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
MULTIVARIABLE
WILLIAM ARDIS
Collin County Community College
THOMAS’ CALCULUS
TWELFTH EDITION
BASED ON THE ORIGINAL WORK BY

George B. Thomas, Jr.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AS REVISED BY
Maurice D. Weir
Naval Postgraduate School
Joel Hass
University of California, Davis
The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts
include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their
effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to
these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in
any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs.
Reproduced by Addison-Wesley from electronic files supplied by the author.
Copyright © 2010, 2005, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-60072-1
ISBN-10: 0-321-60072-X
1 2 3 4 5 6 BB 14 13 12 11 10
PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR
This Instructor's Solutions Manual contains the solutions to every exercise in the 12th Edition of THOMAS' CALCULUS
by Maurice Weir and Joel Hass, including the Computer Algebra System (CAS) exercises. The corresponding Student's
Solutions Manual omits the solutions to the even-numbered exercises as well as the solutions to the CAS exercises (because
the CAS command templates would give them all away).
In addition to including the solutions to all of the new exercises in this edition of Thomas, we have carefully revised or
rewritten every solution which appeared in previous solutions manuals to ensure that each solution
ì conforms exactly to the methods, procedures and steps presented in the text
ì is mathematically correct
ì includes all of the steps necessary so a typical calculus student can follow the logical argument and algebra
ì includes a graph or figure whenever called for by the exercise, or if needed to help with the explanation
ì is formatted in an appropriate style to aid in its understanding
Every CAS exercise is solved in both the MAPLE and MATHEMATICA computer algebra systems. A template showing
an example of the CAS commands needed to execute the solution is provided for each exercise type. Similar exercises within
the text grouping require a change only in the input function or other numerical input parameters associated with the problem
(such as the interval endpoints or the number of iterations).
For more information about other resources available with Thomas' Calculus, visit http://pearsonhighered.com.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 Infinite Sequences and Series 569

10.1 Sequences 569
10.2 Infinite Series 577
10.3 The Integral Test 583
10.4 Comparison Tests 590
10.5 The Ratio and Root Tests 597
10.6 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 602
10.7 Power Series 608
10.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 617
10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 621
10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 627
Practice Exercises 634
Additional and Advanced Exercises 642
11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 647

11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves 647
11.2 Calculus with Parametric Curves 654
11.3 Polar Coordinates 662
11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 667
11.5 Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 674
11.6 Conic Sections 679
11.7 Conics in Polar Coordinates 689
Additional and Advanced Exercises 709
12 Vectors and the Geometry of Space 715

12.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems 715
12.2 Vectors 718
12.3 The Dot Product 723
12.4 The Cross Product 728
12.5 Lines and Planes in Space 734
12.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces 741
Additional Exercises 754
13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 759

13.1 Curves in Space and Their Tangents 759
13.2 Integrals of Vector Functions; Projectile Motion 764
13.3 Arc Length in Space 770
13.4 Curvature and Normal Vectors of a Curve 773
13.5 Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 778
13.6 Velocity and Acceleration in Polar Coordinates 784

14 Partial Derivatives 795
14.1 Functions of Several Variables 795
14.2 Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions 804
14.3 Partial Derivatives 810
14.4 The Chain Rule 816
14.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors 824
14.6 Tangent Planes and Differentials 829
14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 836
14.8 Lagrange Multipliers 849
14.9 Taylor's Formula for Two Variables 857
14.10 Partial Derivatives with Constrained Variables 859
15 Multiple Integrals 881

15.1 Double and Iterated Integrals over Rectangles 881
15.2 Double Integrals over General Regions 882
15.3 Area by Double Integration 896
15.4 Double Integrals in Polar Form 900
15.5 Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 904
15.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 909
15.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 914
15.8 Substitutions in Multiple Integrals 922
16 Integration in Vector Fields 939

16.1 Line Integrals 939
16.2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals; Work, Circulation, and Flux 944
16.3 Path Independence, Potential Functions, and Conservative Fields 952
16.4 Green's Theorem in the Plane 957
16.5 Surfaces and Area 963
16.6 Surface Integrals 972
16.7 Stokes's Theorem 980
16.8 The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 984

CHAPTER 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND
POLAR COORDINATES
11.1 PARAMETRIZATIONS OF PLANE CURVES
1. x œ 3t, y œ 9t# , _ t _ Ê y œ x# 2. x œ Èt , y œ t, t 0 Ê x œ È y

#
or y œ x , x Ÿ 0
3. x œ 2t 5, y œ 4t 7, _ t _ 4. x œ 3 3t, y œ 2t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 Ê y# œ t
Ê x 5 œ 2t Ê 2(x 5) œ 4t Ê x œ 3 3 ˆ y# ‰ Ê 2x œ 6 3y
Ê y œ 2(x 5) 7 Ê y œ 2x 3 Ê y œ 2 23 x, ! Ÿ x Ÿ $
5. x œ cos 2t, y œ sin 2t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 6. x œ cos (1 t), y œ sin (1 t), 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1

Ê cos# 2t sin# 2t œ 1 Ê x# y# œ 1 Ê cos# (1 t) sin# (1 t) œ 1
Ê x# y# œ 1, y !
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

648 Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
7. x œ 4 cos t, y œ 2 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 8. x œ 4 sin t, y œ 5 cos t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21

16 cos# t 4 sin# t x# y# 16 sin# t 25 cos# t x# y#
Ê 16 4 œ1 Ê 16 4 œ1 Ê 16 25 œ1 Ê 16 #5 œ1
9. x œ sin t, y œ cos 2t, 12 Ÿ t Ÿ 1

2 10. x œ 1 sin t, y œ cos t 2, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1
Ê y œ cos 2t œ 1 2sin# t Ê y œ 1 2x2 Ê sin# t cos# t œ 1 Ê ax 1b# ay 2b# œ 1
t2
11. x œ t2 , y œ t6 2t4 , _ t _ 12. x œ t
t1, yœ t1, 1 t 1
2 3 2 2 2x
Ê y œ at b 2at b Ê y œ x3 2x2 Ê tœ x
x1 Êyœ 2x 1
13. x œ t, y œ È1 t# , 1 Ÿ t Ÿ 0 14. x œ Èt 1, y œ Èt, t 0

Ê y œ È1 x# Ê y# œ t Ê x œ Èy# 1, y 0

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves 649
15. x œ sec# t 1, y œ tan t, 1# t 1

# 16. x œ sec t, y œ tan t, 1# t 1
#
Ê sec# t 1 œ tan# t Ê x œ y# Ê sec# t tan# t œ 1 Ê x# y œ 1 #
17. x œ cosh t, y œ sinh t, _ 1 _ 18. x œ 2 sinh t, y œ 2 cosh t, _ t _

Ê cosh# t sinh# t œ 1 Ê x# y# œ 1 Ê 4 cosh# t 4 sinh# t œ 4 Ê y# x# œ 4
1 51
19. (a) x œ a cos t, y œ a sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 20. (a) x œ a sin t, y œ b cos t, # ŸtŸ #
(b) x œ a cos t, y œ a sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 (b) x œ a cos t, y œ b sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21
(c) x œ a cos t, y œ a sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 41 (c) x œ a sin t, y œ b cos t, 1# Ÿ t Ÿ 9#1
(d) x œ a cos t, y œ a sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 41 (d) x œ a cos t, y œ b sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 41
21. Using a"ß $b we create the parametric equations x œ " at and y œ $ bt, representing a line which goes
through a"ß $b at t œ !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a%ß "b when t œ ".
Since % œ " a Ê a œ &. Since " œ $ b Ê b œ %. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x œ " &t,
y œ $ %t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ ".
22. Using a"ß $b we create the parametric equations x œ " at and y œ $ bt, representing a line which goes through
a"ß $b at t œ !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a$ß #b when t œ ". Since $ œ " a Ê a œ %.
Since # œ $ b Ê b œ &. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x œ " %t, y œ $ &t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ ".
23. The lower half of the parabola is given by x œ y# " for y Ÿ !. Substituting t for y, we obtain one possible
parameterization x œ t# ", y œ t, t Ÿ 0Þ
24. The vertex of the parabola is at a"ß "b, so the left half of the parabola is given by y œ x# #x for x Ÿ ". Substituting
t for x, we obtain one possible parametrization: x œ t, y œ t# #t, t Ÿ ".
25. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at a#ß $b for t œ ! and passes
through a"ß "b at t œ ". Then x œ fatb, where fa!b œ # and fa"b œ ".
Since slope œ ??xt œ "#
"! œ $, x œ fatb œ $t # œ # $t. Also, y œ gatb, where ga!b œ $ and ga"b œ ".
?y "3
Since slope œ ?t œ "! œ 4. y œ gatb œ %t $ œ $ %t.
One possible parameterization is: x œ # $t, y œ $ %t, t !.

26. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at a"ß #b for t œ ! and
passes through a!ß !b at t œ ". Then x œ fatb, where fa!b œ " and fa"b œ !.
?x ! a"b
Since slope œ ?t œ "! œ ", x œ fatb œ "t a"b œ " t. Also, y œ gatb, where ga!b œ # and ga"b œ !.
?y !#
Since slope œ ?t œ "! œ #. y œ gatb œ #t # œ # #t.
One possible parameterization is: x œ " t, y œ # #t, t !.
27. Since we only want the top half of a circle, y 0, so let x œ 2cos t, y œ 2lsin tl, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 41
28. Since we want x to stay between 3 and 3, let x œ 3 sin t, then y œ a3 sin tb2 œ 9sin# t, thus x œ 3 sin t, y œ 9sin# t,
0Ÿt_
29. x# y# œ a# Ê 2x 2y dx œ 0
dy
Ê dx œ y ; let t œ dx Ê
dy x dy
xy œ t Ê x œ yt. Substitution yields
y# t# y# œ a# Ê y œ a
È1t# and x œ È1att , _ t _
30. In terms of ), parametric equations for the circle are x œ a cos ), y œ a sin ), 0 Ÿ ) 21. Since ) œ as , the arc
length parametrizations are: x œ a cos as , y œ a sin as , and 0 Ÿ s
a 21 Ê 0 Ÿ s Ÿ 21a is the interval for s.
31. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) œ yx Ê y œ x tan ). The equation of the line through a0, 2b and a4, 0b is given by y œ 12 x 2. Thus
4 tan )
x tan ) œ 12 x 2 Ê x œ 4
2 tan ) 1 and y œ 2 tan ) 1 where 0 Ÿ ) 12 .
32. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) œ yx Ê y œ x tan ). Since y œ Èx Ê y2 œ x Ê ax tan )b2 œ x Ê x œ cot2 ) Ê y œ cot ) where
0 ) Ÿ 12 .
33. The equation of the circle is given by ax 2b2 y2 œ 1. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb on the circle to the
x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle. So that we can start at a1, 0b and rotate in a clockwise direction, let
x œ 2 cos ), y œ sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 21.
34. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, whose height is y and whose
base is x 2. By trigonometry we have tan ) œ x y 2 Ê y œ ax 2b tan ). The equation of the circle is given by
x2 y2 œ 1 Ê x2 aax 2btan )b2 œ 1 Ê x2 sec2 ) 4x tan2 ) 4tan2 ) 1 œ 0. Solving for x we obtain
4tan2 ) „ Éa4tan2 )b2 4 sec2 ) a4tan2 ) 1b 4tan2 ) „ 2È1 3tan2 )
xœ 2 sec2 ) œ 2 sec2 ) œ 2sin2 ) „ cos )Ècos2 ) 3sin2 )
œ 2 2cos2 ) „ cos )È4cos2 ) 3 and y œ Š2 2cos2 ) „ cos )È4cos2 ) 3 2‹ tan )
œ 2sin ) cos ) „ sin )È4cos2 ) 3. Since we only need to go from a1, 0b to a0, 1b, let
x œ 2 2cos2 ) cos )È4cos2 ) 3, y œ 2sin ) cos ) sin )È4cos2 ) 3, 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ tan1 ˆ 1 ‰. 2
To obtain the upper limit for ), note that x œ 0 and y œ 1, using y œ ax 2b tan ) Ê 1 œ 2 tan ) Ê ) œ tan1 ˆ 12 ‰.
35. Extend the vertical line through A to the x-axis and let C be the point of intersection. Then OC œ AQ œ x
and tan t œ OC2
œ x2 Ê x œ tan2 t œ 2 cot t; sin t œ OA
2
Ê OA œ sin2 t ; and (AB)(OA) œ (AQ)# Ê AB ˆ sin2 t ‰ œ x#
#
Ê AB ˆ sin t ‰ œ ˆ tan t ‰ Ê AB œ tan# t . Next y œ 2 AB sin t Ê y œ 2 ˆ 2tansin# tt ‰ sin t œ
2 2 2 sin t
2 sin# t
2 tan# t œ 2 2 cos# t œ 2 sin# t. Therefore let x œ 2 cot t and y œ 2 sin# t, 0 t 1.

36. Arc PF œ Arc AF since each is the distance rolled and

Arc PF
b œ nFCP Ê Arc PF œ b(nFCP); ArcaAF œ )
Ê Arc AF œ a) Ê a) œ b(nFCP) Ê nFCP œ a
b );
1
nOCG œ ); nOCG œ nOCP nPCE
#
œ nOCP ˆ 1# !‰ . Now nOCP œ 1 nFCP
1 1
œ 1 ba ). Thus nOCG œ 1 ba ) # ! Ê # )
1 ˆ ab b )‰ .
œ 1 ba ) # ! Ê ! œ 1 ba ) ) œ 1
ab
Then x œ OG BG œ OG PE œ (a b) cos ) b cos ! œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆ1 b )‰
œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆ a b b )‰ . Also y œ EG œ CG CE œ (a b) sin ) b sin !
œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆ1 a b b )‰ œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆ a b b )‰ . Therefore
x œ (a b) cos ) b cos ˆ a b b )‰ and y œ (a b) sin ) b sin ˆ a b b )‰ .
a ˆ 4a ‰
If b œ 4a , then x œ â 4a ‰ cos ) a
4 cos Š ˆ 4a ‰ )‹
œ 3a
4 cos ) a
4 cos 3) œ 3a
4 cos ) 4a (cos ) cos 2) sin ) sin 2))
œ 3a
4 cos ) a(cos )) acos# ) sin# )b (sin ))(2 sin ) cos ))b
a
4
œ 3a
4 cos ) a
4 cos$ )
a # 2a #
4 cos ) sin ) 4 sin ) cos )
œ 3a
4 cos ) cos$ ) 3a
a
4
# $
4 (cos )) a1 cos )b œ a cos );
a ˆ4‰
a
y œ â 4 sin ) 4 sin Š ˆ 4a ‰ )‹ œ 4 sin ) 4 sin 3) œ 4
a‰ a 3a a 3a
sin ) 4a (sin ) cos 2) cos ) sin 2))
œ 3a
4 sin ) 4a a(sin )) acos# ) sin# )b (cos ))(2 sin ) cos ))b
œ 3a
4 sin ) a
4 sin ) cos# ) a
4 sin$ ) 2a
4 cos# ) sin )
œ 3a
4 sin ) 3a
4 sin ) cos# ) a
4 sin$ )
#
œ 3a
4 sin ) 3a
4 (sin )) a1 sin )b a
4 sin$ ) œ a sin$ ).
37. Draw line AM in the figure and note that nAMO is a right
angle since it is an inscribed angle which spans the diameter
of a circle. Then AN# œ MN# AM# . Now, OA œ a,
a œ tan t, and a œ sin t. Next MN œ OP
AN AM
Ê OP# œ AN# AM# œ a# tan# t a# sin# t

Ê OP œ Èa# tan# t a# sin# t
a sin# t
œ (a sin t)Èsec# t 1 œ cos t . In triangle BPO,
a sin$ t #
x œ OP sin t œ cos t œ a sin t tan t and
y œ OP cos t œ a sin t Ê x œ a sin# t tan t and y œ a sin# t.
#

38. Let the x-axis be the line the wheel rolls along with the y-axis through a low point of the trochoid
(see the accompanying figure).
Let ) denote the angle through which the wheel turns. Then h œ a) and k œ a. Next introduce xw yw -axes
parallel to the xy-axes and having their origin at the center C of the wheel. Then xw œ b cos ! and
yw œ b sin !, where ! œ 3#1 ). It follows that xw œ b cos ˆ 3#1 )‰ œ b sin ) and yw œ b sin ˆ 3#1 )‰
œ b cos ) Ê x œ h xw œ a) b sin ) and y œ k yw œ a b cos ) are parametric equations of the trochoid.
# # #
39. D œ É(x 2)# ˆy "# ‰ Ê D# œ (x 2)# ˆy "# ‰ œ (t 2)# ˆt# "# ‰ Ê D# œ t% 4t 17
4
d aD # b
Ê dt œ 4t$ 4 œ 0 Ê t œ 1. The second derivative is always positive for t Á 0 Ê t œ 1 gives a local
minimum for D# (and hence D) which is an absolute minimum since it is the only extremum Ê the closest
point on the parabola is (1ß 1).
# # d aD # b
40. D œ Éˆ2 cos t 34 ‰ (sin t 0)# Ê D# œ ˆ2 cos t 34 ‰ sin# t Ê dt
œ 2 ˆ2 cos t 34 ‰ (2 sin t) 2 sin t cos t œ (2 sin t) ˆ3 cos t 3# ‰ œ 0 Ê 2 sin t œ 0 or 3 cos t 3
# œ0
# # # #
1 51 d aD b # # d aD b
Ê t œ 0, 1 or t œ 3 , 3 . Now dt# œ 6 cos t 3 cos t 6 sin t so that dt# (0) œ 3 Ê relative
# # # #
maximum, d dtaD# b (1) œ 9 Ê relative maximum, d dtaD# b ˆ 13 ‰ œ 92 Ê relative minimum, and
d # aD # b ˆ 5 1 ‰
dt# 3 œ 9# Ê relative minimum. Therefore both t œ 13 and t œ 531 give points on the ellipse closest to
È È
the point ˆ 34 ß !‰ Ê Š1ß #3 ‹ and Š1ß #3 ‹ are the desired points.
41. (a) (b) (c)
42. (a) (b) (c)

43.
44. (a) (b) (c)
45. (a) (b)
46. (a) (b)

47. (a) (b) (c)
48. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES
1 1 1
1. t œ 4 Ê x œ 2 cos 4 œ È2, y œ 2 sin 4 œ È2; dx
dt œ 2 sin t, dy
dt œ 2 cos t Ê dy
dx œ
dy/dt
dx/dt œ 2 cos t
2 sin t œ cot t
w
1
Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ cot 4 œ 1; tangent line is y È2 œ 1 Šx È2‹ or y œ x È
2 2 ; dy
dt œ csc# t
4
d# y dyw /dt csc# t " d# y

Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ 2 sin t œ 2 sin $t Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ È 2
4
È3
2. t œ "6 Ê x œ sin ˆ21 ˆ 6" ‰‰ œ sin ˆ 13 ‰ œ # , y œ cos ˆ21 ˆ 6" ‰‰ œ cos ˆ 13 ‰ œ "
# ; dx
dt œ 21 cos 21t,
21 sin 21t " ‰‰ 1‰
dy
dt œ 21 sin 21t Ê dy
dx œ 21 cos 21t œ tan 21t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœc 1 œ tan ˆ21 ˆ 6 œ tan ˆ 3 œ È3;
6
" È3 dyw d# y 21 sec# 21t

tangent line is y # œ È3 ’x Š # ‹“ or y œ È3x 2; dt œ 21 sec# 21t Ê dx# œ 21 cos 21t
d# y
œ cos$"21t Ê dx# ¹ tœc 1 œ 8
6

Section 11.2 Calculus With Parametric Curves 655
1 1 1 2 sin t
3. t œ 4 Ê x œ 4 sin 4 œ 2È2, y œ 2 cos 4 œ È2; dx
dt œ 4 cos t, dy
dt œ 2 sin t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 4 cos t
œ "# tan t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ "# tan 1
4 œ "# ; tangent line is y È2 œ "# Šx 2È2‹ or y œ "# x 2È2 ;
4
dyw d# y dyw /dt "# sec# t d# y È2

dt œ "# sec# t Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ 4 cos t
"
œ 8 cos $t Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ 4
4
21 21 È3 dx È3 sin t
4. t œ 3 Ê x œ cos 3 œ "# , y œ È3 cos 21
3 œ # ; dt œ sin t, dy
dt œ È3 sin t Ê dy
dx œ sin t œ È3
È3
ˆ "# ‰‘ or y œ È3 x; dyw d# y
Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 21 œ È3 ; tangent line is y Š # ‹œ
È 3 x
dt œ0 Ê dx# œ 0
sin t œ0
3
d# y
Ê dx# ¹ tœ 21 œ0
3
" " "

5. t œ 1
4 Ê xœ 1
4 ,yœ # ; dx
dt œ 1, dy
dt œ #Èt
Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 1
2È t
Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ œ 1; tangent line is
4
#É "4
" dyw d# y dyw /dt d# y

y # œ 1 † ˆx 4" ‰ or y œ x 4" ; dt œ 4" t$Î# Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ 4" t$Î# Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ 2
4
6. t œ 14 Ê x œ sec# ˆ 14 ‰ 1 œ 1, y œ tan ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1; dx

dt œ 2 sec# t tan t, dy
dt œ sec# t
sec# t " " "
Ê dy
dx œ 2 sec# t tan t œ 2 tan t œ # cot t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœc 1 œ # cot ˆ 14 ‰ œ #" ; tangent line is
4
dyw d# y "# csc# t

y (1) œ "# (x 1) or y œ "# x "# ; dt œ "# csc# t Ê dx# œ 2 sec# t tan t œ "4 cot$ t
d# y "
Ê dx# ¹ tœc 1 œ 4
4
1 1 1 "
7. t œ 6 Ê x œ sec 6 œ 2
È3 , y œ tan 6 œ È3 ; dx
dt œ sec t tan t, dy
dt œ sec# t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt
sec# t 1 "
œ sec t tan t œ csc t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ csc 6 œ 2; tangent line is y È3 œ 2 Šx 2
È3 ‹ or y œ 2x È3 ;
6
dyw d# y dyw /dt csc t cot t d# y

dt œ csc t cot t Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ sec t tan t œ cot$ t Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ 3È3
6
ˆ 3# ‰ (3t) "Î#
8. t œ 3 Ê x œ È3 1 œ 2, y œ È3(3) œ 3; dx
dt œ "# (t 1)"Î# , dy
dt œ 3
# (3t)"Î# Ê dy
dx œ ˆ "# ‰ (t1) "Î#
È 3 È 3 1
œ 3 Èt3t 1 œ dy
dx ¹ tœ3 œ È3(3) œ 2; tangent line is y 3 œ 2[x (2)] or y œ 2x 1;
dyw È3t 3 (t 1) "Î# ‘3Èt 1 3 (3t) "Î# ‘ d# y Š 2tÈ3t3Èt 1 ‹

œ # # œ 3
Ê œ œ tÈ33t
dt 3t 2tÈ3t Èt1 dx# Š 2Èt1 1 ‹
d# y
Ê dx# ¹ tœ3 œ 3"
4t$
9. t œ 1 Ê x œ 5, y œ 1; dx
dt œ 4t, dy
dt œ 4t$ Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 4t œ t# Ê dy
dx ¹ tœc1 œ (1)# œ 1; tangent line is
dyw d# y dyw /dt " d# y "
y 1 œ 1 † (x 5) or y œ x 4; dt œ 2t Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ 2t
4t œ # Ê dx# ¹ tœc1 œ #
ˆ "t ‰
10. t œ 1 Ê x œ 1, y œ 2; dx
dt œ t"# , dy
dt œ "
t Ê dy
dx œ œ t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ1 œ 1; tangent line is
Š t"# ‹
dyw d# y 1 d# y
y (2) œ 1(x 1) or y œ x 1; dt œ 1 Ê dx# œ œ t# Ê dx# ¹ tœ1 œ1
Š t"# ‹
1 1 1 1 È3
11. t œ 3 Ê xœ 3 sin 3 œ 3 # , y œ 1 cos 13 œ 1 #" œ #" ; dx
dt œ 1 cos t, dt œ sin t Ê
dy dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt
È
Š #3 ‹
sin ˆ 13 ‰ È
œ sin t
1 cos t Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ 1cos ˆ 13 ‰
œ ˆ " ‰ œ È3 ; tangent line is y "# œ È3 Šx 13 #3 ‹
3
#

dyw d# y dyw /dt

1 ‰
ˆ 1 cos
1È3 (1 cos t)(cos t) (sin t)(sin t) 1
Ê y œ È3x 3 2; dt œ (1cos t)# œ 1 cos t Ê dx# œ dx/dt œ t
1 cos t
1 d# y
œ (1 cos t)# Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ 4
3
1 1 1
12. t œ 2 Ê x œ cos 2 œ 0, y œ 1 sin 2 œ 2; dx
dt œ sin t, dy
dt œ cos t Ê dy
dx œ cos t
sin t œ cot t
w #
1 # csc# t $ d# y
Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ 1 œ cot # œ 0; tangent line is y œ 2; dy
dt œ csc t Ê d y
dx# œ sin t œ csc t Ê dx# ¹ tœ 1 œ 1
2 2
1 1 at 1 b 2 a2 1 b 2
13. t œ 2 Ê x œ 1
21 œ 13 , y œ 2
21 œ 2; dx
dt œ , dy
at 1b2 dt
œ at 1 b 2
Ê dy
dx œ at 1 b 2
Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ2 œ a2 1 b 2
œ 9;
dyw t 1b d# y 4 at 1 b 3 d# y 4 a2 1 b 3
tangent line is y œ 9x 1; dt œ 4ata 1 b3
Ê dx# œ at 1 b 3
Ê dx# ¹ tœ2 œ a2 1 b3
œ 108
e t e 0
14. t œ 0 Ê x œ 0 e0 œ 1, y œ 1 e0 œ 0; dx
dt œ 1 et , dy
dt œ et Ê dy
dx œ 1 et Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ0 œ 1 e0 œ 21 ;
dyw e t d# y e t d# y e 0
tangent line is y œ 12 x 12 ; dt œ a1 e t b 2
Ê dx# œ a1 e t b 3
Ê dx# ¹ tœ0 œ a1 e 0 b 3
œ 18
4t
15. x3 2t# œ 9 Ê 3x2 dx
dt 4t œ 0 Ê 3x2 dx
dt œ 4t Ê dx
dt œ 3x2 ;
Š yt# ‹ t(3x2 )
2y$ 3t# œ 4 Ê 6y# dy
6t œ 0 Ê dy
œ 6t
œ t
; thus dy
œ dy/dt
œ œ œ 3x2
;tœ2
dt dt 6y# y# dx dx/dt Š c4t ‹
3x2
y# (4t) 4y#
Ê x3 2(2)# œ 9 Ê x3 8 œ 9 Ê x3 œ 1 Ê x œ 1; t œ 2 Ê 2y$ 3(2)# œ 4

3 a "b 2
Ê 2y$ œ 16 Ê y$ œ 8 Ê y œ 2; therefore dy
dx ¹ tœ2 œ 4a#b#
œ 16
3
" "Î#
16. x œ É5 Èt Ê dx
dt œ #
ˆ5 Èt‰ ˆ "# t"Î# ‰ œ "
; y(t 1) œ Èt Ê y (t 1) dy " "Î#
dt œ # t
4È t É 5 È t
" " #yÈt
Èt y È È " #yÈt 4Èt É5 Èt
œ #at œ #t t "2 t œ
dy
" " #y È t
Ê at 1b dy
œ y Ê dy
1b œ ; thus dy
œ dt
†
dt #È t dt #tÈt 2Èt dx dx
#Ètat" b "
dt
4 Èt É5 Èt
#ˆ" #yÈt‰É& Èt
œ "t ; t œ 4 Ê x œ É5 È4 œ È3; t œ 4 Ê y † 3 œ È4 Ê y œ 2
3
2Š" 2a 23 bÈ4‹É& È4 10È3

therefore, dy
dx ¹ tœ4 œ "4 œ 9
2t1
17. x 2x$Î# œ t# t Ê dx
dt 3x"Î# dx
dt œ 2t 1 Ê ˆ1 3x"Î# ‰ dx
dt œ 2t 1 Ê dx
dt œ 13x"Î#
; yÈt 1 2tÈy œ 4
Ê dy Èt 1 y ˆ " ‰ (t 1)"Î# 2Èy 2t ˆ " y"Î# ‰ dy
œ0 Ê dy Èt 1 y
2Èy Š Èt y ‹ dy
œ0
dt # # dt dt 2È t 1 dt
Š 2Èct yb 1 2Èy‹ yÈy 4yÈt 1

y
Ê ŠÈ t 1 t dy
Èy ‹ dt œ 2È y Ê dy
œ œ ; thus
2Èt1 dt ŠÈt 1 Èy ‹ t 2Èy (t 1) 2tÈt 1
cyÈy c 4yÈt b 1
Œ 2Èy (t b 1) b 2tÈt b 1
dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 2t b 1
; t œ 0 Ê x 2x$Î# œ 0 Ê x ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ œ 0 Ê x œ 0; t œ 0
Š ‹
1 b 3x"Î#
È4 È0 1
Œ 2È4(0 1) 2(0)È0 1
4 4(4)
Ê yÈ0 1 2(0)Èy œ 4 Ê y œ 4; therefore dy

dx ¹ tœ0 œ 2(0) 1
œ 6
Œ 1 3(0)"Î#
1 x cos t
18. x sin t 2x œ t Ê dx
dt sin t x cos t 2 dx
dt œ 1 Ê (sin t 2) dx
dt œ 1 x cos t Ê dx
dt œ sin t2 ;
sin t t cos t 2
t sin t 2t œ y Ê sin t t cos t 2 œ dy
dt ; thus dy
dx œ c x cos t ‰
ˆ 1sin ; t œ 1 Ê x sin 1 2x œ 1
tb2
1 sin 1 1 cos 1 2 41 8

Ê xœ # ; therefore dy
dx ¹ tœ1 œ œ 21 œ 4
1 Š 1# ‹ cos 1
– sin 1 2 —

19. x œ t3 t, y 2t3 œ 2x t2 Ê dt œ 3t
dx 2
1, dy
dt 6t2 œ 2 dx
dt 2t Ê
dy
dt œ 2a3t2 1b 2t 6t2 œ 2t 2
2t 2 2 a1 b 2
Ê dy
dx œ 3t2 1 Ê dy
dx ¹ tœ1 œ 3 a1 b 2 1
œ1
20. t œ lnax tb, y œ t et Ê 1 œ 1 ˆ dx

x t dt 1‰ Ê x t œ dt 1 Ê dt œ
dx dx
x t 1, dy
dt œ t et et ;
t et et a0 b e 0 e 0
Ê dy
dx œ xt1; t œ 0 Ê 0 œ lnax 0b Ê x œ 1 Ê dx ¹ tœ0 œ 1 0 1
dy
œ 1
2
21. A œ '0 y dx œ '0 aa1 cos tbaa1 cos tbdt œ a2 '0 a1 cos tb2 dt œ a2 '0 a1 2cos t cos2 tbdt
21 21 21 21
21
œ a2 '0 ˆ1 2cos t œ a2 '0 ˆ 23 2cos t 21 cos 2t‰dt œ a2 ” 23 t 2sin t 41 sin 2t•
21 21
1 cos 2t ‰
2 dt
0
œ a2 a31 0 0b 0 œ 31 a2
22. A œ '0 x dy œ '0 at t2 baet bdt ”u œ t t2 Ê du œ a1 2tbdt; dv œ aet bdt Ê v œ et •

1 1
1
œ et at t2 bº '0 et a1 2tbdt ”u œ 1 2t Ê du œ 2dt; dv œ et dt Ê v œ et •
1
0
1 1 1
œ et at t2 bº ”et a1 2tbº '0 2et dt• œ ”et at t2 b et a1 2tb 2et •º
1
0 0 0
œ ae1 a0b e1 a1b 2e1 b ae0 a0b e0 a1b 2e0 b œ 1 3e1 œ 1 3
e
23. A œ 2'1 y dx œ 2'1 ab sin tbaa sin tbdt œ 2ab'0 sin2 t dt œ 2ab'0 dt œ ab'0 a1 cos 2tb dt
0 0 1 1 1
1 cos 2t
2
1
œ ab’t 12 sin 2t“ œ abaa1 0b !b œ 1 ab
0
24. (a) x œ t2 , y œ t6 , 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 Ê A œ '0 y dx œ '0 at6 b2t dt œ '0 2t7 dt œ ’ 14 t8 “ œ

1 1 1 1
1
4 0œ 1
4
0
(b) x œ t3 , y œ t9 , 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 Ê A œ '0 y dx œ '0 at9 b3t2 dt œ '0 3t11 dt œ ’ 14 t12 “ œ

1 1 1 1
1
4 0œ 1
4
0
# #
25. dx
dt œ sin t and dy
dt œ 1 cos t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éasin tb# a1 cos tb# œ È2 2 cos t
Ê Length œ '0 È2 2 cos t dt œ È2 '0 Éˆ 11 È2 ' É sin# t dt

1 1 1
cos t (1 cos t) dt œ
cos t ‰
0 1 cos t
œ È2 '0
1
sin t
È1 cos t dt (since sin t 0 on [0ß 1]); [u œ 1 cos t Ê du œ sin t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 0,
t œ 1 Ê u œ 2] Ä È2 '0 u"Î# du œ È2 2u"Î# ‘ ! œ 4

# 2
# #
26. dx
dt œ 3t# and dy
dt œ 3t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa3t# b# (3t)# œ È9t% 9t# œ 3tÈt# 1 Šsince t 0 on ’0ß È3“‹
È3
Ê Length œ '0 3tÈt# 1 dt; ’u œ t# 1 Ê 3
# du œ 3t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 1, t œ È3 Ê u œ 4“
Ä '1
4 %
3
# u"Î# du œ u$Î# ‘ " œ (8 1) œ 7
# #
œ t and œ (2t 1)"Î# Ê Êˆ dx ‰ Š dy Èt# a2t 1b œ Éat 1b# œ kt 1k œ t 1 since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 4
dt ‹ œ
dx dy
27. dt dt dt
Ê Length œ '0 at 1b dt œ ’ t2 t“ œ a8 4b œ 12
4 # %

# #
28. dx
dt œ a2t 3b"Î# and dy
dt œ 1 t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa2t 3b a1 tb# œ Èt# 4t 4 œ kt 2k œ t 2
since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 3 Ê Length œ '0 (t 2) dt œ ’ t2 2t“ œ

3 # 3
21
! #
# #
29. dx
dt œ 8t cos t and dy
dt œ 8t sin t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa8t cos tb# a8t sin tb# œ È64t# cos# t 64t# sin# t
Ê Length œ '0
1 Î2 1Î#
1
œ k8tk œ 8t since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ # 8t dt œ c4t# d ! œ 1#
# #
30. dx
dt œ ˆ sec t" tan t ‰ asec t tan t sec# tb cos t œ sec t cos t and dy
dt œ sin t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹
œ Éasec t cos tb# asin tb# œ Èsec# t 1 œ Ètan# t œ ktan tk œ tan t since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1
3
Ê Length œ '0 tan t dt œ '0

1 Î3 1 Î3 1Î$ "
sin t
cos t dt œ c ln kcos tkd ! œ ln # ln 1 œ ln 2
Éasin tb# acos tb# œ 1 Ê Area œ ' 21y ds

# #
31. dx
dt œ sin t and dy
dt œ cos t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
œ '0 21a2 sin tba1bdt œ 21 c2t cos td #!1 œ 21[a41 1b a0 1b] œ 81#
21
Ê Area œ ' 21x ds

# # # 1
32. dx
dt œ t"Î# and dy
dt œ t"Î# Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Èt t" œ É t
t
È3 È3
œ '0 '0
# " 41
21 ˆ 23 t$Î# ‰ É t t dt œ 3 tÈt# 1 dt; cu œ t# 1 Ê du œ 2t dt; t œ 0 Ê u œ 1,
’t œ È3 Ê u œ 4“ Ä '14 231 Èu du œ 491 u$Î# ‘ %" œ 2891

È3
Note: '0 21 ˆ 23 t$Î# ‰ É t
# 1
t dt is an improper integral but limb fatb exists and is equal to 0, where
tÄ!
# "
fatb œ 21 ˆ 23 t$Î# ‰ É t t . Thus the discontinuity is removable: define Fatb œ fatb for t 0 and Fa0b œ 0
È3
Ê '0 Fatb dt œ 281
9 .
# #
33. dx
dt œ 1 and dy
dt œ t È2 Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰# Š dy #
dt ‹ œ Ê1 Št
È2‹ œ Ét# 2È2 t 3 Ê Area œ ' 21x ds
È2
œ 'cÈ2 21 Št È2‹ Ét# 2È2 t 3 dt; ’u œ t# 2È2 t 3 Ê du œ Š2t 2È2‹ dt; t œ È2 Ê u œ 1,
’t œ È2 Ê u œ 9“ Ä '1 1Èu du œ 23 1u$Î# ‘ " œ

9 * 21 521
3 a27 1b œ 3
34. From Exercise 30, Êˆ dx

dt
‰ Š dy #
dt ‹ œ tan t Ê Area œ
' 21y ds œ '0 # 1 Î3
21 cos t tan t dt œ 21 '0
1Î3
sin t dt
1Î$
œ 21 c cos td ! œ 21 "# (1)‘ œ 1
È2# 1# œ È5 Ê Area œ ' 21y ds œ ' 21at 1bÈ5 dt

# # 1
35. dx
dt œ 2 and dy
dt œ 1 Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ 0
# "
œ 21È5 ’ t2 t“ œ 31È5. Check: slant height is È5 Ê Area is 1a1 2bÈ5 œ 31È5 .
!

Èh# r# Ê Area œ ' 21y ds œ ' 21rtÈh# r# dt

# # 1
36. dx
dt œ h and dy
dt œ r Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ 0
œ 21rÈh# r# '01 t dt œ 21rÈh# r# ’ t2 “ " œ 1rÈh# r# . #

Check: slant height is Èh# r# Ê Area is
!
1rÈh# r# .
37. Let the density be $ œ 1. Then x œ cos t t sin t Ê dx

dt œ t cos t, and y œ sin t t cos t Ê dy
dt œ t sin t
# #
È(t cos t)# (t sin t)# œ ktk dt œ t dt since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1
Ê dm œ 1 † ds œ Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ dt œ # . The curve's mass is
M œ ' dm œ '0 . Also Mx œ ' µ

y dm œ '0 asin t t cos tb t dt œ '0 t sin t dt '0 t# cos t dt
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
1#
t dt œ 8
1Î# 1Î# 1#
œ csin t t cos td ! ct# sin t 2 sin t 2t cos td ! œ 3 4 , where we integrated by parts. Therefore,
1#
2. Next, My œ ' µ
x dm œ '0 acos t t sin tb t dt œ '0 t cos t dt '0
Š3 ‹ 1 Î2 1 Î2 1Î2
yœ Mx
œ œ 24
t# sin t dt
4
M #
Š 18 ‹ 1#
1Î# 1Î# 31
œ ccos t t sin td ! ct# cos t 2 cos t 2t sin td ! œ # 3, again integrating by parts. Hence
My ˆ 3#1 3‰
xœ œ # œ 12
1 24
1# . Therefore axß yb œ ˆ 12
1
24
1# ß 24
1# 2 .
‰
M Š 18 ‹
38. Let the density be $ œ 1. Then x œ et cos t Ê dx

dt œ et cos t et sin t, and y œ et sin t Ê dy
dt œ et sin t et cos t
# #
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ dt œ
Éaet cos t et sin tb# aet sin t et cos tb# dt œ È2e2t dt œ È2 et dt.
The curve's mass is M œ ' dm œ '0 È2 et dt œ È2 e1 È2 . Also Mx œ ' µ

y dm œ '0 aet sin tb ŠÈ2 et ‹ dt
1 1
È2 Š e21 " ‹
œ '0 È2 e2t sin t dt œ È2 ’ e5 (2 sin t cos t)“ œ È2 Š e5 5" ‹ Ê y œ
1 21 1
2t
e21 "
Mx
œ œ
5 5
M È 2 e1 È 2 5 ae1 1b .
!
Next My œ ' µ
x dm œ '0 aet cos tb ŠÈ2 et ‹ dt œ '0 È2 e2t cos t dt œ È2 ’ e5 a2 cos t sin tb“ œ È2 Š 2e5 25 ‹
1 2t 21 1 1
!
21
È2 Š 2e5 52 ‹ 21 21 21
Ê xœ My
M œ È 2 e1 È 2 œ 52eae1 12b . Therefore axß yb œ Š 52eae1 12b ß 5 eae1 11b ‹.
39. Let the density be $ œ 1. Then x œ cos t Ê dx

dt œ sin t, and y œ t sin t Ê dy
dt œ 1 cos t
# #
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ dt œ
Éasin tb# a1 cos tb# dt œ È2 2 cos t dt. The curve's mass
is M œ ' dm œ '0 È2 2 cos t dt œ È2'0 È1 cos t dt œ È2 '0 É2 cos# ˆ #t ‰ dt œ 2 '0 ¸cos ˆ #t ‰¸ dt

1 1 1 1
œ 2 '0 cos ˆ #t ‰ dt ˆsince 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 Ê 0 Ÿ Ÿ 1# ‰ œ 2 2 sin ˆ 2t ‰‘ ! œ 4. Also Mx œ ' µ

1 1
t
# y dm
œ '0 at sin tb ˆ2 cos #t ‰ dt œ '0 2t cos ˆ #t ‰ dt '0 2 sin t cos ˆ #t ‰ dt
1 1 1
1 1 ˆ41 16 ‰
œ 2 4 cos ˆ 2t ‰ 2t sin ˆ #t ‰‘ ! 2 "3 cos ˆ 3# t‰ cos ˆ "# t‰‘ ! œ 41 16
3 Ê yœ M œ
Mx
4
3
œ1 43 .
sin ˆ 3# t‰ 1
Next My œ ' µ
x dm œ '0 acos tbˆ2 cos #t ‰ dt œ '0 cos t cos ˆ #t ‰ dt œ 2 ’sin ˆ 2t ‰
1 1
3 “ œ 2 32
!
ˆ 43 ‰ "
. Therefore axß yb œ ˆ 3" ß 1 34 ‰.
My
œ 4
3 Ê xœ M œ 4 œ 3
3t#
40. Let the density be $ œ 1. Then x œ t$ Ê dx
dt œ 3t# , and y œ # Ê dy
dt œ 3t Ê dm œ 1 † ds
# #
œ Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ dt œ
Éa3t# b# (3t)# dt œ 3 ktk Èt# 1 dt œ 3tÈt# 1 dt since 0 Ÿ t Ÿ È3. The curve's mass
È3 È3 È3
is M œ ' dm œ '0 œ 7. Also Mx œ ' µ
y dm œ '0
$Î# 3t#
3tÈt# 1 dt œ ’at# 1b “ # Š3tÈt# 1‹ dt
!
È3
œ 9
#
'0 t$ Èt# 1 dt œ 87
5 œ 17.4 (by computer) Ê y œ Mx
M œ 17.4
7 ¸ 2.49. Next My œ ' µ
x dm

È3 È3
œ '0 t$ † 3t Èat# 1b dt œ 3 '0 t% Èt# 1 dt ¸ 16.4849 (by computer) Ê x œ
My
M œ 16.4849
7 ¸ 2.35.
Therefore, axß yb ¸ a2.35ß 2.49b.
# #
41. (a) dx
dt œ 2 sin 2t and dy
dt œ 2 cos 2t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa2 sin 2tb# a2 cos 2tb# œ 2
Ê Length œ '0
1Î2 1Î#
2 dt œ c2td ! œ1
# #
(b) dx
dt œ 1 cos 1t and dy
dt œ 1 sin 1t Ê Êˆ dx
dt
‰ Š dy
dt ‹ œ
Éa1 cos 1tb# a1 sin 1tb# œ 1
Ê Length œ '1Î2 1 dt œ c1td "Î# œ 1

1 Î2 "Î#
42. (a) x œ gayb has the parametrization x œ gayb and y œ y for c Ÿ y Ÿ d Ê dx

dy œ gw ayb and dy
dy œ 1; then
Length œ 'c ÊŠ dy ' ' È1 [gw ayb]# dy

d # # d # d
dy ‹ Š dy ‹ dy œ c Ê1 Š dy ‹ dy œ c
dx dx
4 Î3
œ 32 y1Î2 Ê L œ '0 É1 ˆ 32 y1Î2 ‰# dy œ '
4 Î3 4Î3 3Î2
(b) x œ y3Î2 , 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 4
3 Ê dx
dy 0
É1 94 y dy œ ” 49 † 23 ˆ1 94 y‰ •
0
3 Î2 3Î2
œ 8
27 a4b 8
27 a1b œ 56
27
œ y1Î3 Ê L œ '0 É1 ay1Î3 b dy œ '0 É1 'a1 É y yÎ Î 1 dy

# 1 1
(c) x œ 32 y2Î3 , 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 1 Ê
2 3
dx
dy
1
y2Î3
dy œ lim 2 3
a Ä0
1
œ lim 3
2
'a1 ˆy2Î3 1‰1Î2 ˆ 23 y1Î3 ‰ dy œ 3 Î2 3Î2
lim ” 32 † 23 ˆy2Î3 1‰ • œ lim Ša2b3Î2 â2Î3 1‰ ‹ œ 2È2 1
a Ä0 a Ä0 a Ä0 a
43. x œ a1 2 sin )bcos ), y œ a1 2 sin )bsin ) Ê d) œ 2cos ) sin )a1

dx 2
2 sin )b, dy
d) œ 2cos ) sin ) cos )a1 2 sin )b
2cos ) sin ) cos )a1 2 sin )b 4cos ) sin ) cos ) 2 sin 2) cos )
Ê dy
dx œ 2cos2 ) sin )a1 2 sin )b œ 2cos2 ) 2sin2 ) sin ) œ 2 cos 2) sin )
2 sina2a0bb cosa0b 01

(a) x œ a1 2 sina0bbcosa0b œ 1, y œ a1 2 sina0bbsina0b œ 0; dy
dx º œ 2 cosa2a0bb sina0b œ 20 œ 1
2
)œ0
2 sinˆ2ˆ 1# ‰‰ cosˆ 1# ‰
(b) x œ ˆ1 2 sinˆ 1# ‰‰cosˆ 1# ‰ œ 0, y œ ˆ1 2 sinˆ 1# ‰‰sinˆ 1# ‰ œ 3; dy
dx º œ 2 cosˆ2ˆ 1# ‰‰ sinˆ 1# ‰
œ 00
2 1 œ0
)œ1/2
È3 1 3 È3 2 sinˆ2ˆ 431 ‰‰ cosˆ 431 ‰
(c) x œ ˆ1 2 sinˆ 431 ‰‰cosˆ 431 ‰ œ 2 , y œ ˆ1 2 sinˆ 431 ‰‰sinˆ 431 ‰ œ 2 ; dy
dx º œ 2 cosˆ2ˆ 431 ‰‰ sinˆ 431 ‰
)œ41/3
È3 1 2È 3 1
œ È23 œ È3 2 œ Š4 3È3‹
1 2
d2 y
44. x œ t, y œ 1 cos t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 Ê dx
dt œ 1, dy
dt œ sin t Ê dy
dx œ sin t
1 œ sin t Ê d dy
dt Š dx ‹ œ cos t Ê dx2 œ cos t
1 œ cos t. The
d2 y
maximum and minimum slope will occur at points that maximize/minimize dy
dx , in other words, points where dx2 œ0
1 31 d2 y
Ê cos t œ 0 Ê t œ 2 or t œ 2 Ê dx2 œ ± ±
1 Î2 31Î2
(a) the maximum slope is dy

dx º œ sinˆ 12 ‰ œ 1, which occurs at x œ 12 , y œ 1 cosˆ 12 ‰ œ 1
tœ1Î2
(a) the minimum slope is dy

dx º œ sinˆ 321 ‰ œ 1, which occurs at x œ 31
2 , y œ 1 cosˆ 321 ‰ œ 1
tœ31Î2
2 a2 cos# t 1b 2 a2 cos# t 1b
45. dx
dt œ cos t and dy
dt œ 2 cos 2t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 2 cos 2t
cos t œ cos t ; then dy
dx œ0 Ê cos t œ0
" 1 31 51 71 1 1 È2
Ê 2 cos# t 1 œ 0 Ê cos t œ „ È2 Ê tœ 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 . In the 1st quadrant: t œ 4 Ê x œ sin 4 œ # and
È2
y œ sin 2 ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê Š # ß 1‹ is the point where the tangent line is horizontal. At the origin: x œ 0 and y œ 0

1 31
Ê sin t œ 0 Ê t œ 0 or t œ 1 and sin 2t œ 0 Ê t œ 0, # , 1, # ; thus t œ 0 and t œ 1 give the tangent lines at
the origin. Tangents at origin: dy
dx ¹ tœ0 œ 2 Ê y œ 2x and dx ¹ tœ1 œ 2 Ê y œ 2x
dy
3(cos 2t cos t sin 2t sin t)

46. dx
dt œ 2 cos 2t and dy
dt œ 3 cos 3t Ê dy
dx œ dy/dt
dx/dt œ 3 cos 3t
2 cos 2t œ 2 a2 cos# t1b
3 ca2 cos# t 1b (cos t) 2 sin t cos t sin td (3 cos t) a2 cos# t 1 2 sin# tb (3 cos t) a4 cos# t 3b
œ 2 a2 cos# t 1b œ 2 a2 cos# t 1b œ 2 a2 cos# t 1b ; then
(3 cos t) a4 cos# t3b 1 31
dy
dx œ0 Ê 2 a2 cos# t 1b œ 0 Ê 3 cos t œ 0 or 4 cos# t 3 œ 0: 3 cos t œ 0 Ê t œ # , # and
È3 1 51 71 111 1 È3
4 cos# t 3 œ 0 Ê cos t œ „ # Ê tœ 6 , 6 , 6 , 6 . In the 1st quadrant: t œ 6 Ê x œ sin 2 ˆ 16 ‰ œ #
È3
and y œ sin 3 ˆ 16 ‰ œ 1 Ê Š # ß 1‹ is the point where the graph has a horizontal tangent. At the origin: x œ 0
1 31 1 21 41 51
and y œ 0 Ê sin 2t œ 0 and sin 3t œ 0 Ê t œ 0, # , 1, # and t œ 0, 3 , 3 , 1, 3 , 3 Ê t œ 0 and t œ 1 give
the tangent lines at the origin. Tangents at the origin: dy
dx ¹ tœ0 œ 3 cos 0
2 cos 0 œ 3
# Ê yœ 3
# x, and dy
dx ¹ tœ1
3 cos (31)
œ 2 cos (21) œ 3# Ê y œ 3# x
47. (a) x œ aat sin tb, y œ aa1 cos tb, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 Ê dx

dt œ aa1 cos tb, dy
dt œ a sin t Ê Length
œ '0 Éaaa1 cos tbb# aa sin tb# dt œ '0 Èa# 2a# cos t a# cos# t a# sin# t dt
21 21
œ aÈ2'0 È1 cos t dt œ aÈ2'0 É2 sin2 ˆ 2t ‰ dt œ 2a'0 sinˆ 2t ‰ dt œ ’4a cosˆ 2t ‰“

21 21 21 21
0
œ 4a cos 1 4a cosa0b œ 8a
(b) a œ 1 Ê x œ t sin t, y œ 1 cos t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 Ê dx
dt œ 1 cos t, dy
dt œ sin t Ê Surface area œ
œ '0 21a1 cos tbÉa1 cos tb# asin tb# dt œ '0 21a1 cos tbÈ1 2 cos t cos# t sin# t dt
21 21
œ 21'0 a1 cos tbÈ2 2 cos t dt œ 2È21'0 a1 cos tb3Î2 dt œ 2È21'0 ˆ1 cos ˆ2 † 2t ‰‰ dt

21 21
3 Î2 21
œ 2È21'0 ˆ2 sin2 ˆ 2t ‰‰ dt œ 81'0 sin3 ˆ 2t ‰ dt

21 3 Î2 21
’u œ t
2 Ê du œ 12 dt Ê dt œ 2 du; t œ 0 Ê u œ 0, t œ 21 Ê u œ 1“
œ 161'0 sin3 u du œ 161'0 sin2 u sin u du œ 161'0 a1 cos2 u bsin u du œ 161'0 sin u du 161'0 cos2 u sin u du
1 1 1 1 1
1
161 161 ‰ 161 ‰ 641
œ ’161cos u 3
3 cos u“0 œ ˆ161 3 ˆ161 3 œ 3
48. x œ t sin t, y œ 1 cos t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21; Volume œ '0 1 y2 dx œ '0 1a1 cos tb2 a1 cos tbdt
21 21
œ 1'0 a1 3cos t 3cos2 t cos3 tbdt œ 1'0 ˆ1 3cos t 3ˆ 1 cos

21 21
2
2t ‰
cos2 t cos t‰dt
œ 1'0 ˆ 52 3cos t 32 cos 2t a1 sin2 tb cos t‰dt œ 1'0 ˆ 52 4cos t 32 cos 2t sin2 t cos t‰dt
21 21
21
œ 1’ 52 t 4sin t 34 sin 2t 31 sin3 t “ œ 1a51 0 0 0b 0 œ 512
0
47-50. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( student );
x := t -> t^3/3;
y := t -> t^2/2;
a := 0;
b := 1;
N := [2, 4, 8 ];
for n in N do
tt := [seq( a+i*(b-a)/n, i=0..n )];

pts := [seq([x(t),y(t)],t=tt)];
L := simplify(add( student[distance](pts[i+1],pts[i]), i=1..n )); # (b)
T := sprintf("#47(a) (Section 11.2)\nn=%3d L=%8.5f\n", n, L );
P[n] := plot( [[x(t),y(t),t=a..b],pts], title=T ): # (a)
end do:
display( [seq(P[n],n=N)], insequence=true );
ds := t ->sqrt( simplify(D(x)(t)^2 + D(y)(t)^2) ): # (c)
L := Int( ds(t), t=a..b ):
L = evalf(L);
11.3 POLAR COORDINATES
1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f 2. a, f; b, h; c, g; d, e
3. (a) ˆ2ß 1# 2n1‰ and ˆ2ß 1# (2n 1)1‰ , n an integer

(b) (#ß 2n1) and (#ß (2n 1)1), n an integer
(c) ˆ2ß 3#1 2n1‰ and ˆ2ß 3#1 (2n 1)1‰ , n an integer
(d) (#ß (2n 1)1) and (#ß 2n1), n an integer
4. (a) ˆ3ß 14 2n1‰ and ˆ3ß 541 2n1‰ , n an integer

(b) ˆ3ß 14 2n1‰ and ˆ3ß 541 2n1‰ , n an integer
(c) ˆ3ß 14 2n1‰ and ˆ3ß 341 2n1‰ , n an integer
(d) ˆ3ß 14 2n1‰ and ˆ3ß 341 2n1‰ , n an integer
5. (a) x œ r cos ) œ 3 cos 0 œ 3, y œ r sin ) œ 3 sin 0 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are ($ß 0)

(b) x œ r cos ) œ 3 cos 0 œ 3, y œ r sin ) œ 3 sin 0 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are ($ß 0)
(c) x œ r cos ) œ 2 cos 21 œ 1, y œ r sin ) œ 2 sin 21 œ È3 Ê Cartesian coordinates are Š1ß È3‹
3 3
71 71
(d) x œ r cos ) œ 2 cos 3 œ 1, y œ r sin ) œ 2 sin 3 œ È3 Ê Cartesian coordinates are Š1ß È3‹
(e) x œ r cos ) œ 3 cos 1 œ 3, y œ r sin ) œ 3 sin 1 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (3ß 0)
(f) x œ r cos ) œ 2 cos 1 œ 1, y œ r sin ) œ 2 sin 1 œ È3 Ê Cartesian coordinates are Š1ß È3‹
3 3
(g) x œ r cos ) œ 3 cos 21 œ 3, y œ r sin ) œ 3 sin 21 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (3ß 0)
(h) x œ r cos ) œ 2 cos ˆ 1 ‰ œ 1, y œ r sin ) œ 2 sin ˆ 1 ‰ œ È3 Ê Cartesian coordinates are Š1ß È3‹
3 3
1 1
6. (a) x œ È2 cos 4 œ 1, y œ È2 sin 4 œ 1 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (1ß 1)
(b) x œ 1 cos 0 œ 1, y œ 1 sin 0 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (1ß 0)
(c) x œ 0 cos 1# œ 0, y œ 0 sin 1# œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (!ß 0)
(d) x œ È2 cos ˆ 1 ‰ œ 1, y œ È2 sin ˆ 1 ‰ œ 1 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (1ß 1)
4 4
51 3È 3 51 È
(e) x œ 3 cos 6 œ 2 , y œ 3 sin 6 œ 3# Ê Cartesian coordinates are Š 3 # 3 ß 3# ‹
(f) x œ 5 cos ˆtan" 43 ‰ œ 3, y œ 5 sin ˆtan" 43 ‰ œ 4 Ê Cartesian coordinates are ($ß 4)
Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates 663
(g) x œ 1 cos 71 œ 1, y œ 1 sin 71 œ 0 Ê Cartesian coordinates are (1ß 0)

(h) x œ 2È3 cos 231 œ È3, y œ 2È3 sin 231 œ 3 Ê Cartesian coordinates are ŠÈ3ß 3‹
1
7. (a) a1, 1b Ê r œ È12 12 œ È2, sin ) œ 1
È2 and cos ) œ 1
È2 Ê)œ 4 Ê Polar coordinates are ŠÈ2, 14 ‹
(b) a3, 0b Ê r œ Éa3b2 02 œ 3, sin ) œ 0 and cos ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 1 Ê Polar coordinates are a3, 1b
2 È3 111 111 ‰
(c) ŠÈ3, 1‹ Ê r œ ÊŠÈ3‹ a1b2 œ 2, sin ) œ 12 and cos ) œ 2 Ê)œ 6 Ê Polar coordinates are ˆ2, 6
(d) a3, 4b Ê r œ Éa3b2 42 œ 5, sin ) œ 4

5 and cos ) œ 35 Ê ) œ 1 arctanˆ 43 ‰ Ê Polar coordinates are
ˆ5, 1 arctanˆ 43 ‰‰
8. (a) a2, 2b Ê r œ Éa2b2 a2b2 œ 2È2, sin ) œ È12 and cos ) œ È12 Ê ) œ 341 Ê Polar coordinates are
Š2È2, 341 ‹
1
(b) a0, 3b Ê r œ È02 32 œ 3, sin ) œ 1 and cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ 2 Ê Polar coordinates are ˆ3, 12 ‰
2 È3 51 51 ‰
(c) ŠÈ3, 1‹ Ê r œ ÊŠÈ3‹ 12 œ 2, sin ) œ 1
2 and cos ) œ 2 Ê)œ 6 Ê Polar coordinates are ˆ2, 6
(d) a5, 12b Ê r œ É52 a12b2 œ 13, sin ) œ 12

13 and cos ) œ
5
12 Ê ) œ arctanˆ 12
5 Ê Polar coordinates are
‰
ˆ13, arctanˆ 12
5
‰‰
51
9. (a) a3, 3b Ê r œ È32 32 œ 3È2, sin ) œ È1 and cos ) œ È1 Ê ) œ 4 Ê Polar coordinates are
2 2
51
Š3È2, 4 ‹
(b) a1, 0b Ê r œ Éa1b2 02 œ 1, sin ) œ 0 and cos ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 0 Ê Polar coordinates are a1, 0b
2 È3 51
(c) Š1, È3‹ Ê r œ Êa1b2 ŠÈ3‹ œ 2, sin ) œ 2 and cos ) œ 1
2 Ê)œ 3 Ê Polar coordinates are
ˆ2, 51 ‰
3
(d) a4, 3b Ê r œ É42 a3b2 œ 5, sin ) œ 3

5 and cos ) œ 45 Ê ) œ 1 arctanˆ 34 ‰ Ê Polar coordinates are
ˆ5, 1 arctanˆ 43 ‰‰
10. (a) a2, 0b Ê r œ Éa2b2 02 œ 2, sin ) œ 0 and cos ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 0 Ê Polar coordinates are a2, 0b
(b) a1, 0b Ê r œ È12 02 œ 1, sin ) œ 0 and cos ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 1 or ) œ 1 Ê Polar coordinates are a1, 1b or
a1, 1b
1
(c) a0, 3b Ê r œ É02 a3b2 œ 3, sin ) œ 1 and cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ 2 Ê Polar coordinates are ˆ3, 12 ‰
È3 1 È3 2 2 È3 71
(d) Š 2 , 2‹ Ê r œ ÊŠ 2 ‹ ˆ 12 ‰ œ 1, sin ) œ 12 and cos ) œ 2 Ê)œ 6 or ) œ 561 Ê Polar coordinates
71 ‰
are ˆ1, 6 or ˆ1, 561 ‰

11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20. 21. 22.
23. 24. 25.

Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates 665
26.
27. r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2, vertical line through (#ß 0) 28. r sin ) œ 1 Ê y œ 1, horizontal line through (0ß 1)
29. r sin ) œ 0 Ê y œ 0, the x-axis 30. r cos ) œ 0 Ê x œ 0, the y-axis
31. r œ 4 csc ) Ê r œ 4
sin ) Ê r sin ) œ 4 Ê y œ 4, a horizontal line through (0ß 4)
3
32. r œ 3 sec ) Ê r œ cos ) Ê r cos ) œ 3 Ê x œ 3, a vertical line through (3ß 0)
33. r cos ) r sin ) œ 1 Ê x y œ 1, line with slope m œ 1 and intercept b œ 1
34. r sin ) œ r cos ) Ê y œ x, line with slope m œ 1 and intercept b œ 0
35. r# œ 1 Ê x# y# œ 1, circle with center C œ (!ß 0) and radius 1
36. r# œ 4r sin ) Ê x# y# œ 4y Ê x# y# 4y 4 œ 4 Ê x# (y 2)# œ 4, circle with center C œ (0ß 2) and radius 2
37. r œ 5
sin )2 cos ) Ê r sin ) 2r cos ) œ 5 Ê y 2x œ 5, line with slope m œ 2 and intercept b œ 5
38. r# sin 2) œ 2 Ê 2r# sin ) cos ) œ 2 Ê (r sin ))(r cos )) œ 1 Ê xy œ 1, hyperbola with focal axis y œ x
)‰ˆ " ‰
39. r œ cot ) csc ) œ ˆ cos
sin ) sin ) Ê r sin# ) œ cos ) Ê r# sin# ) œ r cos ) Ê y# œ x, parabola with vertex (0ß 0)
which opens to the right
sin ) ‰
40. r œ 4 tan ) sec ) Ê r œ 4 ˆ cos #) Ê r cos# ) œ 4 sin ) Ê r# cos# ) œ 4r sin ) Ê x# œ 4y, parabola with
vertex œ (!ß 0) which opens upward
41. r œ (csc )) er cos ) Ê r sin ) œ er cos ) Ê y œ ex , graph of the natural exponential function
42. r sin ) œ ln r ln cos ) œ ln (r cos )) Ê y œ ln x, graph of the natural logarithm function
43. r# 2r# cos ) sin ) œ 1 Ê x# y# 2xy œ 1 Ê x# 2xy y# œ 1 Ê (x y)# œ 1 Ê x y œ „ 1, two parallel

straight lines of slope 1 and y-intercepts b œ „ 1
44. cos# ) œ sin# ) Ê r# cos# ) œ r# sin# ) Ê x# œ y# Ê kxk œ kyk Ê „ x œ y, two perpendicular

lines through the origin with slopes 1 and 1, respectively.
45. r# œ 4r cos ) Ê x# y# œ 4x Ê x# 4x y# œ 0 Ê x# 4x 4 y# œ 4 Ê (x 2)# y# œ 4, a circle with

center C(2ß 0) and radius 2

46. r# œ 6r sin ) Ê x# y# œ 6y Ê x# y# 6y œ 0 Ê x# y# 6y 9 œ 9 Ê x# (y 3)# œ 9, a circle with

center C(0ß 3) and radius 3
47. r œ 8 sin ) Ê r# œ 8r sin ) Ê x# y# œ 8y Ê x# y# 8y œ 0 Ê x# y# 8y 16 œ 16 Ê x# (y 4)# œ 16, a

circle with center C(0ß 4) and radius 4
48. r œ 3 cos ) Ê r# œ 3r cos ) Ê x# y# œ 3x Ê x# y# 3x œ 0 Ê x# 3x 9

4 y# œ 9
4
#
Ê ˆx 3# ‰ y# œ 9
4 , a circle with center C ˆ 3# ß !‰ and radius 3
#
49. r œ 2 cos ) 2 sin ) Ê r# œ 2r cos ) 2r sin ) Ê x# y# œ 2x 2y Ê x# 2x y# 2y œ 0

Ê (x 1)# (y 1)# œ 2, a circle with center C(1ß 1) and radius È2
50. r œ 2 cos ) sin ) Ê r# œ 2r cos ) r sin ) Ê x# y# œ 2x y Ê x# 2x y# y œ 0

# È5
Ê (x 1)# ˆy "# ‰ œ 54 , a circle with center C ˆ1ß "# ‰ and radius #
È È3
51. r sin ˆ) 16 ‰ œ 2 Ê r ˆsin ) cos 16 cos ) sin 16 ‰ œ 2 Ê #3 r sin ) "# r cos ) œ 2 Ê # y "# x œ 2
Ê È3 y x œ 4, line with slope m œ " and intercept b œ 4
È3 È3
È È3
52. r sin ˆ 231 )‰ œ 5 Ê r ˆsin 231 cos ) cos 231 sin )‰ œ 5 Ê #3 r cos ) "# r sin ) œ 5 Ê # x "# y œ 5
Ê È3 x y œ 10, line with slope m œ È3 and intercept b œ 10
53. x œ 7 Ê r cos ) œ 7 54. y œ 1 Ê r sin ) œ 1
1
55. x œ y Ê r cos ) œ r sin ) Ê ) œ 4 56. x y œ 3 Ê r cos ) r sin ) œ 3
57. x# y# œ 4 Ê r# œ 4 Ê r œ 2 or r œ 2
58. x# y# œ 1 Ê r# cos# ) r# sin# ) œ 1 Ê r# acos# ) sin# )b œ 1 Ê r# cos 2) œ 1
x# y#
59. 9 4 œ 1 Ê 4x# 9y# œ 36 Ê 4r# cos# ) 9r# sin# ) œ 36
60. xy œ 2 Ê (r cos ))(r sin )) œ 2 Ê r# cos ) sin ) œ 2 Ê 2r# cos ) sin ) œ 4 Ê r# sin 2) œ 4
61. y# œ 4x Ê r# sin# ) œ 4r cos ) Ê r sin# ) œ 4 cos )
62. x# xy y# œ 1 Ê x# y# xy œ 1 Ê r# r# sin ) cos ) œ 1 Ê r# (1 sin ) cos )) œ 1
63. x# (y 2)# œ 4 Ê x# y# 4y 4 œ 4 Ê x# y# œ 4y Ê r# œ 4r sin ) Ê r œ 4 sin )
64. (x 5)# y# œ 25 Ê x# 10x 25 y# œ 25 Ê x# y# œ 10x Ê r# œ 10r cos ) Ê r œ 10 cos )
65. (x 3)# (y 1)# œ 4 Ê x# 6x 9 y# 2y 1 œ 4 Ê x# y# œ 6x 2y 6 Ê r# œ 6r cos ) 2r sin ) 6
66. (x 2)# (y 5)# œ 16 Ê x# 4x 4 y# 10y 25 œ 16 Ê x# y# œ 4x 10y 13

Ê r# œ 4r cos ) 10r sin ) 13

Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 667
67. (!ß )) where ) is any angle
68. (a) x œ a Ê r cos ) œ a Ê r œ a

cos ) Ê r œ a sec )
(b) y œ b Ê r sin ) œ b Ê r œ b
sin ) Ê r œ b csc )
11.4 GRAPHING IN POLAR COORDINATES
1. 1 cos ()) œ 1 cos ) œ r Ê symmetric about the

x-axis; 1 cos ()) Á r and 1 cos (1 ))
œ 1 cos ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
2. 2 2 cos ()) œ 2 2 cos ) œ r Ê symmetric about the

x-axis; 2 # cos ()) Á r and 2 2 cos (1 ))
œ 2 2 cos ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
3. 1 sin ()) œ 1 sin ) Á r and 1 sin (1 ))

œ 1 sin ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 sin (1 )) œ 1 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about
the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin

1 sin (1 )) œ 1 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin

668 Chapter 11 Parametric Equatins and Polar Coordinates

2 sin (1 )) œ 2 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about the
6. 1 2 sin ()) œ 1 2 sin ) Á r and 1 2 sin (1 ))

œ 1 2 sin ) Á r Ê not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 2 sin (1 )) œ 1 2 sin ) œ r Ê symmetric about the
7. sin ˆ #) ‰ œ sin ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the y-axis;

sin ˆ 21#) ‰ œ sin ˆ 2) ‰ , so the graph is symmetric about the
x-axis, and hence the origin.
8. cos ˆ #) ‰ œ cos ˆ #) ‰ œ r Ê symmetric about the x-axis;

cos ˆ 21#) ‰ œ cos ˆ 2) ‰ , so the graph is symmetric about the
y-axis, and hence the origin.
9. cos ()) œ cos ) œ r# Ê (rß )) and (rß )) are on the
graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about the
x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin

10. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 )) are on

the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about
the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin
11. sin (1 )) œ sin ) œ r# Ê (rß 1 )) and (rß 1 ))

are on the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric
about the y-axis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about
the origin
12. cos ()) œ cos ) œ r# Ê (rß )) and (rß )) are on
the graph when (rß )) is on the graph Ê symmetric about
the x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the
origin
13. Since a „ rß )b are on the graph when (rß )) is on the graph
â „ rb# œ 4 cos 2( )) Ê r# œ 4 cos 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis Ê the graph is
symmetric about the origin
14. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

â „ rb# œ 4 sin 2) Ê r# œ 4 sin 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But 4 sin 2()) œ 4 sin 2)
Á r# and 4 sin 2(1 )) œ 4 sin (21 2)) œ 4 sin (2))
œ 4 sin 2) Á r# Ê the graph is not symmetric about
the x-axis; therefore the graph is not symmetric about
the y-axis
15. Since (rß )) on the graph Ê (rß )) is on the graph

â „ rb# œ sin 2) Ê r# œ sin 2)‰ , the graph is
symmetric about the origin. But sin 2()) œ ( sin 2))
sin 2) Á r# and sin 2(1 )) œ sin (21 2))
œ sin (2)) œ ( sin 2)) œ sin 2) Á r# Ê the graph
is not symmetric about the x-axis; therefore the graph is
not symmetric about the y-axis

16. Sincea „ rß )b are on the graph when (rß )) is on the

graph â „ rb# œ cos 2()) Ê r# œ cos 2)‰, the
graph is symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis Ê the
graph is symmetric about the origin.
1
17. ) œ Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 1# ‰ , and ) œ 1# Ê r œ 1
#
w
Ê ˆ1ß 1# ‰ ; rw œ ddr) œ sin ); Slope œ rrw sin )r cos )
cos )r sin )
sin# )r cos )
œ sin ) cos )r sin ) Ê Slope at ˆ1ß 1# ‰ is
sin# ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos 1#
sin 1# cos 1# (1) sin 1#
œ 1; Slope at ˆ1ß 1# ‰ is
sin# ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos ˆ 1# ‰
sin ˆ 1# ‰ cos ˆ 1# ‰(1) sin ˆ 1# ‰
œ1
18. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê ("ß 0), and ) œ 1 Ê r œ 1

Ê ("ß 1); rw œ d)
dr
œ cos );
rw sin )r cos ) cos ) sin )r cos )
Slope œ rw cos )r sin ) œ cos ) cos )r sin )
cos ) sin )r cos ) 0 sin 0(1) cos 0
œ cos# )r sin ) Ê Slope at ("ß 0) is coscos # 0(1) sin 0
cos 1 sin 1(1) cos 1

œ 1; Slope at ("ß 1) is cos# 1(1) sin 1 œ 1
1
19. ) œ Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 14 ‰ ; ) œ 14 Ê r œ 1
4
Ê ˆ1ß 14 ‰ ; ) œ 341 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 341 ‰ ;
) œ 341 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 341 ‰ ;
rw œ dr
d) œ 2 cos 2);
r sin )r cos ) 2 cos 2) sin )r cos )
Slope œ œ
w
r cos )r sin )

w
2 cos 2) cos )r sin )
2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 14 ‰(1) cos ˆ 14 ‰
Ê Slope at ˆ1ß 14 ‰ is 2 cos ˆ 1 ‰ cos ˆ 1 ‰(1) sin ˆ 1 ‰
œ 1;
# 4 4
2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 14 ‰(1) cos ˆ 14 ‰

Slope at ˆ1ß 14 ‰ is 2 cos ˆ 1# ‰ cos ˆ 14 ‰(1) sin ˆ 14 ‰
œ 1;
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ sin Š 341 ‹(1) cos Š 341 ‹
Slope at ˆ1ß 341 ‰ is œ 1;
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ cos Š 341 ‹(1) sin Š 341 ‹
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ sin Š 341 ‹(1) cos Š 341 ‹

Slope at ˆ1ß 341 ‰ is œ 1
2 cos Š 3#1 ‹ cos Š 341 ‹(1) sin Š 341 ‹

20. ) œ 0 Ê r œ 1 Ê (1ß 0); ) œ 12 Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ1ß 12 ‰ ;

) œ 1# Ê r œ 1 Ê ˆ"ß 12 ‰ ; ) œ 1 Ê r œ 1
Ê (1ß 1); rw œ d) œ 2 sin 2);
dr
)r cos ) 2 sin 2) sin )r cos )

Slope œ rr sin
cos )r sin ) œ 2 sin 2) cos )r sin )
w
Ê Slope at (1ß 0) is 2 sin 0 sin 0cos 0

2 sin 0 cos 0sin 0 , which is undefined;
2 sin 2 ˆ 1 ‰ sin ˆ 1 ‰(1) cos ˆ 1 ‰
Slope at ˆ1ß 12 ‰ is 2 sin 2 ˆ 12 ‰ cos ˆ21 ‰(1) sin ˆ 21 ‰ œ 0;
2 2 2
2 sin 2 ˆ 1# ‰ sin ˆ 1# ‰(1) cos ˆ 1# ‰

Slope at ˆ1ß 12 ‰ is 2 sin 2 ˆ 1 ‰ cos ˆ 1 ‰(1) sin ˆ 1 ‰
œ 0;
# # #
2 sin 21 sin 1cos 1
Slope at ("ß 1) is 2 sin 21 cos 1sin 1 , which is undefined
21. (a) (b)
22. (a) (b)
23. (a) (b)
24. (a) (b)

25.
26. r œ 2 sec ) Ê r œ 2
cos ) Ê r cos ) œ 2 Ê x œ 2
27. 28.
29. Note that (rß )) and (rß ) 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r œ 1 cos ) Í 1 cos () 1)
œ 1 (cos ) cos 1 sin ) sin 1) œ 1 cos ) œ (1 cos )) œ r; therefore (rß )) is on the graph of
r œ 1 cos ) Í (rß ) 1) is on the graph of r œ 1 cos ) Ê the answer is (a).

30. Note that (rß )) and (rß ) 1) describe the same point in the plane. Then r œ cos 2) Í sin ˆ2() 1)) 1# ‰
œ sin ˆ2) 5#1 ‰ œ sin (2)) cos ˆ 5#1 ‰ cos (2)) sin ˆ 5#1 ‰ œ cos 2) œ r; therefore (rß )) is on the graph of
r œ sin ˆ2) 1# ‰ Ê the answer is (a).
31. 32.
33. (a) (b) (c) (d)
34. (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)
11.5 AREA AND LENGTHS IN POLAR COORDINATES
1. A œ '0 "# )# d) œ 16 )3 ‘ ! œ
1 1 13
6
2. A œ '1Î4 "# a2 sin )b# d) œ 2'1Î4 sin2 ) d) œ 2'1Î4 d) œ '1Î4 a1 cos 2)bd) œ ) 21 sin 2)‘1Î4
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1 Î2
1 cos 2)
2
œ ˆ 12 0‰ ˆ 14 12 ‰ œ 1
4 1
2
3. A œ '0 (4 2 cos ))# d) œ '0 a16 16 cos ) 4 cos# )b d) œ '0 8 8 cos ) 2 ˆ 1 cos
21 21 21
" " 2 ) ‰‘
# # # d)
œ '0 (9 8 cos ) cos 2)) d) œ 9) 8 sin )

21 #1
"
2 sin 2)‘ ! œ 181
4. A œ '0 œ '0 '021 ˆ1 2 cos ) 1 cos

21 21
" # " " 2) ‰
# [a(1 cos ))] d) # a# a1 2 cos ) cos# )b d) œ # a# # d)
œ "
# a# ' 0
21
ˆ #3 2 cos ) "# cos 2)‰ d) œ "
# a# 3# ) 2 sin ) "
4 sin 2)‘ ! œ
#1 3
# 1a#
5. A œ 2 '0 cos# 2) d) œ '0

1 Î4 1 Î4
" 1 cos 4) " sin 4) ‘ 1Î% 1
# # d) œ #
) 4 !
œ 8
6. A œ '1Î6 ' 11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66 '11ÎÎ66

1 Î6
" " " 1 cos 6) "
# acos 3)b2 d) œ # cos2 3) d) œ # 2 d) œ 4 a1 cos 6)b d)
œ 4" ) ‘ 1Î6
6 sin 6) 1Î6
1
œ 4" ˆ 16 0‰ 4" ˆ 16 0‰ œ 1
12
7. A œ '0 (4 sin 2)) d) œ '0

1Î2 1Î2
" 1Î#
# 2 sin 2) d) œ c cos 2)d ! œ2
8. A œ (6)(2)'0 (2 sin 3)) d) œ 12 '0 sin 3) d) œ 12 cos3 3) ‘ !

1Î6 1Î6 1Î'
"
# œ4
9. r œ 2 cos ) and r œ 2 sin ) Ê 2 cos ) œ 2 sin )

Ê cos ) œ sin ) Ê ) œ 14 ; therefore
A œ 2 '0 (2 sin ))# d) œ '0
1Î4 1Î4
"
# 4 sin# ) d)
œ '0 d) œ '0
1Î4 1Î4
4 ˆ 1 cos
#
2) ‰
(2 2 cos 2)) d)
1Î% 1
œ c2) sin 2) d ! œ # 1

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 675
"
10. r œ 1 and r œ 2 sin ) Ê 2 sin ) œ 1 Ê sin ) œ #
1 51
Ê )œ 6 or 6 ; therefore
A œ 1(1)# '1Î6
51Î6
"
# c(2 sin ))# 1# d d)
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ2 sin# ) "# ‰ d)

51Î6
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ1 cos 2) "# ‰ d)

51Î6
œ 1 '1Î6 ˆ "# cos 2)‰ d) œ 1 2" )

51Î6
sin 2) ‘ &1Î'
# 1Î'
41 3È 3
œ 1 ˆ 511# "
# sin 51 ‰
3
1
ˆ 12 "
# sin 13 ‰ œ 6
11. r œ 2 and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 2 œ 2(1 cos ))

Ê cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ „ 1# ; therefore
A œ 2 '0
1Î2
"
# [2(1 cos ))]# d) "# area of the circle
œ '0
1Î2
4 a1 2 cos ) cos# )b d) ˆ "# 1‰ (2)#
œ '0
1Î2
1 cos 2) ‰
4 ˆ1 2 cos ) # d) 2 1
œ '0
1Î2
(4 8 cos ) 2 2 cos 2)) d) 21
1Î#
œ c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d ! 21 œ 51 8
12. r œ 2(1 cos )) and r œ 2(1 cos )) Ê 1 cos )

œ 1 cos ) Ê cos ) œ 0 Ê ) œ 1# or 3#1 ; the graph also
gives the point of intersection (0ß 0); therefore
A œ 2 '0 [2(1 cos ))]# d) 2 '1Î2 "# [2(1 cos ))]# d)
1Î2 1
"
#
œ '0 4a1 2cos ) cos# )bd)

1Î2
'1Î2 4 a1 2 cos ) cos# )bd)

1
œ '0 d) '1Î2 4 ˆ1 2 cos )

1Î2 1
1 cos 2) ‰ 1 cos 2) ‰
4 ˆ1 2 cos ) # # d)
œ '0 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d) '1Î2 (6 8 cos ) 2 cos 2)) d)

1Î2 1
1Î#
œ c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d ! c6) 8 sin ) sin 2)d 11Î# œ 61 16
"
13. r œ È3 and r# œ 6 cos 2) Ê 3 œ 6 cos 2) Ê cos 2) œ #
1
Ê )œ 6 (in the 1st quadrant); we use symmetry of the
graph to find the area, so
A œ 4 '0 ” "# (6 cos 2)) "# ŠÈ3‹ • d)

1Î6 #
œ 2 '0 (6 cos 2) 3) d) œ 2 c3 sin 2) 3)d !

1Î6
1Î'
œ 3È3 1

14. r œ 3a cos ) and r œ a(1 cos )) Ê 3a cos ) œ a(1 cos ))

Ê 3 cos ) œ 1 cos ) Ê cos ) œ "# Ê ) œ 13 or 13 ;
the graph also gives the point of intersection (0ß 0); therefore
A œ 2 '0
1Î3
"
# c(3a cos ))# a# (1 cos ))# d d)
œ '0 a9a# cos# ) a# 2a# cos ) a# cos# )b d)

1Î3
œ '0
1Î3
a8a# cos# ) 2a# cos ) a# b d)
œ '0 c4a# (1 cos 2)) 2a# cos ) a# d d)

1Î3
œ '0 a3a# 4a# cos 2) 2a# cos )b d)

1Î3
1Î$ È3
œ c3a# ) 2a# sin 2) 2a# sin )d ! œ 1a# 2a# ˆ "# ‰ 2a# Š # ‹ œ a# Š1 1 È3‹
15. r œ 1 and r œ 2 cos ) Ê 1 œ 2 cos ) Ê cos ) œ "#

21
Ê )œ 3 in quadrant II; therefore
A œ 2' c(2 cos ))# 1# d d) œ '21Î3 a4 cos# ) 1b d)
1 1
"
21Î3 #
œ '21Î3 [2(1 cos 2)) 1] d) œ '21Î3 (1 2 cos 2)) d)

1 1
È3
œ c) sin 2)d 1#1Î$ œ 1
3 #
"
16. r œ 6 and r œ 3 csc ) Ê 6 sin ) œ 3 Ê sin ) œ #
; therefore A œ '1Î6
51Î6
1 51 "
Ê )œ 6 or 6 # a6# 9 csc# )b d)
œ '1Î6 ˆ18
51Î6 &1Î'
9
# csc# )‰ d) œ 18) 9
# cot )‘ 1Î'
œ Š151 9# È3‹ Š31 9# È3‹ œ 121 9È3
17. r œ sec ) and r œ 4 cos ) Ê 4 cos ) œ sec ) Ê cos2 ) œ 1

4
Ê ) œ 13 , 231 , 431 , or 531 ; therefore
'
1Î3
A œ 2 0 "# a16 cos# ) sec# )b d)
'
1Î3
œ 0 a8 8 cos 2) sec# )b d)
1Î3
œ c8) 4 sin 2) tan )d0
œ Š 831 2È3 È3‹ a0 0 0b œ 81
3 È3

Section 11.5 Area and Lengths in Polar Coordinates 677
18. r œ 3 csc ) and r œ 4 sin ) Ê 4 sin ) œ 3 csc ) Ê sin2 ) œ 3

4
Ê ) œ 13 , 21 41 51
3 , 3 , or 3 ; therefore
A œ 41 2 '
1 Î2
"
1 Î3 #
a16 sin# ) 9 csc# )b d)
œ 41 '1Î3 a8 8 cos 2) 9 csc# )b d)

1 Î2
1 Î2
œ 41 c8) 4 sin 2) 9 cot )d1Î3
œ 41 ’a41 0 0b Š 831 2È3 3È3‹“

81
œ 3 È3
È2 È2
19. (a) r œ tan ) and r œ Š # ‹ csc ) Ê tan ) œ Š # ‹ csc )
È2 È2
Ê sin# ) œ Š # ‹ cos ) Ê 1 cos# ) œ Š # ‹ cos )
È2
Ê cos# ) Š # ‹cos ) 1 œ 0 Ê cos ) œ È2 or
È2 1
# (use the quadratic formula) Ê ) œ 4 (the solution
in the first quadrant); therefore the area of R" is
A" œ '0 '01Î4 asec# ) 1b d) œ "# ctan ) )d !1Î% œ "# ˆtan 14 14 ‰ œ "# 18 ; AO œ Š È#2 ‹ csc 1#
1Î4
" "
# tan# ) d) œ #
È2 È2 1 È2 # È2 " È2 È2 "
œ # and OB œ Š # ‹ csc 4 œ 1 Ê AB œ Ê1# Š # ‹ œ # Ê the area of R# is A# œ # Š # ‹Š # ‹ œ 4 ;
therefore the area of the region shaded in the text is 2 ˆ "# 1

8 4" ‰ œ 3
# 1
4 . Note: The area must be found this way
1
since no common interval generates the region. For example, the interval 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 4 generates the arc OB of r œ tan )
È2
but does not generate the segment AB of the liner œ # csc ). Instead the interval generates the half-line from B to
È2
_ on the line r œ # csc ).
(b) lim tan ) œ _ and the line x œ 1 is r œ sec ) in polar coordinates; then lim (tan ) sec ))
) Ä 1 Î2 ) Ä 1 Î2 c
sin ) " ‰ ˆ sincos) ) 1 ‰ œ ) ‰
œ lim ˆ cos ) œ lim lim sin ) œ 0 Ê r œ tan ) approaches
ˆ cos
) Ä 1 Î2 c cos ) ) Ä 1 Î2 c ) Ä 1 Î2 c
1c
r œ sec ) as ) Ä # Ê r œ sec ) (or x œ 1) is a vertical asymptote of r œ tan ). Similarly, r œ sec ) (or x œ 1)
is a vertical asymptote of r œ tan ).
20. It is not because the circle is generated twice from ) œ 0 to 21. The area of the cardioid is
A œ 2 '0 (cos ) 1)# d) œ '0 acos# ) 2 cos ) 1b d) œ '0 ˆ 1 cos
1 1 1
"
# #
2)
2 cos ) 1‰ d)
1 #
œ 32) sin 2)
4 2 sin )‘ ! œ 31
# . The area of the circle is A œ 1 ˆ "# ‰ œ 1
4 Ê the area requested is actually 3#1 1
4 œ 51
4
È5 È5
21. r œ )# , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ È5 Ê dr
d) œ 2); therefore Length œ '0 Éa)# b# (2))# d) œ '
0
È ) % 4) # d)
È5 È5
œ '0 k)k È)# 4 d) œ (since ) 0) '0 ) È ) # 4 d ) ; u œ ) # 4 Ê "
# du œ ) d); ) œ 0 Ê u œ 4,
) œ È5 Ê u œ 9“ Ä '4 " 2 $Î# ‘ *

9
" Èu du œ
# # 3 u %
œ 19
3
; therefore Length œ '0 ÊŠ Èe 2 ‹ Š Èe 2 ‹ d) œ '0 Ê2 Š e# ‹ d)

1 # # 1
e) e) ) ) 2)
22. r œ È2 ,0Ÿ)Ÿ1 Ê dr
d) œ È2
œ '0 e) d) œ e) ‘ ! œ e1 1
1 1

œ sin ); therefore Length œ '0 È(1 cos ))# ( sin ))# d)

21
23. r œ 1 cos ) Ê dr
d)
œ 2 '0 È2 2 cos ) d) œ 2'0 É 4(1 #cos )) d) œ 4 '0 É 1 #cos ) d) œ 4 '0 cos ˆ #) ‰ d) œ 4 2 sin 2) ‘ ! œ 8
1 1 1 1 1
; therefore Length œ '0 Éâ sin# #) ‰ â sin

# 1 #
) ) ) )
24. r œ a sin# # , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1, a 0 Ê dr
d) œ a sin # cos # # cos #) ‰ d)
1
œ '0 Éa# sin% d) œ '0 a ¸sin #) ¸ Ésin#
1 1
) ) ) ) )
# a# sin# # cos# # # cos# # d) œ (since 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1) a ' sin ˆ #) ‰ d)
0
1
œ 2a cos 2) ‘ ! œ 2a
; therefore Length œ '0

1Î2 # #
1 6 sin ) 6 sin )
25. r œ 6
1 cos ) ,0Ÿ)Ÿ # Ê dr
d) œ (1 cos ))# Êˆ 1 6cos ) ‰ Š (1 cos ))# ‹ d)
œ '0 d) œ 6 '0
1Î2 1Î2
36 sin# ) " sin# )
cos ))#
É (1 36 ) É1 d)
¸ 1cos ¸ (1 cos ))#
a1 cos )b%
0 on 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1# ‰ 6 '0 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É 1 2 cos(1)cos

1Î2
" cos# ) sin# )
œ ˆsince 1 cos ) ) )# d)
œ 6 '0 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É (12 2cos È ' œ 6È2 '0 œ 3'0

1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
cos ) d) d) ¸sec$ #) ¸ d)
) )# d) œ 6 2 0 (1 cos ))$Î# ˆ2 cos# #) ‰$Î#
œ 3'0 sec$ d) œ 6'0 '01Î4

1Î2 1Î4 1Î%
) "
# sec$ u du œ (use tables) 6 Œ sec u2tan u ‘ ! # sec u du
1Î%
œ 6 Š È"2 2" ln ksec u tan uk‘ ! ‹ œ 3 ’È2 ln Š1 È2‹“
; therefore Length œ '1Î2 Êˆ 1 2cos ) ‰ Š (12cos

1 # #
1 2 sin ) sin )
26. r œ 2
1 cos ) , # Ÿ)Ÿ1 Ê dr
d) œ (1 cos ))# ))# ‹ d)
œ '1Î2 Ê (1 cos d) œ '1Î2 ¸ 1 2cos ) ¸ É (1 (1cos )cos

1 1 # #
sin# ) ) sin )
) ) # Š1 d)
4
a1 cos )b#
‹ ) )#
Ÿ ) Ÿ 1‰ 2 '1Î2 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É 1 2 cos(1)cos

1 # #
1 cos ) sin )
œ ˆsince 1 cos ) 0 on # ) )# d)
œ 2 '1Î2 ˆ 1 "cos ) ‰ É (12 2cos È ' È ' œ '1Î2 ¸csc$ #) ¸ d)

1 1 1 1
cos ) d) d)
))# d) œ 2 2 1Î2 (1 cos ))$Î# œ 2 2 1Î2 ˆ2 sin# )# ‰$Î#
œ '1Î2 csc$ ˆ #) ‰ d) œ ˆsince csc Ÿ ) Ÿ 1‰ 2 '1Î4 csc$ u du œ (use tables)

1 1Î2
) 1
# 0 on #
2Œ csc u2cot u ‘ 1Î%

1Î# "
#
'11ÎÎ42 csc u du œ 2 Š È"2 2" ln kcsc u cot uk‘ 1Î% ‹ œ 2 ’ È"2
1Î# "
# ln ŠÈ2 1‹“
œ È2 ln Š1 È2‹
; therefore Length œ '0

1Î4
27. r œ cos$ )
3 Ê dr
d) œ sin )
3 cos# )
3
Éˆcos$ 3) ‰# ˆ sin )
3
#
cos# 3) ‰ d)
œ '0 Écos' ˆ 3) ‰ sin# ˆ 3) ‰ cos% ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '0 ˆcos# 3) ‰ Écos# ˆ 3) ‰ sin# ˆ 3) ‰ d) œ '

1Î4 1Î4 1Î4
0
cos# ˆ 3) ‰ d)
œ '0
1Î4 1cos ˆ 2) ‰
" 2) ‘ 1Î% 1
3
# d) œ #
) 3
2 sin 3 ! œ 8 3
8
"
28. r œ È1 sin 2) , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 1È2 Ê dr
d) œ # (1 sin 2))"Î# (2 cos 2)) œ (cos 2))(1 sin 2))"Î# ; therefore
È È
Length œ '0 d) œ '0
1 2 1 2
cos# 2) # #
É(1 sin 2)) (1 sin 2))
É 1 2 sin 2)1 sin 2) cos
sin 2)
2)
d)
È È 1È#
œ '0 '
1 2 1 2
É 212sin
sin 2)
2) d) œ 0
È2 d) œ ’È2 )“ œ 21
!

Section 11.6 Conic Sections 679
29. Let r œ f()). Then x œ f()) cos ) Ê dx

d) œ f w ()) cos ) f()) sin ) Ê ˆ dx
d)
‰# œ cf w ()) cos ) f()) sin )d#
œ cf w ())d# cos# ) 2f w ()) f()) sin ) cos ) [f())]# sin# ); y œ f()) sin ) Ê dy
d) œ f w ()) sin ) f()) cos )
#
w # w # # w # #
Ê Š dy
d) ‹ œ cf ()) sin ) f()) cos )d œ cf ())d sin ) 2f ())f()) sin ) cos ) [f())] cos ). Therefore
#
ˆ dx
d)
‰# Š dy w # # # # # # w # # # ˆ dr ‰#
d) ‹ œ cf ())d acos ) sin )b [f())] acos ) sin )b œ cf ())d [f())] œ r d) .
Thus, L œ '! Êˆ dx ' Ér# ˆ ddr) ‰# d).

" # "
d)
‰# Š dy
d) ‹ d) œ !
œ 0; Length œ '0 Èa# 0# d) œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d #!1 œ 21a

21 21
30. (a) r œ a Ê dr
d)
œ a sin ); Length œ '0 È(a cos ))# (a sin ))# d) œ '0 Èa# acos# ) sin# )b d)
1 1
(b) r œ a cos ) Ê dr
d)
œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d 1! œ 1a

1
œ a cos ); Length œ '0 È(a cos ))# (a sin ))# d) œ '0 Èa# acos# ) sin# )b d)
1 1
(c) r œ a sin ) Ê dr
d)
œ '0 kak d) œ ca)d 1! œ 1a

1
31. (a) rav œ '021 a(1 cos )) d) œ 2a1 c) sin )d #!1 œ a

"
2 1 0
rav œ 21"0 '0 a d) œ #"1 ca)d #!1 œ a

21
(b)
rav œ ˆ 1 ‰"ˆ 1 ‰ 'c1Î2 a cos ) d) œ 1" ca sin )d 1Î# œ 2a

1Î2
1Î#
(c) 1
# #
œ 2f w ()) Ê r# ˆ ddr) ‰ œ [2f())]# c2f w ())d# Ê Length œ '! É4[f())]# 4 cf w ())d# d)

# "
32. r œ 2f()), ! Ÿ ) Ÿ " Ê dr
d)
œ 2 '! É[f())]# cf w ())d# d) which is twice the length of the curve r œ f()) for ! Ÿ ) Ÿ " .
"
11.6 CONIC SECTIONS
y#
1. x œ 8 Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2; focus is (2ß 0), directrix is x œ 2
#
2. x œ y4 Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1; focus is (1ß 0), directrix is x œ 1
#
3. y œ x6 Ê 4p œ 6 Ê p œ 3
# ; focus is ˆ!ß 3# ‰ , directrix is y œ 3
#
x#
4. y œ 2 Ê 4p œ 2 Ê p œ 1
# ; focus is ˆ!ß 1# ‰ , directrix is y œ 1#
x# y#
5. 4 9 œ 1 Ê c œ È4 9 œ È13 Ê foci are Š „ È13ß !‹ ; vertices are a „ 2ß 0b ; asymptotes are y œ „ 3# x
x# y#
6. 4 9 œ 1 Ê c œ È9 4 œ È5 Ê foci are Š0ß „ È5‹ ; vertices are a0ß „ 3b
x#
7. 2 y# œ 1 Ê c œ È2 1 œ 1 Ê foci are a „ 1ß 0b ; vertices are Š „ È2ß !‹
y#
8. 4 x# œ 1 Ê c œ È4 1 œ È5 Ê foci are Š0ß „ È5‹ ; vertices are a!ß „ 2b ; asymptotes are y œ „ 2x

y# #
9. y# œ 12x Ê x œ 1# Ê 4p œ 12 Ê p œ 3; 10. x# œ 6y Ê y œ x6 Ê 4p œ 6 Ê p œ 3
# ;
focus is ($ß !), directrix is x œ 3 focus is ˆ!ß 3# ‰ , directrix is y œ 3#
#
x# "
11. x# œ 8y Ê y œ 8 Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2; 12. y# œ 2x Ê x œ # y
Ê 4p œ 2 Ê p œ # ;
focus is (!ß 2), directrix is y œ 2 focus is # ß ! , directrix is x œ "#
ˆ " ‰
x# " " #
" "
13. y œ 4x# Ê y œ ˆ "4 ‰ Ê 4p œ 4 Ê pœ 16 ; 14. y œ 8x# Ê y œ ˆx" ‰ Ê 4p œ 8 Ê pœ 32 ;
8
" ‰ " " ‰ "
focus is ˆ!ß 16 , directrix is y œ 16 focus is ˆ!ß 32 , directrix is y œ 3#
#
" " y# " "
15. x œ 3y# Ê x œ ˆy" ‰ Ê 4p œ 3 Ê pœ 1# ; 16. x œ 2y# Ê x œ ˆ "# ‰ Ê 4p œ # Ê pœ 8 ;
3
" " ˆ 8" ß !‰ , "
focus is ˆ 1# ß ! ,
‰ directrix is x œ 1# focus is directrix is x œ 8

# # # #
17. 16x# 25y# œ 400 Ê #x5 16
y
œ1 18. 7x# 16y# œ 112 Ê 16
x
y7 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È25 16 œ 3 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È16 7 œ 3
# # #
19. 2x# y# œ 2 Ê x# y# œ 1 20. 2x# y# œ 4 Ê x# y4 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È2 1 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È4 2 œ È2
# # # #
21. 3x# 2y# œ 6 Ê x# y3 œ 1 22. 9x# 10y# œ 90 Ê 10
x
y9 œ 1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È3 2 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È10 9 œ 1

# # # #
23. 6x# 9y# œ 54 Ê x9 y6 œ 1 24. 169x# 25y# œ 4225 Ê 25
x
169
y
œ1
Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È9 6 œ È3 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È169 25 œ 12
#
25. Foci: Š „ È2ß !‹ , Vertices: a „ 2ß 0b Ê a œ 2, c œ È2 Ê b# œ a# c# œ 4 ŠÈ2‹ œ 2 Ê x#
4 y#
# œ1
x# y#
26. Foci: a!ß „ 4b , Vertices: a0ß „ 5b Ê a œ 5, c œ 4 Ê b# œ 25 16 œ 9 Ê 9 #5 œ1
27. x# y# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È1 1 œ È2 ;
# #
28. 9x# 16y# œ 144 Ê 16 x
y9 œ 1
asymptotes are y œ „ x Ê c œ Èa# b# œ È16 9 œ 5;
asymptotes are y œ „ 34 x
29. y# x# œ 8 Ê y8 x8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# 30. y# x# œ 4 Ê y4 x4 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b#

# # # #
œ È8 8 œ 4; asymptotes are y œ „ x œ È4 4 œ 2È2; asymptotes are y œ „ x

31. 8x# 2y# œ 16 Ê x# y8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# 32. y# 3x# œ 3 Ê y3 x# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b#

# # #
œ È2 8 œ È10 ; asymptotes are y œ „ 2x œ È3 1 œ 2; asymptotes are y œ „ È3x
33. 8y# 2x# œ 16 Ê y# x8 œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b# œ 1 Ê c œ Èa# b#

# # # #
34. 64x# 36y# œ 2304 Ê 36
x
64
y
œ È2 8 œ È10 ; asymptotes are y œ „ x # œ È36 64 œ 10; asymptotes are y œ „ 4 3
35. Foci: Š!ß „ È2‹ , Asymptotes: y œ „ x Ê c œ È2 and a

b œ 1 Ê a œ b Ê c# œ a# b# œ 2a# Ê 2 œ 2a#
Ê a œ 1 Ê b œ 1 Ê y# x# œ 1
" " a# 4a#

36. Foci: a „ 2ß !b , Asymptotes: y œ „ È3 x Ê c œ 2 and b
a œ È3 Ê bœ a
È3 Ê c# œ a# b# œ a# 3 œ 3
Ê 4œ 4a#
3 Ê a# œ 3 Ê a œ È3 Ê b œ 1 Ê x#
3 y# œ 1
x# y#
37. Vertices: a „ 3ß 0b , Asymptotes: y œ „ 43 x Ê a œ 3 and b
a œ 4
3 Ê bœ 4
3 (3) œ 4 Ê 9 16 œ1
y# x#
38. Vertices: a!ß „ 2b , Asymptotes: y œ „ 12 x Ê a œ 2 and a
b œ 1
2 Ê b œ 2(2) œ 4 Ê 4 16 œ1
39. (a) y# œ 8x Ê 4p œ 8 Ê p œ 2 Ê directrix is x œ 2,

focus is (#ß !), and vertex is (!ß 0); therefore the new
directrix is x œ 1, the new focus is (3ß 2), and the
new vertex is (1ß 2)

40. (a) x# œ 4y Ê 4p œ 4 Ê p œ 1 Ê directrix is y œ 1, (b)

focus is (!ß 1), and vertex is (!ß 0); therefore the new
directrix is y œ 4, the new focus is (1ß 2), and the
new vertex is (1ß 3)
x# y#
41. (a) 16 9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (4ß 0) (b)
and (%ß !); c œ Èa# b# œ È7 Ê foci are ŠÈ7ß 0‹
and ŠÈ7ß !‹ ; therefore the new center is (%ß $), the

new vertices are (!ß 3) and (8ß 3), and the new foci are
Š4 „ È7ß $‹
x# y#
42. (a) 9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (0ß 5)
25
(b)
and (0ß 5); c œ Èa# b# œ È16 œ 4 Ê foci are
(!ß 4) and (!ß 4) ; therefore the new center is (3ß 2),
the new vertices are (3ß 3) and (3ß 7), and the new
foci are (3ß 2) and (3ß 6)
x# y#
43. (a) 16 9 œ 1 Ê center is (!ß 0), vertices are (4ß 0) (b)
and (4ß 0), and the asymptotes are œ „ orx
4
y
3
y œ „ 3x Èa# b# œ È25 œ 5 Ê foci are
4 ;cœ
(5ß 0) and (5ß 0) ; therefore the new center is (2ß 0), the
new vertices are (2ß 0) and (6ß 0), the new foci
are (3ß 0) and (7ß 0), and the new asymptotes are
3(x 2)
yœ „ 4

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Avenger; or, The Beautiful Terror of the Maumee
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Title: The Girl Avenger; or, The Beautiful Terror of the Maumee
Author: T. C. Harbaugh
Release date: May 7, 2022 [eBook #68016]
Language: English
Original publication: United States: Beadle and Adams Publishers,

1872
Credits: David Edwards, SF2001, and the Online Distributed

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Illinois University Digital Library)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GIRL

AVENGER; OR, THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF THE MAUMEE ***
THE
GIRL AVENGER;
OR,
THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF
THE MAUMEE.
BY CAPT. CHAS. HOWARD,

AUTHOR OF THE FOLLOWING POCKET NOVELS:
45. The Elk-King.

50. The Wolf Queen.
52. The Mad Chief.
60. Merciless Mat.
64. The Island Trapper.
65. Wolf-Cap.
69. The Yellow Hunter.
72. Silver Rifle.
82. Kenton, the Ranger.
87. Phil Hunter.
NEW YORK:
BEADLE AND ADAMS PUBLISHERS,
98 WILLIAM STREET.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by
FRANK STARR & CO.,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
THE GIRL AVENGER;
OR,
THE BEAUTIFUL TERROR OF THE MAUMEE.
CHAPTER I.
STRICKEN OVER THE DEAD.
It was evening among the stately cottonwoods and poplars that lined
the banks of the Maumee, and the dying day an August one in the
year 1794.
A stag approached the historic stream to quench his thirst.
The proud king of the Ohio wood walked with antlered head erect;
but his cautious tread denoted that he suspected the proximity of
hidden foes. His eyes swept the wood on his left and right, and the
opposite bank of the stream underwent a close scrutiny as he
advanced.
Quite unmolested he reached the limpid water, and bathed his
nozzle therein with manifest delight. It was a halcyon moment for his
stagship.
But suddenly a puff of smoke shot above the clumps of wild pansies
on the opposite bank, the whip-like crack of a rifle followed, and with
an almost human cry the stag staggered from the water’s edge,
quivered like a stricken vessel, then sunk upon the verdant earth, the
red tide of life flowing from a wound over his heart.
The fatal shot was followed by the spring of an Indian from the
perfumed pansies, and a moment later he was swimming toward his
prey. He breasted the current with the strength of a strong man, for
he had nothing to incumber him, having left his empty rifle among
the flowers.
He soon gained the stricken deer over which he stooped, and drove
the scalping-knife into the delicate throat. A stream of warm blood
that made the Indian’s hands redder than Nature’s coloring, followed
the withdrawal of the crimson blade, and the brave rose to his feet
with a grunt of satisfaction.
Simultaneously with his rising, the quick sharp yelp of a young she-
wolf rent the dense atmosphere, and caused the Indian to spring
from his prey toward the nearest cottonwood.
He never reached the sheltering tree.
The report of a rifle scarce louder than the bursting of a percussion-
cap, smote the air; the slayer of the stag halted in his tracks, threw
his hands to his heart, retraced his steps with the reeling of a
drunken man, and fell with a groan over the body of his victim.
In the agonies of death, he raised his head over the stag’s breast,
and his dying eyes caught sight of his slayer; then they closed to
open in the lodge of the red-man’s God—his Ka Jai Manitou.
Who shot the Ottawa?
A lithe figure bounded from behind the gnarled trunk of a monster
ash.
The slayer of the Ottawa was a girl, rounding the last month of her
sixteenth year!
A form and figure, admirably disclosed by the close-fitting garments,
were faultless in grace and proportion, and her oval face was
beautiful almost beyond description. The fair white skin, beautified by
here and there a dimple, proclaimed the avenger the favored child of
health. Her eyes were deep blue, like the patches of sky seen
through the interstices of the broad leaves, and a mass of golden
hair fell over her shoulders like graceful plumage of orient birds.
She wore a close-fitting hunting-frock, surmounted by a doe-skin
cape, the edges of which were fringed with beads, strung on thin
sinews. Her nether limbs were clad in elaborately wrought leggings
of the same material, cut wide at the bottom, which almost caused
the hiding of the moccasins that incased the petite feet. From the
head drooped the gigantic feathers of the nut-brown heron, and
mingled with her golden locks as wavy as the stream toward which
she hastened.
At her side trailed the weapon that had dealt death to the Ottawa
brave. It was a delicate weapon, quite resembling a sporting gun, but
a deadly one, as the dead man before her witnessed. The bore
seemed out of proportion to the long slender barrel, which caught
and reflected back from its polished surface the rays of the declining
sun. The stock and butt of the gun were ornamented by silver
crosses and crescents, arranged in alternate order. The first cross
was punctured by many holes, the crescent was disfigured in like
manner; then the next cross, and the succeeding crescent wanted
two perforations, in the lower horn, of being completed—judging
from the systematic perforating of the preceding ornaments.
The history of this Girl Avenger let the following pages detail.
A few bounds brought her to the body of her victim, lying across the
stricken stag, and as her little hand drew a tiny scalping-knife from
her girdle, a silvery triumphant laugh parted the lips and displayed
two rows of pearly teeth.
“Ha! ha! ha!” said the laugh. “Another dark lock for my lone home—
another puncture for my crescent—another red-man dead before the
avenging rifle! How fast they fall before my eyes! When my gun
speaks, the Manitou’s lodge opens to receive a spirit. How long will
such work last?” and she glanced at her rifle. “How long? Until the
last crescent is full of little holes; then—and not until then—the dead
will have been avenged.”
With the last words still quivering on her lips, she stooped and
wound the Ottawa’s raven scalp-lock around her left hand. A quick
sweep of the scalping-knife, and with the gory scalp clutched in her
hand, the Girl Avenger rose to her feet.
“Another brave and the second crescent will be completed,” she
said, in French, thrusting the scalp into her girdle. “I know you,
Jaguar-tail,” and her gaze fell upon the dead Indian. “Once my gun
covered your heart—it was many moons ago—but you saw me, and
falling flat in your boat, the rapids of the Miami of the Lake[1] bore
you from my sight. This is my fortieth scalp-lock. Ha! my mark—the
seal of the She-wolf. I’d—”
The sentence was broken by the crack of a rifle; the avenger’s head
fell backward; an abortive shriek terminated on her now pallid lips,
which a moment later lay motionless on the cold brow of the Ottawa!
From a clump of undergrowth, near the Ottawa’s covert, leaped the
burly form of a man, whose shaggy red hair, low forehead, meeting
above a short, flat nose, gray sunken eyes, dark and sinister
expression of countenance, declared him to be Joe Girty, the dread
renegade. He wore the Indian costume, but without ornament, and
his crimson handkerchief, while it supplied the place of a hat, hid an
unsightly wound on his forehead. On each side, in his belt, was stuck
a silver-mounted pistol; at his left hung a short dirk, serving
occasionally the uses of a knife, and, as he ran toward the river, he
trailed a clumsy rifle at his right.
“Hell has aided me at last!” he hissed, in triumphant glee, while
swimming the stream, with the rifle above his head. “Long have I
watched for you, my young She-wolf, and while watching trembled
for my life. You are fast depopulating the tribe; but now I guess as
how your yelp—the accursed precursor of death—has been heard
for the last time. Won’t there be pandemonium in the village to-night,
when I walk among the warriors and cast your dead body at their
feet! Oh, Joe Girty, you’ve did a splendid thing to-day. The slaying of
the young She-wolf will make you immortal. Satan remains true to
the league you formed with him years ago, and now beneath your
rifle, falls the Terror of the Maumee. This— What! did the She-wolf
move her head?” he cried, as he bent over his victim.
The eyes of the girl opened and closed spasmodically, but without
comprehending her situation.
A crimson furrow athwart her temple indicated the course of Joe
Girty’s ponderous ball.
“By George! she’s not dead, after all!” exclaimed the renegade. “But
I’m not sorry—be hanged if I am. I’ll carry the She-wolf to the village,
and when Coocoochee and Leather-lips get through with their
devilish orgies, we’ll have a big fire. I know Indians who’ll walk a
hundred miles to see this girl sizzle. Snakes! she’s pretty. What a
glorious squaw she’d make for my boy, Kenowatha! But she’s not for
him, no, not for him! She’s for the fire.”
A few drops of water restored the girl to consciousness.
She did not shriek when she found herself in the power of Joe Girty.
On the contrary, she smiled triumphantly, with a glance at the dead
Ottawa, as if to say: “Do your worst.”
“The She-wolf has yelped for the last time,” growled the renegade.
In reply the avenger stretched forth her arm, and significantly
touched the records of her vengeance.
“I know what them means,” said Girty. “Yes! girl, you’ve done bloody
work; now for the burning. The red-skins have paid dearly for the
deeds of that dark November night down the Maumee. I must go.”
He bound the girl’s feet and threw her across his shoulder as though
she were a roe; then he gripped her rifle in the hand that held her
from the ground, and stepped from the tragic spot.
A short distance up the stream he found a ford, and soon stood on
the opposite bank.
To his questions and triumphant ejaculations, the girl never uttered a
word, though the renegade rudely shook her as if he would break
every bone in her body.
It was a proud hour for Joe Girty!
When from his covert he watched Jaguar-tail shoot the stag, he little
dreamed of the rich prize so soon to fall within his grasp.
There was not an Indian among the tribes allied against Wayne, who
would not have given his right hand for the young She-wolf.
And she was in their power.
[1] The Maumee was designated the Miami of the Lake in the
early history of Ohio.
CHAPTER II.
THE EMPTY NEST.
The scene described in the foregoing chapter transpired on the left
bank of the Maumee, almost directly opposite the mouth of the Little
Turkey Creek, one of its insignificant tributaries, and between that
stream and the present town of Napoleon, in Henry county, Ohio.
Joe Girty was obliged to cross the Maumee to reach the Ottawa
village, which was situated near the river-bank, still nearer the site of
the town just mentioned.
The evening of the Girl Avenger’s capture was an auspicious one in
the eye of the red-men of Northern Ohio. Mad Anthony Wayne, with
the butchery of St. Clair’s gallant troops fresh in his mind, had
reached Greenville, and was preparing to punish the red nomads of
the forests, for their bloody deeds.
The secret agents of Great Britain moved among the savages, and
stirred them up to still more bitter hatred against the Americans.
There were Capt. McKee, Elliot, Simon Girty, and other renegades
equally as infamous, who whispered into the red-man’s ears, until he
threw back, with a bundle of arrows, into Wayne’s teeth, the peace
conditions his country had told him to offer.
On the night of the She-wolf’s capture, a hundred renowned warriors
from each of the allied nations, had assembled at a grand council of
war in the Ottawa village. There congregated Ottawas, Shawnees,
Delawares, Miamis, Wyandots, Iowas and Chippewas.
To accommodate so large a throng, the council-house had been
enlarged, and even then many could not force themselves beneath
the birchen roof.
It was settled that Wayne was to be met with determined resistance,
and the savages were sanguine of success.
British muskets had been freely distributed from Fort Miami by
McKee and Elliot, whose faces, in the broad glare of the council-
fires, glowed with triumph. It was mainly their work, for their bitter
speeches carried the day when clear-minded chiefs advocated
peace, without the needless effusion of blood.
Joe Girty reached the Ottawa town a short time after nightfall, and
instead of making his way directly to the council-house, he sought
his own lodge, a substantial wooden structure that stood in the outer
circle of wigwams. He had slightly altered his mind regarding the
immediate disposition of Nanette Froisart—for such was the name of
his fair young prisoner. Were he to bear her into the council,
unannounced to the assembled braves, she might be torn from his
arms by the furious bands, and undergo a comparatively painless
death. When, on the other hand, if he would leave her in his lodge,
while he announced her capture, she would stand a fairer chance of
being burned alive.
The last course he determined to pursue.
He reached his wigwam without being seen, for the women were
congregated at the council-house, and hailing with loud acclamations
the hot speeches of the younger braves.
The heavy door of the lodge was closed, and the renegade
thundered a series of loud blows upon it with his coarse boot.
At length the portal yielded, and a hideous hag, about the
renegade’s own age, greeted his flashing eyes.
“Was ye asleep, ye old lynx?” cried Girty, almost crunching her
shoulder in his giant fist. “No! ye was at the bottle, durn ye!” and he
shook his Indian wife till her teeth chattered as though ague-stricken.
“Now, mind ye; touch that bottle ag’in to-night, and Joe Girty ’l be a
widderer ’ginst day, cursed if he won’t. Where’s ’Watha? At the
council, hey! Good place for the white spawn! See here, old woman,
I’ve brought ye the devil’s progeny,” and he held his little captive up
before the squaw. “Ah, ye know who she is!” he cried with delight, as
he noticed the flash of recognition that darted from the hag’s
bloodshot eyes. “Ha! we’ll have a big burnin’ spree, mebbe to-night
yit. Now see hyar. Come, shake off that drunken fit, what’s comin’ on
ye, fur ye’ve got to do guard duty fur a short time,” he shook her
again. “I’m going down to the council, an’ tell the red devils I’ve
catched the young She-wolf. Now ye’ve got to watch her till I come
back, and, mind ye, Loosa, ef she tries to get away,” and he glanced
at Nanette, “send the contents of that pistol through her head. Do ye
hear, old lynx?”
“The white Ottawa shall be obeyed,” stammered the hag, glad to get
rid of her brute of a master. “My eyes shall never sleep.”
“They won’t if ye hain’t got too much whisky in ye,” returned Girty,
“an’ afore I go I’ll jest guard against that.”
As he finished, he threw the captive to his mistress, and jerked a jug
from one corner of the cabin.
It was uncorked, and weighing it on his broad palm, he remarked:
“Ye’ve taken a pretty ginteel swag, my red panther, and for fear you’ll
go to sleep while I’m gone, I’ll dispose of the remainder.”
With great gusto he elevated the vessel, and for several seconds it
remained poised above his lips. He drank deeply—he drank the jug
empty!
Then he drew a bunch of sinews from his pocket, drew them around
Nanette’s wrists, until the thongs cut into the flesh, and retied her
ankles. The last operation accomplished to his inhuman satisfaction,
he tossed his captive to a couch in one corner of the apartment. She
fell upon her face on the one thickness of bear-skin, and lay
motionless.
“Now watch her well,” said the renegade, thrusting into the squaw’s
hands a silver-mounted cavalry pistol, a relic of St. Clair’s ill-fated
campaign. “If she’s gone when we come fur her, why, ’ooman, we’ll
cut ye to pieces. I’m a white devil, as you know, and by my sinful
soul, if she gits away from you, I’ll tear your lying tongue out.”
With this he opened the door, and saw Loosa seat herself beside
Nanette, with ready pistol, before he slammed the portal, and
bounded toward the council.
There was a lull in the nocturnal proceedings when the renegade
reached the outer circles of warriors.
Turkey-foot, the Shawnee, had just delivered a bitter speech,
burdened with able warlike counsel, and the other chiefs were timid
in following such a distinguished speaker immediately. It was in
deference to Turkey-foot that the silence—an opportune moment for
Joe Girty—reigned.
“Now’s my time,” he muttered, pushing his way through the circle. “I’ll
have every Injun yellin’ within three minutes.”
A moment later, he sprung into the glare of the six council-fires.
His presence, entirely unexpected at that hour—though none could
divine the purport of his absence—was greeted with shouts, and
some of the delegates whom he had known, in past and bloody
days, sprung forward to welcome his return.
But he waved them back imperiously, and sprung to the large mat in
the center of the structure, from which the chiefs were wont to deliver
their outbursts of Indian eloquence.
A murmur ran around the circle, and as the renegade glanced at
Simon and the group of British emissaries to his left, he shouted:
“Silence!”
Instantly every sound was hushed.
“I come to gladden the hearts of the assembled chiefs with good
news!” he continued. “I am just from the banks of the Nomee,[2]
where my hands closed upon the bitterest enemy the red-man
possesses.”
Every head was shot forward to hear the name of the renegade’s
captive.
“He’s caught one of Mad Ant’ony’s spies—perhaps Wells?”
whispered Simon Girty to McKee. “It’ll be a jolly time for the red
devils.”
“I saw my captive send a bullet to the heart of Jaguar-tail,” continued
Joe Girty, after a moment’s pause. “I saw her stoop to mark his
bloody brow—and then—then she became mine.”
Simon Girty gripped McKee’s arm, and threw a look of triumph into
the agent’s face.
“Snakes! he’s caught her.”
“Who?”
“The young She-wolf.”
“Impossible.”
“Listen! Joe’s going to speak,” said Simon.
At that moment the younger renegade brother sent an electric thrill
through every heart beneath the council-roof.
“Yes, I caught her,” he yelled, “her—the young She-wolf!”
Simon Girty bounded to his brother’s side, while, with a
pandemonium of yells, the savages were springing from their seats.
Tomahawks and knives flashed above the warriors’ heads.
“Where’s the young She-wolf?” was the universal cry that assailed
the renegade. “We will tear her fangs from her head, and her yellow
scalp shall dangle from an Indian’s belt. Where lies the slayer whom
the red-man has dreaded so long? Show us to her, white Ottawa,
that our knives may drink her blood.”
“Calm the howling devils first, Simon,” said Joe Girty. “We don’t want
the hull of them to cut the gal to pieces. When they come to their
senses they’ll burn her decently. Ye kin holler louder than I. Git up
an’ pacify the brutes an’ then I’ll tell them where the gal is.”
Simon Girty turned to do his brother’s bidding, and at length silenced
the Bedlamite uproar.
“She’s in my lodge!” cried Joe Girty, “an’ I want ye to act like men,
an’ don’t go an’ kill the gal so quickly that she won’t know what hurt
her. She’s killed too many of my red brothers to die easily. Now set
yer brains to work, an’ see who can conjure up the right kind of
torture.”

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Instructor' solutions manual,

multivariable for Thomas' calculus &

Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Fifteenth

Thomas' Calculus in SI Units 14th Edition Hass

Complete Solutions Manual for Calculus of a Single

Student Solutions Manual, Chapters 10-17 for Stewart’s

Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions 4th Edition,

Student Solutions Manual, Chapters 10-16 for

Calculus Early transcendental functions 7e 2019 Rob

Thomas' Calculus for the JEE 13th Edition George B.

BASED ON THE ORIGINAL WORK BY

Reproduced by Addison-Wesley from electronic files supplied by the author.

Copyright © 2010, 2005, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

10 Infinite Sequences and Series 569

11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 647

12 Vectors and the Geometry of Space 715

13 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 759

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

15 Multiple Integrals 881

16 Integration in Vector Fields 939

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

11.1 PARAMETRIZATIONS OF PLANE CURVES

1. x œ 3t, y œ 9t# , _ t _ Ê y œ x# 2. x œ Èt , y œ t, t 0 Ê x œ È y

5. x œ cos 2t, y œ sin 2t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1 6. x œ cos (1 t), y œ sin (1 t), 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

7. x œ 4 cos t, y œ 2 sin t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21 8. x œ 4 sin t, y œ 5 cos t, 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 21

9. x œ sin t, y œ cos 2t, 12 Ÿ t Ÿ 1

13. x œ t, y œ È1 t# , 1 Ÿ t Ÿ 0 14. x œ Èt 1, y œ Èt, t 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

15. x œ sec# t 1, y œ tan t, 1# t 1

17. x œ cosh t, y œ sinh t, _ 1 _ 18. x œ 2 sinh t, y œ 2 cosh t, _ t _

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

36. Arc PF œ Arc AF since each is the distance rolled and

Ê OP# œ AN# AM# œ a# tan# t a# sin# t

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

41. (a) (b) (c)

42. (a) (b) (c)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

44. (a) (b) (c)

45. (a) (b)

46. (a) (b)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

47. (a) (b) (c)

48. (a) (b)

11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES

d# y dyw /dt csc# t " d# y

" È3 dyw d# y 21 sec# 21t

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

dyw d# y dyw /dt "# sec# t d# y È2

" " "

" dyw d# y dyw /dt d# y

6. t œ 14 Ê x œ sec# ˆ 14 ‰ 1 œ 1, y œ tan ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1; dx

dyw d# y "# csc# t

dyw d# y dyw /dt csc t cot t d# y

dyw È3t 3 (t 1) "Î# ‘3Èt 1 3 (3t) "Î# ‘ d# y Š 2tÈ3t3Èt 1 ‹