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Cerebral symptoms arising in the course of ulcerative endocarditis
might be referred, with a high degree of probability, to an embolus,
but if they were distinct enough to be referred to a localized lesion,
the probability of a single embolus would be much greater than that
of a multitude of capillary ones occluding the same vascular territory.
The diagnosis of pigment embolism might be a probable, or at any
rate a possible, one if in a long-continued case of paludal fever,
where the liver and spleen were enlarged and the skin had the slaty
hue marking the deposit of pigment, there were decisive cerebral
symptoms. It could not, however, be a positive one.
It has for centuries been known that coagulation of the blood might
take place in the sinuses in a way different from the ordinary post-
mortem clots, but this was looked upon rather as an anatomical
curiosity than as a fact of practical importance and clinical
significance, and it is chiefly among observers of the present century
that we find a growing knowledge of the conditions under which it
occurs and the symptoms to which it gives rise.
The cerebral veins furnish a very suitable place for the coagulation of
the blood for several reasons: they are roomy in proportion to the
amount of blood they carry; they are tortuous and abundantly
anastomosing, so that the current of blood is almost reversed at
some points, and can easily stagnate; the veins of the diploë are
held open by their bony walls, and the sinuses by their stiff
membranous ones, so that they cannot collapse and thus limit the
extension of a thrombus once formed.
The sinuses most frequently affected, though none are free from the
liability, are the cavernous, superior longitudinal, and lateral.
The results of thrombosis of the sinuses and veins are not equivalent
to those of a similar process in the arteries, and they may be said in
a general way to be more diffused, as might be expected from the
much greater freedom of anastomosis. Limited softening is rarely a
consequence of occlusion even of a considerable number of veins,
but it has been observed. A large area of softening of one
hemisphere, not involving the temporal and occipital lobes, has been
seen with thrombosis of the parietal veins58 (the internal capsule and
ganglia were not affected).
58 Gaz. des Hôp., 1880, 1066.
Passive congestion in the brain, as elsewhere, although apparently
entirely incompatible with the normal function, seems to be able to
sustain a low form of structural integrity.
Bleeding may take place from the congested veins behind the
obstruction, constituting a distinct form of cerebral hemorrhage which
does not depend upon an arteritis, although if miliary aneurisms
were present the occurrence of thrombosis would undoubtedly tend
to their rupture. The writer, however, is not aware of such a
coincidence having been actually observed. Hemorrhages are
usually diffuse, composed of or accompanied by a number of small
effusions, and situated on or near the surface of the brain or
distinctly meningeal. Punctiform hemorrhages are exceedingly
common.
Phlebitis of the cerebral veins is very likely to run into meningitis, and
the two affections are often so closely united that it is difficult to say
which was the first. Œdema is a consequence of venous obstruction
in the brain as well as elsewhere, and is seen also around some of
the peripheral veins connected with the sinuses.
Rilliet and Barthez and Von Dusch59 give the following tables of ages
at which this form of thrombosis has been observed. The
observations of the former were made in a children's hospital, and
hence do not affect the question of its frequency in later life. Perhaps
the rules of admission may account for the absence of cases under
one year of age, of which Von Dusch collected several:
Rilliet
Von Dusch.
and Barthez.
Under 1 year ... 5
2 years 2 1
4 years 4 1
5 years 1 1
6 years 1
7 years 1
9 years 2
10 years 1
11 years 1
12 years ... 1
14 years ... 1
Adults (20, 23, unknown) ... 3
53 years ... 1
Aged women ... 2
Chronic enteritis 5
Measles and catarrhal pneumonia 2
Chronic pneumonia 5
Phthisis 8
Anasarca without albuminuria 1
Chronic albuminuria 2
Whooping cough and pneumonia 7
Scrofula, tubercle of bones, etc. 1
Gangrene of mouth 1
Diphtheritis 2
Marantic thromboses are more likely to occur upon one side, and
that the side upon which the patient habitually lies.
Carbuncles about the root of the nose, face, and so far down as the
upper lip are very prone to give rise to thrombosis propagated
through the ophthalmic vein to the cavernous sinus; and it is
probably this risk which gives to carbuncles in this situation their
well-known peculiar gravity. The divide or watershed between the
regions which drain backward through the cranium and those which
are connected with the facial vein below is apparently situated about
the level of the mouth, so that a carbuncle of the lower lip is much
less dangerous. Billroth, however, gives a case where a carbuncle in
this situation was followed rapidly by cerebral symptoms and death,
and where a thrombo-phlebitis was not improbable. He mentions
another case where a carbuncle upon the side of the head set up an
inflammation which travelled along a vein into the cellular tissue of
the orbit, and thence through the optic foramen and superior orbital
fissure into the skull.
Dowse63 describes the case of a robust man who fell on the back of
his head, but walked home. After a few days he had a severe
headache, chill, and total loss of vision. His temperature rose; he
had erysipelas and partial coma, but no convulsions. There was
thickening of the scalp, but no fracture of the skull and no adhesions
of the membranes. The superior longitudinal lateral sinuses were
free from thrombi, though there was a roughness about the latter, as
if there had been a fibrinous deposit. The cavernous sinuses were
almost completely occluded with adherent fibroid masses, and there
was hemorrhage in the anterior lobe. There was some degeneration
of the brain-structure, but no disease of the arteries.
63 Trans. Clin. Soc., 1876.
When the cavernous sinuses are affected, we are likely to have a set
of phenomena due to the pressure of the clot upon the nerves which
pass through it—i.e. the third and fourth, part of the fifth and sixth—
with filaments of the sympathetic accompanying the carotid artery.
Hence dilatation of the pupil, strabismus, or ptosis, and other ocular
paralyses may be the symptoms observed.
Considering the fact that cases with such marked and decisive
symptoms as those last recorded have recovered, it is certainly the
duty of the physician to prolong the life of his patient to the utmost,
that absorption and condensation may go on as long as possible and
collateral circulation be developed. Probably most physicians can
recall cases of obscure cerebral disease going on to recovery
contrary to all expectation, in which thrombosis furnishes an
explanation quite as plausible as any other.
Softening may take place secondarily from tumors in the brain, and
the name is also sometimes applied to a local encephalitis, which is
an early stage of abscess. When, however, these various forms of
disease are removed from the general heading of softening and
referred to their proper pathological classes, there is a residuum in
which the softening seems to be the primary affection, so far as the
brain is concerned, though depending on other constitutional
conditions.
These two forms may exist with each other, and with other
intracranial lesions, such as thrombi of the sinuses and exudation
under the arachnoid and around the veins.
The SYMPTOMS and DIGNOSIS of this form of softening are even more
obscure than those of venous thrombosis in the same class of
cases. Vague cerebral symptoms arising in an infant poorly
nourished and suffering from acute disease may be due to this
condition, but a positive diagnosis is out of the question. In the two
cases of softening of the cerebellum just mentioned, in one, aged
five, there was dilatation of the pupil, difficulty of hearing, and
vertigo; in the other, aged six, vertigo, inclination to vomit, and clonic
spasm of the left facial muscles. Parrot says that in the greater
number of patients the encephalopathic troubles observed during life
cannot be referred to it (softening), and in no case can it be
diagnosticated.
For the sake of convenience we shall treat the atrophy of the brain
occurring during childhood, when the organ is still developing,
separately from that of the fully-developed brain of the adult.