Unit 3: Land-Based Empires: read Canvas assignment for instructions https://www.thothios.

com/c-1450-to-c-1750/

Use this box to fill in any additional
information of things that fall outside
of the boxes that follow. (fall of
power, economies, societies, leaders,
etc.)
CHINA  The Ming sponsored the
Ming replanting of forests that
Dynasty the Mongols had cut down
and converted to pasture
land for their animals.
 China looked to its past,
writing a massive 11,000
volume encyclopedia of
Chinese History and
Knowledge.
CHINA  The Ming dynasty
Qing collapsed in 1644
Dynasty following a wide-scale
famine
 China was under a foreign
rule once again, The Qing
ruled China for over 250
years until the Chinese
imperial system collapsed
in the early 20th century.
3.1: Explain how and why land-based
empires developed and expanded.
Political disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
(gunpowder/weaponry, armies,
military professionals, wars/battles)
 The Ming returned
traditional Chinese
governance methods and
relocated their capital to
Beijing.
 Exams were once again
the main path to
government employment;
in the imperial household,
the people closest to the
emperor were not
Confucian scholar-officials
but rather eunuchs, or
castrated males, who
advised Ming emperors
and managed access to
them for government
ministers and
bureaucrats.
 Qing emperors placed
Manchus in the highest
government positions.
 The Manchus adopted the
Eight Banner System to
set themselves apart from
non-Manchus and
commoners. Every
Manchu family was
assigned to one of the
eight banners, which
3.2: Explain how rulers used a 3.3: Religious disputes led to rivalries
variety of methods to and conflict between states.
consolidate/centralize their power in Rulers continued to use religious
land-based empires. ideas to legitimize their rule.
(Centralize power, taxes/tributes, (religion(s) in empire/religious
administration of government) conflict/religious legitimacy)
 During the Ming dynasty,  The Ming Emperor
males who had had their Hongwu took it so far as
sex parts removed, or to put the government in
eunuchs, held significant charge of international
influence. They commerce in order to
commanded which curtail the power of both
Confucian scholar- home and foreign
officials may see the merchant elites.
emperor and were the
ones closest to him.
 The Ming emperor
started demanding that
local and regional
governments provide the
emperor silver in
exchange for taxes. The
poorest Chinese suffered
greatly as a result of this
transition. In the end, it
brought about the Ming
dynasty's collapse.
 China's Confucian scholar
class was employed by
the Qing dynasties to
manage the state
bureaucracy.
 The Banner and Green
armies were used by
Qing emperors to
enlarge the Qing Empire
into Tibet, Central Asia,
and Mongolia. Chinese

Overview of empire; locations, rulers,
creation, random facts, etc.
RUSSIA  Golden Horde
 Russia was extremely
powerful.
 Mongols charged indirect
taxes, Ivan the 3rd refused
to pay,
OTTOMAN  Ottoman Empire became
EMPIRE the core of the Islamic
World
 The Ottomans dominated
Middle Eastern politics
until WW1 in 1918
 Location was in the middle
east, stretching over many
countries.
 Population was primarily,
varied in color, under this
system.
Explain how and why land-based
empires developed and expanded.
Political disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
(gunpowder/weaponry, armies,
military professionals, wars/battles)
 Mongol and Russian
surrendered, no war.
 Surrender marked the end
of Mongol Control,
 300 years of expansion
 Most territory was for
security from nomads in
central Asia,
 Direct expansion, started
to outnumber the natives,
and they changed the
cultural, integrated their
culture
 Chose to convert the
natives to Christianity
 Gunpowder led the
Ottomans to develop new
military techniques and
organizations. The
Ottoman created the
world’s first permanent
standing army.
(Janissaries)
 Janissaries being armed
helped the Ottomans win
emperors used these
armies to patrol China's
borders and maintain
peace in the recently
conquered frontier
regions after the Qing
expansion came to an
end.
Explain how rulers used a variety of
methods to consolidate/centralize
their power in land-based empires.
(Centralize power, taxes/tributes,
administration of government)
 They had a group of
soldiers, they carried
muskets, paid by the
Russian states.
 power
 The Ottomans used a
sizeable bureaucratic
government. They
contained many different
ministries, and the
Ottoman Sultan ruled
over the government.
 The empire was a
theocracy, and Islam was
the state religion.
Religious disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
Rulers continued to use religious
ideas to legitimize their rule.
(religion(s) in empire/religious
conflict/religious legitimacy)
 War between Russia, and
the Ottoman Empire,
Russia wins.
 Russia rise in global
 In the 15th century, the
Ottoman Empire became
a dominant power across
the Middle East, and
North Africa.
 Islam was the primary
religion in the Ottoman
Empire.
 Spread of Islam was very
important and was
 Turkic.
 Led by Ottoman Sultan
Mehmed
 The Ottoman Empire was
one of the world’s largest
and greatest centers of
wealth and trade. Their
dominance resulted in its
large size, and position
between Europe, Africa,
and Asia.
Overview of empire; locations, rulers,
creation, random facts, etc.
SAFAVID  Established in the 15th
century Persia.
 Location was between the
Ottoman Empire and the
Mughal Empire
 Like the Mughals +
Ottomans, they came from
Turkish ancestry.
 The Safavid state-imposed
Shia Islam on non-Shia in
Safavid territory.
 Territorial rivalries for
control over land and
trade routes in the region
stoked conflict.
tons of battles, as seen
below,
 Battle of Varna, Siege of
Constantinople &2 Battle
of Chaldiran
Explain how and why land-based
empires developed and expanded.
Political disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
(gunpowder/weaponry, armies,
military professionals, wars/battles)
 Gunpowder was also used
in the Safavid Empire.
 The first Safavid Shah
(King), Ismael the 1st,
learned the value of
gunpowder, after losing to
the Ottomans who used it.
 Shah Ishmael created a
core of Safavid
Musketeers, (the
tofangchi).
 Developed a cannon
artillery corp.
 Safavid used gunpowder
effectively in future
military conflicts.
 (The Battle of Jam & The
Ottoman Safavid Wars)
 To limit the power of the
Turkish nobility, the
Ottoman Sultan used the
devshirme system. It
used Christian boys, and
they were forcibly
converted to Islam and
trained for military or
government service.
Explain how rulers used a variety of
methods to consolidate/centralize
their power in land-based empires.
(Centralize power, taxes/tributes,
administration of government)
massive during this time,
spreading into North
India, West Africa, etc.
Religious disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states. Rulers
continued to use religious ideas to
legitimize their rule. (religion(s) in
empire/religious conflict/religious
legitimacy)
 The Safavid Empire
adopted Shia Islam.
 The desire for land and
hate for followers of
Sunni Islam justified the
Ottoman Empire’s
invasion and conquest of
Shia lands following the
Battle of Chaldiran
(1514).
MUGHAL  Mughal empire was the
second significant Islamic
power in India
 Babur established the
dynasty after defeated the
last sultan in the Delhi
Sultanate in 1526
 The Muslim Turkish
Mughals were a minority,
the vast majority were
South Indian Hindus
 In the late 17th and 18th
centuries the Mughal
Empire controlled almost
all of the Indian
subcontinent
These Overview of empire; locations, rulers,
empires creation, random facts, etc.
have fewer
details; fill
in where
applies
WESTERN  The European started the
EUROPE Divine Right of Kings
(i.e.  European palaces were
France) created for status, and
other things
 Mughal was the 3rd major
Islamic gunpowder empire
 The First battle of Panipat
was the battle where the
last sultan in the Delhi
Sultanate, Ibrahim Lodi,
was defeated
 The war general Ustad Ali
Quli trained the Mughal
military ottoman empire
techniques and the army
used cannons to scare war
elephants which trampled
Lodi’s soldiers
 Mughals used gunpowder
to subdue South Asia for
150 years
Explain how and why land-based
empires developed and expanded.
Political disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
(gunpowder/weaponry, armies,
military professionals, wars/battles)
 Rulers passed down their
power to their sons and
were absolute monarchs
 They ran a centralized
bureaucratic government
 Ministers were
responsible for the
administration of the
government
Explain how rulers used a variety of
methods to consolidate/centralize
their power in land-based empires.
(Centralize power, taxes/tributes,
administration of government)
 The Europeans used
systems of government
such as the feudal
systems, and
aristocracies.
 Mughal governance was
Islamic.
 Emperors’ treatment of
religious minorities was
inconsistent, and they
were less tolerant to
Hindus which is why
some converted to Islam
Religious disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states.
Rulers continued to use religious
ideas to legitimize their rule.
(religion(s) in empire/religious
conflict/religious legitimacy)
 Islam conquered Anatolia
and moved into Eastern
Europe
 The Protestant
Reformation posed a
threat to the Catholic
Church's dominance in
Western Europe during
the 16th and 17th
centuries. The Protestant
Reformation gave rise to
numerous new Christian
denominations that
disapproved of the
Roman Catholic Church's
 authority and numerous
of its customs.;
AFRICA  Songhai went into civil  The Songhai empire had
(i.e. war after 1583 then went multiple tribes with
Songhai into conflict with Morocco different cultural systems
Empire) as they were trying to and used Islam to unite
goldfields and trade that these different tribes
were in Songhai. The together, when King
Moroccan soldiers had Mohammed 1 went on
guns and weapons which the Hajj he was
Songhai soldiers lacked appointed a caliph which
which is why they ended increased his political and
up losing. religious legitimacy back
home
 Islam was a religion of
the urban elite while
citizens continued to
practice their religious
traditions until the 19th
century.
JAPAN  In 1600, Japan entered the  Feudal governance in
Edo period under the Japan
Tokugawa family, who  Salaried Samurai
ruled Japan as a military  Japanese government
dictatorship. during this period was
small and lacked a
governing bureaucracy.
 Each daimyo, (feudal
lord) taxed their people
that lived on their lands.
 Columbus sailed to the  Aztecs collected tribute  Aztec leaders believed
AMERICAS Americas in the 1600’s. from conquered peoples themselves to be
(review in exchange for defeated representatives of God
from last leaders to still maintain on earth, so they were
unit; Aztec their power over people religious and political
and Inca) and land leaders and conducted
human sacrifices to
please the gods to
maintain political order
 The Incan sun temple was
the empire’s religious
and political center and
was built in the capital
city to symbolize the
Incan religion’s
importance in tying
together the culturally
diverse empire
Do two things: Explain how and why land-based empires developed
and expanded. Political disputes led to rivalries and
conflict between states. (gunpowder/weaponry,
armies, military professionals, wars/battles)
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods
to consolidate/centralize their power in land-
based empires. (Centralize power,
taxes/tributes, administration of government)
Religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict
between states. Rulers continued to use religious
ideas to legitimize their rule. (empire’s
religion(s) /religious conflict/religious
legitimacy)

SIMILARITIES
Identify similarities
AND analyze why those
similarities existed, i.e.
why did the Ottoman
Empire and Japan have
salaried soldiers?
Highlight the identify
and analysis in two
separate colors

DIFFERENCES
Identify differences
AND analyze why those
differences existed.
Highlight the identify
and analysis in two
separate colors