ROMAN Published by the Publishing House Bulgaria, 1991 ‘of the Bulgarian Academy of Soiences, Sofi PREFACE We collection of Roman jewelry in the National Arcsestopeat Museum in Sofa contains 337 metal jess aad te the bigast collection in Bulgaria. It Pinos exquisite works of jewellers art: earings, ues eckiaces, braces, igs, ete, mostly made poid and iver. The history ofthe accumulation of J collction it connested with the history oft es museum in Bulgaria Established intially as epartsent of the Pubic (National) Library in ini became National Museum in 1892 and was pred withthe Archaoological Insitute in 1983, Giming © part of the system of the Bulgarian ery of Scenes Colton of Roman jewellery and artes of joroment, any of which were restored among the esis ia the Mineum, afe-among the many sane of objects tha express the material and tial cltre ofthe Bulgarian people since the Most ata. Here belong some of the most, cant treasures and) hourds discovered in yaa, notably those fom Bazaurt, Chaoushevo di Nikolaevo, as well a5 the abundant and ich ar) olerings, most prominent among. them ig the exquie jewellery from Ratasa, A cons ble par of the collection is made up of single oF eset finds, ae well of Gods unearthed during “This book is available only through Cromwell Editions Cromwell Fliions is a wholly owned subsidiary of Alpine Fine ‘Arts Colection (UK) Lid ISBN 0-88168-188-1 © Ludmila RurevaSlokoska, 1991 (© Nedyatka Chakalovs, translator, 1991 {© Stoyan Ganehes, graphic design, 1991 {© Mario Marinoy, photography, 1981 [All ighs reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced of transmitted in any form or by any means ‘ectronic or mechanical, including photocopying, fecording or any information storage or retrieval sytem ‘without writen permsion of the publisher. Princed in Bulgaria archacologcal excavations, © g fom the reservoirs St the Roman there at Agize Calidae near the presenta tow of Ato in Souteastern Bulgaria, le sanctuary of Zeae and Hera at Canisorum {present-day Koplows village, Kyustenil region), the sanctuary of the Thracian Horseman at Dinck (preentday Loven vilage, Haskovo region) and hewiese No les ich and varied ate the articles of Sdorament and the. jewellery in the -moseum Collections throughous the country. ‘This enormous “ancient eritage has not teen published! i te vant majority. Jewellery and articles Grtornment have not merited special comprehens- ve publications, apart rom the bi communications tinder the headings of "Archaeologieal News" and ‘Newl-Discovered Antiques” in the Bulletin of the Arvhaeolgial Insitute, Bogdan. Filovs publication Ge the Roman treasure from Nikolaevo’ and three Finds rom Ratiara, aswell at pobiations about Single or secdentl finds from graves the county. The real statin this roeatch an be traced to the Work of Aletandsiaa Dimitrova:Micheva "Ancient Gems and Cameos (om the National Archeolopcal ‘Muccurn in Sola” which comprises glyptic objets, incloding rings, carrings and medallions decorated ‘with gems and cameos. The present monograph WXoatnuntion of the etd work, ad Hi the fst. fttempt to invotigate and publish a collection of Roman jewelery and arbeles of adornment in its niet. Paral! with thi, sytomatiztin, (ypolog- ‘ation and dating of large pat ofthe jewelery ave thee made, and. light har been thrown op the inuence of artain models and cooctete workshops for the goneral development of the jewellers art in ‘Moet nd Thrace The author i grateful to the administraion of the ZArchacolopeal Insitute and Museum for the oopeation and systematic processing of its various Collections, cluding. the “colction of Roman jewellery. Special thanks ae de to the colleagues Mr Wan Sotiray and Mis Pavlina Ilia, who kindly provided the Opportunity for work ths collection.Palmyra inthe porrst-mummies from Pompei and Herculaneum, a wel rin the frescoes dated tothe Roman Period® Tike all eer forms of at, jewellery also expressed the fashion ofthe ae, taking ino account local tastes tnd traditions” One ofthe outstanding researchers of these pfablems, the French scholar Coche dela Fre, defies Roman jewele’s art as the “art of compromise, an art that fails (0 create its own fmage”™ Its development is associated with the Strong influence of Etruscan art on the one hand, from which Romans bad inherted thei taste and love for gold and jewelery, anon the other hand ~ the Tntucnes of iah-Gresk Hellenic jeweller’ ari” ‘Therefore, Roman jewelery is defined as Hellenistic: Roman aad Italie Roman, depending onthe infer (© under which it ie produced, whereby the tem “Romani vse io denote solely the period, and not the etinie belonging of the objet. HelenisticRoman jewellery tects abowe all the fnuence ofthe Romani Hellenistic centres in the JEWELLERY East Tie interaction consisted in the restoration and the catemive application of @ number of ancient IN MOESIA ttadiions of the Easter peoples, notably the love for ; Splendour and jewelery. The extreme popularity of AND THRACE Tecous and somiprecous stone, thee magnificent Polyehrome nature, the use of natural pears DURING THE ROMAN _ ‘iiss, te socating wctoigcs he the Solel opus nerraie, bane the mai feature in PERIOD the omamental pater of Roman jewellery. The popularity of amilets acquired 3 new meaning. The rape propertis of the creseztshaped pendants iret resuscitated, ax well ay the "wheel" moti (on the Tesensr as a manifestation of love magic. Images of feal and fantastic animals became widespread, with Jewelery during the Roman Period is an esential special emphasis on the snake, which was probably fur cf’ art a 2 whole. The srving toward amoeitted with the Bucehie cult Symbols of deities lcrament, the taste aad preferences for diferent connected with the Eastern religion also featured {ype of jewelery, are paricolly pronounced #8 prominently"? Reman snd thi is a radon registered since the ‘The actual Hlleitic infvence consisted in the emotes antioity during all hstoral periods "Ths elegant proportions and in the ermamentation of flocs not exciode articles of adornment aad jewellery Roman jowallry. The goal Hercules’ knot was eine worn by men, but twas done mostly ag some revived, sembling grant in the form of a dodesa- of statue symbol or insgnia Redon Deities, haman heads and. mythological he raed populanty of the Jewellery, and more soener, engraved On gets ad camcm were also Ipeaiialy Jewellery made of precious metas. is common. The Firuscan tradition of granulation and IMizccay sugges by some profibtions imposed by iligree was acepted through the Greeks ® Amidst Nine authontics, Litvery source mention = Sth thw blend of various influnee, Roman jewellery fentury BC law which reticts the amount of gold evolved its own preferred forms and techniques Ihat coald be plaed in the toma The law of Opia Medallions decorated with gems ar cameos acqui Wipvlstes limitations of up fo ball xm ounce of gold red tremendous popula that's Remen lady could wear® These prokibitons The portrait stood out distinctly among these gems Mrere probly of a temporary nature, boealte atthe and eameos, witha richly ommamentel periphery of Feioning of te Imperial Age Pliny menGoned that Tloal and geometric openwork ornaments in the cut oman matrons did not wear only the bracelets of gold. Anew fashion that emerged inthe 2nd century Uh horses" Sialar i Seuthoni’ evidence about AD was to use gold cons for medallions and rings"? Cnizsla, who appeared in public with bracelets ll nd this fashion quickly spread to all provinces. The verbs hands and-arms, aswell as about Elagabalus technique ‘of granulation and filigree was. mostly Who tox some of his popularity because he wore executed as imitation: paeudogranulation and peu: Masicrn jewellery” This excsive splendour was dofiigiee™ ho velesied in the numerous sculptures fom The fluence of the style and method on theexecution of Roman jewellery was expressed in the Shape, decorative elements and technique. A special Tole inthe formation of these aesthetic concepts was ttnbutad to the permanent contacts between Rome find the various Roman provinces as a result of thet politcal, cultral and economic relations. This can Explain the not elated cocserence of ery similar ject in diferent pacts ofthe Fmpite. Being easily Transportable, jewellery Accompanied its owners during conquests, waves, wade. ete"® There. are tmany instance of goldsmiths who emigeated from the East to work in the smiths of Rome’ oi the Komen provinces, Recreating the. forms of thei modal, they invest local peodution Roman jewelers atin Thrace nd Moesia followed the fashion tens ofthe epoch It did mot dif in Character fro the art of the remaining Roman provinces, featuring the marks inuence ofthe te hain groupe: Hellenistic Roman and lll Roman.” ‘The socal, economic and political changes in the rowis-emerged Roman provinces created peers ter for clove contacts with the rst of the Roman (worl The new phenomena in urbanization lft an Imprint on the entire mode of Hie The numerous Immigrants from Asia” Minor, Syria and the remaining Faster provinces were well rctve due {othe betic urhan onstruction going ona hat dime tnd to the devdloping commerce and crafts"* The Impressive influx of migrants from the East was further intensified by the elke composition of the tures of the Reman legions station along the Fight bank of the Lower Danube. The setenents that cropped up ner the military camps gave efuge hot only to the craftsmen and merchants offering their services tothe troops, but also To some of the ‘eteran soldiers, many of whom were of Easter rin They Brought with them he aillennal tradition of ther Eastern culture, in. which the jovelers art featured very promisenly. Parallel with {hy the influence of Rome which had impoved its Sociopolitial and sconomie dominance ver the Provinces, found ts refestion nll spheres of ealture. ‘The mumerous articles of adornment ound in the eovinas of Monsa snd Tra une + raerhernion ‘Si these two Tendencies ithe evolution of artiste feultre as a whole, taking into account the local iste taste of the lent which “were also ‘manifested in the jewellery.” The jewellery collection af the Archaeological Museum, one of the best among the museum alletions inthe country, contains almost all Character (pes of the epoch, which wore Widespread in Moesis and. Thrace ia the Iseath ceatury AD, Being accumolatd in the course of ‘century, the collection consists mostly of accidental Finds which were unearthed. predominantly daring Farming operations. The jewellery came” to. the Muscum ‘mainiy through inlermediares (antique Sealers), therfore the exact circumstances inch they were dacovered were not always. rcorded, ‘which "complicated their comprchensive interprets: “ tion, Referring. {0 the ents inthe inventory rewsters, i became clear that mos ofthe Jewelery ‘ime fom graves within the neropolses ofthe big Urbs ‘centies lke Rates” (praent-day Archar lage) Osscus (Gigen silage, Novae (town of Svishtoy), Augusta Tratana (Stara Zagora), Odessos (Warns), Sendiea (Sofia), Durostorum (Sita). te. The jenelery is dated taking into account both the Iypological data and the rest ofthe save ofleings found. Grave ollerings containing ‘coins are of treeptional importance, ee the finds from Oeseus, Scrcha, the peventday village of Pelornitss neat Pleven, Switngrad, st.” Other types of dating material can be the rest of the funerary offerings: Yotive reli, bronze sculpture, ceramic objets and ‘epeilly the lamps discovered in burials from the Silage of l2vor near Yambol, Mend, Osenow and Dade Agich in Southern ‘Thrace’? The second ‘sseatial group of jewslry represented by te three major treasires fom Rivaurt, Chaowshevo and Nikolsevo. Their value i exceptional not only in quantitative terms, but abo in vew of the eoin Ihoards included in hem, which cst ight not only on the dating of the teases, But also of accidentally iscovered jewelry. ‘The treasure from Bazaurt (present-day Zhinitsa village neat Dobrich) was discovered quite by chance In Georg Veikov's corfeld on June 13, 1916. It ‘consists of 39 ser objects, among them 24 silver fmmamens weighing 1430 grams (two torques, si bracelet, 13 curtings and one medallion). three Gishes, 12 plateappigues, epousse and 1430 Roman Republican and Umpc silver cons, the most recent ‘of which were of Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD." In the present monograph we have included a total of articles of adornment that have survived to our Gays torgues, & bracelets, # casings snd ‘Vmedalion, The dating ofthe treasure to the lat cor eatly 2a cemury AD iin agreomeat wid ‘ating of the typology of the various oraments ‘which best expresed for bracelets and earrings ‘The treasure fom Chaoushevo (present-day Tsenova. Village near Rouse) wae ako an Acidetal fad which tae unearthed in thre sages. Tp. 1932 the dealer in Sntigue fvellery Armenyak Suhakjan made an offer to the National Museum to purchase the treasure Aiscovered in the plot of land ofan unknown peasant ‘containing 2 total of 15 objec x gold anda silver Torque, @ silver bracelet, 2 silver fibula. with it Taser appliques and 309 Roman silver coins (out ‘ofthe 1049 coins discovered). Nikola Moushmov had the opportunity of examining the remaining 740 coins the dealer’ shop. The hoard included coins of fore than thity Roman Emperors, starting. with [Nero (5468 AD) and ending with Gordian IIL 234-249), the predominant coins being from the Sad: ea century AD Another thre ser arte Ges a tongue, a bracelet ad. tring were Darchated by the Museum io 1935 withthe esistance [tthe same dealer, There can be no doubs that they bron to the sane easure, because the sive torque (Cat, No 87 x practically identical to the one found tn 1932 (Cat NO 86) The lst silver torque (Cat. No 5) was sold in 1936, In this way the object i the treasure numbered 19, seven of them being various Avles of adornment (only sx have been preserved to ths day) Tudging by the typology of the ing and of the bag, the jewellery ean be date tothe mid 3rd entury, which corresponds to the most recent coins tn the hoard of Emperor Gordian II (238-244) TK. Moushmov expresses doubts about the belonging of the coins to the weasure, but this fac indisputable, because concealing coin hoards was not fn solted oosurrene for that tine. This confirmed bath by the treaute from Basaust and by the Ireaure from Nikolueo. ‘The concealing of the treasure by burying tint the ground, as nthe case the Nikolaeve treasure, comeided wilh the pesiod ff devastating Gothic incursions south of the Danube, which startad during the reign of Emperor Maxinian in 238 AD" ‘he third treasure known from the Roman Pesiod in he Bulgarian lands, which is also the richest in eles. the tease fom the village of Nikolaevo fear Pleven Its history is similar to that of the Chaoushevo treasure. It was discovered by chance Ithic Penko Penkow was digging his vineyard and Through the dsr Atanas Banko an ofer was made fo the. Museum in 1909 to buy silver and pld Jevellery together with 15 ser coins. The next year The man whe discovera the treasure offer the rst “if ifr tle consisting of wo dishes, one bracelet, nd 918 conn this way the total numberof objets Inthe treasure is 3 articles of adorament 30 pold Ind ver, wo silver dishes (one salt dish and A phinle), witha toal weight of S9S8t gold and fotii6g slver, as well as 933 siver and 2 bronze Woman coins ‘The weesure from Nikolaevo. is rely valuable not only in. quantitative terns, Dt rather withthe variety of the jelly it coma: fever gold necklaces? fagments af necklaces, 3 gold Forguss, § gold and 4 silver bracelets, 6 gold and sive rings, and 7 gold earrings Among. the ecklscos and’ brackts‘one can observe the oaly Yrotcry dacovered inthe Rolguran Tarde 30 fr Wich betray some smiarty wih jwellery coming the Bast or fom the Caucasus, demonstrating fie motualinflacnes and contacts withthe fest he Roman world. Of parila interest among neckaoes ie the one made of gold with triple 239 AD), whose last coin sues were mined in IND. This year assumed 0 be the teminus post Is cq forthe tsar, more specially for the ime then it was concesid which shows rmarkle oneidece wit tat ofthe Chacuevo, eae ‘Two Gothic incon, are dovamenad nthe Mocsian province 28 and! 29, therfore the burying ofthe tastes maybe associated wth hee ‘Te verity of he jewelry i he colleaion under Consideration ary rele he pencrl tendencies the deveopmest of jenellers atin the Thracian Itnds doing the Roman Period, in teams of forma ‘nd echnical eacestion. The axe of polehtome ones and th apaiiation of yptis—"eons and Cameos-vas a decoation of caving, figs and tmealioes, continued in the comportion ot th ‘Ceorative ptr, Te ue of acme moti oF of real animal figure ilstrated by the sake ke forms of trai, bracts and hag, The me th cameo vey fashionable for that epoch, was Thy decorated” with opeawork frames of Moral Iti exe in the ops ran etme ot blige hatches, fen applied for earings vel ft pomiect exieple of edalbone wth god cis indportal in thes the eatace fom Rost, Scented with tui along the periphery. Verous Imo of he socalled Herd Kot or he eet can be traced inthe neckace abd nthe pendants The ‘definte syste fetes and. infivenss in Jewellry ihusate lal tastes" “fhe erring nthe Solestion ar represented by the principal form: rsemblng hoops, wih an Sie or Erdinary hook, part of them being ientied endats for ccings and pendant worm ove the {npc Additonal cemeny were semipherial round or rectangular ss, rota pss sa Fenda, icy” decorated wih, pesos. sone Sine and glass pase as well a with fiir and {Gamuaton “The Colton aso fats Ine ot 30 Fopular “double earings (ie earrings wih a Jouble INEM), eet wing rendfigres and prowogr ulation techmgles Most of the typos conndaed cay a dette Hslnete itunes, ae wall a sere ilumes fom Exypt and Syria. Eartings ‘sihin oyenwork shld twit pendants hang prapesie ornament of sal pola pears have boa {ecled inthe collection from the wear rom Nikolsvo, Novae, Sengints Pris and the presen {ay Pleven raion’ sr wel fom dhe pr of the ounry, Thcy. demonstrate 2 popular ype of Jetey ines Tac lands, type ofthe Roman ‘io This in addon othe le refined exertion, ‘gees that they. were proded inthe hal wrortahoptr mon inluene wan ft even im works Coming om Southern Rossa, more spa fram the Chersoneses, which has bean Gocumented a other type of poly at well ‘Toe relainly ‘small nomber “of torques in the cobection, stl atin oter finds throughout the unury suggests thi itd wo. Neverthe, the finde give rounds for interpreting them both 8 ‘of aforment worn 6) men, powy at soform of military insgnia2® e.g. the torques from ‘Chuourhovo, and as something used by women and Shen ales which i Mustaed by the toraves fhundin graves in Raia, Ovens and Svlengrad™ "They mest made of utd or sally twisted wie, i the tation ofthe Hellenic types characteristic of the Thractan ands demonstrating also simlanity fthberbarzed prototypes of astern workshops The loaning of rger numberof torgues in the Lowes Mossan proves can aso be asocated with the intence of the numerous sellers and veterans {tom the Roman lesions along the right bank ofthe {Lower Danube.” “The variety of ecklaces reveals all modes characte Fistc ofthat period, Te peincpal components ofthe ‘Gain the fterlnking loops—appear ia all pos ‘Set verans A sna port of them were wed only ‘Gham imac to the Bronze and gold chains fom Rovira, others were aadtionally decorated. with f medelion or crescent-shaped pendant, e.g the fold neclace (rom the Nikolacro treasure, with aries in necklaces from Tortost in Syri, The Tathmion-type chins that were yery popular ithe ‘Thracian ands during the Hellenistic Age. reaps: fed during the Roman Period. They ae represented fy. the gol) nvcklace with ciple chain from Rikolacvo, dated to the m3 century BC, by the ‘nd century silver decoration with fibula fom Ratirta and by the silver chain. from the Samoko Fegion, oy well ag by similar objects fom Hiss, ‘NBvac and clsemhere Necklaces ofthe mined-chain Tynes, combined ith gol beads of various shapes TP" Sodocabedral, spterc, etc, 38 well as with Gikicnt binds of stones, ghs| and. bone, were ‘arictarly popular in the 2nd-3d century AD. The sean peas of ome esas te broken of tudiion the necklaces included in the collection ftom Ratiaia, Ryahove und Petumiss, there are {ino aumetous exhibit fom she collections of the inbtory muscums in Vidin, Pleven, Kyustendil, te They fnture sar degorative paters aod at the ‘ime time confiem their lsal origin. The ornamen Town as Hercules’ knot, which was very popu fhuring that ped, i llstated by a fragment ‘Tnceklace with openwork segments rom the teas in'Nikoleev The group of necklaces from Nikolae ttth double hollow gold segments made ia. mou Arh exquisitely madaled styfized leaves, “rnament and uted segments is ery intresting perfec. similar necklaces (rom Nikolaevo Teschevo find paralels in works imported fr Enocsn in Syria which dfntely demonstrates faflence of the Eastern workshops, and specitcally of the Eastern master goldsmiths" The popularity of bracelets, similar to the torques, feveals their mixed we: as en ordinary arte of Sdormmenty onthe one hand, snd oa the other as {mitary oration or foigna. This fact has been Tegstered inthe collection dicussed here, allt only toa hypothesis, without definite archacologeal fot Te mort widespread type of Bracelets with oopandchook fastener represents @ revival of the Tlleistic wadtion and finds clo analogies with finds from Dacia and. Southern Russi, The Construction. of many of them incorporates the ‘eocative clement of & honzontal. spiral, These Iracclets repeat the techaigues and the decoration estered Yor earings and lorguss, prompted by lost production. Inlerestng. specimens. in the ollestion are the “bipartite” gold races fom the Treasure of Nikolevo, which ate the only Koown furalels $9 far to the bipartite bracelets trom the Excasus”™ They are a manifestation ofthe mutual Intuense and’ more specially of the influence of Thrace on the jowellr's aft of the Chersonesos» Rings are procnted best in thei fypologial development Ths fact i influenced by the existing oncete forms and. types of objects that. were Wvesread throughout the eatre Roman Empire. In ikinon to the simplifed nger-tings, which ate hsketike or with openwork decoratioa, there are iho rings osed as seals af well as ngs with votive Niseripttons connected with the local religious fiom of the population. Interesting examples can Te found among the rings with inscriptions marking fnesscmcnis and marrige, expressing eoacordia™ fo shich the motif of the two clasped hands Uuncio Mecirarin) belongs. Many of the rings are decorated frit gem and camecs 3 a. continuation of the Wditom of the Classical Period. Sobcted to the Inilucace of Gresk, Talc and Eastern art, gyptic Works of are rlcied the tastes of te Heal eiots Some siylisie and. technical species in the Morkwanship suggest that a part of the gems and Amnsos came from loeal engraving workshops, which five. been attend rly in Novae and in Basic Mhe known articles of sdorament found on the fertory of Mesa and Thrace reflect the evolution Wr the jewellers art during. the Roman Pesiod. Nevcles}cmaking Noucshed under local eogdiions, Wr vdition tothe remaining artistic ras” Those Aussie objects wore elt ava ecesiy that satisfied Mh vesthcric needs not only of te ich upper erust of eich. but aso of the middle siraa of the Ppvlation, which was offen reflested tn the lower hve of the metal of which they were made he siscovery of large part of the objects to the Are of the Balkan Range, and more specially in Mian dlines tis settlement a the biggest cetre Ml forcves in the Antiquity >” This theory was he nthe Sst decades o€ this century a paraie ing draw withthe gold find in the Teamegvanian tains"? The new archaeological nds in Northwestern Bulgaria cast new light onthe problem Gf the ofe deposits The intensive ie in the Sctments athe repion of Montana (present-day Mitailovarad, the twenty-four documented fortes: es and the abundance of miliary units stationed thee, are avocatad with the etlfeme economic Significance ofthe region, resulting from its rch ore ‘poms loalized tothe south and tothe southwest ‘Ofte cy Thi was also the ate of eighteen of the ‘ocumented forvesss, which were aso wed as 2°Sepecial for of protection by the Roman Authorities, In adition to the ore deposits there is slsoinuisputibe evidence hat gold bearing sind was Weasel long the res Ogosta and Ziautsa? On count ofall thee nebss, the Montana rion ws ‘Kine es “one of the most substantial gou-be fesions inthe Balkans during the Roman Period Trese gold deposits supplied the metal to the workshops in Raia ‘The propagation of the toreuic works of art of Rati of of similar prototypes throughout the fare Mesa: Inferior and in Thrace, has been ocumented by number of Gads. from Novae ‘mus (present day Lom), Osseus, Pleven, Durosto fun, Pautali {present-day Kyusteni), te. This aso ‘etermined the Yeading ole of he gold from Ratna inthe entre pweller’ production, and it iluenced 2 numberof cise workshops aswell What is more tecklces and medalions that were totally similar 10 thone from Rati, occurred outside the boundaries ‘four provinos, &-& i the Chersonesos (the North fra Black Seacoast, Viminaciom (preentday Kosta in Yugoslavia), Tntercisa in” Pannonia {present-day Hungary), wich eearly proves that they found 1 gocd market spread by mechan along the Danube and the Black Sea" Inthe Thracian Land there is no doubt about the risionor of toceutie workshops in Serdica, Pilippo polis Augusta. Trajana and Pautalia, which were ajo centres of arts crafts during the antiquity. ‘This i erideged. both by the abundant jovellery finds*© nd by a number of data about the fvailability of row malas Tor ther production. “There mere gold mines on the tersitory of Series." Golcrsaring sand was washed in Paua,afong the Stiymon nner! This tradition sets ko refected in the images on coi from Pasta, where the symbols Of frtity and of natural riches ave Uustrated not tly by figures, but ao bythe inscriptions AMeYPOx. aver, and XPrEOX— gol" a fat also documented by te coins of Philppopolia® The focal Thracian jewellers art has born allested in pitraphie monuments, e.g the inscription fom the Roman villa near Kilimanisa, Mibalovgred rion, Where the dediator Pudentus was ether a gol Sith, or he was connected withthe procesing of old and silver?” An snseiption from Damascos in Syria indicates that goldsmiths, Ike all other erafmen, had thee asociations.* The developmen ofthe jewellers art the Thracian lands during the Roman Period. was an essentialclement of art and th crafts. I expressed the general tendencies of the culture and socio-economic rea tions ofthe province. The ayes produced followed the fashion ofthe epoch, rein the needs and the tastes of the mass consumer Having emersed basally under the fluence of Eastern workshops, Sr well 2 with (he direct partipaion of catsmen Coming from the Fast either nx ster ora veterans, Jewellers artim the Thracian lands acquired its own Chracernic features and ils own prototypes for 2'vast majority of the jewellery. Various types of arings necklnes and medion Me defined as haracersie Thracian forms: The propagation of singe part of them along the northern Black Sex oest more spiel nthe Chersonesos, a wel in present-day Eastera Sebi, indicates the sphere of inuence of Thracian jewellery, ruling from trade tnd clforal contacts" This has sbo determined the Special place which Thrice held in the evelopment of the jewellers art doring the Roman Period.” ‘The ealletion Giseussed in ths book contains 337 Insta ates of adorament According. to thei fanctios, they are clafed. as head and. body frmaments and are divided ito seven major types: arrings, torque, necklaces, bracelets, inger-rings, Sraamental airpins and elements of unidentified ature The only exception from the main group is the decorative abject with Rbulae fom Ratti NOTES, Octen aos ienjou du Mosaic de Das Ak “etek ge Ia ert, BOR oA tMegins RO. HIE Zouhd B Op. dy 98 Besa area Oot ee ane See a we Sioa lyf Zoat Sah eienine ROp cit, 181, 186; Coche de In Fertd, F. Op. HeRn Oe 1s sings are represented by 104 specimens (Cat, Nos 13H) 87 made of gold and 17 of sliver. The torques umber 19 (Cat. Nos 75:93 10 gold and 9 silver. Necklaces (logeiher with part of necklaces e.g trade, fasteners, cfescent-shaped pendants “and trodaions are 46 (Cat. Not 9139); 40 gold, 5 iver nd I bronge. There are 44 bracelets (Cat. Nos {HO-175) 11 eck, 22 ver and 11 bronze. The rings number 108 (Cat Nos 176-276: 48 gold, 40 iver, bronze with git, 10 plain bronze and 9iron ines. Decorative objects forthe hair (barpins, pendants) te 10 (Cat, Now 277-2865 3 gold, 4 ped, 2 ler find L bronze, There ate. 6 cements (Cat. Nos 387-290) 3 gold, I'siver, | bronze and 1 lead Gold jewellery predominates with a total of 206 objects followed by silver jewellery —96, bronze. 25 iton9 and lead Th emelery classed into types and variants on the bass of external morphologtal features, strictly {aking into necouat ther chronological development The typology reels from their principal compo- rents, additional elements and decoration, ies Dostve of the metal, The difeencesreflced in thet ‘Srderng inthe calalogve inthe following sequence: fil olgects come fist, followed by ser, bronze, Ec Fragmented articles of adorament, about which there io suicent information, are given separately in groupe for each type of jewlery. reson karan Tne i Mea on i Rp sia 18 he Bisoep. Argagocea Horan fawn Coenen, om weno aon Bopp Ae ans po4s AN Oo 48 Op stp 3S: dlnne pont, An Op ane waa Cot Tee w ellnmarpors, Ax Pree cre cfonent 637 *Qetcn" ie Catany wpe Cu oer 62 0h Rigi Sa a a a SARE Sats a5 Beaxon, &tpiet-a tpacae x dune ops sn ‘Bana Arlo nd Matera) Amram sequen, & Paoroo copowme or Nnwete. MAJ nde c.g Slew geet Ar Oy pe Baton, B.Op et p38 Tea Na tons AM Op ct Poa sm epee oF Sav etn hun puree To ‘Groep tampa flamer: bCpesapansctpnane or yrvanWe Bronkowsi Boncnia VOpurostonum xVaO ‘otro ~——_“OESCUS RATIARIA Zsexrgita Pista Eraovsnevo Ke Bazeurt Turgovishtee Vo 0 YO. *Madimitow MONTANA —Yeriachone G.Dubrik “MM Suhingal ‘opessos as PStanevo Youn a Lists a Meri ov neve’ VO) KABYLE RV PAUTALIAO euros JANA, + Oteouchiente pang PHIUPROPOLS AD Svilonarad ve. smovan Ye sivka Sg. ove mining (gold) am. grave find © large ety Xx production conte XY single tind ancient settlement 3g. Measure 35 Roman thormae The cover Moos Thea, wih ts 08 te aaation fhe fl Sas canter aaa = cocFarrngs are among the most widespread forms of Jewellry worm duting the antiguity Bora in the ‘Ghent they were hand! down fort one generation fo the net taking into acount aesthetic tastes and puticrns Being predominantly atypical deooration Biewomen,Thet gret popularity during the Archaic fd’ Chasical Greek: periods can be seen in the humerous sulpural monuments and stone sulpure Th adiion co the oer forms of jewelry (necklaces, tcl finger rings un torgue), earings sculpt Fa in marble or rendered ae motal appliques ae Very Frequent ‘The collection comprises the prineipal forms of uring during the Roman Period, divided into two fyper th variants and. subvaviams, as, well as 2 Croup of unspecified of fragmented earrings. The Gefiung module for difeentation 6 the prinepal Component of the earring, Lethe way ii attached {othe ear wth « hoop of with hook. The variants lin sobvatiants rele the diferent types of Hoops and hooks, the decoration consisting of additional flements & shits and pendants. on the visible par of the caring, The caletion also includes now eactings and pendants worn on the earsings fr over the tomple, although there are no reliable dea about the eta way im whih these earrings were ‘norm, es wel as plit-hoop earings for prec ears. “The problem ofthe pero cars stl debatable, but eis apparent, as Pliny points out that this was the ‘bligaion of women. “People explored the depts of the Red Sea to sak pears, and the depths of the arth fo seek emeralde This ld wo the fashion ofthe pierced ears, because H was n0 longer enough t0 Morn he hands, arm, neck and. hai, without Prereing the body ‘pe earings are usally dated between the Ist and the sh centory AD of the basis of reliably dated Etchacoopiel material from grave ins in Rati, Nowe, Oseis, Apia, Serdea ete, a8 well as fom the teases fom Bazaurt and Nikolaev Individual {Specimens find peralelsin a numberof finds from the Giher Roman” provinces, notably those frm Northern Greeee, Macedcnia, Asia Mino, Syri and ‘Southern Ross The populanty of some forms amd modes in the Theagan lands defines them 38 Gharacternc focal prototypes which became wide Spread or influenool production in the adjacent ‘The proposed typology ofthe earings sas follows Type. Painchoop earings (Cat. Nos 142, 6472), lh fear variate Type Ih “earrings wth hooks —Sshaped and tudinary (Cat. Nos 4336, 73.74), with six variants Grows LIL carrings with “unspecied hoops oF hooks, ag well as fragments (Cat. Nos 9-63) "Type k. Plain hoop earnings wore # adtion inthe moa widespread, Hellenistic earrings, defined by Marshalls continuation of Grek eareings with fn animal's bead. They ave een attested in Greek Roman and Roman jeweller’ art between the Sma contury AD and the 3rd century BC.* Many of the plain-hoo earings are decorated with shields tnd pendants, According tothe way in which the end the hoop shaped four varans (with subvariants) fre distinguished Vivant ft Plain-boop open earring, oval in shape, nade of wie with round or coneave cross section. Chis. thin and” almost touching. The. vanant is {cation of the Sh-Ird century BC Hellenistic Teadtion, where the hoop ended i animal or human oads, betraying. predominantly Eastern influence rom Egypt, Sys and Cyprus where many finds have been Gated from burise containing coins* The humerous Hellenistic specimens fom the Thracian Tends, similar 10. thove from Moushovitst and Koukora Mogita at Douranl, Plovdiv district, fiom Varna, Assnovgrad, Neebur aad elsewhere, ded 0 the period betweon the late 6th and the rd century 1c, area demonstration of vet areat popularity snd ‘tthe tration that ineviably passed ito the Roman period as well? The varunt fe represented DY gold tnd silver earings (Cat. Nos 1, 2. 64-60, Among them are the well dated silver earrings from the Rzauit tetsur,alebted to the pened from the fru ofthe Tat until the Fist half ofthe 2nd century KD. Trion 2. Phin hoop open-end fastened carsing, oval in shape, made of one wie, with found, concave oF 2s ‘Momboid cross seton, wit thinner ends that either ru poralel one against the othe, oF their ends are Spially twisted several times This type 8 ¥ery Ffequent sruily withthe way i which the caring Are fastenod. It's been” documented both for ‘arrings and for fnpettings® In Egypt this type of fastening was known from the 12h dynasty, being tested in rings with scurabe” The type is defined ‘both as functional and as decorative in Egyptian art Te also occurs in earings fom Cyprus dated tothe yccnacan ge (Vel th century BC)? i 140 7th rotary BC Eastern Gros rings from Asaeik and Carya in Barly iruscan earcings defined as Early Malad dated tothe Sth century BC." This type of fascning was revived and became agin fashionable during the Roman petod. ts popularity i utated by the numerous finds. from Southern Russa, Macedonia, Syrit, Egypt and ehewhere* Earrings of ths type cannot be uofstened easily. They were ‘worn on the eas inthe same way all he time, being Permanently fastened afer they were placed on the ars or mere specially made a jewellery to be placed in grver as funerary offerings Te extings under fconsideration manilat certain diflernccs int length of their ends and i thee composition pattern. ‘Their ends are either paalel to one another (Cat Nos 34 67h) or crosed immediately afer they meet(Cat. Nos 5, 67a, Part ofthe hoops are decorated with groups of perpendicular iced concentric lines, 2 characteristic dasorative pattern of Ist 3d century [AD earings (Cat. No.3)" Other cartings are with ‘additional decoration consisting af pendants: moble hoop (Cat. No.3) chain wih bead (Cat. No.) threaded last bead (Cat. No 70) and an axelike pendant (Cat. No 71) The variant is dated to the period between the Ist feniury BC and. the. 2nd-ind contury” AD. Some Specimens have parallels with felably dated finds {fom the late Tat to the late 2nd century AD (Cat No} similar t> te castings from Tumulus 7 at Chatalka? "and the tumularagctopolis at ‘Obrouchishte, Stara Zagora repion! The silver ‘arrings fom the Bazar treasure (Cat. Nos 67, 68) leo belong to them. The atest dating (cod of the Sed Century AD) attibuted fo the gold euring fom the ‘necropolis ofthe St Sophia chureh (Ca. No 8) The Iie oocurence of open-end fstened earrings, whose ‘design eecus in torques and bracelets from Thrace land Mocsia, defines them a a preferred and popular ‘arian local jewelry manfatoring. Variant 23 Fepreseted by gold (Cat Nos 3-3) and sive crrings (Cat Nos 6711 Variant 3. Planchoop, closed-end with two hoops made of one wire with round or rectangular cross fection, or spirally twisted, with thinner ends shaped tt hoop (im some earings with spiral coils) ad *hoopand-hook oriented in two plats: Roraoatal fd vertical, Part of the earrings ate additionally ‘decorated with «shield or with mobile pendants, ot both. Variant is continuation of the Hellenistic type of earrings, betraying predominantly Eastern Infuences, but with cerain modifeations during the Roman Period, in the 2nd century AD. R. Higgs dines these caring 4s fall hoops with fastened nde? H Marsall chases them as. hoop-type fasted with two hoops, noting thi erat popu: fity tn the Eastin Sytis and io Cyprus the 2nd ‘century AD! "The omerods nds fom leutheropolis~ Palestine, Theaalonks, Amatos and Enkom! Cyprus are gown, as mel as fom ferry ofeings that are wel dated with coins The catings included inte coletion, some of which ware also found in graves, tn the above mentioned Ghronolopseal limits dated with coins The gold ‘arring fom Svilengrad (Cat Nos 9,12), discovered together witha coin of Faustina Minor, ate dated to the second half ofthe 2nd century AD, whereas the old carrngs from the necropolis of the St Sophia hurch (Cat Non, 6,7, 11) age attbuted 10 the Petod from the 2a to the early 4th century AD, hich & also supported hy the decoration of the pendants with thrandod beads, or feature the typical Sided century pendant resembling saps (Cat. Nos 32-34, Sie subvanants (BA-3E) are distinguished according to the additional ornamentation ~shicid find. pendanls—and they ate represented by Bold Specimens (Cat, Nos’ 6-14) 26 Variant 24. Plain-hoop earring, closed-end fasten, with to Roope, one end below the horizontal hoop with (vo or tice coils, pendant with a grape dike fmament of # threaded ead. The subvartant is strated by Cat. Nos 6 and 7. Variant 18. Plin-hoop caring, clows-end fastened, with two Roope and- sompherieal shield. An Intermediary variant ofthe pology of R- Higgins, ‘defined as all pe, but with S shaped book, dated to the Tst3rd contury® Close analogies are the fartings fom Pozzuol in Maly and. Enkomi ia Gopeus, dated to the Istrd century ADS” The variant i represenid by a pair of gold carrngs found in a grave in Oeseus (Cat. No 8) Variant 2C. Pan-hoop suring, closed-end fastened. with evo hoops, with thinned ends which are twisted Spially io several col, with horizontal pial and Wi pendants Each hoop is decorated with three [roup of ince concent ines, whic i wcharae- {Eee decoration of Ista centary earring, similar to those cited in variant 2°* Usually the Rorzontal ‘irl isa ite tisted ina ctl above the hoop used itr fastening It made for decorative purposes and feplacss the shied, therefore it defied a6 { ipseudo-hild, This a. ypical element in the trnamentaton of Roman jewelry, ovally found ia farrings finger rings and bracelets” The pendants fe suspended on « hoop and move fresy- Their body ‘Sade of «round wite, with horoatal end oblique Auting rsembing spiral wists, with threaded hollow fold Bead of the gold pea ype, consisting of Wo Femispheres This lype of pendants characteristic of Ista centiry AD. Roman jewelry and. i strated by numerous nds Troe Cyprus, Tortous, Southern Rassia and elewhere™™ Representatives of ths subvariant are the gold earings under Cat. Nos ot Veriam 3D. Similar to Yariant 3C. The only Ailernce ithe shield a sal ele led with dark tue enamel Representatives «pal of gold earrings (Cat Nos 9-10) Variow 3E. The hoop and the pendant are pvfaly Similar to. Varian 3C.D. The shield apes with shew element: 8 semispherical, famed with wi having’ horizontal Ting that resembles pea ‘ornament and hs pil forename. The semispherial Shick was a popular form in Roman earings 18 Drsent in the typology proposed by Re Higgins as A plain-hoop curring with 2 shield, usually having 4 pendant with 1 hl dated to the 2nd century, found in tombs in Amathus in Cyprus"* Many more ‘Cuumples are known fom Tortous Carsuntum in presentelay Austra?” and) the. Roman-German Mancum in Bona The semisphevea shield i also present in many carrings fom the collection under Consideration (Cat, No 2-24, 31-34), aswell a from the collection n museums throughott the country Represented by a pat of gold earrings (Cat. No 13) Varun 3. Plinshoop eating, cosedend fastened with two. oops, a rectangular shield, a. massive ‘Setting containing «one and peodants| R. Migins ses the latter element, |e the pendant, to identi the type ae a pendant-arrng with a stone o gas in 1 setng to which base oft horiontal band with pendants has been soldered. This (ype was in use For tvlativaly long time: fom the Ist to the 3d century ‘AD An interesting feature io this cases the Azcoration of relatively large stones in slid stings, Sihich was an element borrowed from 3rd century ern earings" Represented hy the earring unde? Gat No Te Vasant 4. Plischoop earring with hoop-and:-hook Iasener. Oval shape of ene round wire, ends thinned fut one bent to form a hoop and the other one —a Took, Most of them are additionally decorated with Shed and pendants Some dilerenes are observed in he individual cements: (a) a hoop consisting of ‘sural twisted wire mith rectangular eros setion Cat. Nos 20,26) consisting of three ornamented fouies (Cat. No’ 26) of of several such. bodies, iniicaely intertwined (Cat_No 2}, () the hoop of thelastener i usually x continuation af he hoop is ‘made of round wire (Cat. Nos 15-19, 31, 36,3842) or the round wre f fattened (Cat. Nos 20-23, 29, Individual carrings have decorative hooks with pearl ‘omament (Cit. Nos 26-28) Hooks ae thine and with a pointed end (Cat. Not 15, 20,23, 31, 34, ‘ers fom cone shaped heads (Cat, Nos 21,391 The fastener of some earrings is jst simple bending of the wire, without detailed modeling ofthe Roop and hook (Cat. Nos. 3537, 42) Farsings with a spiral pscudoshield end in spial twits (Cat. Nos 16-2, 38, o Evolution i observed in the decoration, in adiion {othe already deused.pweudo spiral round nd emiephercal shill. Ricly ornamented periphery trith floral or geometric motifs im rel (Cat Nos 32-35, wth a seting fora stone or forename in the ‘entre. Anew element isthe richly decorated double Shick (Cat. Nos 26-29) ot shield eaturing human Fees, eg. figurine of Eros (Cat. No 30) The Pendants are decorated with Bold beads of various Shapes biconic (Cat. No" 39}, peur shaped (Cat. No31), erapete (Cet, Not 52:35, 38, 40, or stones (Cat. Nos. 25, 36,17, 41, some of them in special Settings (Cat No 42}. fn accordance with the vaitics mentioned above sand the additional decoration in the form of shied and pendants, we propose the following seven subvariants GA-4C), wit representa tives among the gold earrings dated to the period between the Tat and the Ath contury AD. Variant #4. Painshoop eating with hoop-and-hook fastener, oval in shape made of one ound wie, With fapering ends. The variant represented BY the gold faring rom Botevarad (Cst_No 15) and a pair of Silver earrings from Madara, Shoumes region (Cat No 72 Vartant #8, Plain-hoop caring with hoop-and-hook Tastoner. made of one round wire (or of silly twisted wie with rectangular cross section). with tapering ends, spiral coll below the hoop of the fastener sod witha spiral pseudorshicd. Represented by Cat Noe 1620 Variant 4C. Pai-hoop earring with hoop-and-hook fastener, oval in shape, me of ove round wire, with ound or semiphericl-shield, nehly decorated periphery of spay twisted wire, the decoration sof Flies and granulation, orament in rab, stings for stones oF enamel n the middle, some earrings are tvith. pendants, The ase of stones or enamel ie charstenstic element in the decoration of 2nd-3nd Century jenllery, dating ipported by the cating from the Nikolaevo treasure (Cat No 22) Represen tatves: Ca Nos 21-25 Vanant 40. Plinchoop earing with a hooprand hook fastener, oval in shape, made of several profied ‘ies in peal ornament and (wised spially oF Tnvreately intertwined, with a double abd richly frmamented tic (the noalled double earings) ‘ith figies and granslation, and stones in setting. X"lypeal decorative toot" here i Heracles knot {now rom the Hellenistic Ae (Sr-st century BC} fad later sly poplar in Roman jewelery, to." ted mainly in nocklaces, bracelets and other (ype of Jewellery. Earrings featuring a sophisticated inter- fined hoop and a double shill were widespread in Southern Rossia* Syma and Cyprs.™ dated v0 the Jong period between the 3rd entry BC ad the 3rd atuty AD. Two ofthe earrings discussed here (Ca No 26h eave find fem Varna district, are dated by the ly lampe found together with ther between the Ist century and the fist quarter of the 3 century ADS""The mugnifcent decoration of pscudotaree find granulation finds paalels with Cate art in the Balkan Peninsla in the Ist century BC and with Jewelery Rom Thrace during the Roman Period,” ‘with numerous ibulae from Germany, elements of Carrings from Southern Russa, ete” Represent sex Cat Nos 2629 Varian 46. Pin-hoop caring with hoop-and-hook fastener oval in shape, made of one spirally twisted tnre, shield with gurine of Frox The Rigured shi {continuation of Hellenistic casings: hoopg. with human and animal heads or with statuettes® The latter are widespread inthe type_with figured pendants, the figurine of Exoe being most common mong them=* Roman earrings ending with a figure {ice shield) wore typical ofthe towns along the Black Son coast, more speciialy in Southern Rusia ykereh and Olbia where the influence of Greck fare vas very. pronounced, as well as the ontinoation of ths uence from the Fast — Egypt Syria and Cypris — fromthe Hellenistic Age unt the Ieeand century BC*" Many examples are also Known from Pompei, aotably in the form of powtaitmommies of the Augustan period Close aloes with the variant consired are the earrings withthe figurine of Eos fom the Roman-German ‘Museum in Bonn. from the Museum in Cyprs, From Damascus’ and elcwhor, dated to the ist-2nd fentury AD (Cat No. 30, Variant 4F, Pain hoop earring with hoop-and-hook, fastener oval in shape, made of one round wie (or 2 spirally twntod wire nih rectangular cross section) With s shield (found Aut, semispberal, hexahedral Pyramidal resmbligg «blossom, sptalpseudo- ‘il with pendant (spheric or bicome gold pearls rapelike oF traperoid plates with beads. Par of these carrings fully resemble Variant 4C in the way the hoop snd he shield ae formed. They are dated to the pertod between the mid-2nd andthe eid-4th fentory AD withthe reliably dated specimens inthe treasure from Nikolaev (Cat, Nos 32, 39) A charac tenitc slement i the prapeike pendant which, in dition to the pendant in the forn of a gold peal biconie and spher—and the smisphencal Profiled sick, were atypia! mode! inthe Thracian Ends, produced under Eastern illuence. Representa thes Cat Nos 3-81 (the lst number is the only trample inthe variant wn earring without shield) Variant 46. Plin-hoop caring with hoop-an-hook fastener, ivegalar ellis, made of one Tound Wis trithout shied, with x fly moving pendant aod STi tones in settings The presence of the pendant Ths given growods 10K, Higgs to define thi type of caminge ss "pendant earings"? Representative: gold earring from the necropolis ofthe St Sophia church in Sofa (Cat, No 42 Type I vith Sshaped hook or with an ordinary fom ook, Known in the htrature generally as Shaped earrings Hl Marshall fies them as Groat Roman and dates them to the peta between the Ist century BC and the 3d century AD, cing many example fom Pompeit that were discovered Together with soins fom tat period In fat, mest ft these artings are with: pendant, atibuted by RR. Higgins to cierent vartants depending on the thiditional decoration. pendant-rook, ball-ereing, fendantcarning and other specimens ‘ypial of the Iscaed century AD-° The oted examples demoasts {othe propagation ofthe type in lal, Gallia, Greece, Faspis Syn and Palestine I also occurs in earings from Germania, Southern Rusia and Cyprasbetween the Ist and the Sed century AD ‘Although they ave defined a+ Roman, it necessary {o note thelr iflvence and their presence in earlier poche Earrings with am oxdinary beat hook were Stdespiead in the Geeck world, among Etruscan Tnonuments and espevaly nthe Hclemstcexamples {late 4th Tat ontury BCL tn this case these hooks feplace the hoop in Type I which sn isela type of faring. een without the atonal decoration. This fs impossible in the Sshapod earings. The S-shaped for ordinary Hook actually represents the way in which the earring is sftached 10. the ear AR Indispensable elemest in. them is the. additional ‘voration ofa shield or & combination of hit with pendants, the late being the more frequet variant, Tis not yet completely clear how the earings with hooks wete worn, and more specially those with Scchaped hook. Isic to. assume that 2 beatend hook, whieh Ys the prevaling typeof fastening hasbeen passed through the car. Probably some of them were used as pendants worn over the empl, not dcily on te ears, but on a special ‘nd wor on the hed," or the end ofthe Book was beat atonal after shearing was atached (0 the ear (oimiar tO tho. assumption about the permanent listened oop like earring). Shaped Gxerings are dierentinted into th following five arnt, depending on the additonal decorative ements, namely Variant 1 S-shaped earring witha shill The hook i made of @ round wire, Bent twice, the Tower end thinned out and pointed. The dive shield resembling {vara rounded. pyramid or semispherical ‘Shape is soldered to the upper end, which fatened The variant i similar to the bal-ike earring in the Gefion ‘of Re Higgins, consisting. basialy of ‘\seispherical element with an S-ahapod Book i the iuek, dated fo the Tst-2nd century ADS The typecoviginates from Late Etruscan crtngs with rounded Sivaces, which were widespread or survived during the Roman Period. The variants exemplified by many finds in portas-mvmmies from Pompe. Tlercolancum “und Hoscorele, from Cyprus and Eleuheropoli in Palestine *” According to other teseareher, the oem was ently new forthe Ist eotury and defined iss. Mal-Roman, was Stilespread with fw exceptions ul the middle Of the 2ad century AD throughout the Roman Empire * The type our in earrings from Kerch fn Southern Russa, iy the collection of the Romas German Museu in Bonn, dated to. the 1st-2nd entury AD," and in Britannia inthe ra oatury.”” Repuescntative: Cat) Now 43-46 Variant? shaped hook With a shld — bees in 4 setting, no pendants. The hook is made of one found: wire, bent twice, ned out and Pwontod end (im one earring the end ts beat). The ‘Shick! represents a masive seting in which the stone ‘ets mounted, and is soldered to the upper pat of the Took The use of stones for decorative PuRpOSS is anew element ia Roman jeweller’ art, epic of the Boueith century AD" Represotaives” Cat. Nos m9. Variant 3. S-shaped hook with open-work shit Cameos, # horizdatal pate, pendant. The variant (was very popular dering the ‘Roman Age. The pplication af gypiks, and more specially of ‘mens, permeated the Hellenistic word after the rnilitery cmpaigns of Alexander the Great in Toda ‘Their cxemive popularity in. Moesia and Thrace Mring the Roman Period is attested by many Ipecicas belonging to diferent types of jewellery * Meprosntatnes: Cat. Nos 30, Yaron. Sahaped (or ordinary) hook, with yen work sick small stom inthe centre, Nhosnootl plate sind pendunis. The shield oceurs in Pyveral varias shaped ie cle with petals et in fpeo-work techaigue inthe form of blossom Wei Set setangular. The horizontal plates at the Ts sl further touches to the plastic rendering of The curring Openwork techniques were a. new Jendcnsy im Roman Jewellry. This technique is Fionn a opus terrae cut gold) and was actully Rows rom the Eat, mainly onder the lnluence of Byia trom. the 2nd Sea ‘century onward The Eiines under consideration are define! by Ro Higgins as pendantearings of anew type, Characteristic tthe. Roman Age. which conain ‘Stone or pts of glass thee base with horzontal bunds and pendants with stone, dated between the [stand the 3rd century AD." Representatives Cat Now 32-55, Variant 5. S-shaped or ordinary hook, with elipsig shld, seting and. pendant with stone. The hook fesembles these im the previous variants In the two fringe consdered here the end bent. The shld & Sth a massive setting forthe stone. The pendant Fates the same seting fora stone (Cat No ST) ot 2 Series of smal sphere somes strung on apiece of {old wire, twisted around the massive ware of the Peadanc (Cat No 56) R- Higgio also examines this rant a6 3 pendant-arring of a ew type, radiallydierent from Hellenistic pendants ** popular in the Dad-nd century AD. Representatives: Cat. Nos ‘Sb 57 Veriant 6. Ordinary hook, with a round shield, horizontal plate, pendants ‘This i variety of the arc typer with somisphercal shield framed with Sure decorated with horoatal Nuting. without eny Trcontion wih stones. The horizontal plate on Stich the pendants with stoncs are attached appear Inna simplified form. BDU defines os 1 tereteatring’—an carly Uae-Roman form (Ist NOTES century BC— 3rd century AD), spread mainly in Representative: Cat NO58 Groups Fl Exringe wth an unidentifiable hoop oF ‘ook Fragments of caring. The stale in which they und prevents thcir more accurate Mente lon fndvidoal elements are srlar Co some of the Cringe under consideration. Representatives: Cat Rorgp.c3, 73. 74 barrings which probably bad Pfoop. ate atributed to Group fthose. with {prove hook —to Group HlTORQUES” “The toraue en open or dosed metal rng made of precious metal, bronze of won, which is used {0 ‘tcorate the neck." The name tore i Latin an it tras ot Known inthe Greek world Without being {very widepread ari of adoroment,torgues were Enown to Persians, Soythians, Thracian, Iyans and Cals, They were known ia the Thracian lands “during the Early Iron Age and thei use continued during the Clactical Age and especially during the Hollie Age, where typically Thracian forms merged. Romans became’ famliar with torques ‘Goring thee wars against the Celis and during their Taree to the East atthe end ofthe ath century BC. {tie therefore assumed tha torques were manly used ty men, although they have been ound to adorn twomen’as well Men wore torgues ar a kind of Uistintion, status symbol or military insignia, mail inthe army. Torgues have been traced down even 10 the barbetian people-~Persons, Scythian and Cit! and were therefore pereived ass barbarian ‘decoration In this aapect they have Been meationsd by the ancient authors, e.g by Livy in connection ‘vith battle between Gants and Romant in 361 BC, fr nel as by Polybios who reports that 83 torques ‘wer ven fo the Roman sll Sus Demtatos ater the Metory over the Gaus in 89 AD. An inscription fon a bronze plague ffom Rome lists military Alsxnctions (dona militaria) given to horsemen it Spin, among which a torque is ako metioned* Bistinctions were awarded uring the Republican ‘Age 10. the military. for. bravery in combat {erespective of thei ak or coeupation inthe army” Restritions were imposed during the Imperial ABC for the diferent ranks According to” Procopts torques were also given as an award during the rien ‘of Emperor Justinian (827-368 AD) as wel. Rank. land-fle soldiers, sergeants ad genturions received Dhaleae, torques and bracles® As a disintion, forgues were attached (othe soldier? shoulders and fell over their chests. This illustrated in sepulch lage of Nedeo "near intersting information about the military carer of [Caius Valerius Procalls from the Fiflh Macedonian Legion, born probably in Oescus (present-day village of Gigen ‘near Plvesl, who. was awarded. with {orgucs, aril and. phalerae for excelling in the Dacian Wars under Emperor Dometian (81-96 AD). Jn addition to their function as an avard for ‘men‘warrios, torques were used as jewelery by ‘women aswell Torgues have been allested in number of rich burals fromthe Hellenistic ‘Age ~ Douvanl and Seuthopoli* They decorate the mana in the Dionysia procesion on the jog from Borovo, the oddenes on the knemis from Agighil and Vea, the phalerae from Galiche and) Yak. ‘movo” Four torgues are seen to adorn the neck of the horseman on the phalerae om Galiche. Sima ieonographic imeges are seen on the matrices from Abritus present-day Razed) the mosaics of Armira Ville near Ivalovgrad™ and Hecate’ stele trom Mosambria'! The goddess i also wearing 4 torque Invaddition to all her tasgaia showing ber pres atu Her torque. is a barbarian! prototype influened by Grock-Roman at and. by the art of Eastern Asa Minor, which was very widespread in the These lands’ during the epoch of Roman domination The collection under consideration includes 19 torques made of preious meta: 10 gold (Cat. Nos 17584) and 9 silver torques (Cat, Nos 85.93). Most of them belong to teasbres reliably dated with coms from Bazaurt-—two silver torgues dated 10 the Middle of the 2nd century AD (Cat. Nos 91, 92), Chioushevo one gold and thre ser torques from the sted century AD (Cat Now 77, 86:8) and Nikolsevo three gold torques fom the middle of he nd century AD Cat Nos 75, 78,79}, a well from rave finds dated. with coins trom Ratiaria, Osc and Stengrad (Cat. Nos 76, 0, 84) The ferainiag’ finds. are accidental and there is no {ikl information about then ‘Te other ind aocompanying the torgucs, expecially from burials, allow us to. Meaty relably the Ielonging of the torques to men or to women: The tive torques from the Chaoushevo weasure (Cat [Now sos) blongod to men-watriors, whereas those from the graves in Ratiria, Oescus and Silengiad belonged fo women, whichis proved by the other Jewelery present goid earring, necklaces, ings, ete What i more, two of the burials in Rati’ and Ocscus are denied as being of children young fis wtuch indicates that no age limits existed fhe use of torques ‘The lited qumber of torques i the collection does sot allow to introduce a precise typology with respect {0 their chronology. AS with the other types of Jewellery, the typology i based on theie morpholo: Cal estes, Three types are distinguished ascording to the may is which the hoop i made, more pecially the type of the wire used: wisted of Spray Mote wir one or more wires, with round ‘ros section ab weil according othe way the ends Se shaped: opem hoop ening i elongated plagues, ‘ith eized make's heads, bet to form smal hoops Sr pointed: These types are presented as variants The lowed hoops of the torgues are also diferentited fo variants: with simple fasteners and with hhoop-and-hock aston" Torgues lacking reluble ddta about the way in which the ends were shaped fate difereniated ia separate soups with the typo. “The old and sver torques inthe cllection have not ooo atested in all eted types and variants ‘Type [open hoop, body made of twisted or spirally fated wire (ne ot moe) The type tepreseated By* ‘old and silver torques, Influence of Hellenistic types ‘harasterste ofthe Thracian lands is observed. Four arian are distinguished according to the way in Ini the ends are shaped, namely Vara ihe nds are shaped ss congated plagues with a round bole, Here belong the siver torus fiom the Chaoushevo tree, died century AD (Cat, Nos 86, 87, Varian 2 the ends ate shaped to resemble stylized State's heads Represented by the ser longue fom Viadimirovos Is sentury BC” Istcentury AD (Cat No 65. Variant 3—the ends ae shaped ike Nat lipsoid hoops, Represented BY the gold torque trom the Nikolaevo treasure, Ti 3rd oentury AD (Ca No 75) Variant 4—the ends are thinned out and pointes Represented hy the slvr torques from the’ Chaou- shen treasure (Cat. No 8), 2rd century AD, as well as two torques from Ratiria aecidenal finds, Dini century AD (Cat. Nos 89, 90) Type TE: hoop with an open-end fastener and with « hoop-and-hook fasten, body mude of twisted of fpirally luted wie (one or more). Represented by {and iver torgus, with thee vacant according {ore type of fastener. according to the way in ‘uch the enc are shaped: Yarant } ~openendfstened hoop, the ends foaming paral or twisted inspiral coisa Technique known from other wpe of jewellery as tell erings and briesets Represeated by a gold Torque from Swengrad, grave find from a female tural, diecoered together with four got earrings, dated with 2 coin of Empress Faustina Minor, late 2nd century AD (Cat. No 76) Variant 2 dhe ens form hooprand-book fastener, wih spral eos Representaives a gold torgue fom the Chnowshevo treasure, 2nd 3rd century AD (Cat[No 77) and two silver forgues ftom the Buzaurt Areasie, firs half ofthe 2ad century AD (Cat. Nos Group with Type Mi: the torques are thinned out owarde the ends, but de 10 the poor slate of frescrvation there are no data about the way in ‘this they were shaped. Represented by the two gold aequer irom the Nitelnewe rears: mid tntury AD (Cat. Nos 78. 79) Type IM openended, body made of one round tre. Four varants are distinguished according 10 the tray im which the ends are shaped. Variant J the ends are shaped with one hoop in two plains: horizontal and vertical. Represented by the gold torque fom Ratiri 4 mda century rave ind, together with pod jewellery (Cat. No 8D) Variant 2” the ends are shaped with one hoop ad Spiral coils Representatives two gold. torques. ‘cent finds 2ad-id century AD (Cat. No-SI) Variant tthe ends are bent to form hooks. Represented by the gold torque from Rauaria, 2nd tary AD, accidental find (Cat. No $3) ‘Grosp with Type III no evidence about the way in ‘which the ends wore shaped, because of poor state of Drevervtion. Reprosnted by the gold torque from Cescus, grave find, oni coins, Is 3ed century AD (Gat. No) anda aver torque rom Nikolaev (Ca No 9) The torques are generally dated on the basis of the coin hoards discovered together wih the jeweller, Sit allows greter precision, well as on the Bass ‘tthe rest ofthe prave goods and eoins discovered in the various graves The typological slifferentiation thd the varias presented above revel thet pac in the general evoition of Roman jewelle’s art and [production in the Thracian lan, whore the works of Grental workshops featured! prominently m addition tothe inlvence of Hellenistic and Greck-Koman ‘bjeets of are Without Being wiely popu snd used ‘n'a mase sale, torques ofler a richer repertoire of Spplcations On the one hand, they were worn by ten warriors, on the other and —by goddess, by the prcteses dedicated to these goddess or by deed deceased women. The pretominance af torques made of fated or of Apirally twisted wires, whveh ate the characteristic Halenistie Thracian types, it evidence of the continuing tradition in the Loe production centres tnd workshops NoTES ‘EL he 302 ep, Renmmanes weny An HG Ba LSSNeckleces were & popular form of jewellery during the aniguty, Similar to the earings they were worn fdring all agen. predominantly by women. They mee Known by the Greek name jones or by the Lai hme meni decoration worn on the peck The hutrover meaning ol mone is 2 choker-neclace, ‘which explain the variety in Geck Spur, longer necklaces that hung over the Breasts.* Nevertheless, The difrence was not always felt and reflcted in th antiquity. For exampler when Ovid wrote about ‘Apis, he used the term “Tonga monila™ ‘denote her long necks” whereas the term used by Petron was “magnus moni” (bg necklace) The necklace termed is hormos occur in Hos thy, in The lad an in The Odjse, moreover a gold eklae, one othe necklaces beng decorated fock cipatal? The etymology suggests i Principe that necklaces were nletial a8 form of Jewellry fr al ations and for all historical periods. “The diferences ae iflusneed predominantly by the evelopment ofthe Jewellers art es well a5 By the Silerentilluence ofthe diferent calles ‘Orintal traditions of foras and models prevail inthe eckacer dated to the Roman period” Particularly Popular was the striving towatds poiyehromy: the ch decoration with prociost and. sempreious ones and. glas beads, openwork segments and dscoration”“Afler the ad century AB. the new tloment=—the medalion decorated. with came, ‘with pil god cone, as wel a eflerent pend ‘hap ike evncents, old beads, te." bocame very fashionable ‘Theextreme popularity of necklace i flected inthe rnomeross sculptures {Pom Palmyra from the. 2nd fentury AD ‘onward? Thoy are also attested on Sculptures and reli in the Thractan lands during the Roman Period. A female statue fom Ratan is Govrated with a necklace conseting of large pear ‘or beads, closely encircling the neck? A stl image isso seen on state from Oeseas,"* as well as en sepukchlae monuments from the Strymon alley? and Mesambria The collection af’ the National Archacological Marea comprises x total of 46 gold, iver snd Tonve, necks, which lho. ined parts of secklacss medallions and pendants. In the vast ‘majority (40 necklaces) there made of sold. The Gstributin in. types” and variants ie made in Ssvordange with the principal lemons of the necklace, the interlinking loops, the existence of bends or the additional decoration. Fragments of ocklact and’ pendants medallions, crescents, fe groups. They are dated oe the bhak of the achacological conte, of parallel with Felnbly dated similar nocLlaces found in graves, oF ecklaces forming a part of ueasures. Twenty of the ecklacs and pendants under consideration are found in graves, an essential part of them coming rom the relly dated complexes in Ratiana, aswell, a individu nds fom Sulengrad (oth the bronze Goin of Festina Minor, Cat. No 11) rom Meadea4% (with a clay lamp bearing a seal, 2nd 3rd century, Cat. No. 122). The precision of the chronology Is fretly eahanoed by the finds from the Nikolaev {feasue’ 10 gold netAlace and pendants, as well as the silver medallion from the Bazaurt tcasure. The remaining 16 necklaces ate of unidentified origin and ie datad on the base of simular materials. Thus, fo ‘example, the gold chain-necklace —an_acidntal Find fom Ravinia (Cat. No) fully resembles the old eha-ncedlace coming again from Ratiaria (Ca No 94). The gold crescent (Cat No. 128) of Unidetied origin, isthe exact paral! of the gold ‘ecklae wth crescent from the Nikolaev tweasue (Cat: No 96, of the ithsion type silver chain from the region “of Samokov (Ca No. 134). of the Wplechain gold necklace from the Nikoluew lreasure (Cat, No 98) and the silver jewellery with Fibalae from Rataia (Cat Nos 135, 136) Almost ll sharacerisue specimens found inthe Thracian lands Slring the Roman Peviod are represented. They find ‘owe snaloges in the remaining Roman provinces as Well, espesaly those inthe Fast Syria and Fey The face that a large part of the necklaas wore iscovered to the nowth of tbe Balkan Range (specimens from Ratan, the treasure from Niko- Taevo an finde similar to them from various other places) tases the prablem of local preduction Siggrsting more. specifically thatthe’ polish ‘workshop wis probably localzad in Ratara, Type I chainike necklace with loops resembling the figure of eight. Type: chainsike necklace consisting of freely interined hoops (loop-n-oop. i twee variants ‘Type Ill chaio-ike necks, double loopi-loop of the so-called Isthmion type, in two variants Type IV: ascklacer of mized chaine, combined with sold beads, various stones, glass and bone. Three Naciants are detinguished depending on the type of the connecting loupe in the chain ‘Type, Vi neckties made of openwork_ segment combined wit stones or glass bet in two variants ‘Group TE elements of necklaces (beads, segments fasten (Group Il—crecen-shaped pendants Group I: pendants-medaions in thee variants ‘Type simple chin necklace consisting of S-shaped ops with joined ends (to form the figure eight resulting in two crs in one plan. When the loops fre joined, each subsequent loop i perpendicular to the previous one" The tthe mort common typeof chain, modification of hoops joined together." tse chain and can be worn in 40 oF the mS, ‘depending on the length of the chain es sextot ‘ale cate ony fom the metal and therefore this {ype of chain wa limited in use" Ii represented by 2 roaze chain from Ratiria (Cat. No 139), trom Which the hook-like fastener has been preserved Teembling. in form the. siver ‘hook-pendants of Tenn the tear esau (Cat NB ‘Ta, By on the basis of which itis dated to the ate and cary Sed centry AD. ‘Type ME: chain-tike necklace, loopintoop, dowt ‘ited wire to form the figure of eight” This type Variant of the wiely popular loop-inlggp chain ‘rte hoops, pinched and bent in two." The ement in his case i thal the pinching of the Uw ‘hoope results in parallel wires betmeen them, form double and’mutualy perpendicular hoops in feds The way in” whch they are formed 2 implied "modification of the Tsthenon ype Nosklss belonging 10 this type resem sim chains. Terspectve of this, they” are parly St decorative nature, noted for their “light-and-dark™ ‘ect resulting from the diferent planes in which Toope ofthe figure of eight are loealled. The te characteristic of the ancient jewelers art, being putticulrly widerpread during the Hellenistic Age in the second hal ofthe Ist millennium BC, a tradition inherited” in. Reman necklaces, with’ momerous examples ffom the various provines. Some of the halle necklaces are additionally decorated with fendants and medallions ‘with stones, a Ve) ‘idespread fashion after the 2nd. century AD, ‘sintely under Eastern in sence." Another variety ' the combination with gold beads, where the chain “7 plays the role of interconnecting loops. This is used in foned necklaces (Type IV) in combination with fanother type of Inope, with gold and_ las, bead, Depending on the varieties dieassed above, Type I ie divided nto three variants Variant chain-like necklace, single loop-n-oop, Without pendants” The ends are shaped like hoop-andthook festener, witha eyindnal clasp or spor wis wire. Tho relatively seal mensions fggest that this (ype of necks was worn closely