PROBLEMS

1. (CLO-2) Draw 2 Normal Distribution curves (Curve A and B) with Standard Deviation A = 2.5 units of
scale and Deviation B = 1.5 units of scale. Determine by yourself the Mean value for these two Normal
Distributions. Also determine the location of the inflection point on these two curves. These two curves
must be drawn on one x-axis so that they are easy to compare. One unit of scale is approximately equal
to 0.5 cm.
Answer

Curve A

Curve B

Combine
2. (CLO-1) The average price for a cup of hot coffee in the area around the President University campus
is 20 thousand rupiah. If the price of a cup of hot coffee is normally distributed with a standard deviation
of 5 thousand rupiah, then determine:
a. The probability that the price of a cup of hot coffee is under 25 thousand rupiah.
b. The probability of the price of a cup of hot coffee ranging from 15 thousand to 20 thousand rupiah.
c. The probability that the price of a cup of hot coffee is above 25 thousand rupiah.
Answer
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝 20.000
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝 5.000
a. We need to calculate P(X < 25), where X represents the price of a cup of hot coffee. To find this
probability, we'll use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal distribution. Using
the z-score formula:
(𝑥 − 𝜇)
𝑧=
𝜎
where x is the value we want to find the probability for 25 thousand rupiah (Rp 25.000)
(25.000 − 20.000)
𝑧= =1
5.000
use the z-table or a statistical calculator to find the cumulative probability corresponding to z = 1.
The probability of the price being under Rp 25.000 is approximately 0.8413, or 84.13%.
b. We need to calculate P(15 < X < 20), where X represents the price of a cup of hot coffee. To find
this probability, we'll use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal distribution.
Using the z-score formula:
(𝑥 − 𝜇)
𝑧=
𝜎
where x is the value we want to find the probability for 15 thousand rupiah to 20 thousand rupiah
(Rp 15.000 to Rp 20.000)
(15.000 − 20.000)
𝑧1 = = −1
5.000
(20.000 − 20.000)
𝑧2 = =0
5.000
Using the z-table, we can find the probabilities corresponding to 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 . The probability of the
price ranging from 15 thousand to 20 thousand rupiah is P(-1 < Z < 0). From the z-table, this
probability is approximately 0.3413, or 34.13%.
c. We need to calculate P(X > 25), where X represents the price of a cup of hot coffee. To find this
probability, we'll use the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the normal distribution. Using
the z-score formula:
(𝑥 − 𝜇)
𝑧=
𝜎
where x is the value we want to find the probability for above 25 thousand rupiah (>Rp 25.000)
(25.000 − 20.000)
𝑧= =1
5.000
To find the probability of the price being above 25 thousand rupiah, we'll subtract the cumulative
probability from the total probability:
P(X > 25) = 1 - P(X < 25)
P(X > 25) = 1 - 0.8413
P(X > 25) = 0.1587 or 15.87%
The probability that the price of a cup of hot coffee is above 25 thousand rupiah is approximately
15.87%.
3. (CLO-2) What the standard error of the sampling distribution is and give a simple example that relates
to President University in general.
Answer
The standard error of the sampling distribution is a measure of the variability or spread of sample means
taken from multiple random samples drawn from the same population. It provides an estimate of the
standard deviation of the sample mean and represents the average difference between the sample means
and the population mean.
• Example :
Let's consider a hypothetical scenario. Suppose you want to estimate the average GPA (Grade Point
Average) of all students at President University. Instead of collecting data from every student, which
might be impractical or time-consuming, you decide to take a random sample of 200 students. After
calculating the GPAs of these 200 sampled students, you find that the sample mean GPA is 3.5.
Now, the standard error of the sampling distribution can tell you how much you can expect the
sample mean GPA to vary from the population mean GPA.
Let's say that the population mean GPA at President University is actually 3.7. The standard error
of the sampling distribution can provide an estimate of the average amount of deviation you would
expect between the sample mean and the population mean due to random sampling. Suppose the
standard error is determined to be 0.2 based on statistical calculations. This means that if you were
to repeat the sampling process multiple times and calculate the sample mean GPA each time, on
average, you would expect the sample means to deviate from the population mean GPA by
approximately 0.2.

4. (CLO-1) President University Computer Faculty students in 2023 have an average grade point average
(GPA) of 3.5 and a standard deviation of 0.4. 40 students were randomly selected from the population,
and the mean of each sample was determined.
a. Find the probability that the average GPA of 40 students is less than 3.0.
b. Find the average GPA probability of 40 students between 3.0 and 3.4.
c. Find the probability that the average GPA of 40 students is above 3.4.
Answer
𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 3.5
𝜎 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.4
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 40
a. We need to calculate the z-score corresponding to the GPA of 3.0 and use the z-table or a statistical
calculator to find the cumulative probability. First, we calculate the standard error of the sample
mean (𝜎𝑚 ) using the formula:
𝜎
𝜎𝑚 =
√𝑛
0,4
𝜎𝑚 = = 0.0632
√40
Next, we calculate the z-score using the formula:
(𝑥 − 𝜇)
𝑧=
𝜎𝑚
where x is the value we want to find the probability for (3.0), 𝜇 is the population mean (3.5), and
𝜎𝑚 is the standard error of the mean (0.0632).
(3.0 − 3.5)
𝑧= = −7.91
0.0632
 Using the z-table, we find the cumulative probability corresponding to z = -7.91, which is very close
to 0. The probability that the average GPA of 40 students is less than 3.0 is essentially 0.
The probability that the average GPA of 40 students is less than 3.0 is essentially 0.
b. We need to calculate the cumulative probability for both endpoints and subtract them.
(3.0 − 3.5)
𝑧1 = = −7.91
0.0632
(3.4 − 3.5)
𝑧2 = = −1.58
0.0632
Using the z-table, we find the cumulative probabilities corresponding to 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 . Then we subtract
the cumulative probability for 3.0 from the cumulative probability for 3.4.
P(3.0 < X < 3.4) = P(X < 3.4) - P(X < 3.0)
P(3.0 < X < 3.4) = 0.0568 - 0 = 0.0568, or 5.68%
The probability of the average GPA of 40 students being between 3.0 and 3.4 is approximately
5.68%.
c. We need to subtract the cumulative probability for 3.4
P(X > 3.4) = 1 - P(X < 3.4)
P(X > 3.4) = 1 - 0.0568 = 0.9432, or 94.32%
The probability that the average GPA of 40 students is above 3.4 is approximately 94.32%.
5. (CLO-1) Forty-two percent of Computer alumni from President University prefer to work in industry.
50 alumni were randomly selected and asked if he or she would prefer to work in the Industry.
a. What is the probability that exactly 10 alumni prefer to work in the industry?
b. What is the probability that less than 10 alumni prefer to work in Industry?
Answer
P(X = x) is the probability of exactly k successes
n is the total number of trials = 50 (number of alumni selected)
x is the number of desired successes = 10 (number of alumni who prefer to work in the industry)
p is the probability of success in a single trial = 0.42 (probability of an alumnus preferring to work in
the industry)
a. Using the binomial probability formula:
𝑃(𝑋) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥
𝑃(𝑋 = 10) = 50𝐶10 0.4210 (1 − 0.42)50−10
where 50𝐶10 represents the number of ways to choose 10 alumni from a group of 50 alumni, which
can be calculated as:
50!
50𝐶10 = = 10272278170 = 1,027227817 × 1010
10! × (50 − 10)!
Calculate the probability:
𝑃(𝑋 = 10) = (1,027227817 × 1010 ) × 0.4210 (1 − 0.42)50−10 = 0.000604337
b. To calculate the probability that less than 10 alumni prefer to work in the industry, we need to sum
up the probabilities of having 0, 1, 2, ..., 9 alumni who prefer to work in the industry.
𝑃(𝑋 < 10) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + ⋯ + 𝑃(𝑋 = 9)
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 50𝐶0 0.420 (1 − 0.42)50−0 = 1.48388 × 10−12
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 50𝐶1 0.421 (1 − 0.42)50−1 = 5.37268 × 10−11
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 50𝐶2 0.422 (1 − 0.42)50−2 = 9.53188 × 10−10
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 50𝐶3 0.423 (1 − 0.42)50−3 = 1.10438 × 10−8
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 50𝐶4 0.424 (1 − 0.42)50−4 = 9.39677 × 10−8
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 50𝐶5 0.425 (1 − 0.42)50−5 = 6.2602 × 10−7
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) = 50𝐶6 0.426 (1 − 0.42)50−6 = 3.39993 × 10−6
 • 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = 50𝐶7 0.427 (1 − 0.42)50−7 = 1.54756 × 10−5
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = 50𝐶8 0.428 (1 − 0.42)50−8 = 6.02346 × 10−5
• 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) = 50𝐶9 0.429 (1 − 0.42)50−9 = 0.000203551
𝑃(𝑋 < 10) = 1.48388 × 10−12 + 5.37268 × 10−11 + 9.53188 × 10−10 + ⋯ + 0.000203551
𝑃(𝑋 < 10) = 0.000283393
6. (CLO-2) You construct a 97% confidence interval for the population mean using a random sample. The
confidence interval is 22 < μ < 31. Is the probability that μ in this interval 0.97? State your answer (Yes
or No) and then explain.
Answer
No, the probability that μ (population mean) is in the confidence interval is not 0.97. The 97% confidence
interval means that if we were to repeat the sampling and construct confidence intervals many times,
approximately 97% of those intervals would contain the true population mean.
The concept of probability applies to events that have not yet occurred and can take on different values.
In this case, the population mean μ is a fixed but unknown value. It either falls within the confidence
interval or it doesn't, so the probability of μ being in the interval is either 0 or 1. Once the interval is
constructed using the given sample data, the population mean is either inside the interval or outside of
it. We cannot assign a probability to a fixed value being within an interval because it is not a random
event.
In summary, the confidence level of 97% indicates the long-term performance of the confidence interval
method, stating that 97% of the intervals constructed in this way will capture the true population mean,
but it does not represent a probability of the population mean being within a specific interval.
7. (CLO-1) 22 students queued at a coffee shop located in President University Canteen have been
randomly selected. The mean waiting time to order is 100 seconds with the standard deviation is 25
seconds. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean wait time of all students when the wait times
are normally distributed.
Answer
Sample mean (x) = 100 seconds
Standard deviation (𝜎) = 25 seconds
Sample size (n) = 22 students
Confidence interval = 95%
To construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean wait time of all students at the coffee shop, we can
use the following formula:
𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 𝜎
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 ±
√𝑛
First, we need to find the critical value associated with a 95% confidence level. Since the sample size is
relatively small (n < 30), we will use a t-distribution instead of a z-distribution. The critical value can
be obtained from a t-table or a statistical calculator. For a 95% confidence level with (n-1) degrees of
freedom, where n = 22 - 1 = 21, the critical value is approximately 2.080.
Now we can calculate the confidence interval:
2.080 × 25
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 100 ±
√22
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 100 ± 11,086
The 95% confidence interval for the mean wait time of all students at the coffee shop is approximately
(88.914, 111.086) seconds. This means that we are 95% confident that the true mean wait time of all
students at the coffee shop falls within this interval.
8. (CLO-1) In the President University canteen, 1,000 students were randomly selected, of which only 300
students drank coffee.
a. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of PU students who drink coffee.
b. Determine the sample size to yield 95% confidence and within 2% of the true population.
c. Determine the two critical values (left-tail and right-tail) for an 80% confidence when the sample size
is only 12.
Answer
Sample size (n) = 1000 students
Confidence interval = 95%
Number of students who drink coffee (x) = 300 students
𝑥 300
Sample proportion (𝑝̂ ) = 𝑛 = 1000 = 0.3
a. To construct a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of PU students who drink coffee, we can
use the following formula:
𝑝̂ × (1 − 𝑝̂ )
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝̂ ± 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × √
𝑛
Find the critical value associated with a 95% confidence level. Since the sample size is large (n >
30), we can use the z-distribution. For a 95% confidence level, the critical value is approximately
1.96.
0.3 × (1 − 0.3)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 0.3 ± 1.96 × √
1000
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 0.3 ± 0.0284

The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of PU students who drink coffee is approximately
(0.2716, 0.3284).
This means that we are 95% confident that the true proportion of PU students who drink coffee falls
within this interval.
b. Z is the critical value corresponding to the desired confidence level (in this case, Z ≈ 1.96 for a 95%
confidence level)
p is the estimated proportion (can be set as 0.5 to achieve the maximum sample size)
E is the desired margin of error (in this case, E = 0.02)
To determine the sample size to yield a 95% confidence level and a 2% margin of error (within 2%
of the true population), we can use the following formula:
𝑍 2 × 𝑝 × (1 − 𝑝)
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒(𝑛) =
𝐸2
(1.96)2 × 0.5 × (1 − 0.5)
𝑛=
(0.02)2

𝑛 = 2401
Therefore, a sample size of approximately 2401 students is needed to yield a 95% confidence level
and a 2% margin of error.
c. When the sample size is small (n < 30) and we want to determine the critical values for an 80%
confidence level, we can use the t-distribution. For an 80% confidence level with (n-1) degrees of
freedom, where n = 12 - 1 = 11, we need to find the critical values that correspond to the tail
probabilities. Since we want to find the critical values for both the left-tail and right-tail, we divide
the desired confidence level by 2, resulting in a 10% tail probability on each side.
 Using a t-table or a statistical calculator, we can find the critical values. For an 80% confidence level
with 11 degrees of freedom, the critical values are approximately -1.796 (left-tail) and 1.796 (right-
tail).

Therefore, the two critical values for an 80% confidence level with a sample size of 12 are
approximately -1.796 (left-tail) and 1.796 (right-tail).
9. (CLO-2) Write the claim as a mathematical sentence. State the null and alternative hypotheses and
identify which represents the claim.
a. President University Computer Faculty claims that their graduates have an average at least 3 months
on graduation to get work.
b. President University Computer Faculty claims that 96% of their graduates find work within 6 months
of graduation.
c. For Claim number (b) above, What will a type I or type II error be?
Answer
a. 𝐻0 : The average time for President University Computer Faculty graduates to get work after
graduation is less than 3 months.
𝐻1 : The average time for President University Computer Faculty graduates to get work after
graduation is at least 3 months.
In this case, the claim is represented by the alternative hypothesis (𝐻1 ), which states that the average
time for graduates to get work is at least 3 months.
b. 𝐻0 : The proportion of President University Computer Faculty graduates who find work within 6
months of graduation is less than 96%.
𝐻1 : The proportion of President University Computer Faculty graduates who find work within 6
months of graduation is 96% or higher.
In this case, the claim is represented by the alternative hypothesis (𝐻1 ), which states that 96% of
graduates find work within 6 months of graduation.
c. For claim number (b) above, a Type I error would occur if we reject 𝐻0 and conclude that 96% of
graduates find work within 6 months, when in reality, the proportion is actually less than 96%.

On the other hand, a Type II error would occur if we fail to reject 𝐻0 and conclude that the proportion
of graduates who find work within 6 months is less than 96%, when in reality, it is actually 96% or
higher.