REVIEW MODULE: MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA)

SET THEORY
A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct 4. In a city, 25% of the families have phone, 15% of the familirs
objects of our perception or of our thought—which are called have car, 65% of the families have neither phone not car and
elements of the set 2000 families have both phone and car.

Cardinality of a set- “the number of members of ‘S’” usually a) Determine the percentage of families having phone and car.
denoted as |𝑆| or n(S)
b) Determine the percentage of families having either phone
Special Sets or car.

{} 𝑜𝑟 ∅ - Null Set or empty Set c) Determine the number of families in the city

{x} or x- unit set, which contains exactly one element

5. Consider the following data for 120 mathematics students.
P- set of all prime numbers 65 study French 20 study French and German
N-the set of all natural numbers 45 study German 15 study French and Russian
42 study Russian 15 study German and Russia
Z- the set of all integers 8 study all three languages
a.) Find the number of students studying at least one of the
Q- the set of all rational numbers three languages.
R- the set of all real numbers b) Find the number of students studying exactly one
C- the set of all complex numbers language.

H- denotes the set of all quaternions c.) Find the number of students studying exactly two
languages.
UNION

The union of A and B denoted as 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is the set of all things

that are members of A or B

INTERSECTION

The Intersection of A and B denoted as 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is the set of all

things that are members of A and B

1. Let A={3,5,7}, B={2,3,4,5,6} and suppose 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑼 .

Determine (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)𝑐 .

2. Let 𝑈 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑁: 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10} be the universal set, N being

the set of natural numbers. If 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4} and 𝐵 = {2,3,6,10},
then what is the complement of (A-B)?

3. Determine the Equivalent set for the following

a) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ b) U’ c) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐵 d) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′

4. If A and B are proper subsets of a set X, then

{𝐴 ∩ (𝑋 − 𝐵)} ∪ 𝐵 equal to.

Principle of inclusion and exclusion

Provides an organized method to find the number of elements

in the union of a given group of sets, the size of each set, and
the size of all possible intersections among the sets
𝑛 𝑛

|⋃ 𝐴1 | = ∑|𝐴1 | − ∑|𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 |
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

+ ∑ |𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 ∩ 𝐴𝑘 | − ⋯ + (−1)𝑛−1 |𝐴𝑖

𝑖<𝑗<𝑘
∩ … ∩ 𝐴𝑛 |
 REVIEW MODULE: MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA)

WORDED PROBLEMS
~ Number Problems ~ ~ Mixture Problems ~
Sample of words used to represent mathematical operations: 12. A caterer needs to make a slightly alcoholic fruit punch that has a strength
Add Subtract Multiply Divide of 6% alcohol. How many liters of fruit juice must be added to 3.75 liters of
add subtract multiply divide 40% alcohol?
sum difference times quotient 13. How many kilograms of hard candy that cost $7.50 per kg must be mixed
increased by decreased by product per with jelly beans that cost $3.25 per kg to make a 34 kg mixture that sells for
more than fewer double divided equally $4.50 per kg.
total less than twice split into
in all diminished by fraction ~ Clock Problems ~
gain reduced by ratio of 14. At what time between 3 and 4 o’clock will the hands of the clock make an
plus minus angle of 45° for the first time?
Sample sentences with corresponding algebraic expression:
Statement Algebraic Expression/s ~ Variation Problems ~
Five increased by four times a number. 5 + 4x
Eight less than twice a number. 2x – 8 Direct Variation: Inverse Variation:
Three times a number, increased by 9. 3x + 9 𝑦=𝑘𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘/𝑥
The product of 4, and a number decreased by 7. 4(x – 7)
A number repeated as a factor of 3 times. x3 Joint Variation: Combined Variation:
Three times a number, divided by 10 equal 15. 3x/10 = 15 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑥𝑧 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑧/𝑥
10 less than the quotient of a number and 2 is zero. (x/2) – 10 = 0
12 more than the product of a number and 2 is 36. 2x + 12 = 36 15. The intensity of light (in foot-candle) varies inversely as the square of x, the
A third of sum of a number and two. (x + 2)/3 distance in feet from the light source. The intensity of light 2 ft from the source
is 80 ft-candles. How far away is the source if intensity of light is 5 ft-candles?

1. The sum of two numbers is 15. The difference of the same two numbers is
7. What are the two numbers?
2. The sum of three numbers is 58. The first number is 2 less than the twice the SEQUENCES AND SERIES
third number and the second number is four more than the third number.
What are the numbers? ~ Arithmetic Progression ~
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
~ Age Problems ~
3. The sum of Jason and Mandy’s ages is 35. Ten years ago, Jason was double Sum of Arithmetic Progression:
Mandy’s age. How old are they now? 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 )
4. When I am as old as my father is now, I shall be five times as old as my son 2 1
is now. By then my son will be eight years older than I am now. The combined 𝑛
ages of my father and me are 100 years. How old am I? 𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
2
~ Money Problems ~
1. An auditorium has 40 seats in the first row, 48 seats in the second row, 56
5. A cycle dealer marks his goods 25 % above his cost price and allows a seats in the third row, and so on. How many seats are in the 15th row and
discount of 8 % on it. Find his gain percent. how many seats in all are there?
2. What is the sum of all even integers between 406 and 604?
~ Motion Problems ~
6. A biker covered half the distance between two towns in 2 hr 30 min. After ~ Geometric Progression ~
that he increased his speed by 2 km/hr. He covered the second half of the
distance in 2 hr 20 min. Find the distance between the two towns and the 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
initial speed of the biker.
Sum of Geometric Progression:
7. Two aspiring athletes A and B run at constant speeds around a track 400 m 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
in length. Running in opposite directions they meet every 1 minutes, while 𝑆𝑛 =
running in the same direction they are together every 10 minutes. Determine (1 − 𝑟)
their speeds in km/hr. Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression (only for | r | < 1.0):
8. A boat on a river travels 20 miles downstream in only 2 hours. It takes the 𝑎1
𝑆𝑛 =
same boat 6 hours to travel 12 miles upstream. What is the speed of the boat (1 − 𝑟)
and the speed of the current?

~ Work Problems ~
9. Elizabeth can get a certain job done in 15 days, and Tony can finish only
75% of that job within the same time. Tony worked alone for several days
and then Elizabeth joined him, so they finished the rest of the job in 6 days,
working together. How many days did Tony worked alone?
10. The inlet pipe to a large water tank can fill the tank in 25 minutes; the drain
of the tank can empty it in 55 minutes. The drain was left open by mistake
when the tank was being filled, how long did it take to fill the tank?
11. A contractor estimates that he could finish the project in 15 days if he has 20
men. At the start, he hired 10 men, then after 6 days, 10 more men are
added. How many days was the project delayed.
3. The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 24 and the 5th term is 96. Find
the 9th term of the sequence and the sum from the first up to the 9th term.
4. Starting with an initial swing where the bob of a pendulum covers a 60cm
arc, each subsequent swing is 95% of the length of the previous swing. How
far does the bob travel in total before it eventually stops moving?
~ Harmonic Progression ~
5. The 3rd term of a harmonic progression is 15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the
11th term.
6. Determine the geometric mean of two numbers if the arithmetic mean and
harmonic mean are 4 and 9 respectively.