CARDIAC SYSTEM
1) What is the primary function of
the cardiac system?
Answer: To pump blood throughout
the body.
Note: The cardiac system, also known
as the cardiovascular system, is
responsible for circulating blood to
deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells
and remove waste products.
2) What is the muscular organ at the
center of the cardiac system?
Answer: Heart
Note: The heart is a muscular organ
that pumps blood through the
circulatory system.
3) What are the upper chambers of
the heart called?
Answer: Atria (singular: atrium)
Note: The atria receive blood
returning to the heart from the body
and lungs.
4) Which chamber of the heart
pumps oxygenated blood to the
rest of the body?
Answer: Left ventricle
Note: The left ventricle pumps
oxygen-rich blood to the body
through the systemic circulation.
5) What is the name of the valve
between the left atrium and left
ventricle?
Answer: Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
Note: The mitral valve prevents the
backflow of blood from the left
ventricle to the left atrium during
ventricular contraction.
6) Which blood vessels carry
oxygen-rich blood away from the
heart to the body?
Answer: Arteries
Note: Arteries carry oxygenated blood
away from the heart to various parts
of the body.
7) What is the term for the
contraction phase of the cardiac
cycle?
Answer: Systole
Note: Systole refers to the contraction
of the heart chambers, particularly
the ventricles, leading to ejection of
blood.
8) Which part of the heart's
conduction system is responsible
for initiating the heartbeat?
Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node
Note: The SA node, located in the
right atrium, generates electrical
impulses that initiate each heartbeat.
9) What is the name of the condition
where fatty deposits build up in
the arteries, restricting blood
flow?
Answer: Atherosclerosis
Note: Atherosclerosis is a condition
characterized by the buildup of
plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries,
leading to narrowing and reduced
blood flow.
10) What is the name of the large
artery that carries oxygenated
blood away from the heart to the
rest of the body?
Answer: Aorta
Note: The aorta is the largest artery in
the body and carries oxygen-rich
blood from the left ventricle to the
systemic circulation.
11) Which chamber of the heart
receives oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs?
Answer: Left atrium
Note: The left atrium receives
oxygenated blood from the pulmonary
veins, which return blood from the
lungs to the heart.
12) What is the name of the valve
between the right ventricle and
pulmonary artery?
Answer: Pulmonary valve
Note: The pulmonary valve prevents
the backflow of blood from the
pulmonary artery to the right
ventricle during ventricular
relaxation.
13) Which blood vessels carry
deoxygenated blood from the
body back to the heart?
Answer: Veins
Note: Veins carry deoxygenated blood
from the body back to the heart,
where it is pumped to the lungs for
oxygenation.
14) What is the term for the
relaxation phase of the cardiac
cycle?
Answer: Diastole
Note: Diastole refers to the relaxation
of the heart chambers, allowing them
to fill with blood.
15) Which part of the heart's
conduction system delays the
electrical signal to allow the atria
to fully contract before
ventricular contraction?
Answer: Atrioventricular (AV) node
Note: The AV node delays the
electrical impulse from the SA node,
allowing the atria to contract fully
before the ventricles contract.
16) What is the name of the condition
characterized by rapid and
irregular heartbeats?
Answer: Arrhythmia
Note: Arrhythmia refers to abnormal
heart rhythms, which can manifest as
rapid, irregular, or skipped
heartbeats.
17) Which structure separates the
right and left sides of the heart,
preventing the mixing of oxygen-
rich and oxygen-poor blood?
Answer: Septum
Note: The septum is a muscular wall
that divides the heart into right and
left sides, ensuring separate
circulation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
18) What is the function of heart
valves?
Answer: To prevent the backflow of
blood and ensure one-way flow
through the heart.
Note: Heart valves ensure that blood
flows in one direction through the
heart chambers, preventing backflow
and ensuring efficient circulation.
19) Which part of the heart's
conduction system transmits the
electrical signal from the AV node
to the ventricles?
Answer: Bundle of His
(atrioventricular bundle)
Note: The Bundle of His conducts the
electrical impulse from the AV node
to the ventricles, coordinating
ventricular contraction.
20) What is the term for the network
of blood vessels that supply the
heart muscle with oxygen and
nutrients?
Answer: Coronary circulation
Note: Coronary circulation refers to
the network of blood vessels that
supply the heart muscle
(myocardium) with oxygen and
nutrients.
21) Which chamber of the heart
pumps deoxygenated blood to the
lungs for oxygenation?
Answer: Right ventricle
Note: The right ventricle pumps
deoxygenated blood to the lungs
through the pulmonary circulation.
22) What is the name of the condition
characterized by the
accumulation of fluid around the
heart?
Answer: Pericardial effusion
Note: Pericardial effusion is the
buildup of fluid in the pericardial sac,
the membrane surrounding the heart,
which can compress the heart and
impair its function.
23) Which artery supplies oxygen-
rich blood to the heart muscle
itself?
Answer: Coronary arteries
Note: Coronary arteries supply
oxygenated blood to the heart muscle,
ensuring its nourishment and proper
function.
24) What is the name of the structure
that anchors the heart valves and
prevents them from inverting?
Answer: Chordae tendineae
Note: Chordae tendineae are fibrous
cords that anchor the heart valves and
prevent them from prolapsing or
inverting during ventricular
contraction.
25) What is the name of the
membrane that surrounds and
protects the heart?
Answer: Pericardium
Note: The pericardium is a double-
layered membrane that surrounds
and protects the heart, providing
lubrication and reducing friction
during heartbeats.
26) Which part of the heart's
conduction system conducts the
electrical signal from the Bundle
of His to the ventricular
myocardium?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Note: Purkinje fibers are specialized
cardiac muscle fibers that rapidly
transmit the electrical impulse from
the Bundle of His to the ventricular
myocardium, causing ventricular
contraction.
27) What is the term for the volume
of blood pumped by each
ventricle per minute?
Answer: Cardiac output
Note: Cardiac output is the volume of
blood pumped by each ventricle per
minute and is determined by heart
rate and stroke volume.
28) Which part of the heart's
conduction system ensures that
the ventricles contract from the
bottom up, pushing blood out
efficiently?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Note: Purkinje fibers conduct the
electrical impulse from the Bundle of
His to the ventricular myocardium,
causing coordinated contraction from
the bottom (apex) of the heart
upward.
29) What is the name of the thin,
smooth inner lining of the heart
chambers and valves?
Answer: Endocardium
Note: The endocardium is a thin,
smooth layer of endothelial cells that
lines the inner surface of the heart
chambers and valves.
30) What is the term for the amount
of blood ejected by the ventricle
with each heartbeat?
Answer: Stroke volume
Note: Stroke volume is the volume of
blood ejected by each ventricle with
each heartbeat and is determined by
factors such as preload, afterload, and
contractility.
31) Which structure separates the
atria and ventricles, preventing
the direct transmission of
electrical impulses between them?
Answer: Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Note: The fibrous skeleton of the
heart is a dense connective tissue
structure that separates the atria and
ventricles, providing electrical
insulation and anchoring heart valves.
32) What is the term for the
maximum amount of blood that
the ventricles can pump per
minute?
Answer: Cardiac reserve
Note: Cardiac reserve refers to the
maximum amount of blood that the
ventricles can pump per minute above
the resting cardiac output.
33) Which part of the heart's
conduction system acts as a
backup pacemaker if the SA node
fails?
Answer: Atrioventricular (AV) node
Note: The AV node can generate
electrical impulses independently if
the SA node fails, although at a slower
rate, serving as a backup pacemaker.
34) What is the name of the
procedure used to measure the
electrical activity of the heart over
time?
Answer: Electrocardiography (ECG
or EKG)
Note: Electrocardiography is a non-
invasive procedure used to measure
the electrical activity of the heart over
time, detecting abnormalities in heart
rhythm and conduction.
35) Which part of the heart's
conduction system delays the
transmission of the electrical
impulse from the atria to the
ventricles?
Answer: Atrioventricular (AV) node
Note: The AV node delays the
transmission of the electrical impulse
from the atria to the ventricles,
allowing time for atrial contraction
before ventricular contraction.
36) What is the name of the condition
where the heart muscle becomes
weakened and enlarged, leading
to decreased pumping efficiency?
Answer: Cardiomyopathy
Note: Cardiomyopathy is a disease of
the heart muscle characterized by
weakening and enlargement of the
heart chambers, impairing its ability
to pump blood effectively.
37) Which part of the heart's
conduction system is responsible
for transmitting the electrical
impulse from the atria to the
ventricles?
Answer: Bundle of His
(atrioventricular bundle)
Note: The Bundle of His transmits the
electrical impulse from the AV node
to the ventricles, coordinating
ventricular contraction.
38) What is the term for the pressure
exerted by the blood against the
walls of the arteries during
ventricular contraction?
Answer: Systolic blood pressure
Note: Systolic blood pressure is the
highest pressure exerted by the blood
against the arterial walls during
ventricular contraction (systole).
39) Which part of the heart's
conduction system conducts the
electrical signal rapidly
throughout the ventricles,
ensuring coordinated
contraction?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Note: Purkinje fibers conduct the
electrical impulse rapidly throughout
the ventricles, ensuring coordinated
contraction and efficient ejection of
blood.
40) What is the name of the condition
where the blood supply to a part
of the heart muscle is blocked,
leading to tissue damage?
Answer: Myocardial infarction (heart
attack)
Note: Myocardial infarction occurs
when the blood flow to a part of the
heart muscle is obstructed, usually
due to a blood clot in a coronary
artery, leading to tissue death.
41) Which part of the heart's
conduction system initiates each
heartbeat by generating electrical
impulses?
Answer: Sinoatrial (SA) node
Note: The SA node is the pacemaker
of the heart, generating electrical
impulses that initiate each heartbeat.
42) What is the term for the pressure
exerted by the blood against the
walls of the arteries during
ventricular relaxation?
Answer: Diastolic blood pressure
Note: Diastolic blood pressure is the
lowest pressure exerted by the blood
against the arterial walls during
ventricular relaxation (diastole).
43) Which part of the heart's
conduction system serves as a
relay station, delaying the
transmission of the electrical
impulse from the atria to the
ventricles?
Answer: Atrioventricular (AV) node
Note: The AV node delays the
transmission of the electrical impulse
from the atria to the ventricles,
allowing time for atrial contraction
before ventricular contraction.
44) What is the term for the amount
of blood returned to the heart by
the veins, which influences
ventricular filling?
Answer: Preload
Note: Preload is the amount of blood
returned to the heart by the veins
during diastole, influencing
ventricular filling and stroke volume.
45) Which part of the heart's
conduction system rapidly
conducts the electrical impulse
from the AV node to the
ventricles, ensuring coordinated
contraction?
Answer: Bundle of His
(atrioventricular bundle)
Note: The Bundle of His rapidly
conducts the electrical impulse from
the AV node to the ventricles,
ensuring coordinated contraction and
efficient ejection of blood.
46) What is the term for the
resistance against which the
ventricles must pump blood
during systole?
Answer: Afterload
Note: Afterload is the resistance
against which the ventricles must
pump blood during systole, primarily
determined by arterial pressure and
peripheral vascular resistance.
47) Which part of the heart's
conduction system ensures that
the ventricles contract from the
apex upward, pushing blood out
efficiently?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Note: Purkinje fibers conduct the
electrical impulse from the Bundle of
His to the ventricular myocardium,
causing coordinated contraction from
the apex upward.
48) What is the name of the condition
where there is an abnormality in
the heart's rhythm, often causing
palpitations or fainting?
Answer: Cardiac arrhythmia
Note: Cardiac arrhythmia refers to
abnormal heart rhythms, which can
manifest as rapid, irregular, or
skipped heartbeats, often causing
symptoms such as palpitations or
fainting.
49) Which part of the heart's
conduction system distributes the
electrical impulse rapidly
 throughout the ventricles,
ensuring coordinated
contraction?
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Note: Purkinje fibers distribute the
electrical impulse rapidly throughout
the ventricles, ensuring coordinated
contraction and efficient ejection of
blood.

50) What is the term for the

maximum amount of blood that
the heart can pump per minute?
Answer: Cardiac output
Note: Cardiac output is the maximum
amount of blood that the heart can
pump per minute and is determined
by heart rate and stroke volume.