ISSN: 04532198

Volume 63, Issue 03, March, 2021

Temperature of Electron Inside and Outside of Atom

Bhishma Karki1*, Saddam Husain Dhobi1, Keshab Ghimire2, Deepak Kharel2, Sudeep Ghimire2

Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu-44600, Nepal1*,1, 2

Robotics Academy of Nepal, Lalitpur-44700, Nepal1
Innovative Ghar Nepal-44700, Nepal1

Abstract— The objective of this work is to calculate the temperature of the entire electron present in an atom
with and without external energy. This is a theoretical model for the calculation of the temperature of the
electron. For this work, the temperature of electrons for hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms (Lithium, Sodium,
and Potassium) are calculated. The calculation and derived relation show temperature vary with the quantum
number, absorption energy, and atomic number. The calculated temperature ranges from 10 5K to 107K for
hydrogen likes atom. The temperature of the electron before absorption of the energy is less than after the
absorption when threshold energy is less than work function. The temperature of the electron is also found
decreasing with increasing in quantum numbers for an atom. When the absorption of energy by the electron
is greater than the work function than the temperature of the photoelectric electron is dependent on the energy
of the incidence photon. The best fit for the graph plotted from the derived equation of temperature is fitted
with the 5th-degree polynomial equation.

Keywords— Electron Temperature, Hydrogen and Hydrogen like atoms, quantum number, atomic number,
threshold energy, absorption, etc.

1. Introduction
Rutherford atom model was extended by Bohr in 1913 with the assumption that electrons having quanta of
energy levels. The EM-R transformation/production is based on Flip-Flop of electrons in atom and
transmission radio waves antenna. The atomic model for the hydrogen atom is based on the balance of the
Magnetic Force (Fm), Electrostatic Force (Fe), and the Centripetal Force (FC) for interatomic stability. The
atomic stability is given by (Yousif, 2003a) with specific electrostatic radius (r e) and magnetic radius (rm) for
the stability of atom as,
𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒2 𝑍𝑒𝑄
{𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑚 } = { = 𝐵1𝑈 𝐵2𝑒 𝑟𝑚2 𝑐 = }
𝑟𝑚 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑒2
Where, 𝑚𝑒 = mass of electrons, 𝑟𝑒 = radius of atomic, 𝑟𝑚 = magnetic radius, 𝑣𝑒 = velocity of electrons around
the nucleus, o = free space permittivity. Photoelectric effect equation [1], the maximum kinetic energy of
emitted electron with incidence photon energy greater than threshold energy as
1
𝐸𝑘(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒2 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜙
This relation relates the energy of the incidence photon with the temperature of the photoelectric electron.
With the energy greater than photoelectric effect photon goes Compton phenomena and the energy of photon
cause to move an electron from its initial position to others. The maximum of photon possesses electron
ejected from the atom, maximum kinetic is from above photoelectric effect can be written as
2
1 𝐵𝐶𝑀𝐹 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 4
𝐸𝑘(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑒2 = 2(4)4𝑞 2 𝑓 4
−𝜙 .
2
𝐵𝐶𝑀𝐹 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 2 𝜆4 42 𝑞𝑣𝑒𝑓 2
As ℎ𝑓 = and 𝐵𝐶𝑀𝐹 =
2 (44 )𝑞 2𝑓 4 𝑐3

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The photoelectric effect expressed the kinetic energy in terms of Planck’s constant but failed to recognized
the CMF force. From cathode-ray experiment the electric potential energy is expressed as

𝑒2
𝑒Φ = 𝑒Φ𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 − − 𝑒𝐸0 𝑥
16𝜋𝜖0 𝑥

This equation is the sum of work function (Φ𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ), image charge potential and the applied electric field (𝐸0)
and potential is the function of distance. Also from thermionic emission, the relation of kinetic energy and
work function is expressed as,

𝑚𝑣𝑥2 2𝑒Φ𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
> 𝑒Φ𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 => 𝑣𝑥 √
2 𝑚

In low–pressure plasma, plasma resembles collisionless effect for Nonlocal electron kinetics and nonlocal
electrodynamics. There is three common electron group (Core, Strahl, and Halo) in the solar wind. The
electrons in LTPs are a wide range of physical phenomena from the nanoscale to the picoscale. The electron
kinetic energy of LTPs promote scientific advances in plasma physics and accelerate modern plasma
technologies [2].

Fast-moving electrons have high kinetic energies exceeding excitation, ionization of neutrals, and runaway
electrons (RE) which are commonly present in Low-Temperature Plasma. Short-pulsed high-voltage
discharges are spatially inhomogeneous electric fields in the cathode. When energy electrons exceed the
binding energy of all electrons in media through which it passes then interactions are considered as Rutherford
model and deceleration of electrons follow Bethe-Bloch law. The kinetic equation for these electrons can be
written as,

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑒𝐸 𝜕𝑓 1 − 𝜇2 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
+ 𝜈𝜇 − (𝜇 + ) = 2 (𝜈 2 𝐹𝑓) + 𝐷𝜇 ((1 − 𝜇2 ) ) + 𝐼𝑐
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑚 𝜕𝜈 𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜈 𝜕𝜈 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇

Where 𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝜃= pitch angle, 𝐹(𝜈)= dynamic friction, 𝐷𝜇 (𝜈)= diffusion coefficient, and I = source term.
The above kinetic equation used for the description of runaway electrons in high electric fields, the kinetics
of solar wind electrons, precipitation of high-energy magnetospheric electrons into the ionosphere,
degradation of fast electrons in the upper atmosphere, and other problems [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].

The Boltzmann population of the bound electronic energy levels of the quasi molecule formed in the collision
and the discretized continuum. The free electron gas model assumed an effective square potential of the quasi
molecule. The temperature of the electron gas is calculated thermodynamically. The temperature is expressed
in terms of energy as 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑇 with eV. The high temperature favors the population of highly excited states
[8]. The gas and electron temperature of a microwave excited are measured by optical emission spectroscopy.
Based on the collisional–radiative model, the temperature of the electron is estimated from the measured
excitation temperature of argon 4p and 5p levels. The gas and electron temperature increase with the gap
width of the resonator is reduced [9].

The experiment showed that highly ionized Helium arc plasma does not go local thermodynamic equilibrium
because of the strong nonisotropy of plasma. The recombination of Triple electron with temperatures of 2.5–

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3eV is almost absent. Both Boltzmann distribution and Saha equation inapplicable for determining electron
temperature so, using the relative intensities of the atomic and ion lines is best [10]. From a macroscopic point
of view refraction, reflections, diffracts, and interference are consider wave phenomena that were solidified
theoretically in 1864 by Maxwell’s prediction with the existence of electromagnetic waves. From the
microscopic point of view molecules, atoms, nuclei, and elementary particles do not see light as an
electromagnetic wave. Instead of wave they interact seem happened in a discrete form with a specific amount
of energy, momentum, and angular momentum. The particle goes in such interaction are called photons. This
was experimentally demonstrated with a photoelectric effect [11].

2. Material and Method

Single ionization of helium occurs at 102eV, two electrons, and the He+ ion, with an advanced reaction
microscope. The differential cross-section for this is asymmetric scattering geometry with a large range of
emission angles with low-energy (𝐸 ≤ 15 𝑒𝑉). The result data when compared with theoretical predictions
from a three-Coulomb wave function model, first-order and second-order distorted wave approaches to each
other [12]. The third ionization energy for the element less than Z=20 has a third ionization energy 20eV to
160eV. If we consider the ionization of energy first, second, and third, the energy for the third ionization is
greater than the second and the second is greater than the first [13].

Photoelectric effects help to build a more coherent understanding of the phenomenon and include the angular
distribution of photoelectrons, multi-photon photoelectron emission, and the work function. In the
photoelectric effect, one to one relation occurs in general that is one photon gives up all energy to one electron.
While the case of two or three photons energy deliver energy to a single electron is also observed, reported in
GaAs laser and gold in the 1960s [14], [15].
3
In the absence of an external field the energy associated with an electron at a temperature as 𝑘𝑇 and related
2
3 1 2
as 𝑘𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣𝑡ℎ , where 𝑣𝑡ℎ is represent the thermal velocity. Fermi temperature (T F) for the electron is also
2 2
given as 𝐸𝐹 = 𝑘𝐵 𝑇𝐹 . At low temperatures below Fermi temperature, the average energy of the lattice ions is
2𝐸 1
less than the Fermi energy. The Fermi velocity related to the energy as 𝑣𝐹 = √ 𝑚 𝐹 and 𝐸𝐹 = 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝐹2 . From
𝑒
𝑍𝑒 2 1
Bohr’s stationary orbits the velocity of the election with a quantum number related as 𝑣𝑛 = (2ℎ𝜀 ) (𝑛). Also,
0
ℎ 2𝜀
the radii of stationary orbits related as 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 (𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒0 2 ). In the case of the hydrogen atom, the relates the
𝑎0 𝑛 2
atomic number, quantum number, and radius as 𝑟𝑛 = with 𝑎0 = 52.9𝑝𝑚 which is the radius of the first
𝑍
stationary state called Bohr’s radius. The probability of finding an electron at certain energy is related by the
1
Fermi–Dirac Distribution Function as 𝑓 (𝐸 ) = (𝐸−𝐸𝐹 ). This is also known as the Fermi function, or the
1+𝑒 𝑘𝑇

Fermi–Dirac distribution function, or the Fermi–Dirac statistics. The term EF is called the Fermi energy or the
Fermi level. At large energy that is (𝐸 – 𝐸𝐹 ) >> 𝑘𝑇 probability decreases exponentially with increasing E.

The total energy of the electron in orbits energies is the sum of its kinetic and potential energy as En =
1
K. E. + P. E with Kinetic energy (𝐾. 𝐸. = 2 𝑚𝑒 𝑣 2 ) on assuming nonrelativistic motion and Potential energy
𝑘𝑍𝑞𝑒
with P. E. = qe V, where V is the potential due to the nucleus as 𝑉 = 𝑟𝑛
, for charge qe. The total energy in
𝑍2
stationary orbit is related as 𝐸𝑛 = − 𝑛2 𝐸0 (𝑛 = 1,2,3, … ). For the orbital energies of hydrogen-like atoms with

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2𝜋𝑞𝑒4𝑚𝑒 𝑘 2
E0 which is the ground-state energy (n = 1) for hydrogen (Z = 1) and calculated as 𝐸0 = =
ℎ2
13.6 𝑒𝑉.

Case I: In absence of external energy

For the calculation of temperature at the different orbit of an electron which the objective of this work
hydrogen atom is taken in our consideration. This single electron system which is well known and accurate
for the energy level of an electron at different orbit. The total kinetic energy of the electron in orbit is

2
1 𝑍𝑒 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑒 ( )
2 2𝑛ℎ𝜀0

𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝐸𝑜𝑟𝑏 = … … … … … … … … … … (1)
8ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

3
On using 𝐾. 𝐸. = 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇, equation (1) become

2 𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑇𝑁𝐸 = … … … … … (2)
3𝑘𝐵 8ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

This is the temperature of the electron in the orbit of an atom without absorption of the energy from external
sources.

Case II: In presence of external energy less the threshold

On considering Case I with incidence energy of the photon (ℎ𝑓) to the electron the total kinetic energy of the
electron is equal to the sum of the kinetic energy of electron plus absorption energy of the photon and relates
as,

𝐾. 𝐸. 𝑇 = 𝐾. 𝐸.𝑃 + 𝐸𝑜𝑟𝑏 … … … … … (3)

3
Since kinetic energy related to temperature as 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 therefore (3) equation become

2ℎ𝑓 2 𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑇 𝐻𝐿𝐴 = + … … … … … . (4)
3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵 8ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

This relation gives the temperature of the electron in the orbit of an atom when the electron absorbed energy
from the external source (incidence photon). If ℎ𝑓 = 0 that is not external energy absorbed by electron then
equation (4) give equation (2) which is Case I electron temperature.

𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑇𝑁𝐸 =
12𝑘𝐵 ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

For the hydrogen-like atom, the equation (4) is represented as the general form for Case II as,

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2ℎ𝑓 2 𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑇 𝐻𝐿𝐴 = + … … … … … … … … … . (5)
3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵 8ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

Since the constant used in equation (2) has a standard value, therefore, on putting the value of 𝑒 =
1.60217662 × 10−19 𝐶, 𝑚𝑒 = 9.10938356 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔, ℎ = 6.62607004 × 10−34 𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔𝑠 −1 , 𝜀0 =
8.854187817 × 10−12 𝐶 2 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑚 −3 𝑠 2 and 𝑘𝐵 = 1.38064852 × 10−23 𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 −2 𝐾 −1 in equation (2) the
result obtained as

𝑍2
𝑇𝑁𝐸 = 1.05258376 × 105 ( 2 ) … … … … … … (6)
𝑛

This equation (6) good validity for hydrogen and hydrogen atom. This shows the temperature of the electron
in orbit of an atom depends only on atomic number and orbital in absence of external energy.

On using equation (6) the temperature of the electron in atom orbit for hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms are
listed in table 1.

Table 1: Temperature of the electron in different orbit of the Hydrogen atom with zero external energy

S.N. Z Temperature (K)

n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4
1. 1 1.05258376 × 0.26314594 0.11695375 × 105 0.06578648
105 × 105 × 105
2. 3 9.47325384 2.36831346 1.052558376 0.59207836
× 105 × 105 × 105 × 105
3. 11 127.362635 31.8406588 14.1514039 × 105 7.96016469
5 5
× 10 × 10 × 105
379.982737 94.9956842 5 23.7489211
4. 19 42.2203041 × 10
5 5
× 10 × 10 × 105
On putting the value of constant in the second term of equation (5), we get the temperature of the electron in
orbit of the atom as

2ℎ𝑓 𝑍2
𝑇 𝐻𝐿𝐴 = +1.05258376 × 105 ( 2 )… … … … … . (7)
3𝑘𝐵 𝑛

This equation (7) is for the electron absorbed the energy from the incidence photon but the energy is not
enough for photoelectric phenomena. In this phenomenon, the electron absorbed the energy and goes
revolving around the nucleus of an atom. Therefore the kinetic energy of the electron is high than before the
absorption of light. So, the temperature goes of the electron inside the atom goes to increases.

Case III: In presence of external energy greater less than then threshold

If electron absorbed the energy ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑐 ≠ 0 > 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 then electron either goes Photoelectric effect or
ionization phenomena electron (accelerate the electron) and then equation (7) related to work function as,

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2 2 2 𝑒 4 𝑚𝑒 𝑍 2
𝑇𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑐 − 𝜙+ … … … … . (8)
3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵 8ℎ 2 𝜀02 𝑛2

Putting the value of the constant in equation (8) we have,

2 2 𝑍2
𝑇𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑐 − 𝜙 +1.05258376 × 105 ( 2 )
3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵 𝑛

2 2
𝑇𝐸 = ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑐 − 𝜙 +𝑇𝑁𝐸 … … … … . (9)
3𝑘𝐵 3𝑘𝐵

This equation (9) representing the temperature of the photoelectric effect electron. In this is the sum of the
kinetic energy of the electron is the sum of the kinetic energy of revolving electron around the nuclease plus
the absorbed energy.

If we discuss the temperature of atomic electron it depends upon the Z and n for hydrogen and hydrogen-like
atom. The temperature of the electron in orbit goes increases with Z and decreases with n. when the electron
absorbed energy then the temperature of the electron depends upon the incidence energy of the photon
(external energy) in the case of non-photoelectric effect (absorption of energy by electron) and the
photoelectric effect. This means the temperature of electrons goes increase with the absorption of energy
(external energy).

4. Result and Discussion

The graph below shows the temperature of the electron in different orbit of an atom. The black line graph is
the temperature representation while the red is fit with the equation of the polynomial equation of 5th degree.
Study the temperature of the electron in each orbit of hydrogen and hydrogen-like atoms (Lithium, Sodium,
and Potassium). The temperature of the electron in orbit of the hydrogen atom is calculated up to 105K
order, in Lithium orbit is calculated up to106K while in sodium and potassium atom ranges up to 107K. The
temperature with increasing quantum number (orbit) temperature goes to decrease in all atoms orbits.

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Figure 1: Temperature of the electron in the orbit of atoms without absorption of external energy.

This is an interesting calculation that shows that the temperature of an electron is 105 very high K minimum.
The case of absorption of energy by an electron with energy less than threshold goes increase the temperature
of the electron in an atom orbit. The incidence energy of photon for this process is consider 12eV for
Hydrogen, 20eV for Lithium, 48eV for Sodium and 63eV for Potassium. As the incidence energy of the
photon is observed by the electron present in the atom the kinetic energy of electrons in orbit goes to increase.
This increase in kinetic energy cause an increase in temperature of the electron resent in orbit. Therefore the
temperature of the electron before and after the absorption of energy is different. This means the temperature
of the electron is low in the orbit before absorption of energy while the temperature of the electron is high
after absorption of energy for the same orbit.

Figure 2: Absorption of energy by orbit electrons

If we compare the temperature of the electron in the same orbit of the same atom before and after the
absorption of energy. The difference in the temperature is visualized in figure 1 and figure 2. The increase in
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the atomic number of the atom also affects the temperature of the electron present in the orbits of the atom.
The temperature of the electron decreases with an increase in orbit (quantum number) which means as the
distance of electron and nucleus goes increases the temperature of electron goes decrease.
If the incidence energy of the photon is greater than the threshold (work-function), the electron goes emitted
from the atom and the atom goes ionized. After leaving the atom the electron carries only a little amount of
energy therefore the temperature is less electron which orbits around the nucleus with the absorption of energy
figure 2. This is not correct always because the temperature when photon incidence energy goes increases
then the energy except threshold goes to speed the electron. This causes the increase in the temperature of the
electron.

Figure 3: Temperature of the electron when escaping from the atom

5. Conclusion
On calculating the temperature of the electron, equation (6), (7), and (9) derived above. Equation (6) is derived
to calculate the temperature of the electron in the orbit of an atom without any external energy. Equation (7)
is derived to calculate the temperature of the electron in orbit when the electron absorbed the energy not
greater than the threshold. Equation (9) is derived to calculate the temperature of the electron when the electron
absorbed the energy greater than the threshold. The comparison of the temperature of the electron is orbit and
out of orbit (photoelectric electron) from this equation is visualized in figure 1, figure 2, and figure 3. The
temperature of the electron in orbit of the same atom is different because they depend upon the atomic numbers
as shown in equation (6), (7), and (9).
On the other hand, if the energy absorbed by the electron is not greater than the threshold the temperature of
the electron in orbit is greater than the electron which has not absorbed external energy. The energy absorbed
by an electron in orbit of an atom with greater energy than the threshold than the temperature of the electron
depends upon the incidence and absorption energy of the electron. If the electron goes photoelectric effect
with less energy then the temperature of the emitted electron is less but if the electron goes photoelectric effect
with high energy then the temperature of the emitted electron is high.
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Hence the temperature of the electron in orbit depends upon the quantum number, atomic number, and external
amount of absorbed energy. The minimum temperature of the electron in orbit is calculated with the order of
105K to 107K in our consideration.

5. Acknowledgements
I would like to thanks all the members of the Physics Department of Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan
University, Innovative Ghar Nepal, and Robotics Academy of Nepal for providing a peaceful environment
during my work.

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[15] E. M. Logothetis, and P. L. Hartman, “Three-Photon Photoelectric Effect in Gold”, Physical Review Letter,
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0

International License.

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