http://library.williams.edu/ CITACIN BIBLIOGRFICA A) SEGN ESTILOS http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.

php

APA Citation Style Guide, 6th ed.

Developed by the American Psychological Association, this style is widely used in the sciences and social sciences. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: BF76.7 P83 2010). See also APA Style Blog. Each citation consists of two parts: the in text citation, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the reference list (list of sources used) which provides full bibliographic information. How to Format: In Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format In Text Citations

(For more detailed information see Publication Manual Chapter 6, pp 174-179)

APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list. (Austin, 1998) If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given: Austin (1998) compared institutional support Two authors. Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text. (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998) Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function Three to five authors. Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. First reference: (Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998) Subsequent references: (Parker et al.) Six or more authors. Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. (Parker et al., 1998) Group or corporate authors. Use the name of the body in the citation: (World Bank, 1998) Unknown author. Use the first few words of the title as the reference in the text (capitalize all words in title): ("Structuring Lawmaking", 2002) Author is listed as "Anonymous". Use it as if it were the author's name. (Anonymous, 2003)

When paraphrasing, APA style does not require page numbers in the in-text citation. However, authors are encouraged to include page numbers if it will help the reader locate the relevant information in longer texts. Consult with your professor regarding the need for page numbers for paraphrased information. If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author, year and page number must be included. The page number can be given in parentheses at the end of the exact quotation or incorporated into the in-text citation. Newman (1994) concluded "sibling conflict is so common that its occurence is taken for granted" (p. 123). Such findings have prompted one researcher to conclude, Sibling conflict is so common that its occurrence is taken for granted (Newman, 1994, p. 123). For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if available. If the paragraphs are not numbered, but there are headings, use the heading name and count the number of paragraphs after the heading to the paragraph containing the quotation. (Publication Manual, Chapter 6.05, p. 171) (Smith, 2003, para. 1) (Greene, 2003, Discussion, para. 4) For citations taken from secondary sources, include the secondary source in the reference list and mention the original work in the text. Text citation: Goldman and Goldman's study (as cited in Linebarger, 2001) found .... Reference List: Linebarger, D. L. (2001). Learning to read from television: The effects of using captions and narration. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 288-298.

How to Format Reference Lists

Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished Books (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02) Single author Multiple Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings

authors Edited Book Group or corporate author Chapter or essay in book

in continental thought. New York, NY: Continuum. Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press. World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa: women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author. Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in international relations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of international relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage. Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan.

Article from a reference book If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in a reference work with no author, place the entry title in the author position. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02) Articles (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01) A new element to journal article citations with the 6th edition of the Publication Manual is the addition of the DOI (digital object identifier), which provides a persistent way of accessing digital information. See DOI System for a detailed explanation and to resolve a DOI name. If the DOI is not provided in the online database, online journal, or article, try CrossRef's free DOI look-up. Note: not all articles have DOIs. Do not include a period at the end of the citation as it may be interpreted as part of the DOI. Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the Article in a journal songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), (one author) 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F. (2009). Article in a journal The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction (up to seven and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 6, authors) 598-605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011 Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93Article in a journal 105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004 (more than seven authors) When authors number eight or more, include the first six names, then three ellipses, and then the last author's name. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.2) Levskaya, A., Weiner, O. D., Lim, W. A., & Voigt, C. A. (2009). Article in a journal Spatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable protein (advanced interaction. Nature. Advance online publication. publication) doi:10.1038/nature08446

Online-only supplemental material for articles

Chandler, D. (2009). Liquids: Condensed, disordered, and sometimes complex. [Supplemental material]. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America, 106, 1511115112. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908029106 If no author is given, move the title and bracketed description to the author position. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.15) Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4), 28-31. Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A37-38. If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include "Retrieved from" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual, 7.01.11)

Article in a popular magazine

Article in a newspaper

Media (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.07) Music Score No example given in APA Publication Manual for music score. Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987) Sound Recording Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of the recording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of the recording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07) Video LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Recording Real womem have curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video. Daniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt Television [Television series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office. Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company. Web/Online (Publication Manual, Chapter 7, pp 198-215) Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. Web page Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm

Blog Post

McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of First Person in APA Style [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/.

In blog posts, authors may adopt a screen name. Use that screen name as the author if that is the name under which that person posts messages. BirdTricks. (2008, April 27). Tips for training a parrot to talk [Video file]. Online Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89dZNPPYOdk Video A screen name is used for the author name in this example. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. (2007). Data Eurobarometer 68.1: The European parliament and media usage, SeptemberSets November 2007 [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/access/index.jsp Government Information (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.03, p. 205 and Appendix 7.1 References to Legal Materials) See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library] Unpublished (Publication Manual Chapter 7.09) In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the reference Interview list. (Publication Manual, chapter 6.20) in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)

Chicago Manual of Style

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago1.php

Documentary Note or Humanities Style

The Chicago Documentary Note, or Humanities Style is favored by many in the humanities and the arts. It is recommended for history research papers. For other social sciences and sciences disciplines, use the Chicago Author-Date System. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manual of Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010. About Notes | How to Format Notes and the Bibliography

About Notes
(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.19-70)

The Documentary Note or Humanities Style uses bibliographic notes rather than text citations. It consists of two parts: a number in the text and a note either at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote). Notes are numbered sequentially, beginning with 1., throughout each article, chapter, or paper. The numbers in the text must be in superscript and should follow sentences, clauses, quotations, punctuation marks and closing parentheses. The note should have a normal, full sized number. Subsequent references to sources already fully cited should be shortened whenever possible. 1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso, 1997), 17. 2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17. 3. Nairn, Faces of Nationalism, 176. Note consisting of several references documenting a single fact should be separated by semi-colons. Multiple citation of a single note should refer to the previous note. 15. See note 4 above. For an unknown author start the note and bibliographic entry with the title of the work. Ibid is used in place of the author's name, the title, and as much of the information as is identical to the immediately preceding note. It cannot be used if the preceding note cites more than one work. 6. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso, 1997), 17. 7. Ibid., 39 - 43. For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work. 8. David Pilgrim, "The Mammy Caricature," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/mammies/, under "Commercial Mammies." Citations taken from secondary sources should be avoided as researchers are expected to examine the works they cite. If the original work is not available, the original and secondary source must be cited.

9. Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States (New York: D. Fanshaw, 1844), 31, quoted in Lyon Rathbun, "The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (Fall 2001): 479.

Notes and Bibliography Examples

Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished

Books
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.16-17.147) note: 1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York: Verso, 1997), 17. Single author bibliography: Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited. London: New York: Verso, 1997. note: 2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17. bibliography: Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997. note: 3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41. Edited Book bibliography: Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917. New York: Academic International Press, 1999. note: 4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge (Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,

Multiple authors

Group or corporate author

Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994), 433. bibliography: Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment Challenge. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994. note: 5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194. bibliography: Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. note: 6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George." Article from a reference book For online reference sources, include URL and date of access. bibliography: Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for more information, see CMS )

Chapter or essay in book

Articles
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.148-17.203) note: 1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989):117. bibliography:

Article in a journal (one author)

Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34. Article in a journal note: (multiple authors) 2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal

of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741. bibliography: Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79. note: Article in a popular magazine 3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16. bibliography: Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19. note: 4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998. "Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include several editions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188) Article in a newspaper bibliography: Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec. 17.191) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows: Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A. Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. note: 5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week, March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexisArticle from nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. a full-text database bibliography: Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. Article from note:

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. an e-journal collection bibliography: Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. note: 7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/. Article from bibliography: a free web e-journal Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Media
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.263-17.273) note: 1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997). bibliography: Music Score Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997. "Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS 17.263) note: 2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern

Sound Recording

Records NR 9003-CD. bibliography: Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD. Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other person responsible for the content. The performer may be added after the title. The recording company and the number of the recording are usually enough to identify the recording. (CMS sec. 17.265-268) note: 3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA : MGM/UA Home Video, 1992). bibliography: Video Recording Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UA Home Video, 1992. Videocassette. "Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with the addition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273) No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style. Television Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies: Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed by David Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.

Web/Online
(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, online magazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, and articles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359) Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. Web page note: 1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938,

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. bibliography: Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. note: 7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/. Article from bibliography: a free web e-journal Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. note: 5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week, March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexisArticle from nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. a full-text database bibliography: Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. note: 6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Article from bibliography: an e-journal collection Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Government Information

(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.290-17.356) note: 1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997, 6-8. bibliography: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997. (Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356) note: 2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051. bibliography: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

Congressional Hearings

Executive Department Documents

Unpublished
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.210-17.237) Interview note: 9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001. bibliography: Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001. "Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in

bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago2.php

Author-Date System
Developed by the University of Chicago, the Author-Date System is widely used by the social sciences and sciences disciplines. For humanities and the arts and for history papers, use the Documentary Note Style. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manual of Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010. In the Author-Date System each citation consists of two parts: the text citations, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the reference list (list of sources used) which provides full bibliographic information. How to Format: Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format Text Citations

(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.107-120) The text citations in the Author-Date Style consists of the author's last name and the year of publication of the work cited. No punctuation is used between the name and the date. Single Author (Nairn 1997) Multiple Authors (Geis and Bunn 1997) Group or Corporate Author (Global Environment Coordination 1994) For direct quotations the page number is also included. (Nairn 1997, 73)

For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work. (Yetman, under "Slave Narratives during Slavery and After") Citations taken from secondary sources Is generally to be avoided as researchers are expected to examine the works they cite. If the original work is not available, the original and secondary source must be cited. The original author and date would be used in the text citation and as the beginning of the reference list entry. text citation: (Sedwick 1844, 479) reference list: Sedgwick, T. 1844. Thoughts on the proposed annexation of Texas to the United States. New York: D. Fanshaw. Quoted in Rathbun, L. 2001. The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of Manifest Destiny. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (3).

How to Format Reference Lists

Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished

Books
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.16-17.147) Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited. London: New York: Verso. Multiple Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenthauthors century witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge. Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political Edited Book commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment Group or challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental corporate operations. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, author Environment Dept., The World Bank. Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the Chapter or American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, essay in book 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. Article from a Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238). reference book Single author

Articles
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.148-17.203) Article in a journal (one author) Article in a journal (multiple authors) Article in a popular magazine Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34. Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression among female lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour. 54 (3): 797-802. Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176. It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 17.191). Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states... Article in a newspaper If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow this model: Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on defining Army's role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A. Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. Article from a full-text database Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/ s_guidednews.html. Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. Article from an http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/ v056/56.3miguel.html. e-journal collection Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25. Article from a http://slate.msn.com/id/. free web ejournal Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Media
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.263-17.273)

Music Score Sound Recording Video Recording Television

Johnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. "..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265) "..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video] Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265) No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

Web/Online
(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, online magazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, and articles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359) Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. Yetman, Norman R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in Web page slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25. Article from a http://slate.msn.com/id/. free web ejournal Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. Article from a Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business full-text Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/ database s_guidednews.html. Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. Article from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/ an e-journal v056/56.3miguel.html. collection Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Government Information
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.290-17.356)

"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format: Congressional Hearings U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The threat from international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1. "...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice. 2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

Executive Department Documents

Unpublished
(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.210-17.237) "Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ... reference lists." (CMS 17.205) Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.

Interview

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php

MLA Style, 7th Edition

Developed by the Modern Language Association, this style is most widely used for research papers in the humanities. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: LB2369 .G53 2009). Each citation consists of two parts: the parenthetical reference, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the works cited list, which provides full bibliographic information. How to Format: Parenthetical References | Works Cited

How to Format Parenthetical References

(For more detailed information see MLA Handbook Section 6) In MLA, in-text citations are called parenthetical references. They use the author's last name followed by the page number referenced in the work. The reference is placed in parentheses usually at the end of the sentence before the period. (Kurasawa 323). Each source in the Works Cited list at the end of the paper or article corresponds to a parenthetical reference in the text. If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, only the page number need appear in the parentheses. Kurasawa (323) found that .

If citing more than one work by the same author, put a comma after the author's name, add the title of the work (if brief) or a shortened version, and the page numbers. (Dickens, A Christmas Carol 15) Group or corporate authors. Use full name of group or a shortened form. (Modern Language Association 115) (MLA 115) Unknown Author. Use a few words of the title. ("Recent innovations" 231) Two or three authors. Use the last names of each. (AuthorA, AuthorB, and AuthorC 323) More than three authors. Give all the authors' last names or just use the first and "et al" for the rest. In any case, use the same form as the entry in your Works Cited list. (Bia, Pedreno, Small, Finch, Patterson 161) (Bia et al. 161) If the Works Cited list contains two or more authors with the same surname. In the parenthetical reference, include the first initial. (A. DeCarrera 213) If the initial is also the same, use the whole first name. (Annette DeCarrera 213) If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author and page number appear in parentheses after the quote. It may be true that "the attitude of the observer is of primary importance" (Robertson 136). For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if available. If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the text the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.

(Smith para 17) As Smith points out.... Citations taken from a secondary source should generally be avoided; consult the original work whenever possible. If only an indirect source is available, put the abbreviation qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source in the parenthetical reference and include the indirect source in the Works Cited. (MLA Style, sec. 6.4.7) parenthetical reference In a May 1800 letter to Watt, Creighton wrote, "The excellent Satanism reflects immortal honour on the Club" (qtd. in Hunt and Jacob 493). works cited list Hunt, Lynn, and Margaret Jacob. "The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain." EighteenthCentury Studies 34.4 (2001): 491-521. Print.

How to Format Works Cited List

Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished Books (MLA Handbook, sec. 5.5) Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Single author Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Print. Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Multiple Feminist Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of authors Massachusetts Press, 1994. Print. Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry Edited Book on the Origins and Practice of their Art. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Print. Group or World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for corporate Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, author 2002. Print. Chapter or Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. essay in book Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print. Article from Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied a reference Ethics. Ed. Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print. book Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, do not list the full publishing information, just the year of

publication. If you are using more than one volume of a multi-volume work, give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the example above. For greater detail, see section 5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook.

Articles
(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.4, 5.6.3, and 5.6.4) Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print. Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.

Article in a journal (one author)

Article in a Milln-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Anlisis Filosfico." journal (multiple Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print. authors) Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All These Years." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print. Article in a popular magazine Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available. Article in a Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late newspaper ed.: N1+. Print. Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Article from a fullMedium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. text database Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009. Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black Article from an eAmerican Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March journal collection 2009. Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 Article from a free March 2009. web e-journal Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination. Media (MLA Handbook, sec. 5.7) Music Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus,

and Orchestra. Op. 46. Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print. Score Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio broadcasts of music. Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD. Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc. Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD. Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citing films. "The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug. 2009. Online Video Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication. Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.

Sound Recording

Video Recording

In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or title or beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence in your text. "Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Television Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television. Web/Online (MLA Handbook, sec. 5.6) Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009. Web page Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets (<>), and follow it with a period. For more details on citing works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook. Kristoff, Nicholas. "How To Get Out in the Woods (and Survive the Bears!)". Nicholas D. Kristoff: On the Ground. New York Times, 9 August 2009. Web. 27 August 2009. Note: For more information about citing works only on the Web, see

Blog Posting

section 5.6.2b of the MLA Handbook. "The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug. 2009. Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication. Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.

Online Video

In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or title or beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence in your text. Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Article from a Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009. free web ejournal Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination. Article from a Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium full-text Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded database Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009. Article from an Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black e-journal American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009. collection

Government Information
(MLA Handbook, 5.5.20) See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library] Unpublished (MLA Handbook, sec. 5.7) Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail interview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998. Interview Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media. See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php

ACS Style Guide

Developed by the American Chemical Society, this style may be used for research papers in the field of chemistry. This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used by Williams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see the print manual at Schow Reference QD8.5 .A25 2006. Each citation consists of two parts: the in-text citation, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the reference list, a list of sources that provides full bibliographic information. How to Format: In-Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format In-Text Citations

(For more detailed information see ACS Style Guide, pp 287-290.) Select one of the three methods below to cite in-text references:

Superscript numbers
At the end of the cited information: Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization. Within the cited information: Rakita states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.

Italic numbers
At the end of the cited information: Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization (1). Within the cited information: Rakita (1) states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.

Author name and year of publication

At the end of the cited information: Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization (Rakita, 2004). Within the cited information: Rakita states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization (2004). Note: for two authors use "and": Rakita and Smith. For more than two authors use "et al.": Rakita et al.

How to Format Reference Lists

Books | Articles | Theses, Patents, Conferences | Web/Online

Books
(ACS Style Guide, pp 300-305) Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGrawHill: Boston, 2003. Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Edited Book Reactive Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 2004; Vol. 128; p 257. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Effects; Shahidi, Book in Series F., Finley, J. W., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 788; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2001. Article from a Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, reference book 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62. Single author

Articles
(ACS Style Guide, pp. 291-299 and pp. 317-319 for online articles ) Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Article in a Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. scientific journal Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046. Article in a popular/nonManning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181. scientific magazine Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Article from an Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 online journal http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Theses, Patents, Conferences, Technical Reports

(ACS Style Guide, pp 307-316) Thoman, J. W., Jr. Studies of Molecular Deactivation: SurfaceActive Free Radicals and S(O)para-difluorobenzene. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1987. or Gehring, A. PhD. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998. Wilkins, T. D.; Tucker, K. D. Detection, Isolation, and Purification of Clostridium Difficile Toxin A with Toxin Receptors. U.S. Patent 5,098,826, March 24, 1992. Winstein, S. In University Chemical Education, Proceedings of the International Symposium on University Chemical Education, Frascati (Rome), Italy, October 16-19, 1969; Chisman, D. G.. Ed.; Butterworths: London, 1970. Kaplan, L.J.; Selder, A. Books of Abstracts, 213th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 13-17, 1997; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; CHED-824. Crampton, S.B.; McAllaster, D. R. Collision and Motional Averaging Effects in Cryogenic Atomic Hydrogen Masers; WMCAFOSR-002; NTIS: Springfield, VA, 1983.

Theses

Patents Conference/Meetings (full-text) Conference/Meetings (abstract only) Technical Report or Bulletin

Web/Online
(ACS Style Guide, pp 316-325) Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004). Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Article from Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 an online http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, journal 2007). Article from Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek full text [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com database (accessed Aug 23, 2007). Article Chung, J.M. and Peacock-Lopez, E. Cross-diffusion in the Templator model of Web page

published online in advance Computer Program

chemical self-replication. Phys. Lett. A [Online early access]. DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.04.114. Published Online: June 12, 2007. http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007). SciFinder Scholar, version 2007; Chemical Abstracts Service: Columbus, OH, 2007; RN 58-08-2 (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

B) SEGN FUENTES http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/books.php

Books
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Single Author
in text: (Austin, 1998)
APA

reference list: Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. note: 1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York: Verso, 1997), 17. bibliography: Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited. London: New York: Verso, 1997. in text: (Nairn 1997) reference list: Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited. London: New York: Verso. parenthetical reference: (Perle 183-185) bibliography: Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Print. in-text citation: See by style info bibliography:

Chicag o (Note)

Chicag o (AuthorDate)

MLA

ACS

Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2003.

Multiple Authors
in text: (Calarco & Atterton, 2009)
APA

reference list: Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in continental thought. New York, NY: Continuum. note:

2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Chicag Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.
o (Note)

bibliography: Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997. in text: (Geis and Bunn 1997) list:

Chicag o reference (AuthorDate)

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge. parenthetical reference: (Higonnet and Templeton 191) bibliography: Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Print.

MLA

Edited Book
in text: (Ickes, 1998)
APA

reference list:

Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Chica note:
go

3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.
(Note)

bibliography: Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917. New York: Academic International Press, 1999. in text: (Sarat and Stuart 1998) reference list: Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. parenthetical reference: (Gibbons xii) bibliography: Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry on the Origins and Practice of their Art. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Print. in-text citation: See by style info

Chica go (AuthorDate)

MLA

ACS

bibliography: Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Reactive Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 2004; Vol. 128; p 257.

By Group or Corporate Author

in text: (World Bank, 2004)
AP A

reference list:

World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa: women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author. Chic note:
ago (Note)

4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge (Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994), 433. bibliography:

Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment Challenge. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994. in text: (Global Environment Coordination 1994)
Chic reference list: ago (AuthorGlobal Environment Date)

Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The World Bank. parenthetical reference: (World Bank 205) bibliography: World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, 2002. Print.

ML A

Chapter/Essay in a Book
in text: (Herrmann, 2002)
APA

reference list: Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in international relations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of international relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage. note:

5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling Chica (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.
go (Note)

bibliography:

Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. Chica in text: (Roell 1994) go
(AuthorDate)

reference list:

Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. parenthetical reference: (Calvino 15)
MLA

bibliography: Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.

Article from a Reference Book

in text: (Chen, 2003) reference list:
AP A

Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan. If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in a reference work with no author, place the entry title in the author position. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02) note: 6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."

Chic For ago (Note)

online reference sources, include URL and date of access.

bibliography:

ago (AuthorDate)

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for more information, see CMS ) in text: Include in running text. Example: "In his article on psychology in the 11th edition Chic of the Encyclopdia Britannica, James Ward...." reference list:

Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238). ML parenthetical reference: (Loizou 351) A

bibliography: Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed. Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print. Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica, do not list the full publishing information, just the year of publication. If you are using more than one volume of a multi-volume work, give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the example above. For greater detail, see section 5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook. in-text citation: See by style info
AC S

bibliography: Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/articles.php

Articles
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Journal Articles, One Author

in text: (Oware, 2009)
APA

reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 note: 1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989):117. bibliography: Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34. in text: (Bondonski 1989) reference list: Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34. parenthetical reference: (Wolff 231) bibliography:

Chica go (Note)

Chica go (AuthorDate)

MLA

Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print. Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.

Journal Articles, Multiple Authors

in text: (Ko, Yen, Liua, Huanga, & Yen, 2009) reference list: Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F. (2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 6, 598-605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011 in text: (Burger et al., 2007) reference list: Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004 When authors number eight or more, include the first six names, then three ellipses, and then the last author's name. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.2) note: 2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741. bibliography: Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79. in text: (Liker and Szekely 1997)
Chicago (Author-Date)

APA

Chicago (Note)

reference list: Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression among female lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour. 54 (3): 797-802. parenthetical reference: (Milln-Zaibert and Zaibert 33)

MLA

bibliography: Milln-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Anlisis Filosfico." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print. in-text citation: See by style info
ACS

bibliography: Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.

Magazine Articles
in text: (Henry, 1990) reference list:
APA

Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4), 28-31. note:
Chicago (Note)

3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16. bibliography: Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19. in text: (Birnbaum 1998)

Chicago (Author-Date)

reference list: Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176. parenthetical reference: (Lerner 42) bibliography:

MLA

Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All These Years." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print. Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available. in-text citation: See by style info
ACS

bibliography: Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.

Newspapers
in text: (Young, 2003) reference list:
APA

Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A3738. If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include "Retrieved from" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual, 7.01.11) note: 4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998. "Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include several editions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188) bibliography: Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec. 17.191) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows: Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A. It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 17.191). Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...

Chicago (Note)

Chicago (Author-Date)

If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow this model: Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on defining Army's role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A. parenthetical reference: (Kennedy N1)
MLA

bibliography: Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+. Print.

Article from a Full-text Database

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995)
APA

reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 note: 5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week, March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. bibliography:

Chicago (Note)

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. Chicago in text: (Author-Date) (Zellner 2003)

reference list: Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/ s_guidednews.html. parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)
MLA

bibliography: Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 4565. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009. in-text citation: See by style info

ACS

bibliography: Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from an E-Journal Collection

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995)
APA

reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 Chicago note:
(Note)

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. bibliography: Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. in text: (Oakley 1998) reference list:
Chicago (Author-Date)

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/ v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)

MLA

bibliography: Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009. in-text citation: See by style info bibliography:

ACS

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from a free web e-journal

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed. APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995)
APA

reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 note: 7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.
Chicago (Note)

bibliography: Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. in text: (Shrum 1996) reference list:

Chicago (Author-Date)

Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. parenthetical reference: If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the text the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook

MLA

sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2. "Castle points out..." bibliography: Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009. Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/media.php

Media
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Music Score
AP A

No example given in APA Publication Manual for Music Score note: 1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).

Chic bibliography: ago (Note)

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 191121, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997. "Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS 17.263) in text: (Johnson 1997) list:

Chic ago reference (AuthorDate)

Johnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems, 1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. parenthetical reference (Schoenberg) bibliography:

ML A

Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus, and Orchestra. Op. 46. Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print. Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio broadcasts of music.

Sound Recording
AP A

in text: (Desmond, 1959, track 3)

reference list: Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987) Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of the recording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of the recording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07) note: 2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.
Chic ago (Note)

bibliography: Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.

Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other person responsible for the content. The performer may be added after the title. The recording company and the number of the recording are usually enough to identify the recording. (CMS sec. 17.265-268) Chic "..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and ago (Author- grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound Recordings.'" (CMS Date) 17.265) parenthetical reference: (Bernstein) bibliography:
ML A

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD. Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.

Video Recording
AP A

in text: (LaVoo & Brown, 2003) reference list:

LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.

note: 3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA : MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).
Chic ago (Note)

bibliography: Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UA Home Video, 1992. Videocassette.

"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with the addition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273) Chic "..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text and ago (Author- grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video] Recordings.'" (CMS Date) 17.265) parenthetical reference: ("Like Water for Chocolate") bibliography:
ML A

Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by Laura Esquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD. Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citing films.

Television or Radio Program

in text: (Writer, year)
AP A

reference list:

Daniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt [Television series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office. Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company. Chic No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.
ago (Note)

Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:

Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed by David Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.
Chic ago No (AuthorDate)

example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

parenthetical reference: ("Frederick Douglass")

ML A

bibliography: "Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal. Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/online.php

Web and Online Materials

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information. Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after a slash, if needed.

Web Page
in text: (Centers for Disease Control, 2009)
AP A

reference list: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm note:

1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Chic http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.
ago (Note)

bibliography: Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. in text: (Yetman)

Chic reference list: ago (AuthorDate) Yetman, Norman

R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html. ML in text: (Pilgrim) A bibliography: Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.

Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009. Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets (<>), and follow it with a period. For more details on citing works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook. in-text citation: See by style info
AC S

bibliography: National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).

Article from a Full-text Database

APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995) reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 note: 5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week, March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexisChic nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.
ago (Note)

AP A

bibliography: Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexisnexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html. in text: (Zellner 2003)

Chic reference list: ago (AuthorDate) Zellner, Wendy.

2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/ s_guidednews.html.

parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)

ML A

bibliography: Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 9 March 2009. in-text citation: See by style info

AC S

bibliography: Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from an E-Journal Collection

APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995) reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 note: 6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.
Chic bibliography: ago (Note)

AP A

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. Chic in text: (Oakley 1998) ago
(Author-

reference list: Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/ v056/56.3miguel.html. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)
ML A

Date)

bibliography: Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009. in-text citation: See by style info

AC S

bibliography: Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393 http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from a free web e-journal

APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the generic article citation example. in text: (Oware, 1995) reference list: Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454 Chic note:
ago (Note)

AP A

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/. bibliography: Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.

http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. in text: (Shrum 1996)
Chic reference ago (AuthorDate)

list:

Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25. http://slate.msn.com/id/. Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example. parenthetical reference: If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the text the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2. "Castle points out..." bibliography: Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009. Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.

ML A

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/govdocs.php

Government Information
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Congressional Hearings
AP A

Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library] note:

1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on Chic International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997, 6-8.
ago (Note)

bibliography:

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997. "...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents." Chic (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:
ago (AuthorDate)

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The threat from international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1. ML Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State A University Library]

Executive Department Report

A

Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library] Chic (Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356)
AP

ago (Note)

note: 2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001), http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051. bibliography:

U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

Chic ago U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice. (Author2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Date)

"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:

Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051. ML Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State A University Library]

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/unpublished.php

Unpublished Sources
Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Williams College Archives

See the Williams Archives and Special Collections Citation Guide for guidance on citing all formats available in the College Archives.

Interview
In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the reference APA list. (Publication Manual, chapter 6.20) in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998) note: 9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001.
Chicag bibliography: o (Note)

Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001. "Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in bibliographies." (CMS 17.205) in text: (Rudolph 2001)
Chicag reference list: o (Author"Unpublished interviews Date)

are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ... reference lists." (CMS 17.205)

Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15. MLA parenthetical reference: It is usually preferable to include in the actual text the name of the person in the corresponding entry in the works cited list rather than using a parenthetical reference. Example: Harry Payne pointed out... bibliography: Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail

interview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998. Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media. See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.

Manuscript/Unpublished Document
APA Chicago (Note) Chicago (Author-Date) MLA

See Publication Manual 4.16F. See CMS sec. 17.210-233. See CMS sec. 17.210-233. See MLA Handbook 5.8.12-13.

C) SEGN HERRAMIENTAS DE CITACIN http://library.williams.edu/citing/tools.php

Citation Tools - EndNote and RefWorks

A citation tool stores all your citations in a searchable database so that you can:

Format your footnotes or endnotes automatically in the style of your choice (APA, Chicago, MLA, etc.). Format your bibliography automatically. Insert references into a Word document with a click. Create and format an annotated bibliography.

The library supports two citation tools; EndNote and RefWorks. Which one should I use? EndNote RefWorks A software program that you need to A web-based application. Need to use Type of download on your computer or use in College proxy server for off-campus Program the computer labs. access. Williams has a site license to this Williams users can create a free How to Get It software, available through OIT's account. software download. A robust program with lots of A more intuitive program with basic advanced functionality appropriate for functionality. Can be used for larger Functionality sustained research projects such as projects, but its ease of use makes it theses. Learning curve can be high. appropriate for any research paper. As with any software program, you Updates will need to check for updates to the Updates are done automatically. program and filters. Word Cite While You Write plug-in is Need to download the Write-N-Cite Processor added to Word when you download plug-in on computer you are using. Plug-in EndNote. Appears under Tools menu. Changing Converting EndNote to RefWorks Converting RefWorks to EndNote Your Mind Using EndNote Quick Start Guides and Tutorials Getting Started EndNote Tutorials FAQ EndNote YouTube Channel Exporting Exporting from FRANCIS From See EndNote filters page Exporting from a Data Service (to Databases RefWorks)
http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-bibliography.php

Writing An Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph after each citation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the source cited.

Level of Detail
Some annotated bibliographies will call for a cursory description in preparation for a research project, while others will require more detailed analysis. Ask your professor about the level of detail needed in the annotations.

Organization
Bibliographies are traditionally arranged by Author and then Title or Year, and this arrangement can be used for annotated bibliographies as well. However, it may make more sense to organize an annotated bibliography thematically or chronologically. Use your own judgement, or ask your professor for guidance.

Research Process
An annotated bibliography should be the end product of a comprehensive literature review, and not simply the first 20 citations you find. Through bibliographies and references, each source you find will lead to others. As you gradually build up an understanding of your subject by following these connections, it will become clear which sources are most relevant to your research. If you're feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of all this research, or don't know where to start, Ask A Librarian for assistance.

Examples

See the sample at right from Abstract expressionist women painters: an annotated bibliography (Sawyer Ref ND212.5.A25 P8 1996) For more examples, search FRANCIS for the keyword phrase annotated bibliography.

Formatting Citations

When you store your citations and notes in a citation manager such as RefWorks or Endnote, it takes care of the formatting, allowing you to concentrate on research and analysis. To create an annotated bibliography using RefWorks: Export citations (from FRANCIS, Article Databases, etc.) into RefWorks. 2. Add your notes to the abstract field for each record in RefWorks. 3. Use an Annotated with Abstracts style from the RefWorks Styles manager. 4. Export the annotated bibliography to Word.
1.

You can also organize your bibliography in different ways, such as by author, title or even chronologically. This can be especially useful if you are following an artist's career or the history of research on a topic. You can import records from most of our databases in just a few clicks, and export to Word just as easily. Once you start using a citation manager, you'll wonder how you ever lived without it. For more information, see the citation guide or Ask A Librarian.

http://library.williams.edu/citing/game/

Citation Game
Pre-set Challenges

ACS Chemical Burn: 10 rounds of ACS. APA Psych Out: 10 rounds of APA. Chicago Showdown: 10 rounds of Chicago (note). Information Literacy: 11 rounds of Multiple Choice and Chicago (note). MLA Master Blaster: 10 rounds of MLA. The Everything Bagel: 20 rounds of ACS, APA, Chicago (note) and MLA.

Create Your Own

ACS Citation Styles APA Chicago (note) MLA Rounds

http://web.williams.edu/wp-etc/acad-resources/survival_guide/