Media & Culture: Mass Communication

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Richard Campbell
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 Join the revolution
The media continue to change at a breakneck speed, and Media &
Culture changes along with them, keeping pace with the latest
developments in all of the media industries.

Key media developments. Media & Culture’s coverage of a wide

range of cutting-edge topics—everything from citizen journalism
and 5G to Animal Crossing and Tiger King—makes the study of mass
communication informative and interesting. The new edition
explores and analyzes the most current issues of our time, including
the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on media use and
development; media coverage of national and global protests for
racial justice; the 2020 presidential election and its aftermath;
ongoing issues of social media privacy, fraud, and disinformation;
and much more.
A reframing to reflect the reality of our digital world. Rather than
approach the digital revolution as an ongoing realignment that we
are just beginning to understand, Media & Culture, Thirteenth
Edition, acknowledges that digital media culture is firmly
established in today’s world and takes steps to explore what this
means and why it matters. Chapters have been significantly revised
and restructured to incorporate new and updated topics, including:
 masspersonal communication, our media environment, and
the complexities of digital technology (Chapters 1 and 2)
the success of streaming across industries (Chapters 3–7)
new platforms that are being invented to do the work of
newspaper journalism in the digital era (Chapter 8)
the latest in digital marketing, including single sign-on,
predictive marketing, and the impact of influencers (Chapter
11)
the corporate takeovers and mergers that characterize today’s
media conglomerates (Chapter 13)

Centered in the “now,” with just the right balance between today
and yesterday. Each chapter begins with a new section on the latest
developments in the industry (a look at where we are now) before
examining key topics in the industry’s history and why they’re
important (a look at how we got here). Chapters connect historical
developments to current technologies and cultural touchstones
whenever possible to further illustrate the relationship between past
and present.
An engaging digital learning experience with LaunchPad.
LaunchPad for Media & Culture merges and converges print and
digital to enhance your learning experience in an all-in-one learning
platform with the e-book, assessment, study and critical thinking
tools, and more.

Gamelike LearningCurve quizzes reinforce learning of chapter

material and digital flash cards help you review key terms and
concepts.
A digital version of the new case study A Guide to Identifying
Fake News, which examines misinformation in our current
media environment, includes a survey activity you can use to
assess the credibility of a story.
A rich library of videos offers easy access to clips from movies,
TV shows, interviews, and more.
Media Literacy Activities encourage you to apply and practice
your media literacy skills.
LaunchPad’s career unit features video activities, relevant
resources, and a new edition of the Media Career Guide:
Preparing for Jobs in the 21st Century e-book, which is packed
with practical information for students considering a major in
the media industries.
Media & Culture’s critical and cultural perspective and engaging
media stories tie all of this material together, addressing the
importance of history, the digital revolution, and media literacy.
 Accessibility
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 media & culture
Mass Communication in a Digital Age
Thirteenth Edition

Richard Campbell
Miami University

Christopher R. Martin
University of Northern Iowa

Bettina Fabos
University of Northern Iowa

Ron Becker
Miami University
“WE ARE NOT ALONE.”

For my family—Reese, Chris, Caitlin, and Dianna

“YOU MAY SAY I’M A DREAMER, BUT I’M NOT THE ONLY ONE.”

For our daughters—Olivia and Sabine

“ALONE WE CAN DO LITTLE, TOGETHER WE CAN DO MUCH.”

For my husband—Marc
For Bedford/St. Martin’s

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Acknowledgments
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 About the Authors

RICHARD CAMPBELL is professor emeritus and founding chair of

the Department of Media, Journalism, and Film at Miami University,
as well as the 2019 recipient of the university’s Benjamin Harrison
Medallion for Outstanding Contribution to the Education of the
Nation. Campbell is the author of “60 Minutes” and the News: A
Mythology for Middle America (1991) and coauthor of Cracked
Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan
Legacy (1994). He has written for numerous publications, including
Columbia Journalism Review, Critical Studies in Mass Communication,
and TV Quarterly. Campbell is cocreator of Stats+Stories, a long-
running podcast sponsored by Miami University and the American
Statistical Association, and winner of the 2021 Communication
Award from the Mathematical Association of America. His other
projects include the digital Oxford Observer newspaper and Report
for Ohio, initiatives aimed at getting more young journalists real-
world experience covering underreported areas in rural and urban
communities. He is executive producer of a 2019 documentary on
the role that Oxford, Ohio, played in 1964’s Freedom Summer, titled
Training for Freedom: How Ordinary People in an Unusual Time and
Unlikely Place Made Extraordinary History. He served for ten years on
the board of directors for Cincinnati Public Radio and holds a PhD
from Northwestern University.

CHRISTOPHER R. MARTIN is a professor of digital journalism and

former department head of the Department of Communication and
Media at the University of Northern Iowa. He is author of two award-
winning books on labor and the media: No Longer Newsworthy: How
the Mainstream Media Abandoned the Working Class and Framed! Labor
and the Corporate Media, both with Cornell University Press. He has
written articles, book chapters, and reviews on journalism, televised
sports, the Internet, and labor for several publications, including
Communication Research; Journal of Communication; Journal of
Communication Inquiry; Labor Studies Journal; Culture, Sport, and
Society; NiemanReports; and Perspectives on Politics. He is also on the
editorial board of the Journal of Communication Inquiry. He is a
contributing scholar to the Center for Journalism and Liberty and a
regular contributor to Working-Class Perspectives. Martin holds a PhD
from the University of Michigan and has also taught at Miami
University.
BETTINA FABOS is a professor of visual communication and
interactive digital studies at the University of Northern Iowa. She is
the executive producer of the interactive web photo history Proud
and Torn: A Visual Memoir of Hungarian History (proudandtorn.org);
the cofounder of a public digital archive of Iowa family snapshots,
Fortepan Iowa (fortepan.us); and a champion of the Creative
Commons. Fabos has also written extensively about critical media
literacy, Internet commercialization, the role of the Internet in
education, and media representations of popular culture. Her work
has been published in Visual Communication Quarterly, Library
Trends, Review of Educational Research, and Harvard Educational
Review, and she has received numerous awards for her creative
work. Fabos has also taught at Miami University and has a PhD from
the University of Iowa.
RON BECKER is a professor of media and communication and
strategic communication at Miami University. He is the author of
Gay TV and Straight America (Rutgers University Press) and coeditor
of Saturday Night Live and American TV (Indiana University Press).
His work has also appeared in publications like The Craft of Criticism;
The Television Studies Reader; How to Watch TV; Reading the Bromance;
The Velvet Light Trap; Queer Studies in Media and Popular Culture; and
Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. Becker holds a PhD
from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Brief Contents

1 Media, Culture, and Communication: A Critical Approach

PART 1: INTERACTIVE MEDIA

2 The Internet and Digital Media
3 Digital Gaming and the Media Playground

PART 2: SOUNDS AND IMAGES

4 Sound Recording and Popular Music
5 Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting
6 Television: From Broadcasting to Streaming
7 Movies and the Power of Images

PART 3: WORDS AND PICTURES

8 Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism
9 Magazines in the Age of Specialization
10 Books and the Power of Print

PART 4: THE BUSINESS OF MASS MEDIA

11 Advertising and Commercial Culture
12 Public Relations and Framing the Message
13 Media Economics and the Global Marketplace
PART 5: DEMOCRATIC EXPRESSION AND THE MASS MEDIA
14 The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and
Democracy
15 Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research
16 Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression

CASE STUDY: A Guide to Identifying Fake News

 Preface
This is an exciting and tumultuous time in the media. Developing an
understanding of mass communication and becoming a critical
consumer and producer of the media is vitally important—especially
now, as many media institutions are being upended, as our
engagement with media seems to sort us into increasingly isolated
niches, and as the lines between fact and fiction are being
continuously blurred. Media & Culture reaches students where they
are and puts the media industries into perspective both historically
and culturally, helping students become more informed citizens
who use critical thinking and media literacy skills in a variety of
ways and via a variety of media, even as they are being bombarded
by information.

While today’s students have integrated digital media into their daily
lives (and may even be addicted to their mobile phones), they may
not understand how the media evolved to this point; how technology
converges text, audio, and visual media; and what all these
developments mean. This is why we believe that the critical and
cultural perspectives at the core of Media & Culture’s approach are
more important than ever. Media & Culture pulls back the curtain to
show students how the media really work—from the roots and
economics of each media industry to the implications of today’s
consolidated media ownership to how these industries have
changed in our digital world. By looking at the full history of media
through a critical lens, students will leave this course with a better
understanding of the complex relationship between the media and
our continually evolving culture.

These core principles remain in place in this thirteenth edition,

accompanied by a number of new developments. First and
foremost, it is with this edition that we wish a happy retirement to
founding author Richard Campbell, who with Media & Culture
reinvented what a mass media textbook could be. His beautiful
narrative storytelling is the soul of Media & Culture and helped make
it a textbook that students love to read. We also welcome Ron Becker
to the project, who brings energy, enthusiasm, and his
complementary research background. Together we are a team of
authors with a deep love and understanding of our media landscape.
Every semester we teach this book’s material in our respective
classrooms, often learning about the latest trends from our many
students. We also contribute our own specialties to Media & Culture:
Chris is an expert on journalism and media coverage of labor unions
and the working class, Bettina combines her strong background in
visual communication (video production and web development)
with an expertise in online public archiving, and Ron’s scholarship is
tied to television-film studies, cultural theory, and LGBTQ+
representation.
Together we have focused on making a number of exciting updates
to this thirteenth edition, including a reframing to reflect the reality
of our digital world. In exploring the impact of the digital revolution
in more depth than ever before, the new edition digs into the reality
of what it means to live, work, and communicate in today’s
connected world, where digital is the norm and media industries
must be digital in order to survive. By moving away from the idea
that convergence is something new and different, the thirteenth
edition focuses more intently on the role of digital media in
everyday life, including how the digital world affects us as
individuals and as a society. In Chapter 1, for example, we explore
the development of masspersonal communication, where elements of
both interpersonal and mass communication converge through our
use of mobile phones and social media; we look at the power and
ubiquity of the media environment that surrounds us every day; and
we consider the viewing practices, participation, and fragmentation
that characterize our current media culture. In Chapter 2, we
examine the complexities that emerge from three key features of
digital technology: the decentralization of information, the growth
of online communities, and the ease with which we can manipulate
digital content. In Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, we look at the rapid
growth of streaming and the myriad ways its dominance has
influenced digital games, music, radio, TV, and movies. And in
Chapter 11, we consider how the latest in digital marketing
techniques, including single sign-on and predictive marketing, are
affecting our personal data profiles.
In developing the thirteenth edition of Media & Culture, we have
focused on achieving just the right balance of concepts from today
and yesterday. While an examination of media history continues to
be a core feature of the text, as it has been since the first edition,
coverage of current topics that relate directly to students’ lives,
interests, and experiences in today’s digital world receives equal
emphasis. Each chapter begins with a new section on the latest
developments in the industry today (a look at where we are now)
before examining key topics in the industry’s history and why
they’re important (a look at how we got here). Chapter 1 also
includes a new subsection explaining why historical information is
included in the text, and chapters connect historical developments
to current technologies and modern cultural touchstones whenever
possible to better illustrate the relationship between past and
present.

Media & Culture shares stories about the history of media, the digital
revolution, and technological convergence—and the book itself
practices convergence, too. The thirteenth edition is available in
LaunchPad, Macmillan’s digital platform, which includes an
interactive e-book featuring dozens of video activities that
complement text coverage (including clips from movies like Black
Panther and Star Wars: The Last Jedi and television shows like 13
Reasons Why), our acclaimed LearningCurve adaptive quizzing, new
digital flash cards, interactive Media Literacy Activities, and a career
unit for students interested in a future in media—along with quizzes,
activities, and instructor resources.

Of course, Media & Culture retains its well-loved and teachable

organization, which supports instructors in their quest to provide
students with a clear understanding of the historical and cultural
contexts for each media industry. Our signature five-step critical
process for studying the media has struck a chord with hundreds of
instructors and thousands of students across the United States and
North America. We continue to be enthusiastic about—and humbled
by—the chance to work with the amazing community of teachers
that has developed around Media & Culture. We hope the text enables
students to become more knowledgeable media consumers and
engaged, media-literate citizens who are ready to take a critical role
in shaping our dynamic world.

The Thirteenth Edition of Media &

Culture Navigates Today’s Hyperfast
Media Landscape
Media & Culture has experienced the digital revolution, and the
thirteenth edition continues to keep pace with the technological,
economic, and social effects of today’s rapidly changing media
landscape. Since the publication of the twelfth edition, we’ve seen
more changes than ever: the significant and lasting impact of the
coronavirus pandemic on media use and development; media
coverage of national and global protests for racial justice; the 2020
presidential election and its aftermath; ongoing issues of social
media privacy, fraud, and disinformation; and so on. The thirteenth
edition of Media & Culture covers all this and more.

A Reframing to Reflect the Reality of Our

Digital World
Rather than approaching the digital revolution as an ongoing
realignment that we are just beginning to understand, Media &
Culture, Thirteenth Edition, acknowledges that digital media culture
is firmly established in today’s world and takes steps to analyze and
explore what this means and why it matters. This edition focuses
more intently on the presence and meaning of digital media in
everyday life, including how the digital world affects us all as
individuals and as a larger society.

Chapter 1 has been thoroughly revised and includes new

discussion about the development of masspersonal
communication, where elements of both interpersonal and
mass communication converge through our use of mobile
phones and social media; the power and ubiquity of the media
environment that surrounds us; and the viewing practices,
participation, and fragmentation that characterize media
culture in our digital era.
Chapter 2 has been reconceptualized to spotlight the complex
dynamics of media and communication in the digital era,
 including the complexities that emerge from three key features
of digital technology: its decentralization of the creation and
sharing of information, how it helps us build online
communities, and how it enables us to manipulate information.
In addition, a new section looks at the numerous factors linked
to companies’ and governments’ efforts to control data and
Internet access.
Additional areas of relevant discussion include a look at the
rapid growth of streaming and the myriad ways its dominance
has affected digital games, music, radio, TV, and movies today
(Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7); an exploration of what it takes for
newspapers to succeed in the digital era, including the new
platforms that are being invented to do the work of newspaper
journalism (Chapter 8); the latest in digital marketing, including
single sign-on, predictive marketing, advertising via wearables
and Internet of Things devices, and an increasing emphasis on
influencers (Chapter 11); and the corporate takeovers and
mergers that characterize today’s media conglomerates in their
pursuit of vertical integration, horizontal integration, and
synergy (Chapter 13).

Centered in the Now, with a Better

Balance between Today and Yesterday
From its first edition, Media & Culture’s approach has been to hook
students in with the media they know most, like the Internet and
digital gaming, before diving into older forms of media, like books
and newspapers. While an examination of media history continues
to be a core feature of the text, we believe that engaging students in
the now will strengthen their interest in understanding the
perspective provided by historical material and its relationship to
the present moment. The thirteenth edition achieves the ideal
balance of coverage between yesterday and today with these
features:

Spotlighting today’s most intriguing media topics. The

thirteenth edition includes more coverage of topics that relate
directly to students’ lives, interests, and experiences in today’s
digital world. Each chapter begins with a new section on the
latest developments in the industry today (a look at where we
are now) before examining key topics in the industry’s history
and why they’re important (a look at how we got here).
Associated iClicker questions about the chapter-opening
discussion engage students in the material from the outset to
get them excited about what’s to come.
Explaining history’s importance. Chapter 1 includes a new
subsection about why historical information is included in the
text, with a direct explanation of how understanding history
prompts critical thinking and provides insight into today’s
media world.
Focusing on relevance and making connections to currency.
The historical coverage has been refocused to highlight only the
most important and relevant content in each chapter, which
 keeps the discussion clear and meaningful. In addition,
chapters connect historical developments to current
technologies and modern cultural touchstones whenever
possible to further illustrate the relationship between the past
and the present.

Increased Emphasis on Representation

and Diverse Voices
This thirteenth edition further extends a key theme that has long
been emphasized in Media & Culture: the importance of
representation and the value of including diverse viewpoints,
images, and experiences in our exploration of the media. New and
expanded coverage includes a section on the politics of
representation and the impact of media portrayals (Chapter 1); an
examination of the racial biases woven into algorithms that
increasingly guide the way we live (Chapter 2); an expanded
discussion of gender and racial diversity in digital gaming (Chapter
3); a new section on the importance of gay material and the quality
audience during television’s post-network era (Chapter 6); a
discussion of how journalistic objectivity and newsroom diversity
are being reconsidered in light of the racial justice movement
(Chapters 8 and 14); new historical images spotlighting the work of a
variety of individuals who played foundational roles in media’s
development, including voice actor Jack Gibson and filmmaker
Oscar Micheaux (Chapters 5 and 7); and much more.
New and Expanded Frameworks for Media
Analysis
Accessible models in Chapter 1 prompt students to reflect on the
meaning, impact, and importance of media use—in their own lives
and in our society as a whole. New to the thirteenth edition, the
three-roles framework helps students think critically about their
roles as media producers, media consumers, and media citizens,
including how these roles intersect and compete. In addition, an
expanded discussion of the cultural model, one of the hallmarks of
the book, explores the interconnections between media texts,
industries, technologies, users, and the cultural context within
which they are embedded.

Coverage of Key Media Developments

Each chapter explores and analyzes the latest media issues,
prompting students to reflect on how recent developments affect
media and our society. These include the exponential growth of at-
home businesses like streaming and digital gaming during the
COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the resulting financial struggles of
newspapers without advertisers and theaters without moviegoers;
media coverage of the protests for racial justice around both the
country and the world; the use and abuse of social media platforms
and the proliferation of fake news (including a survey activity that
students can use to assess the credibility of news stories for
themselves); the 2020 presidential election and its aftermath;
consumer privacy and targeted online advertising; the rise of
conservative media; and an “overdue reckoning” on the norms of
journalistic objectivity in the mainstream media.

Print and Media Converge with LaunchPad

in Brand-New Ways
LaunchPad for Media & Culture merges and converges the book with
the web.

LearningCurve adaptive quizzing helps students review

important concepts from each chapter. LearningCurve includes
multiple-choice questions at different levels of difficulty, hints,
feedback, and links to e-book material for easy reference.
A variety of video activities that complement text coverage—
including clips from movies like Black Panther and Star Wars:
The Last Jedi and television shows like 13 Reasons Why—gets
students thinking critically about media texts.
A digital version of the text’s new case study on fake news
examines the history, definition, and typology of
misinformation in our current media environment. Carefully
crafted to spotlight useful source standards without getting into
partisan arguments, the guide incorporates the critical process
and includes a survey activity that students can use to assess the
credibility of a story for themselves.
A career unit, which includes the newly updated Media Career
Guide: Preparing for Jobs in the 21st Century, helps students on
 the path toward exploring and realizing their future career
goals.
In addition, LaunchPad offers a wealth of engagement and
study tools—including iClicker questions that hook students
into each chapter, new digital flash cards that students can use
to review key terms and concepts, chapter quizzes, media
literacy activities, and other assessments, along with the e-book
—and, for instructors, a complete set of supplements to support
teaching, whether that is in person, online, or via a hybrid
approach.

For more ideas on how using LaunchPad can enhance your course,
see the Instructor’s Resource Manual. For a list of available video
clips and access information, see the last book page and the inside
back cover or visit launchpadworks.com.

Hallmark Features: Media & Culture

Provides a Critical, Cultural,
Comprehensive, and Compelling
Introduction to the Mass Media
A critical approach to media literacy. Media & Culture
introduces students to five stages of the critical-thinking and
writing process—description, analysis, interpretation,
evaluation, and engagement. The text uses these stages as a lens
for examining the historical context and current processes that
shape mass media as part of our culture. This framework
informs the writing throughout, including the Media Literacy
and the Critical Process feature in every chapter. Online
interactive Media Literacy Activities give students even more
practice in developing their media literacy and critical-thinking
skills.
A cultural perspective. The text focuses on the vital
relationship between the mass media and our shared culture—
how cultural trends influence the mass media, and how specific
historical developments, technical innovations, and key
decision makers in the history of the media have affected the
ways our democracy and society have evolved.
Comprehensive coverage. The text supports the instructor in
providing students with the nuts-and-bolts content they need to
understand each media industry’s history, organizational
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Return of Officers of the Eighty-Eighth, or Connaught
Rangers,
who died of Wounds, Fatigue, &c., from 1807 to 1814.

Rank and Name. Place and Date of Decease.

Major Vandeleur Died at Campo Mayor in 1809.

Captain Brown ” Pinhel in 1810.
Lieut. Shaw }
” sea when returning from South America in 1807.
” Lawson }
” Smith ” Salamanca in 1812.
” Rutledge ” Lesan in 1813.
Ensign Jackson ” sea, proceeding to South America, in 1807.
” Hall ” Madeira in 1808.
” Fawcett ” near Salamanca in 1812.
Asst.-Surgeon
” at Lisbon in 1811.
Cunningham
Paymaster Rogers ” Belem in 1812.
After lingering upwards of two years, died in consequence of a
Captain Adair severe wound
received at Salamanca.
Lieut. Stewart Died immediately after his return from South America.
Ensign M‘Gregor ” at Portsmouth, after landing from Cadiz.
” Hacket ” Berry-head soon after his return from Portugal.
—Killed, 28 —Died Abroad, 11 —Died in England, 4. —Total,
ABSTRACT.
43.
Return of the Officers who, in consideration of their gallant
services and meritorious conduct in engagements with the
Enemy, have been distinguished with Titles, Medals, or other
marks of His Majesty’s gracious favour.

The nature of the

gallant services or The Titles, Medals, or other marks
Rank and Names. meritorious of His Majesty’s gracious favour.
conduct of the Officers.

Lt.-Col. Beresford
” Duff
Major Houghton
Captain Vandeleur
” Silver
” Beresford
” Trotter
” M‘Gregor
Lieut. Blake For their services in
” Murphy the Indian army
” Browne which crossed the A Medal from the Grand Seignor.
” Canilac Desert to Egypt in
” Oates 1801.
” Atkinson
” Irwin
” Adair
” M‘Dougall
Ensign Rogers
Adjt. Thompson
Surgeon M‘Gregor
Asst.-Surg. Taunry
For his distinguished
A Cross and Seven Clasps, and
conduct at Corunna,
appointed G.C.B, K.G., Cross of
Busaco, Albuera,
Lieut.-Gen. the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic
Badajoz,
Viscount Order, Grand Cross, Tower &
Salamanca, Vittoria,
Beresford Sword, St. Ferdinand, and of
Pyrenees, Nivelle,
Merit, and of St. Hernunegeld
Nive, Orthes, and
and St. Fernando.
Toulouse.
Lt.-Gn. J. A. In command of the A Medal and two Clasps, and
Wallace regiment at the appointed C.B.
actions of Busaco,
Fuentes d’Onor, and
Salamanca.
In command of the
regiment at the
Lieut.-Gen. Sir A Medal and two Clasps, and
actions of Nivelle,
John Taylor appointed C.B.
Orthes, and
Toulouse.
In command of the
advance of the light
Col. James
division at Badajoz, A Medal.
Fergusson
when Captain in the
43rd regiment.
For services as a
Subaltern in the
13th regiment with A Medal from the Grand Seignor.
the army in Egypt in
Col. Geo. 1801.
O’Malley For commanding
Second Battalion
44th regiment in the A Medal, and appointed C.B.
battle of Waterloo in
1815.
Lt.-Col. Rt. In command of the
A Medal and one Clasp, and
Barclay regiment at Vittoria
appointed C.B. and K.H.
Macpherson and Orthes.
In command of the
A Medal and one Clasp, and
Major W. C. Seton regiment at Badajoz
appointed C.B.
and Salamanca
Assistant-Adjutant-
General with the
Lt.-Col. C. Tryon A Medal.
army in the
Pyrenees.
For his distinguished
services at Buenos Received the Brevet rank of Major
Major B. Murphy
Ayres in 1807, on in the army.
the staff of the army.
” G. H. For his conduct in the Ditto.
Dansey action at Busaco,
 27th Sept., 1810.
In command of the
light battalion of the The Brevet rank of Major, a Medal,
” R. N. Nickle
third division at and appointed K.H.
Nivelle.
For his distinguished
” John services at Fuentes Received the Brevet rank of Major
Stewart d’Onor, on the 3rd in the Army.
and 5th May, 1811.
Received the Brevet rank of Major
For services in the in the army, and appointed to the
” Oates
Field. third class of the Royal
Hanoverian Order.
For services in the Appointed to the third class of the
” Mackie
Field. Royal Hanoverian Order.
As Lieutenant in the
Lt. & Adj. D.
71st Light Infantry at A Medal.
Souter
Waterloo.
As Paymaster in the
Paym. P. V. Second Battalion
A Medal.
Robinson 69th regiment at
Waterloo.
Return of the Non-Commissioned Officers, Drummers, and
Privates of the Eighty-Eighth Regiment, or Connaught
Rangers, who received Medals under the sanction of His Royal
Highness the Duke of York, per Adjutant-General’s Letter, dated
the 20th day of June, 1818, for their Services during the
Peninsular War from the year 1809 to the year 1814.

FIRST CLASS.—For Twelve General Actions.

Rank and
Rank and Names. Rank and Names. Rank and Names.
Names.

Serjeants. Corporals. Privates. Privates.

1 James Birds John Phair Fras. Connolly Wm. Milton
Law.
Pat. Brazell 6 Pat. Curren Alex. Mancur
Redmond
James
10 Pat. Doras Pat. Muldoon
Bowmer
Jas.
Pat. Carmody Drummers. Bryan Farrell 30
O’Flanagan
Wm.
5 Pat. Cawly 1 Jas. Baxter Edwd. Freill
Oldershaw
Alex Coleman Mat. Durinan Bern. Faris Pat. Philbin
Martin Conway Pat. Fox Thos. Heffron Hugh Rogers
Benj. Corbett Pat. Leonard 15 Alex. Hogg Owen Reilly
Jas.
Edw. Irwin Thos. Hodges 35 Thos. Shea
Mackenzie
10 John Husband 6 Fras. White Henry Joyce Wm. Salisbury
Mich. O’Neill Timy. Kelly Geo. Taplin
Sj-M Spellacy Privates. Edwd. King Patt. Tumond
Barth.
13 1 Law. Barclay 20 Dan. Leonard Wm. Walker
Flanagan
Darby Burns Law. Leonard 40 John Webb
Bryan
Corporals. Chas. Boyle Dan. Logan
M‘Cullen
Sam. Patrick
1 Pat. Boyle Patt. Brennan
Langsdale Hopkins
Pat. Cooney 5 Wm. Bowles John Lloyd Mich. Bradley
Wm. Lyons Wm. Brearton 25 Pat. John Mears
 M‘Laughlin
John Nutsford Rob. Cahill[9] Luke M‘Gann 45 John Croucher
 SECOND CLASS.—From Seven to Eleven General Actions.

Rank and Names. Rank and Names. Rank and Names. Rank and Names.

Serjeants. Privates. Privates. Privates.

1 Irwin Beatty Rich. Bryan John Farragher 90 Rob. M‘Grath
John
B. Dumphy 15 Peter Burke Maur.Fitzgerald
M‘Manus
Owen
Rd. Gardner Rob. Craige Mich. Finen
M‘Gown
Thos.
Sam. Kennedy Miche Campbell 55 Thos. M‘Cann
Flanagan
5 John M‘Manus Js. Cavanagh(1) John Fallon Wm. Maclean
John
Moses Martin Dan. Crowly 95 Wm. Mawn
Fitzpatrick
7 Thos. Moore. 20 Peter Caffray Pat. Farrill Law. Mahon
John Carroll Jas. Gaven Patt. Morgan
Corporals. Js. Cavanagh(2) 60 Martin Gillan John Meolieu
1 Jas. Brazell Patt. Corcoran Bern. Gray Philex Murphy
Jn.Cunningham Jas. Carter Jas. Gaffney 100 Mich. Maxwell
Andw. Dykes 25 Peter Connors John Glancey Owen Mulvey
Mich. Flynn Mich. Connors John Grady Pat. Newell
5 Thos.Hennesey John Coyne 65 Pat. Hearns Mich. O’Brien
Andrew John
Wm. Irwine Martin Chasty
Holmes O’Connor
Th.
Thos. Smith Rt.Chandlehouse John Higgins 105
O’Laughlin
Wm.
John Yates 30 Mich. Conroy Hen. Hailey
Rochford
9 John Hannah. John Cahill Pat. House Patt. Reilly
Jas. Craddock 70 Mich. Hussy Hugh Rourke
Dudley
Drummers. Mich. Dawson Pat. Horn
Scanlon
John
Jacob Cooe Thos. Dailey Mich. Hearne 110
Shannon
Isaac Cooe 35 Hugh Daly Pat. Kearns John Scaunell
3 Jas. Gough. Patt. Dignan John Kilmartin John Stewart
Alex.
Jos. Dwyer 75 John Kelly
Shannon
 Privates. John Darcy Tim. Kelly Mich.
Suckling
Jas. Anderson Pat. Darcy Jas. Kerso 115 Phil. Sullivan
Ths.
Wm. Anderson 40 John Davis Wm. Karsons
Sweeny(1)
Jon.
Denis Barry Mich. Devine John Killerlane
Thompson
John Burke Jas. Devine 80 John Kurrijan James Treacy
5 Andrew Burns Miles Durcan Owen Kilroy Daniel Tighe
Wm. Barlow John Dougherty Owen Lynch 120 Thos. Wilson
Mich.
Robt. Barry 45 Geo. Dowlan Peter M‘Coy
Walsh(1)
Henry Denis
Jas. Brien John Dundon
M‘Manus Wardock
Pat. Boyle John Donovan 85 Hugh M‘Guire Robt. Will
10 Rob. Beatty George Eyres Ed. M‘Cormick Alex. Williams
Thos. Byrne John Farrell(1) Thos. M‘Kenna 125 Thos.Wiltshire
Hen. Bell 50 John Farrell(2) Hugh M‘Mahon 126 Francis Walsh
Pat. Belton John Farrell(3) Philip M‘Carty
 THIRD CLASS.—From One to Six General Actions..

Rank and Names. Rank and Names. Rank and Names. Rank and Names.

Serjeants. Privates. Privates. Privates.

James
1 Sj-M B. O’Neill 1 John Cox John Hughes
Anker
Andrew
Qm-S W. Smith 40 Pat. Crowley Mich. Harris
Arrago
Antony
M. Babington Wm. Archer Tim. Hand
Dailey
John Jas.
John Gillis 80 Edw. Howell
Boyland Doughert
5 John Ingham 5 Hen. Burke Pat. Dalton And. Hill
Thos. Dav.
John Little Thos. Hill
Burnett Dunwoody
Edw. David
Edw. M‘Nulty 45 Thos. Higgins
Brennan Dunnon
Thomas
Thos. Mullen Thos. Burns Mich. Doyle
Holmes
Thomas David
Peter Moran Pat. Devine 85
Bowles Hennessy
Fergus
10 Thos. Mills 10 Hugh Brady Mau. Hunt
Devine
Thomas Pat.
Pat. Minaghan Wm. Daniels
Beckitt Hennessy
John
John Nicholson Andw. Brady 50 Dan. Dowde
Hennessy
Jos. Jas. Mau.
John O’Brien
Brennan Donovan Hennessy
Geo. Phair Wm. Burke Mich. Dunn 90 Denis Hartt
Ridmd.
Thos. Power 15 Wm. Dalton Rich. Jones
Barry
Pat. Prior Mich. Brien Pat. Dailey Rob. Irwine
Pat. Steph.
55 Pat. Duffin Wm. Kearney
Shaughnessy Burgoy
John Jas.
Jas. Smith James Kelly
Brennan Dunleavy
19 Charles Lewis. John Wm. Elliott 95 Henry Kerr
 Connolly
James
20 John Carlton Thos. Flynne
Kilfoyle
Pat. Clarke Jas. Flynne Bart. Kilbride
Thos.
Corporals. 60 Mich. Fahey James Knight
Corrigan
Thomas
1 James Costello Mich. Carty Henry Knight
Faris
Philip
John Feeney Hen. Clarke James Fox 100
Lanagan
John Christ.
Pat. Hearne 25 Hugh Fay
Compton Loughry
Thos. Luke
Peter Higgins Tun. Lanagan
Castilloe Flanaghan
Pat.
5 Ter. Kelly 65 Pat. Farilly Christ. Lee
Croughan
Steph.
Jas. Kelly Rd. Foley John Leeson
Cuddy
Bern. Pat. Sl.
Jas. Reynolds 105
Cumerford Fitzgerald Lewismoore
Pat. Barth. Mich.
30 Lau. Lane
Shaughnessy Cullen Fitzgibbon
James
Wm. Tupper Pat. Glancy Thos. Little
Chambers
Bernard
10 Wm. Waters. 70 Corn. Grogan John Lyster
Cuffe
Pat.
Peter Garrick Wm. Lewis
Connors
Pat. Wm.
Dan. Crowly 110
Gallagher Loughead
Thos.
Drummers. 35 Thos. Grady W. M‘Chestny
Connell
Martin Chs.
Jas. Arkwell Wm. Gordon
Connolly M‘Dermott
Farrell Hugh
Alex. Douglas 75 And. Gorman
Cunniffe M‘Mahon
3 Jas. Ogilvie Pat. Conway Wm. Hannah M. M‘Laughlin

Denis Wm.
115 Thos. M‘Cue Francis Sims
Murphy Pendleton
Alex. M‘Kerker Hugh Moore Edw. Quinn 170 John Smith
Mich. M‘Nama 135 Lau. James Quinn John Tobin
 Mahony
Thos.
Ow. M‘Dermott Wm. Moffet Mich. Travers
Rafferty
John Jn.
John M‘Ilgun 155 Wm. Travers
Murphy Richardson
Edw. John
120 Jas. M‘Gowan Benj. Mann
Rattigan Thomond
Pat. John
John M‘Cullen 175 Nich. White
Matthews Robinson
Bern. Bern.
Jas. M‘Dermott 140 Patt. Wynne
Newman Rooney
John
Thos. M‘Cale Jas. Neale Peter Ward
Reilly(1)
Wm.
Jas. M‘Intosh 160 Edw. Ring Peter Wynne
Neyland
125 Sam. M‘Connell Mich. Newell Thos. Ross James Waller
Dav.
Pat. M‘Conville Thos. Regan 180 Denis Woods
Needham
Edw. John
Pat. M‘Murren 145 Owen White
O’Brien Reardon
Patt.
Thos. M‘Grath John Powell Thos. Ward
Sheridan
Jere. M‘Carthy Wm. Phibbs 165 Mich. Swift Mich. Walsh
130 Thos. M‘Keal Jas. Price Hugh Saint Edw. Walsh
H. Mulholland Mich. Pettit John Shaw 185 John Young
Denis
George Mullen 150 Mich. Price
Sweeny

Serjts. Corp. Drs. Priv.

No. of First Class 13 6 6 45
” Second Class 7 9 3 126
” Third Class 19 10 3 185
— — — ——
Total number of
39 25 12 356
Medals
 FOOTNOTES:
[1] Consisting of the first battalions of the Fifth, Thirty-Sixth, Forty-
Fifth, and Eighty-Eighth Foot; five companies of the Rifle Corps,
two squadrons of the Sixth Dragoon Guards, and two companies
of artillery.
[2] It may not be improper, in this place, to notice and correct an
erroneous report which became prevalent in England, that the
troops engaged in the assault of Buenos Ayres were ordered, not
only to advance unloaded, but actually to take the flints out of
their muskets. The fact is, that two companies of the Eighty-
Eighth only were thus deprived of every means of offence or
defence except their bayonets; they had been on a piquet the
night before at “White’s House,” and, consequently, joined their
corps in the morning with loaded arms; the order to draw their
charges occasioning some delay, General Gower, who was
present, became impatient, and directed those who had not
drawn to take their flints out. The consequence was, that several
of these men were killed in the streets while in the act of screwing
in new flints.
[3] General Reid was head of an ancient Scotch family, and
served as a Lieutenant in Loudon’s Highlanders in 1745. In 1759
he was appointed Major of the Forty-Second, in which regiment
he continued until 1771. In 1780 he was appointed Colonel of the
Ninety-Fifth Foot, a newly-raised regiment, and continued to
command it until it was disbanded in 1783. In 1794, as stated in
the text, he became Colonel of the Connaught Rangers. His
commissions as a General Officer were, Major-General 19th
October, 1781; Lieutenant-General 12th October, 1793; and
General 1st January, 1798.
[4] Colonel Napier.
[5] Ibid.
[6] 17th October.—He was succeeded by Captain Robert B.
M‘Gregor.
[7] The French army had recently been reinforced by their
victorious troops from Germany.
[8] Lieutenant-General Sir John A. Wallace, Bart., and K.C.B.
[9] Robert Cahill was transferred as Serjeant to the Thirty-First
regiment, for the purpose of being Pay-Serjeant to Captain Bray,
who exchanged from the Eighty-Eighth, with Captain Hutton.
Cahill was on board the Kent East Indiaman, when she took fire in
the Bay of Biscay, and from the account given by Captain Bray,
his conduct and extraordinary exertions on that trying occasion
were most exemplary and conspicuous. Having lost his Medal
(which was of the First Class) and all his necessaries, the Non-
Commissioned Officers and Privates of the Light Company (in
which Company Cahill served during the whole of the Peninsular
war) made a subscription amongst them of Five Pounds to
purchase him a kit, which sum was sent to him by Lieutenant and
Adjutant Souter, who at the same time made him the present of a
Medal, which he forwarded through the Horse Guards.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after
careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of
external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added, when a
predominant preference was found in the original book.
Some wide tables in the Appendix have had { and } bracketing removed, and a
horizontal separator inserted instead.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL
RECORD OF THE EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT OF FOOT, OR
CONNAUGHT RANGERS ***

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