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Canada–United States border - Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Canada–United_States_border
Canada–United States border
The is the longest international border in the world.[a] The

boundary (including boundaries in the Great Lakes, Atlantic, and Pacific coasts) is 8,891 km
(5,525 mi) long. The land border has two sections: Canada's border with the contiguous United
States to its south, and with the U.S. state of Alaska to its west. The bi-national International
Boundary Commission deals with matters relating to marking and maintaining the boundary, and
the International Joint Commission deals with issues concerning boundary waters. The agencies
responsible for facilitating legal passage through the international boundary are the Canada
Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
History
The 45th parallel (marked in

red) was established as a
border between the Province
of Quebec and the United
States in the Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the
United States. In the second article of the Treaty, the parties agreed on all boundaries of the
United States, including, but not limited to, the boundary to the north along what was then British
North America. The agreed-upon boundary included the line from the northwest angle of Nova
Scotia to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River and proceeded down along the
middle of the river to the 45th parallel of north latitude.
The parallel had been established in the 1760s as the boundary between the provinces of Quebec
and New York (including what would later become the State of Vermont). It was surveyed and
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Canada–United States border - Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada–United_States_border
marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine

from 1771 to 1773.[1]
The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes

became the boundary further west, between
the United States and what is now Ontario.
Northwest of Lake Superior, the boundary
followed rivers to the Lake of the Woods. From
the northwesternmost point of the Lake of the
Woods, the boundary was agreed to go
straight west until it met the Mississippi River.
In fact, that line never meets the river since the The Peace Arch at the border between Surrey,
river's source is farther south. British Columbia, and Blaine, Washington
Canada
The Jay Treaty of 1794 (effective 1796)
United States
created the International Boundary
Commission, which was charged with 8,891 km (5,525 mi)
surveying and mapping the boundary. It also
provided for the removal of British forces from
Detroit, as well as other frontier outposts on September 3, 1783
the U.S. side. The Jay Treaty was superseded Signing of the Treaty
of Paris at the end of
by the Treaty of Ghent (effective 1815)
the American War of
concluding the War of 1812, which included
Independence
pre-war boundaries.
April 11, 1908
Treaty of 1908
Treaty of Paris
Jay Treaty
Treaty of 1818
Webster–Ashburton
Treaty
Oregon Treaty
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[V T E]
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent in

1814, which ended the War of 1812
and returned the border to its pre-war
state. Subsequent treaties agreed
upon saw the border demilitarized,
and most boundary disputes
resolved.
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Arctic Ocean
Beaufort Sea
Continental Divide Arctic Basin
Pacific Basin
Porcupine River
Arctic Circle
Yukon River
Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek
Alcan–Beaver Creek
Yukon
British Columbia
Dalton Cache–Pleasant Camp
Skagway–Fraser
White Pass and Yukon Route
Hyder–Stewart
Ketchikan (AMH)
Portland Canal
Alaska Marine Highway
Dixon Entrance
Alaska, United States
British Columbia, Canada
Prince Rupert (AMH)
British Columbia, Canada
Washington, United States
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Port Angeles–Victoria Ferry
Puget Sound
Seattle–Victoria Ferry
Haro Strait
Friday Harbor–Sidney Ferry
Anacortes–Sidney Ferry
Boundary Pass
Bellingham (AMH)
Strait of Georgia
Point Roberts–Boundary Bay
Boundary Bay
Amtrak
Peace Arch Border Crossing
Pacific Highway Border Crossing
Lynden–Aldergrove
Sumas–Huntingdon
Nighthawk–Chopaka
Ross Lake
Silver Skagit Road
Pacific Crest Trail
Pasayten River
Oroville–Osoyoos
Osoyoos Lake
Ferry–Midway
Danville–Carson
Laurier–Cascade
Frontier–Paterson
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Columbia River
Boundary–Waneta
Pend Oreille River
Metaline Falls–Nelway
Washington
Idaho
Kootenay River
Porthill-Rykerts
Eastport–Kingsgate
Idaho
Montana
Lake Koocanusa
Eureka–Roosville
North Fork Flathead River
Continental Divide Pacific Basin | British Columbia
Hudson Bay Basin | Alberta
Continental Divide Trail
Waterton Lake
Chief Mountain Border Crossing
Piegan–Carway
St. Mary River
Laurentian Divide Hudson Bay Basin
Gulf of Mexico Basin
Del Bonita Border Crossing
Milk River
Sweetgrass–Coutts
Whitlash–Aden
Milk River
Wild Horse Border Crossing
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Willow Creek Border Crossing
Turner–Climax
Morgan–Monchy
Opheim–West Poplar River
Scobey–Coronach
Raymond–Regway
Montana
North Dakota
Fortuna–Oungre
Laurentian Divide Gulf of Mexico Basin
Hudson Bay Basin
Ambrose–Torquay
Noonan–Estevan Highway
Portal–North Portal
Northgate Border Crossing
Souris River
Sherwood–Carievale
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Antler–Lyleton
Westhope–Coulter
Souris River
Carbury–Goodlands
Dunseith–Boissevain
St. John–Lena
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Hansboro–Cartwright
Sarles–Crystal City
Hannah–Snowflake
Maida–Windygates
Walhalla–Winkler
Neche–Gretna
Pembina–Emerson
Red River of the North North Dakota
Minnesota
Lancaster–Tolstoi
Pinecreek–Piney
Roseau–South Junction
Warroad–Sprague
Lake of the Woods
Northwest Angle
Manitoba
Ontario
Rainy River
Baudette–Rainy River
International Falls–Fort Frances
Rainy Lake
Kettle Falls Dam
Namakan Lake
Sand Point Lake
Little Vermillion Lake
Loon River
Loon Lake
Lac La Croix
Bottle River
Bottle Lake
Iron Lake
Crooked Lake
Basswood River
Basswood Lake
Sucker Lake
Birch Lake
Carp Lake
Knife River
Knife Lake
Ottertrack Lake
Monument Portage
Swamp Lake
Saganaga Lake
Maraboeuf Lake
Gneiss Lake
Granite River
Clove Lake
Pine River
Magnetic Lake
Gunflint Lake
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Little Gunflint Lake

Little North Lake
North Lake
Height of Land Portage Hudson Bay Basin
over the Laurentian Divide St. Lawrence Basin
South Lake
Rat Lake
Rose Lake
Arrow River
Rove Lake
Watap Lake
Watap Portage
Mountain Lake
Pigeon River
Moose Lake
Fowl Lake
Pigeon River
Grand Portage–Pigeon River
Lake Superior
Minnesota
Michigan
St. Marys River
Sault Sainte Marie Border Crossing
Soo Locks
Lake Huron
St. Clair River
Port Huron–Sarnia
Walpole–Algonac Ferry
Lake St. Clair
Detroit River
Detroit–Windsor tunnel
Ambassador Bridge
Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry
Lake Erie
Michigan
Ohio
Sandusky–Pelee Ferry
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
New York
Niagara River
Peace Bridge
Horseshoe Falls (Niagara Falls)
Rainbow Bridge
Whirlpool Rapids Bridge
Lewiston–Queenston Bridge
Lake Ontario
Cape Vincent–Wolfe Island Ferry
St. Lawrence River

Thousand Islands Border Crossing
Ogdensburg–Prescott
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Three Nations Crossing

Ontario
Quebec
Fort Covington–Dundee
Trout River Border Crossing
Chateaugay–Herdman
Churubusco–Franklin Centre
Cannon Corners–Covey Hill
Mooers–Hemmingford
Champlain–St. Bernard de Lacolle
Overton Corners–Lacolle 221
Rouses Point–Lacolle 223

Lake Champlain New York
Vermont
Alburgh–Noyan
Alburg Springs–Clarenceville
Missisquoi Bay
Highgate Springs–
St. Armand/Philipsburg
Morses Line Border Crossing
West Berkshire–Frelighsburg
Pinnacle Road–East Pinnacle
Richford–Abercorn
East Richford–Glen Sutton
North Troy–Highwater
Lake Memphremagog
Beebe Plain–Beebe
Derby Line–Stanstead
Derby Line–Rock Island
Norton–Stanhope
St. Lawrence River Divide St. Lawrence Basin
Atlantic Basin
Canaan–Hereford Road
Beecher Falls–East Hereford
Halls Stream
Vermont
New Hampshire
Pittsburg–Chartierville
New Hampshire
Maine
Coburn Gore–Woburn
Armstrong–Jackman
St. Zacharie Border Crossing
Little Saint John Lake
Southwest Branch Saint John River
St. Aurelie Maine–St. Aurelie
Saint Just de Bretenières–

St. Juste Maine
Saint Pamphile Border Crossing
Estcourt Station–Pohénégamook
Saint Francis River
Quebec
New Brunswick
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Saint John River

Fort Kent–Clair
Madawaska–Edmundston
Van Buren–St. Leonard
Hamlin–Grand Falls
Limestone - Gillespie Portage
Four Falls Border Crossing
Aroostook River
Fort Fairfield–Andover
Easton–River de Chute
Bridgewater–Centreville
Monticello–Bloomfield
Houlton–Woodstock
Monument Brook
North Lake
North Lake Thoroughfare
Grand Lake
Orient–Fosterville
Forest City Stream
Forest City Border Crossing
Mud Lake
Mud Lake Stream
Spednic Lake
St. Croix River
Vanceboro–St. Croix
Grand Falls Dam
Woodland Dam
International Avenue Border Crossing
Calais–Milltown
Ferry Point Border Crossing
Passamaquoddy Bay
Western Passage
Eastport–Deer Island Ferry
Lubec Narrows
Lubec–Campobello
Grand Manan Channel

Bay of Fundy
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Bar Harbor–Yarmouth Ferry
Gulf of Maine
Atlantic Ocean
Signed in December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, returning the boundaries
of British North America and the United States to the state they were prior to the war. In the
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following decades, the United States and the United Kingdom concluded several treaties that
settled the major boundary disputes between the two, enabling the border to be demilitarized.
The Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817 provided a plan for demilitarizing the two combatant sides in the
War of 1812 and also laid out preliminary principles for drawing a border between British North
America and the United States.
The Treaty of 1818 saw expansion of both British North America and the United States, where
the boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of
the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of that
line up to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land. The treaty also extinguished U.S.
claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the
Louisiana Purchase. This amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the
drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the
Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan). Along the 49th parallel, the
border vista is theoretically straight, but in practice follows the 19th-century surveyed border
markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots.[2]
Disputed territory between

British North America and
Maine marked in pink. The
dispute was settled in the
Webster–Ashburton Treaty in
1842. The green line on the
map marks the final border.
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Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required
additional negotiations, which resulted in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The treaty
resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and
the Province of Canada. The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and
New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream
dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain.
The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from the U.S. states of Vermont and New
York had first been surveyed from 1771 to 1773 after it had been declared the boundary between
New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec. It was surveyed again after the
War of 1812. The U.S. federal government began to construct fortifications just south of the
border at Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain. After a significant portion of the
construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel
was three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) south of the surveyed line. The fort, which became known
as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada, which created a dilemma for the U.S. that was not resolved
until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed. The border
along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the
Northwest Angle was also redefined.[3][4]
Map of the disputed Oregon

Country, with the American
and British claims marked.
The dispute was settled in
the Oregon Treaty, placing
the boundary along the 49th
parallel, excluding Vancouver
Island.
An 1844 boundary dispute during the Presidency of James K. Polk led to a call for the northern
boundary of the U.S. west of the Rockies to be 54°40′N related to the southern boundary of
Russia's Alaska Territory. However, Great Britain wanted a border that followed the Columbia
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River to the Pacific Ocean. The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which
established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies.[5][6]
The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861) laid out the land boundary. However, the water
boundary was not settled for some time. After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872
established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands.
The International Boundary Survey (or, the "Northern Boundary Survey" in the U.S.) began in 1872.
[7] Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818. Archibald Campbell
led the way for the United States, while Donald Cameron, supported by chief astronomer Samuel
Anderson, headed the British team. This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the
Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.[8]
An International Boundary
Commission reference
monument at the Pigeon
River
In 1903, following a dispute that arose because of the Klondike Gold Rush, a joint United
Kingdom–Canada–U.S. tribunal established the boundary of southeast Alaska.[9]
On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty
of 1908 "concerning the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from
the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean", to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and
the U.S. through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying
techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border.[10][11] In 1925, the International
Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent for maintaining the survey and
mapping of the border; maintaining boundary monuments and buoys; and keeping the border
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clear of brush and vegetation for 6 m (20 ft). This "border vista" extends for 3 m (9.8 ft) on each
side of the line.[12]
In 1909, under the Boundary Waters Treaty, the International Joint Commission was established
for Canada and the U.S. to investigate and approve projects that affect the waters and waterways
along the border.
As a result of the 2001 September 11 attacks, the Canada–U.S. border was shut without any
warning, and no goods or people were allowed to cross. In the wake of the impromptu border
closure, procedures were jointly developed to ensure that commercial traffic could cross the
border even if people were restricted from crossing. These procedures were later used for a
border closure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[13]
The Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek

Border Crossing at the Alaska–Yukon
border closed as a result of the
COVID-19 pandemic.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the United States, the governments of
Canada and the United States agreed to close the border to "non-essential" travel on March 21,
2020, for an initial period of 30 days.[14] The closure was extended 15 times; but in mid-June
2021 the Canadian government announced it will ease some entry requirements for fully
vaccinated Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals starting on July 5,
2021.[15][16][17][18][19][20] The closure finally expired July 21, 2021. In mid-July, the Canadian
government announced that fully vaccinated American citizens and permanent residents can
visit Canada starting August 9, 2021. The American government reopened its land border to fully
vaccinated Canadian citizens effective November 8, 2021. Provided that COVID cases remain
stable and/or decline, fully vaccinated international visitors can enter Canada starting September
7.[21] The 2020–21 closure was reportedly the first long-term blanket closure of the border since
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the War of 1812.[22]
Essential travel, as defined by Canadian and U.S. regulations, includes travel for employment or
education purposes.[23] "Non-essential" travel to Canada, includes travel "for an optional or
discretionary purpose, such as tourism, recreation or entertainment."[24] The U.S. Department of
Homeland Security issued defined non-essential travel to include "tourism purposes (e.g.,
sightseeing, recreation, gambling, or attending cultural events)" and gave an extensive, non-
exhaustive definition of what sorts of travel qualify as essential.[25]
Business advocacy groups, noting the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides
of the border, called for more nuanced restrictions in place of the blanket ban on non-essential
travel.[26] The Northern Border Caucus, a group in the U.S. Congress composed of members from
border communities, made similar suggestions to the governments of both countries.[27] Beyond
the closure itself, US President Donald Trump also initially suggested the idea of deploying
United States military personnel near the border with Canada in connection with the pandemic.
He later abandoned the idea following vocal opposition from Canadian officials.[28][29]
Security
The International Boundary is commonly referred to as the world's "longest undefended border",
though this is true only in the military sense, as civilian law enforcement is present. It is illegal to
cross the border outside border controls, as anyone crossing the border must be checked per
immigration[30][31] and customs laws.[32][33] The relatively low level of security measures stands in
contrast to that of the United States–Mexico border (which is one-third the length of the
Canada–U.S. border), which is actively patrolled by U.S. Customs and Border Protection
personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking.
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U.S. counties (or county equivalents)

sharing a land or water border with
Canada
Land border
Water border only
Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas,
but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint
Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific,
and Arctic oceans. The border also runs through the middle of the Akwesasne Nation and even
divides some buildings found in communities in New England and Quebec.
The US Customs and Border Protection identifies the chief issues along the border as domestic
and international terrorism; drug smuggling and smuggling of products (such as tobacco) to
evade customs duties; and illegal immigration.[34] A June 2019 U.S. Government Accountability
Office report identified specific staffing and resource shortfalls faced by the CBP on the Northern
border that adversely affect enforcement actions; the U.S. Border Patrol "identified an insufficient
number of agents that limited patrol missions along the northern border" while CBP Air and
Marine Operations "identified an insufficient number of agents along the northern border, which
limited the number and frequency of air and maritime missions."[34]
There are eight U.S. Border Patrol sectors based on the Canada–U.S. border, each covering a
designated "area of responsibility"; the sectors are (from west to east) based in Blaine,
Washington; Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Grand Forks, North Dakota; Detroit,
Michigan; Buffalo, New York; Swanton, Vermont; and Houlton, Maine.[34]
Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, security along the border was
dramatically tightened by the two countries in both populated and rural areas. Both nations are
also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing.
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In December 2010, Canada and the United States were negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond
the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the
U.S. more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more
information would be shared by Canada with the U.S.[35]
Canadian border crossing sign with

lights to alert those crossing to report
to customs remotely. Remote
customs exists in areas where staffed
border crossings are unavailable.
Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within
the 6-metre-wide (20 ft) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary
Commission. They are required to report such construction to their respective governments.
All persons crossing the border are required to report to the customs agency of the country they
have entered. Where necessary, fences or vehicle blockades are used. In remote areas, where
staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads, trails, railways, and
wooded areas, which are located near crossing points.[36] There is no border zone;[37] the U.S.
Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into
U.S. territory.[38][39]
In August 2020, the United States constructed 3.8 km (2.4 mi) of short cable fencing along the
border between Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Whatcom County, Washington.[40]
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Canada Border Services Agency and

U.S. Customs and Border Protection
agents reviewing identification. Valid
identification is required for crossing
the border.
Prior to 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate
and driver's license/government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada–United
States border.[41]
However, in late 2006, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the final rule
of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), which pertained to new identification
requirements for travelers entering the United States. This rule, which marked the first phase of
the initiative, was implemented on January 23, 2007, specifying six forms of identification
acceptable for crossing the U.S. border (depending on mode):[42][43]
• a valid passport—required in order to enter by air;
• a United States passport card;
• an enhanced driver's license—issued by the U.S. States of Michigan, Minnesota, New York,
Vermont, and Washington, as well as the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba,
Ontario, and Quebec;[44]
• a trusted traveler program card (i.e. NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI);
• a valid Merchant Mariner Credential—to be used when traveling in conjunction with official
maritime business; and
• a valid U.S. military identification card—to be used when traveling on official orders.
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The requirement of a passport or an enhanced form of identification to enter the United States by
air went into effect in January 2007; and went into effect for those entering the U.S. by land and
sea in January 2008.[41] Although the new requirements for land and sea entry went into legal
effect in January 2008, its enforcement did not begin until June 2009.[41] Since June 2009, every
traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present
one of the above forms of identification in order to enter the United States.
A plaque attached to the rail of a

bridge on the Maine and New
Brunswick border crossing.
Conversely in order to cross into Canada, a traveler must also carry identification, as well as a
valid visa (if necessary) when crossing the border.[45] Forms of identification include a valid
passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a
Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian
province or territory.[45] Several other documents may be used by Canadians to identify their
citizenship at the border, although use of such documents requires it to be supported with
additional photo identification.[45]
American and Canadian citizens who are members of a trusted traveler program such as FAST or
NEXUS, may present their FAST or NEXUS card as an alternate form of identification when
crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or
the United States.[45] Although permanent residents of Canada and the United States are eligible
for FAST or NEXUS, they are required to travel with a passport and proof of permanent residency
upon arrival at the Canadian border.[45] American permanent residents who are NEXUS members
also require Electronic Travel Authorization when crossing the Canadian border.[45]
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A United States Border Patrol agent

tracking someone in harsh winter
conditions on the northern border
Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when
Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada.
In more recent years, Canadian officials have brought attention to drug, cigarette, and firearms
smuggling from the United States, while U.S. officials have made complaints of drug smuggling
via Canada. In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 110-
metre (360 ft) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, intended for
the use of smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border.[46] From 2007 to
2010, 147 people were arrested for smuggling marijuana on the property of a bed-and-breakfast
in Blaine, Washington, but agents estimate that they caught only about 5% of smugglers.[47]
Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco

and firearms from the United States. The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles
the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, where its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario
Provincial Police, Sûreté du Québec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services
Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New
York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory.[48]
[49]
In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around the Canada Border
Services Agency port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its
border agents while operating on Mohawk territory. The north span of the Seaway International
Bridge and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed. During this occupation, the Canadian flag
was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people. Although U.S. Customs remained opened to
southbound traffic, northbound traffic was blocked on the U.S. side by both American and
Canadian officials. The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks. On July
13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of
the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions.[50]
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The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border. In 2014, they
objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious, believing it violated their treaty
rights of free passage. When traveling from the U.S. to Cornwall Island, they must first cross a
second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station. Discussions
between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the
Canadian border inspection facilities on the U.S. side of the border.[51]
Members of the Royal Canadian

Mounted Police waiting for migrants
to cross at Roxham Road in August
2017
In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 irregular
crossings each day, by individuals seeking asylum in Canada.[52] As a result, Canada increased
border security and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating the fact that crossing the border
irregularly had no effect on one's asylum status.[53][54]
From the beginning of January 2017 up until the end of March 2018, the RCMP intercepted
25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from an unauthorized point of entry. Public Safety
Canada estimates another 2,500 came across in April 2018 for a total of just over 28,000.[55]
Border lengths and regions
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Canadian and American boundary markers
The length of the terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi), of which 6,416 km (3,987 mi) is
against the contiguous 48 states, and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) against Alaska.[56] Eight out of
thirteen provinces and territories of Canada and thirteen out of fifty U.S. states are located along
this international boundary.
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1 Alaska 2,475 km (1,538 mi) 1 Ontario 2,727 km (1,682 mi)

British
2 Michigan 1,160 km (721 mi) 2 2,168 km (1,347 mi)
Columbia
3 Maine 983 km (611 mi) 3 Yukon 1,244 km (786 mi)
4 Minnesota 880 km (547 mi) 4 Quebec 813 km (505 mi)
5 Montana 877 km (545 mi) 5 Saskatchewan 632 km (393 mi)
6 New York 716 km (445 mi) 6 New Brunswick 513 km (318 mi)
7 Washington 687 km (427 mi) 7 Manitoba 497 km (309 mi)
8 North Dakota 499 km (310 mi) 8 Alberta 298 km (185 mi)
9 Ohio 235 km (146 mi)
10 Vermont 145 km (90 mi)
New
11 93 km (58 mi)
Hampshire
12 Idaho 72 km (45 mi)
13 Pennsylvania 68 km (42 mi)
The Canadian territory of Yukon shares its entire western border with the U.S. state of Alaska,
beginning at the Beaufort Sea at 69°39′N 141°00′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.ph
p?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=69_39_N_141_00_W_) and
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proceeds southwards along the 141st meridian west. At 60°18′N, the border proceeds away from
the 141st meridian west in a southeastward direction, following the St. Elias Mountains. South of
the 60th parallel north, the border continues into British Columbia.[57]
0 Avenue on the Canadian side and

the border marker
British Columbia has two international borders with the United States: with the state of Alaska
along BC's northwest, and with the contiguous United States along the southern edge of the
province, including (west to east) Washington, Idaho, and Montana.[58]
BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the Saint Elias Mountains,
followed by Mount Fairweather at 58°54′N 137°31′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.p
hp?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=58_54_N_137_31_W_) (near
the Fairweather Glacier), where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains.
[58] At 59°48′N 135°28′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E
2%80%93United_States_border&params=59_48_N_135_28_W_) (near Skagway, Alaska), the
border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains. The border
eventually reaches the Portland Canal and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance, which takes
the border down and out into the Pacific Ocean, terminating it upon reaching international
waters.
BC's border along the contiguous U.S. begins southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of
the Olympic Peninsula, at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean and the
northwest corner of the American state of Washington.[58] It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca
eastward, turning northeastward to enter Haro Strait. The border follows the strait in a northward
direction, but turns sharply eastward through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf
Islands from the American San Juan Islands. Upon reaching the Strait of Georgia, the border
turns due north and then towards the northwest, bisecting the strait until the 49th parallel north.
After making a sharp turn eastbound, the border follows this parallel across the Tsawwassen
23 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
Peninsula, separating Point Roberts, Washington, from Delta, British Columbia, and continues
into Alberta.
Boundary markers and a 25 foot

(7.6 m) swath cut into the forest
marking the Alberta-Montana border.
The entire Canada–U.S. border in the provinces of both Alberta and Saskatchewan lies along the
49th parallel north.[59][60] Both provinces share borders with the state of Montana, while, farther
east, Saskatchewan also shares a border with North Dakota.[60] On the American side, the states
of Montana, North Dakota, and Minnesota all lie on the straight part of the border.
Along with the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota (west to east), nearly the entire
Canada–U.S. border in Manitoba lies along the 49th parallel north.[61] At the province's eastern
end, however, the border briefly enters the Lake of the Woods, turning north at 48°59′N 95°09′W
(https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_bo
rder&params=48_59_N_95_09_W_) where it continues into land along the western end of
Minnesota's Northwest Angle, the only part of the United States besides the state of Alaska that
is north of the 49th parallel. The border reaches Ontario at 49°23′N 95°09′W (https://geohack.to
olforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=49_2
3_N_95_09_W_) .
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The Horseshoe Falls and the Niagara

River marks the Ontario-New York
border. Lakes and waterways make
up most of Ontario's borders with the
United States.
The province of Ontario shares its border (west to east) with the U.S. states of Minnesota,
Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. The largest provincial international border, most of
the border is a water boundary. It begins at the north-westernmost point of Minnesota's
Northwest Angle (49°23′N 95°09′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ca
nada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=49_23_N_95_09_W_) ). From here, it proceeds
eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at 49°19′N
94°48′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_S
tates_border&params=49_19_N_94_48_W_) (near Dawson Township, Ontario) where it
continues into the Rainy River.[62] The border follows the River to Rainy Lake, then subsequently
through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake. The
border then crosses the Height of Land Portage over the divide between the Hudson Bay
drainage basin, and that of the Great Lakes. The boundary then follows the Pigeon River, which
leads it out into Lake Superior. The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay,
into the St. Mary's River then the North Channel. At 45°59′N 83°26′W (https://geohack.toolforg
e.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=45_59_N_8
3_26_W_) (between Drummond Township, Michigan to the west and Cockburn Island (Ontario)
to the east), the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches
Lake Huron. Through the Lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St. Clair River,
leading it to Lake St. Clair. The border proceeds through Lake St. Clair, reaching the Detroit River,
which leads it to Lake Erie, where it begins turning northeast. From Lake Erie the border is led
into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario. From here, the boundary heads
northwestward until it reaches 43°27′N 79°12′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?p
agename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=43_27_N_79_12_W_) , where it
makes a sharp turn towards the northeast. The border then reaches the St. Lawrence River,
proceeding through it until finally, at 45°00′N 74°40′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.p
25 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
hp?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=45_00_N_74_40_W_)
(between Massena, New York and Cornwall, Ontario), the border splits from the river and
continues into Quebec.[62]
The province of Quebec borders (west to east) the U.S. states of New York, Vermont, New
Hampshire, and Maine, beginning where the Ontario-New York border ends in the St. Lawrence
River at the 45th parallel north.[63] The Quebec-New York border heads inland towards the east,
remaining on or near the parallel, becoming the border of Vermont. At 45°00′N 71°30′W (http
s://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border
&params=45_00_N_71_30_W_) (the tripoint of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Quebec), the
border begins to follow various natural features of the Appalachian Mountains as it turns into the
border of Maine. It continues to do so until 46°25′N 70°03′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/ge
ohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=46_25_N_70_03_W
_) (near Saint-Camille-de-Lellis, Quebec on the Canadian side, and unorganized territory on the
American side), where it heads north, then northeastward at 46°41′N 69°59′W (https://geohac
k.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=4
6_41_N_69_59_W_) (near Lac-Frontière, Quebec). Finally, at 47°27′N 69°13′W (https://geohac
k.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=4
7_27_N_69_13_W_) (near Pohénégamook, Quebec), the border heads toward Beau Lake, going
through it and continuing into New Brunswick.
The entire border of New Brunswick is shared with the U.S. state of Maine, beginning at the
southern tip of Beau Lake at 47°18′N 69°03′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pag
ename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=47_18_N_69_03_W_) (between
Rivière-Bleue, Quebec and Saint-François Parish, New Brunswick), subsequently proceeding to
the Saint John River.[64] The border moves through the River until 47°04′N 67°47′W (https://geo
hack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&param
s=47_04_N_67_47_W_) (between Hamlin, Maine and Grand Falls, New Brunswick), where it
splits from the river. It heads southward to 45°56′N 67°47′W (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geo
hack.php?pagename=Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border&params=45_56_N_67_47_W_)
(near Amity, Maine), from whence it follows the Monument Brook further south into the
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Chiputneticook Lakes, which subsequently leads the border to the St. Croix River. The border
proceeds through the St. Croix to Passamaquoddy Bay, which then leads it to Grand Manan
Island into the middle of the Bay of Fundy. Here, the border turns towards the south and
terminates upon reaching international waters.
Crossings and border straddling
Entrance to a U.S. pre-clearance area

at Vancouver International Airport.
Pre-clearance areas are situated in
several Canadian airports to help
expedite the customs process.
The U.S. maintains pre-clearance facilities (i.e. immigration offices) at eight Canadian airports
with international air service to the United States: Calgary; Edmonton; Halifax Stanfield;
Montreal–Trudeau; Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier; Toronto Island Airport (Billy Bishop Airport),
Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver; and Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson. These procedures
expedite travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U.S. airport without being
processed as an international arrival. Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U.S.
airports due to the sheer number of Canada-bound flights from numerous U.S. departure
locations.
One curiosity on the Canada–U.S. border is the presence of six airports and eleven seaplane
bases whose runways straddle the borderline. Such airports were built prior to the U.S. entry into
World War II as a way to legally transfer U.S.-built aircraft, such as the Lockheed Hudson, to
Canada under the provisions of the . In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U.S.
military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada. As result, the aircraft were
flown to the border, where they landed, then were towed on their wheels over the border by
tractors or horses overnight. The next day, the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to
27 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, from where they were
flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of Britain.[65]
Ramp facilities at Piney Pinecreek

Border Airport. The left-hand building
and ramp are north of the border in
Canada; those on the right are in the
United States.
Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Piney, Manitoba, and Pinecreek, Minnesota. The
northwest–southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps: one in the
U.S. and one in Canada. The airport is owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation.[66]
International Peace Garden Airport is located in Boissevain, Manitoba, and Dunseith, North
Dakota, adjacent to the International Peace Garden. The runway is entirely within North Dakota,
but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs. While not
jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the
Peace Garden.
Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport (or East Poplar Airport) is located in Coronach,
Saskatchewan, and Scobey, Montana. The airport is jointly owned by the Canadian and U.S.
government, with its east–west runway sited exactly on the borderline.
Coutts/Ross International Airport is located in Alberta and Montana. Like Coronach/Scobey, the
east–west runway is sited exactly on the border. The airport is owned entirely by the Montana
Department of Transportation (DOT) Aeronautics Division.
Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport, located in Del Bonita, Alberta, and Del Bonita,
Montana, has an east–west runway sited exactly on the border, similar to Coutts/Ross. The
airport is officially owned by the state of Montana and run by the state's DOT Aeronautics
Division, thus it has been assigned a U.S. identifier only. The facility is set up for both the general
public (15 passengers maximum per plane) as well as the American military.[66]
Avey Field State Airport is located in Washington and British Columbia. The privately owned
airfield is mostly in the U.S., but several hundred feet of the north–south runway extend into
Canada. As such, both Canadian and U.S. customs are available. It is assigned a U.S. identifier,
28 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
but does not have a Canadian one.
Several seaplane bases have water runways that cross the border, though the extent to which
they do may be difficult to ascertain. The land-based facilities for the bases are all contained
within one country or the other, however, leading to multiple situations where twin seaplane
bases may share the same body of water. The following seaplane facilities exist on the border:
• Rouses Point SPB (New York / Quebec)
• Van Buren SPB (Maine / New Brunswick)
• Sault Ste Marie SPB and Sault Ste. Marie Water Aerodrome (Michigan / Ontario)
• Sand Point Lake Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
• International Falls SPB and Fort Frances Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
• Baudette International Airport[b] and Rainy River Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)
• Hyder Seaplane Base and Stewart Water Aerodrome (Alaska / British Columbia)[67]
Ambassador Bridge is a suspension

bridge that connects Detroit,
Michigan, with Windsor, Ontario. The
bridge is North America's busiest
international crossing in terms of
trade volume, carrying more than one
quarter of all merchandise trade
between Canada and the United
States.
Currently there are 119 legal land border crossings between the United States and Canada, 26 of
which take place at a bridge or tunnel. Only 2 of the 119 crossings are one-way: the Churubusco–
Franklin Centre Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only the United States; and the Four
Falls Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only Canada.
There are six roads that have unstaffed road crossings, and do not have border inspection
29 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
services in one or both directions, where travelers are legally allowed to cross the border. Those
that cross are required to report to customs, which are stationed farther within.
The Fourth Connecticut Lake Trail (New Hampshire/Quebec) crosses several times while
following the border vista before heading back to the United States.
The Pacific Crest Trail crosses into E. C. Manning Provincial Park in the remote North Cascades
mountains. Hikers can only legally cross into Canada from the U.S. and not vice-versa, requiring
an advance permit.[68]
Rail crossings
There are 39 railroads that cross the U.S.–Canada border, nine of which are no longer in use.
Eleven of these railroads cross the border at a bridge or tunnel.
Only three international rail lines currently carry passengers between the U.S. and Canada. At
Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U.S. partial pre-
clearance and pass their baggage through an X-ray machine before being allowed to board the
Seattle-bound Amtrak train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border
at Blaine, Washington, where the train stops for another CBP inspection.[69] Pre-clearance
facilities are not available for the popular (New York City to Montreal) or
(New York City to Toronto) trains, since these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and
the border. Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border.
A ferry departing Wolfe Island, Ontario

for Cape Vincent, New York
There are 13 international ferry crossings operating between the U.S. and Canada. Two of them
carry passengers only and one carries only rail cars. Four of the ferries operate only on a
30 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
seasonal basis.
Similar to that of the pre-clearance facilities at Canadian airports, arrangements exist at major
Canadian seaports that handle sealed direct import shipments into the U.S. Along the East coast,
ferry services operate between the province of New Brunswick and the state of Maine, while on
the West coast, they operate between British Columbia and the states of Washington and Alaska.
There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of
Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio. The ferry between Maine and Nova
Scotia ended its operations in 2009, resuming again in 2014.
On Heart Island in the St. Lawrence River, the Boldt Castle has a border control point with no
specific location on the Canadian side. As such, Canadians must present identification to land on
the island.
The Haskell Library sits on

the international boundary,
with the boundary marked by
a black line on the floor of its
reading room
A line house is a building located so that an international boundary passes through it. There are
several such buildings that exist along the U.S.–Canada border:
• The Haskell Free Library and Opera House straddles the border in Derby Line, Vermont, and
Stanstead, Quebec.
• Private homes divided by the boundary line between Estcourt Station, Maine, and
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Pohénégamook, Quebec.
• Private homes divided between Beebe Plain, Quebec and Beebe Plain, Vermont;
• A seasonal home divided at the intersection of Matthias Lane in Alburgh, Vermont, and Chemin
au Bord de l'Eau in Noyan, Quebec;
• A house divided between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec.[70][71]
• The Halfway House (also known as Taillon's International Hotel) is a tavern, built in 1820
before the border was surveyed,[72] that straddles the border between Dundee, Quebec, and
Fort Covington, New York.[73]
The Maine–New Brunswick border divides the Aroostook Valley Country Club.[74]
Boundary divisions
To be a true international exclave, potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home
country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries. Like exclaves,
practical exclaves are not contiguous with the of the home country and have access
only through another country or countries. Unlike exclaves, they are not surrounded by
foreign territory. Hence, they are exclaves , without meeting the strict
definition.
The term also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,[75]: 31 was defined by G.

W. S. Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached
conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another
country."[76]: 283 Thus, a pene-exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely
surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters.[77]: 60 Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007)
[75]: 31–33 provide examples to further elaborate, including Point Roberts, Washington: "Although
physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United
States, land access is only possible through Canada."[78]: 113 Practical exclaves can exhibit
continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land,
such as in the case of Point Roberts.[75]: 47
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Campobello Island is a practical

exclave of Canada, with land access
to the mainland being only to Maine
The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because
of the St. Lawrence River to the north, the St. Regis River to the east, New York State, U.S. to the
south. To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State.
Campobello Island is another practical exclave located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay,
adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy. The island is part of
Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano
Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine, the easternmost tip of the continental United States.
Premier, British Columbia is an abandoned mining site accessible only through Hyder, Alaska.
The U.S. portion of this lake peninsula

has a land border with Canada,
making land access to it possible only
through Canada. Image by U.S.
Geological Survey.[79] 48°59′54″N
99°52′44″W (https://geohack.toolfo
rge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C
anada%E2%80%93United_States_b
order&params=48_59_54_N_99_52_
44_W_)
Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state bounded by the Bering Sea; the Arctic and Pacific oceans;
and Canada's British Columbia and Yukon Territory. Additionally, because of the terrain, several
33 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
municipalities in southeast Alaska (the "Panhandle") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada.
Specifically, the town of Hyder, Alaska, is accessible only through Stewart, British Columbia, or by
floatplane. Moreover, Haines and Skagway are accessible by road only through Canada, although
there are car ferries which connect them to other Alaskan places.
Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary
Bay.
In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the
Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods.
In Vermont, the Alburgh Tongue, as well as Province Point, which is the small end of a peninsula
east of Alburgh, are bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain.[c]
Between Quebec and Vermont, Province Island is a piece of land that primarily lies in Canada,
though a small portion of the island is situated in the U.S. state, lying south of the 45th parallel
with a border vista marking the international boundary.
Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, VT is the only portion of the Canada–United States border split
down the middle of a street.
Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on
the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB.[80]
Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of
Winchester, Manitoba. The border splits a shoreline, putting Canadian cabins on one side and the
beach and boat docks for those cabins on the U.S. side, while land access is only through
Canada.[81]
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Map of Alaska and the Beaufort Sea.

The cross-hatched region marks the
disputed maritime boundary between
Canada and the U.S.
• Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)
• Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)
• Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)
• Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)
See also
• Canada Border Services Agency
• United States Customs and Border Protection

◦ United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
• Canada–United States relations
• Illegal immigration to Canada
• Illegal immigration to the United States
• Indian barrier state, British plans to set up a new country in the Old Northwest
• John Lewis Tiarks, a British surveyor of the border
• Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey
• Mexico–United States border
• Mobile Passport, a means of pre-submitting passport information to customs for this border
Footnotes
a. Longest by total length – the Kazakhstan–Russia border is the world's longest continuous land border.
b. Water runway only; land runway does not cross border.
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c. However, this peninsula and the island to its south are connected by road bridges directly to the United
States mainland (as well as by a freight [and former passenger] rail line), such that it is possible to
make a through journey in and out of the Alburgh Tongue without entering Canada. This is not true of
the other practical exclaves listed here.
References
1. Francis M. Carroll (2001).

(https://archive.org/details/goodwisemeasures0000carr) . University of
Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 85 (https://archive.org/details/goodwisemeasures00
00carr/page/85) .
2. "Canada & The United States (Bizarre Borders Part 2)" (http://www.cgpgrey.com/blog/canada-the-uni
ted-states-bizarre-borders-part-2) . June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
3. "British-American Diplomacy The Webster-Ashburton Treaty" (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_centur

y/br-1842.asp) . Yale Law School. 1842. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
4. Lass, William E. (1980). . St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society.

p. 2. ISBN 0-87351-153-0.
5. Henry Commager, "England and Oregon Treaty of 1846". 28.1 (1927): 18–38
online. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/20610369)
6. Walter N. Sage, "The Oregon Treaty of 1846". 27.4 (1946): 349–367.
7. McManus, Sheila (2005).

(https://archive.org/details/linewhichseparat00mcma) . Edmonton, AB:
University of Alberta Press. p. 7 (https://archive.org/details/linewhichseparat00mcma/page/7) .
ISBN 0-88864-434-5. "called it the Northern Boundary Survey."
8. Campbell, Archibald; Twining, W.J. (1878). "Reports upon the survey of the boundary between the
territory of the United States and the possessions of Great Britain from the Lake of the woods to the
summit of the Rocky mountains" (https://archive.org/stream/reportsuponsurve00nort#page/n6/mo
de/1up) . . Government Printing Office.
Retrieved September 13, 2013.
9. Keenlyside, Hugh LL.; Brown, Gerald S. (1952).

(https://web.archive.org/web/20200915105614/https://www.questia.com/rea
d/9352181/canada-and-the-united-states-some-aspects-of-their) . Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 178–189.
Archived from the original (https://www.questia.com/read/9352181/canada-and-the-united-states-s
ome-aspects-of-their) on September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
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10. International Boundary Commission (1937). "Treaty of 1908".
. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 6.

hdl:2027/mdp.39015027937153 (https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015027937153) .
11. International Waterways Commission (1915). "Report of the International Waterways Commission
upon the International Boundary between the Dominion of Canada and the United States through the
St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes as Ascertained and Re-established pursuant to Article IV of the
Treaty between Great Britain and the United States signed 11th April 1908" (https://www.scribd.com/
doc/282770494/Report-of-the-International-Waterways-Commission-upon-the-International-Boundar
y-between-the-Dominion-of-Canada-and-the-United-States-through-the-St) .
12. Organization Chart, International Boundary Commission (http://www.internationalboundarycommissi

on.org/ibcpg2.htm#ibcorg) . Retrieved July 27, 2007 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070
706122513/http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org/ibcpg2.htm#ibcorg) 2007-07-06 at
the Wayback Machine
13. Panetta, Alexander (March 20, 2020). "How the shutdown after 9/11 paved the way for the new
Canada-U.S. border response to COVID-19" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/coronavirus-covid-19-b
order-canada-united-states-trade-1.5503192) . CBC News.
14. Office of the Prime Minister (March 20, 2020). "U.S.-Canada joint initiative: Temporary restriction of
travellers crossing the U.S.-Canada border for non-essential purposes" (https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.c
a/agency-agence/pm-covid19-eng.html) . Retrieved June 20, 2020.
15. "Canada-U.S. Land border closure extended to Feb. 21" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronaviru

s/canada-u-s-land-border-closure-extended-to-feb-21-1.5263467) . January 12, 2021.
16. "Canada-U.S. border closure extended to Jan. 21 as coronavirus cases soar, CBSA says - National |
Globalnews.ca" (https://globalnews.ca/news/7518359/coronavirus-canada-us-border-closure-extens
ion/) . .
17. Aiello, Rachel (July 14, 2020). "Canada, U.S. agree to keep borders closed another 30 days: sources"
(https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-u-s-agree-to-keep-borders-closed-another-30-days-source
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10.4 (2005): 767-790.
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• Von Hlatky, Stéfanie, and Jessica N. Trisko. 2012. "Sharing the Burden of the Border: Layered
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e.net/profile/Stefanie-Von-Hlatky/publication/259422364_Sharing_the_Burden_of_the_Borde
r_Layered_Security_Co-operation_and_the_Canada-US_Frontier/links/65315f6b5d51a8012b5
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External links
44 of 45 03/06/2024, 06:49
• University of Kent. 2015.

funded by Leverhulme Trust. An international research network dedicated to studying cultural
representation, production and exchange on and around the Canada–US border.
External links
• International Boundary Commission (http://www.internati Wikimedia Commons has

onalboundarycommission.org) media related to
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Canada–United States border - Wikipedia https://en.m.wikipedia.

Canada–United States border

The is the longest international border in the world.[a] The

The 45th parallel (marked in

marked by John Collins and Thomas Valentine

The St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes

river's source is farther south. British Columbia, and Blaine, Washington

Signing of the Treaty of Ghent in

Little Gunflint Lake

St. Lawrence River

Three Nations Crossing

Rouses Point–Lacolle 223

Saint Just de Bretenières–

Saint John River

Grand Manan Channel

Disputed territory between

Map of the disputed Oregon

The Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek

the War of 1812.[22]

U.S. counties (or county equivalents)

Canadian border crossing sign with

Canada Border Services Agency and

• a valid passport—required in order to enter by air;

• a United States passport card;

• a trusted traveler program card (i.e. NEXUS, FAST, or SENTRI);

A plaque attached to the rail of a

A United States Border Patrol agent

Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco

Members of the Royal Canadian

Border lengths and regions

Canadian and American boundary markers

1 Alaska 2,475 km (1,538 mi) 1 Ontario 2,727 km (1,682 mi)

0 Avenue on the Canadian side and

Boundary markers and a 25 foot

The Horseshoe Falls and the Niagara

Crossings and border straddling

Entrance to a U.S. pre-clearance area

Ramp facilities at Piney Pinecreek

but does not have a Canadian one.

• Rouses Point SPB (New York / Quebec)

• Van Buren SPB (Maine / New Brunswick)

• Sand Point Lake Water Aerodrome (Minnesota / Ontario)

Ambassador Bridge is a suspension

A ferry departing Wolfe Island, Ontario

The Haskell Library sits on

• A house divided between Richford, Vermont, and Abercorn, Quebec.[70][71]

The term also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,[75]: 31 was defined by G.

Campobello Island is a practical

The U.S. portion of this lake peninsula

Map of Alaska and the Beaufort Sea.

• Machias Seal Island and North Rock (Maine / New Brunswick)

• Dixon Entrance (Alaska / British Columbia)

• Beaufort Sea (Alaska / Yukon)

• Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington / British Columbia)

• Canada Border Services Agency

• United States Customs and Border Protection

• Canada–United States relations

• Illegal immigration to Canada

• Illegal immigration to the United States

• John Lewis Tiarks, a British surveyor of the border

• Joseph Smith Harris' account of the Northwest Boundary Survey

• Mexico–United States border

b. Water runway only; land runway does not cross border.