Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full Download The Buddhas Teaching A Buddhistic Analysis 1St Edition G A Somaratne Ebook Online Full Chapter PDF
Full Download The Buddhas Teaching A Buddhistic Analysis 1St Edition G A Somaratne Ebook Online Full Chapter PDF
Full Download The Buddhas Teaching A Buddhistic Analysis 1St Edition G A Somaratne Ebook Online Full Chapter PDF
https://ebookmeta.com/product/aqa-a-level-a-level-a2-spanish-
year-2-margaret-bond/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/primary-mathematics-3a-hoerst/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/chess-explained-
the-c3-sicilian-1st-edition-sam-collins/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/starting-out-the-c3-sicilian-1st-
edition-john-emms/
500 HESI A2 Questions to Know by Test Day, 2nd Edition
Kathy A. Zahler
https://ebookmeta.com/product/500-hesi-a2-questions-to-know-by-
test-day-2nd-edition-kathy-a-zahler/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/conversations-with-buddha-a-
fictional-dialogue-based-on-biographical-facts-oliver-joan-
duncan/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/dane-the-donovan-dynasty-1-ac-
arthur/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/analysis-of-the-navier-stokes-
problem-solution-of-a-millennium-problem-2nd-edition-alexander-g-
ramm/
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-circle-of-the-way-a-concise-
history-of-zen-from-the-buddha-to-the-modern-world-barbara-
obrien/
The Buddha’s Teaching
A Buddhistic Analysis
G. A. Somaratne
The Buddha’s Teaching
G. A. Somaratne
The Buddha’s
Teaching
A Buddhistic Analysis
G. A. Somaratne
Centre of Buddhist Studies
The University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
To my parents
M. A. Mary Nona & G. A. James Singho
&
To my two sons
Anuradha & Amitabha
“Monks, there are two persons that cannot easily be repaid. What
two? One’s mother and father … Parents are of great help to their
children; they bring them up, feed them, and show them the world.”
(The Buddha at A.I.61-2>A.2.33)
Preface
vii
viii PREFACE
(RPG student, University of Kalaniya) and Ms. Wai Sum Li (RPG stu-
dent, HKU) who undertook preliminary proofreading of the draft.
He expresses his appreciation to Palgrave Macmillan, and to Ms. Hua
Bai (The Commissioning Editor for Humanities and Social Sciences
of Palgrave in the APAC region) and Ms. Connie Li (Senior Editorial
Assistant, Springer Nature) for taking a keen interest in publishing this
work and arranging the reviews of the work. Finally, the author thanks
the reviewers of the book for their constructive comments and criticism,
and also Ms. Preetha Kuttiappan (Springer Nature Corrections Team).
1 Introduction 1
Universal Nature of Particular Nature 1
Single System of Thought 10
Sufficiency Theory 15
Buddhistic Versus Buddhological 18
Outline of Chapters 20
xiii
xiv CONTENTS
4 Ignorance of Ignorance 91
Introduction 91
Trust in the Teaching 92
Ignorance as Non-Knowledge 97
Knowledge of Ignorance 100
Ignorance of Ignorance 103
First Origin of Ignorance 106
Recognizing Ignorance as Ignorance 110
Significance of Trust 112
Conclusion 115
Name-and-Matter 159
Reciprocal Simultaneity 163
Conclusion 165
7 Not-Self 167
Introduction 167
Self and Not-Self 168
Consciousness as “My Self” 177
Not-Self and Rationalistic Negation of Self 180
Belief in Self and Conceit “I Am” 184
Person and Person-View 186
Conceit “I Am” and Considerations of “My Self” 190
Conclusion 197
15 Conclusion 369
Bibliography 377
Index 385
Abbreviations of the Pāli Texts
xix
xx ABBREVIATIONS OF THE PĀLI TEXTS
Introduction
dhammas are particular and specific things that are seen, heard, sensed,
or cognized in the immediate sensory experience.
However, as prescribed in the Buddha’s teaching, when we adopt
meditative watching (vipassanā) with mindfulness-and-awareness
(sati-sampajañña), we can arrive at the nature of the particular nature.
For example, bracketing off the particular nature which is a cup contain-
ing tea that I now see, we can penetrate into its universal nature. Instead
of a cup containing tea that is visible to me, we can see it as a sensory
experience of mine, constituted by matter, feeling, perception, configu-
rations, and consciousness. These five factors are nature that is of uni-
versal application; that is, that they are common to all particular nature
or things. For example, eye-consciousness is common to all things that
have ever been, or are, or will be, visible to me. Similarly, ear-conscious-
ness is common to all things that have ever been, or are, or will be,
audible to me. Further exercising of meditative watching with mindful-
ness-and-awareness, will also reveal that all these things or phenomena
share further universal nature and hence further universal application,
such as that they are dependently arisen, configured, impermanent, and
without any permanent substance. All these universal nature and things
of universal nature (loka-dhamma) are called dhammas, or things that
make up the Dhamma, the Buddha’s teaching.
The dhamma is thus the nature of things, the universal nature of
particular things, and it is what the Buddha discovered, teaches, and
reveals to the world as his Dhamma or teaching. Impermanence, for
example, is a dhamma, and it is a universal nature of all things. As the
Puppha-sutta (S.22.94 > S.III.139) states, matter, feeling, perception,
configurations, and consciousness are universal nature that define the
experience of all living beings who are now, were in the past, or will
be in the future. Therefore, the word Dhamma (upper case D) comes
to mean the Teaching (of the Buddha), and the word dhamma (lower
case d) comes to mean a particular teaching (of the Buddha) that tells
us a universal nature of a particular thing or things. In other words,
the Dhamma teaches the dhammas, the universal nature of particular
things. For example, it teaches wholesome dhammas (kusala-dhamma)
and unwholesome dhammas (akusala-dhamma); it teaches the (univer-
sal) nature (of beings) which is birth (jāti-dhamma), the nature which is
ageing (jarā-dhamma), the nature which is sickness (byādhi-dhamma),
and the nature which is death (maraṇa-dhamma); it teaches the
nature of configured things (saṅkhata-dhamma) and the nature of the
4 G. A. SOMARATNE
Ñāṇavīra Thera (2001: 73) defines dhammanvaye ñāṇa as “knowledge dependent upon
the inferability of the Dhamma—i.e. knowledge that the fundamental Nature of Things is
invariable in time and can be inferred with certainty (unlike rational inference) from present
to past or future.”
2 The Buddha’s soteriological structure or the Dhamma, as Anderson (1999: 33) points
out, “denotes the entire scope of the Buddha’s life, teachings, and actions – indeed the
entire world correctly seen, known, realized, and experienced.” Clarifying the relationship
between doctrine and practice she says (32) that “doctrines provide the instructions which
are then to be enacted in real life.”
1 INTRODUCTION 5
according to the popular textual analysis, in four insights called the four
noble truths (cattāri ariya-saccāni)3: “This is suffering; this is the aris-
ing of suffering; this is the cessation of suffering; and this is the practice
that leads to the cessation of suffering.”4 Within the main structure of
the four noble truths, a number of parts or particular dhammas—such
as the five aggregates, the noble eightfold path, and dependent co-
arising (paṭicca-samuppāda)—are enclosed. Each part is again consti-
tuted by the constellation of further analysable parts. Hence each part is
further analysable, depending upon how we look at it and to what extent
we wish to examine it, to understand the true nature of things. The five
aggregates, for example (itself a part of the whole), is analysable into
the dhamma categories of matter, feeling, perception, configurations,
and consciousness. It is also analysable into name-and-matter and con-
sciousness. Matter, for example, is further analysable into four modes of
primary material behaviours and various material objects. However, the
Buddha analyses things setting a limit. He analyses things only to a sote-
riologically effective level where one can understand the nature of things
objectively, as they truly are, for he considers any analysis beyond that
limit, though is possible, a mere waste.
The significance of parts is denoted by not only their relational inter-
action with the whole (the main experiential structure), but also how
they contribute to generating the liberating effect in the practitioner
(bhikkhu). It is, for instance, meaningless to discuss the concept “feel-
ing” in the Buddhist context, if we fail to link it at least either to the
five aggregates, or to the totality of the teaching that constitutes both
the liberating knowledge and the path of practice. Rather than under-
standing the parts, what is more important is the understanding of the
3 The four noble truths are seen as both a doctrine and a symbol (see Anderson 1999).
After examining why they form a unique teaching in the Pāli canon, Anderson (1999: 230)
rightly concludes that they are “both a doctrine and a symbol and transformative within
the sphere of right view.” As a doctrine, she says, they “make explicit the structure within
which one should see enlightenment” and as a symbol, they “evoke the possibility of
enlightenment.”
4 Norman (1993: 171–5) identifies five possible translations of the Pāli compound word
ariyasaccāni: the noble’s truths, the nobles’ truths, the truths for nobles, the noblising or
ennobling truths, and the noble truths. Harvey (2009) understands the four as “four reali-
ties for the spiritually ennobled.”
6 G. A. SOMARATNE
whole, the main structure, the whole of the teaching; the Dhamma, that
describes the nature of things, and also prescribes a path to understand
the nature of things objectively, as they truly are (yathā-bhūta), without
colouring the objective reality with one’s subjectivity. As it is assumed in
the Buddha’s teaching, it is by understanding the whole structure of the
teaching, that the practitioner could transform himself or herself from
the present state of a mundane person, to that of a noble disciple; the
highest of whom is the Arahat, the perfected sage.5 In other words, only
the knowledge of the Dhamma, the whole of the teaching, the under-
standing of the universal nature of all things in one’s experiential world,
that could lead one onward to revulsion, and then to dispassion, cessa-
tion, appeasement, higher knowledge, realization, enlightenment, and
nibbāna. Attaining revulsion and dispassion are the prime aims of under-
standing things (the five aggregates) objectively, as they truly are.
What the Buddha’s teaching reveals and describes are the five aggre-
gates, the man’s experiential structure that in the case of the mundane
person functions with clinging (sa-upādāna), resulting in the arising
of suffering (dukkha-samudaya), and that in the case of the noble dis-
ciple functions without clinging (anupādāna), resulting in the cessation
of suffering (dukkha-nirodha). The teaching prescribes a path of prac-
tice for the mundane person who intends transforming his or her expe-
riential structure, from its present mundane state to the supramundane
state experienced by a noble disciple. In brief, the Buddha’s teaching is
all about bringing in this total structural change to the mundane per-
son’s experiential structure operative beneath his or her retrospective
sensory experience, replacing its worldly mind of clinging with a noble
mind of non-clinging, here and now. The teaching directs the individual
to experience the world while penetrating into the whole of the expe-
riential structure that is constituted by the five aggregates, by way of
understanding the whole of the systemic structure of the Dhamma, the
Buddha’s teaching. At the end, one comes to understand that the two
structures, the structure of our experience (that is, the nature of things),
and the structure of the Dhamma (that is, the Buddha’s teaching), are
not different; the latter is a description of the former.
5 Gombrich thinks that the term arahant was appropriated to Buddhism from Jainism.
6 Our method of interpretation of the Buddha’s teaching in this book is not new.
It is the hermeneutical method exhibited in the discourses themselves and also adopted
by the Theravāda school, as reflected in its early works. See Bond (1982: 33–99) for
the Theravāda school’s use of the four noble truths as a hermeneutical device in the
Nettippakaraṇa for determining the word of the Buddha. If a doctrinal statement to be
considered a word of the Buddha, it must agree with the four noble truths.
8 G. A. SOMARATNE
7 Ud.66–9. The use of “seeing” regarding blind men in this text could be awkward but
I find its use there deliberate. In the first part of this text I have not quoted here, the
verbal forms dassehi (“Show them the elephant”) and dassesi (“They showed them the ele-
phant”) are used. Further, the king here in the quoted passage asks each blind man: diṭṭho
‘si (“Have you seen”) and each replies: diṭṭho va (“Yes, indeed I have seen”). As it could be
observed, this simile is used to explain how people come to various dogmatic views. People
claim that they have seen things (as they truly are), though in actuality, because they have
been blind (ignorant), they have not seen.
1 INTRODUCTION 9
(1999/1923: 347). Gombrich (2009: 17) identifies the core teachings of early Buddhism
as the work of a single brain. Harvey (2012: 3) sees “its system of thought by one mind.”
See, Bhikkhu Sujato & Bhikkhu Brahmali (2014: 7) who, convincingly arguing for the
authenticity of the early Buddhist texts, state: “There are two main aspects to our argu-
ment: (1) there is a body of Early Buddhist Texts (EBTs), which is clearly distinguished
from all other Buddhist scripture; (2) these texts originated from a single historical per-
sonality, the Buddha.” See also Lamotte (1988: 639) who says: “Buddhism could not be
explained unless we accept that it has its origin in the strong personality of its founder.”
1 INTRODUCTION 11
Buddha. This does not, however, mean that this author takes a total non-critical approach
to the teaching of the discourses. In this case, he follows Gombrich (2009: 96) who states,
“… the initial working hypothesis has to be that the text is telling the truth, and in each
case where we do not believe it, or doubt it, we must produce our reasons for doing so.”
10 The term sotāpanna means “one who has entered the stream,” and is often translated
11 This unifying factor of the Buddha’s teaching is expressed at A.IV.203, Ud.56, Vin.
II.238: “Just as the ocean has only one taste, the taste of salt, so the doctrine and discipline
have only one taste, the taste of liberation.”
12 The proposed hermeneutical exercise will help understanding the synthetic structure of
mundane path leading to nibbāna. The other three are once-return (sakadāgāmi), non-re-
turn (anāgāmi), and Arahatship (arahatta).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
come sempre, provò un senso di repulsione. Che cosa di buono
aveva trovato sua sorella in quell’uomo? Gli pareva come un verme
da schiacciare col piede. «Un giorno o l’altro gli rompo il grugno»,
diceva spesso a se stesso, per frenarsi e aver la forza di pazientare.
Gli occhi di faina, crudeli e orlati di rosso, lo osservavano con
un’espressione di rampogna.
— Ebbene, — domandò Martin, — che c’è?
— Ho fatto ridipingere questa porta la settimana scorsa, — si
lamentò il signor Higgingbotham, — e voi sapete quanto costa la
mano d’opera. Dovreste usare più attenzione.
Martin sentì la voglia di rispondergli, ma tacque sapendo quanto
fosse inutile. Egli guardò l’oleografia che adornava il muro e fu
colpito dalla mostruosa volgarità di essa. Sino a quel giorno gli era
piaciuta, ma gli parve che la vedesse per la prima volta; era una
povera cosa, come tutto il resto, in quella casa. Ed egli ripensò
all’appartamento dal quale veniva; rivide dapprima i quadri, poi,
subito dopo, lei e la tenera dolcezza del suo saluto. Dimenticò
completamente dov’era e persino che esistesse Bernardo
Higgingbotham, sino al momento in cui costui non lo interrogò:
— Vedete forse qualche fantasma?
Martin rivide allora gli occhi di cattivo rosicante, beffardi, paurosi,
crudeli, poi se li immaginò subito quali erano giù al banco: servili,
dolciastri, complimentosi.
— Sì, — rispose, — ho visto un fantasma... Buona sera, Geltrude! —
E voltò le spalle con vivacità, inciampando nell’orlo sdrucito del
tappeto sudicio.
— Non sbattete la porta, — raccomandò il signor Higgingbotham.
Egli arrossì dalla collera, ma si trattenne e chiuse delicatamente la
porta dietro di sè.
Esultante di perfida gioia, il signor Higgingbotham si voltò verso la
moglie.
— Ha bevuto! — borbottò con voce enfatica. — Te lo avevo detto
che si sarebbe ubriacato.
Ella scosse il capo con rassegnazione, dicendo remissivamente:
— Gli occhi gli lucevano, e non aveva più il colletto che si era messo
quando è uscito: ho visto. Ma forse ha bevuto due o tre bicchieri.
— Camminava di sbieco, — affermò il marito. — L’ho osservato.
Nell’attraversare la camera vacillava. Non l’hai sentito nell’andito? A
momenti cadeva.
— Dev’essere stato quando è andato sopra la carrozzella di Alice, —
rispose lei. — Non l’ha vista, allo scuro.
Il signor Higgingbotham alzò la voce e, con essa, la collera. Durante
tutta la giornata egli rodeva il freno, nel negozio, e si riserbava la
sera, in famiglia, il privilegio di mostrarsi qual era.
— Ti dico che il tuo delizioso fratello era ubriaco.
La sua voce fredda, tagliente, spiccava le parole come col taglio
netto d’uno stampo. Sua moglie sospirò e tacque. Era una donna
corpulenta, spettorata, che sembrava sempre oppressa dal peso del
corpo, del lavoro e del marito.
— Ha ripreso da suo padre, ti dico, — proseguì il signor
Higgingbotham. — E finirà nella strada come lui, vedrai. — Lei fece
segno di sì con la testa, sospirò e seguitò a cucire. Martin Eden era
rientrato ubriaco; bisognava riconoscerlo. Se la loro anima fosse
stata capace di comprendere la bellezza, non avrebbero visto in quei
suoi occhi raggianti, su tutto il suo volto ardente, il segno evidente
del primo amore?
— Un bell’esempio per i bambini! — borbottò ad un tratto il signor
Higgingbotham, dopo un silenzio di cui egli tenne il broncio a sua
moglie, giacchè avrebbe preferito essere contraddetto di più. — Se
ricomincia lo mando via! Capito? Non sopporto più queste sue belle
pratiche! Depravare dei poveri innocenti con lo spettacolo delle
proprie sbornie!
Al signor Higgingbotham piaceva la parola «depravare», spigolata in
un giornale e aggiunta di fresco al suo vocabolario. — Proprio così;
non c’è altra parola: li deprava.
Sua moglie sospirò nuovamente, scosse tristemente il capo e
seguitò a cucire. Il signor Higgingbotham riprese la lettura.
— Ha pagato la pensione della settimana scorsa?... — lanciò a un
tratto di sopra al giornale.
Essa fece segno di sì e aggiunse: — Ha ancora un po’ di denaro.
— Quando s’imbarca?
— Quando avrà consumato la paga, credo. — rispose lei. — È stato
ieri a S. Francisco, per l’imbarco. Ma siccome ha ancora del danaro,
è meticoloso nella scelta del piroscafo.
— Solo un pidocchioso come lui può fare lo schifiltoso così, —
brontolò il signor Higgingbotham. — Gli giova fare il difficile.
— Ha parlato d’uno schooner che si prepara per un viaggio verso un
paese lontano in cerca di un tesoro... Se il denaro gli dura, parte con
quello.
— Se avesse un po’ di voglia di sistemarsi, potrei impiegarlo qui, a
guidar la carrozza, — fece il marito, che non mostrava la minima
benevolenza. — Tom se ne va.
La moglie lo fissò con uno sguardo interrogativo e ansioso insieme.
— Se ne va stasera. Va da Carruthers, che gli dà di più.
— Te lo avevo detto che se ne sarebbe andato! — esclamò lei. —
Valeva di più di quanto gli davi!
— Senti, vecchia! — ruggì Higgingbotham minacciosamente. — Te
l’ho già detto cento volte che non devi ficcare il naso nei fatti miei.
Non te lo ripeterò più.
— Per me è lo stesso, — fece lei con le lacrime agli occhi. — Tom
era un buon garzone!
Suo marito la fulminò collo sguardo. Era il colmo dell’insolenza,
quella.
— Se quel tuo bel fratello non fosse un buono a nulla potrebbe
guidar la carrozza, — sibilò.
— Egli paga la pensione come un altro, — ribattè lei. — È mio
fratello, e sinchè non ti è debitore, tu non hai il diritto d’insultarlo
continuamente. Eppoi, anch’io ho un cuore, sebbene sia tua moglie
da sette anni.
— Gli hai detto che pagherà il consumo del gas, se seguita a
leggere a letto?
La signora Higgingbotham non rispose: era passata la ribellione, ella
era vinta dalla sua carne stanca, e il marito trionfava, aveva il
sopravvento. Gli occhi di lui ammiccavano viziosamente, mentr’egli
si rallegrava perchè gli era riuscito di farla piangere. Era un gran
piacere per lui affannarla, e lei s’angustiava facilmente, ora, molto
più di prima del matrimonio, prima che i parti numerosi e le continue
grettezze di lui l’avessero avvilita.
— Glielo dirai domani, ecco; — fece lui. — E, a proposito, bisognerà
fare cercare Marianna domani perchè badi ai bambini. Andato via
Tom, io sarò fuori tutto il giorno con la vettura, e tu puoi prepararti a
rimanere al banco, giù.
— Ma domani è giorno di bucato! — fece lei debolmente.
— Tu t’alzerai presto e laverai prima. Prima delle dieci non parto. —
E, spiegato rabbiosamente il giornale, proseguì la lettura.
CAPITOLO IV.