Precalculus

Chapter 6
• This Slideshow was developed to accompany the textbook
• Precalculus
• By Richard Wright
• https://www.andrews.edu/~rwright/Precalculus-RLW/Text/TOC.html
• Some examples and diagrams are taken from the textbook.

Slides created by
Richard Wright, Andrews Academy
rwright@andrews.edu
In this section, you will:
• Solve oblique triangles using the law of sines.
• Find the area of a triangle using two sides and the included angle.
• Solve a triangle
• Find all side lengths and angle measures

• Use Law of Sines if you know

• 2 angles and 1 side (ASA or AAS)
• 2 sides and 1 opposite angle (SSA)

• Law of Sines
!"# $ !"# & !"# (
• = =
% ' )
• Solve ΔABC where A = 30°, B = 45°, and a = 32 ft
• The Ambiguous Case (SSA) • a > b, then 1 solution
• (Given A, a, b)
• If A > 90° and
• a ≤ b, then 0 solutions
• If A < 90° and • a < b sin A, then 0 solutions
• a = b sin A, then 1 solution

• b sin A < a < b, then 2 solutions

• a > b sin A and a ≥ b, 1 solution
• Solve ΔABC where A = 58°, a = 4.5, and b = 5
• 1st Solution
• Solve ΔABC where A = 58°, a = 4.5, and b = 5
• 2nd Solution
• Area of a Triangle
*
• 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
+

,
• sin 𝐴 =
)
• 𝑐 sin 𝐴 = ℎ
*
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴
+
*
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵
+
*
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
+
In this section, you will:
• Solve oblique triangles using the law of cosines.
• Find the area of triangles using Heron’s formula.
• When you can’t use Law of Sines
• SAS, SSS

• Law of Cosines
• 𝑎+ = 𝑏 + + 𝑐 + − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
• 𝑏 + = 𝑎+ + 𝑐 + − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
• 𝑐 + = 𝑎+ + 𝑏 + − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
• Solve ΔABC where a = 20, b = 18, c = 13
• Area of a Triangle given all Sides • Find the area of a triangle with
sides 14 cm, 21 cm, 27 cm
• Heron’s Formula
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐
%-'-)
• Where 𝑠 =
+
In this section, you will:
• Write vectors in component form.
• Find the magnitude of vectors.
• Add, subtract, and scalar multiply vectors.
• Find a unit vector.
• Vector
• Directed line segment 𝑣⃑
• Has direction and magnitude
• Magnitude 𝑣⃑ is length of
the segment
• Component form
• 𝑣⃑ = 𝑣* , 𝑣+
• Terminal – initial point
• 𝑣⃑ = 𝑞* − 𝑝* , 𝑞+ − 𝑝+ = 𝑣* , 𝑣+

• 𝑣⃑ = 𝑞* − 𝑝* + + 𝑞+ − 𝑝+ +

= 𝑣*+ + 𝑣++
• Find the component form of the vector and its magnitude if its initial
point is (1, 7) and its terminal point is (4, 3).
• Vector Operations
• Scalar Multiplication
• 𝑘 𝑣⃑ = ⟨𝑘𝑣* , 𝑘𝑣+ ⟩
• If k is negative it goes in opposite
direction
• Add
• Add corresponding components
• 𝑣⃑ + 𝑢 = ⟨𝑣* + 𝑢* , 𝑣+ + 𝑢+ ⟩
• 2, 3 + ⟨1, 0⟩
• Let 𝑢 = ⟨1, 6⟩ and 𝑣⃑ = ⟨−4, 2⟩, find
• 3𝑢
• Let 𝑢 = ⟨1, 6⟩ and 𝑣⃑ = ⟨−4, 2⟩, find
• 2𝑣⃑ + 𝑢
• Unit Vectors • Special Unit Vectors
• Vector in the same direction, • 𝚤̂ = 1, 0
but magnitude is 1 unit • 𝚥̂ = 0, 1

. • Linear Combination Form

• 𝑢B = .
• 3𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ = 3, 2
• Let 𝑣⃑ = 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ and 𝑤 = 2𝚤̂ + 9𝚥,̂ find 2𝑣⃑ + 𝑤.
In this section, you will:
• Write vectors in trigonometric form.
• Find the components of a vector.
• Solve real-life problems using vectors.
• Direction Angle

• 𝑣/ = 𝑣⃑ cos 𝜃
• 𝑣0 = 𝑣⃑ sin 𝜃

• 𝑣⃑ = 𝑣⃑ cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃

.!
• tan 𝜃 =
."
• Write the vector in trig form. • Write the vector in component
• ⟨−12, 5⟩ form.
• 10⟨cos 120° , sin 120°⟩
• Find the component form of the vector representing velocity of an
airplane descending at 100 mph at 45° below the horizontal.
• Add the vectors. Write the result in trig form.
• 4 cos 210° , sin 210° + 2 cos 30° , sin 30°
• An airplane is traveling at 724 km/h at N 30° E. If the wind velocity is 32
km/h from the west, find the resultant speed and direction of the plane.
In this section, you will:
• Evaluate dot products of two vectors.
• Find the angle between two vectors.
• Find orthogonal components of a vector.
• Dot Product • Find 5, −4 • ⟨9, −2⟩
• 𝑢 = ⟨𝑢* , 𝑢+ ⟩, 𝑣⃑ = 𝑣* , 𝑣+

• 𝑢 • 𝑣⃑ = 𝑢* 𝑣* + 𝑢+ 𝑣+
• Angle between vectors • Find the angle between 5, −4
• 𝑢 • 𝑣⃑ = 𝑢 𝑣⃑ cos 𝜃 and ⟨9, −2⟩
• If 𝑢 • 𝑣⃑ = 0, then 𝑢 and 𝑣⃑ are • Are 1, −4 and 6, 2 orthogonal,
orthogonal (perpendicular) parallel, or neither?

• If 𝑢 = 𝑘𝑣,
⃑ then 𝑢 and 𝑣⃑ are
parallel (or antiparallel)
• Find Vector Components
• Let 𝑢 and 𝑣⃑ be vectors such that 𝑢 = 𝑤* + 𝑤+ where 𝑤* and 𝑤+ are
⃑ 𝑤* and 𝑤+ are components of 𝑢.
orthogonal and 𝑤* is parallel to 𝑣.
• 𝑤* is the projection of 𝑢 onto 𝑣:
⃑ 𝑤* = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗. 𝑢

1•.
• 𝑤* = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗. 𝑢 = # 𝑣⃑
.
• 𝑤+ = 𝑢 − 𝑤*

• 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹⃑ • 𝑑⃑
• Find the projection of 𝑢 = 3, 4 onto 𝑣⃑ = 8, 2 . Then write 𝑢 as the sum
of 2 orthogonal vectors.
In this section, you will:
• Graph complex numbers.
• Find the absolute value of complex numbers.
• Write complex numbers in trigonometric form.
• Graph Complex Number
• 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• Graph by moving horizontally a,
and vertically b
• x-axis is real
• y-axis is imaginary

• Graph
• 2 + 3𝑖
• −3 − 4𝑖
• Complex number
• Absolute value is distance from
origin
• 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑎+ + 𝑏 +
• 4+𝑖
• 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
• 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
• 𝑟 = 𝑎+ + 𝑏+
'
• tan 𝜃 =
%

• 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑖
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
• r is modulus, θ is argument
• Write in standard form • Write in trig form
+3 +3 • 𝑧 = −2 − 2𝑖
•𝑧=8 cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4
In this section, you will:
• Multiply and divide complex numbers in trigonometric form.
• Use exponents with complex numbers in trigonometric form.
• Find all the roots of complex numbers.
• Multiplication and Division
• 2 + 𝑖 3 − 2𝑖

• Easier way
• 𝑧* = 𝑟* cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
• 𝑧+ = 𝑟+ cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

• 𝑧* 𝑧+ = 𝑟* 𝑟+ (cos 𝜃* + 𝜃+ + 𝑖 sin 𝜃* + 𝜃+ )
 +-5
•
46+5

• Easier way
7$ 8$
• 7#
= 8#
cos 𝜃* − 𝜃+ + 𝑖 sin 𝜃* − 𝜃+
 3 3 7$
• 𝑧* = 3 cos + + 𝑖 sin + •
7#
3 3
• 𝑧+ = 6 cos + 𝑖 sin
9 9
• 𝑧* 𝑧+
• Exponents
• DeMoivre’s Theorem
• 𝑧 : = 𝑟 : cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

• Let 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, find 𝑧 9
• Solve by factoring • Roots of Complex Numbers
• 𝑥 9 − 16 = 0 • %
𝑧= %
𝑟 mcos
;
+
+3<
+
: :
; +3<
𝑖 sin + n
: :
• Where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n − 1

• These are spaced out evenly

%
around a circle with radius 𝑟
• Find the cube roots of −6 + 6𝑖