Micro and Nanofluid Convection With Magnetic Field Effects For Heat and Mass Transfer Applications Using Matlab Chakravarthula Raju Full Chapter PDF

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Micro and Nanofluid
Convection with Magnetic
Field Effects for Heat and
Mass Transfer Applications
Using MATLABs
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Micro and Nanofluid
Convection with Magnetic
Field Effects for Heat and
Mass Transfer Applications
Using MATLABs
Edited by
CHAKRAVARTHULA S.K. RAJU

Department of Mathematics, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
ILYAS KHAN
Basic Engineering Sciences Department, College of Engineering
Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi Arabia
SURESH KUMAR RAJU S.

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, King Faisal University,
Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
MAMATHA S. UPADHYA
Department of Mathematics, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous),
Bangalore, India
Elsevier
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Notices
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
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Contents
List of contributors ix
About the editors xi
Preface xiii
1. Background to micro- and nanofluids 1

Mamatha S. Upadhya and C.S.K. Raju
References 5
2. Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in

respective coordinates 7
C.S.K. Raju, Mamatha S. Upadhya and Ilyas Khan
2.1 Basic flow equations 7
2.2 Equations of motion 8
2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor 9
2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system 9
2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system 13
2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system 16
2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus 21
2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system 21
2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system 24
2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system 26
References 30
3. Mathematical model of steady incompressible nanofluid for

heat transfer applications using MATLABs 31
Sathy Suresh and S.R. Shanthi
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Problem description 33
3.3 Method of solution 36
3.4 Algorithm and implementation of MATLABs 38
3.5 Results and discussion 41
3.6 Conclusion 57
References 58
v
vi Contents
4. Mathematical model for an incompressible unsteady nanofluid flow with

heat transfer application 59
S. Rajamani, G. Venkatesan, A. Subramanyam Reddy, A.K. Shukla, K. Jagadeshkumar
and S. Srinivas
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Formulation of the problem 61
4.4 Conclusion 72
References 73
5. Mathematical model for incompressible unsteady nanofluid fluid flow with

heat and mass transfer application 75
G.P. Ashwinkumar
Nomenclature 75
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Mathematical formulation 78
5.4 Conclusions 89
References 89
6. Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet

in the presence of a magnetic dipole 91
R. Naveen Kumar, R.J. Punith Gowda, B.C. Prasannakumara and C.S.K. Raju
Nomenclature 91
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Mathematical formulation 94
6.2.1 Conditions and assumptions of the model 95
6.2.2 Geometry of fluid flow 95
6.2.3 Model equations 95
6.2.4 Nonuniform heat source/sink 96
6.2.5 Magnetic dipole 96
6.3 The solution to the problem 97
6.3.1 Expression of parameters 98
6.3.2 Physical quantities of interest 98
6.4 Numerical method 98
6.4.1 Convergence and error tolerance 100
6.5.1 Velocity and thermal profile 100
Contents vii
6.5.2 Concentration profile 104

6.5.3 Physical quantities of practical interest 106
6.6 Conclusions 109
References 109
7. Nonlinear unsteady convection on micro and nanofluids with

Cattaneo-Christov heat flux 113
Nomenclature 113
7.1 Introduction 114
7.2 Problem developments 116
7.3 Graphical outcomes and discussion 120
7.4 Conclusions 129
References 130
8. Comparison of steady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow

with heat and mass transfer applications 133
Sathy Suresh, S.R. Shanthi and Mamatha S. Upadhya
8.2 Formulation 135
8.3 Entropy generation 139
8.4 Numerical procedure 140
8.6 Concluding remarks 149
References 149
9. Comparison of unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid

flow with heat transfer applications 153
D. Rajkumar, K. Govindarajulu, T. Thamizharasan, A. Subramanyam Reddy,
K. Jagadeshkumar, S. Srinivas and A.K. Shukla
9.2 Formulation of the problem 156
9.3.1 Velocity distribution 161
9.3.2 Angular momentum distribution 163
9.3.3 Temperature distribution 164
9.3.4 Nusselt distribution 164
9.4 Conclusion 166
References 166
viii Contents
10. Implementation of boundary value problems in using MATLABs 169

10.1 Introduction to MATLABs 169

10.1.1 Plotting of curves and surfaces 169
10.2 Vector field and gradient 176
10.2.1 Aim 176
10.3 Limits and continuity 180
10.3.1 Aim 180
10.4 Definite integrals and their applications 185
10.4.1 Aim 185
10.5 Local maxima and local minima 189
10.5.1 Aim 189
10.6 Lagrange’s multipliers method 194
10.6.1 Aim 194
10.7 Multiple integrals 199
10.7.1 Aim 199
10.7.2 Volume of a solid region 199
10.7.3 Change of variables: polar coordinates 199
10.8 Applications of derivatives 205
10.8.1 Aim 205
10.8.2 Maximum and minimum for a single variable 207
10.9 Case study 212
10.9.1 Introduction 212
10.9.2 Methodology 213
10.9.3 MATLABs implementation 214
10.9.4 Results and discussion 216
10.9.5 Conclusion 220
10.10 NavierStokes equation solving using an ODE solver 221
10.11 Solving the initial value problem 223
10.12 Solving two coupled nonlinear equations 224
10.13 Interpreting the results 228
Further reading 237
Appendix 1 239
Index 299
List of contributors
G.P. Ashwinkumar
Department of Mathematics, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary, Karnataka,
India
K. Govindarajulu
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Jagadeshkumar
Ilyas Khan
Department of Mathematics, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia
R. Naveen Kumar
Department of Studies and Research in Mathematics, Davangere University, Davangere,
Karnataka, India
B.C. Prasannakumara
Karnataka, India
R.J. Punith Gowda
Karnataka, India
S. Rajamani
D. Rajkumar
C.S.K. Raju
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University,
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
A. Subramanyam Reddy
S.R. Shanthi
Department of Mathematics, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
A.K. Shukla
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages, VIT-Bhopal
University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
ix
x List of contributors
S. Srinivas
Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Amaravati,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Sathy Suresh
Department of Mathematics, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India;
Department of Mathematics, Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
T. Thamizharasan
Mamatha S. Upadhya
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
G. Venkatesan
About the editors
Dr. Chakravarthula S.K. Raju, GITAM School of Science,

GITAM University, Bengaluru-Campus, Karnataka, India
Dr. C.S.K. Raju works at GITAM University in India. Dr.

Raju’s areas of interest include mathematical modeling, nano-
and microfluid modeling, statistical mechanics, Newtonian and
non-Newtonian liquids, and machine learning techniques. He
is the author of several books and book chapters. He also acts
as an editorial board member and reviewer for various ISI and
Scopus-indexed publishers such as the American Society of
Mechanical Engineering, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and Springer. Dr. Raju
has published more than 150 research articles and has a Google scholar citation count
of 3000 and Scopus citation count of 2500. He has received the Best Researcher
Award as a token of appreciation from the VIT University and IJRULA Association.
He has attended/presented various national/international conferences as a presenter/
invited speaker or resource person. He was listed in the top 2% scientist’s database by
the Stanford University, United States (2020) and also in 2021 as per the Scopus data-
base. He is an editor of this book and has also contributed some of the chapters.
Dr. Ilyas Khan received his PhD degree in applied mathe-

matics from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, one of the
world’s leading universities. He has over 15 years of academic
experience in different reputed institutions around the world.
He is currently an associate professor with the Department of
Mathematics, College of Science, Zulfi, Majmaah University,
Saudi Arabia. He has published more than 700 research articles
in different well-reputed international journals. Dr. Khan is
also editor of a number of journals and a referee in more than
100 journals. Dr. Khan’s areas of research interest include
mathematical modeling, analytical and computational fluid dynamics, bio-
mathematics, and numerical computing.
xi
xii About the editors
Dr. Suresh Kumar Raju S. is originally from India and cur-

rently works as an assistant professor in the Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, at King Faisal
University, Saudi Arabia. He completed his PhD at Universiti
Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. He has 13 years of teaching
and 8 years of research experience at local and international
educational institutions. His research focuses on the areas of
fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, nanofluids, multiphase
flow, mathematical modeling, and numerical analysis. He has
published research articles in reputed ISI indexed journals and presented research arti-
cles at international conferences in various countries. He has in-depth knowledge of
the programming languages MATLABs and FORTRAN. In addition to teaching
and research, he was been appointed to some administrative responsibilities such as a
team lead for a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) report, curriculum committee mem-
ber, student advisor, examination coordinator, and Programme Officer for the
National Service Scheme (NSS) Unit. He is an editor of this book and has contributed
some of the chapters.
Dr. Mamatha S. Upadhya has 21 years of teaching experi-

ence, combining academic and pragmatic approaches. She is
presently assistant professor at the Department of Mathematics,
Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru, India. She has 45 publica-
tions that are SCI-indexed, with reputed publishers including
the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, Elsevier,
Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and Springer. She is active in
research as a reviewer in many international and national peer-
reviewed journals. Her research interests include areas such as
dusty fluid, nanofluids, non-Newtonian fluids, hybrid nano-
fluids, and fuzzy logic. She has given invited talks in various faculty development pro-
grammes (FDPs) and seminars. Her expertise includes a fair knowledge in software
such as SPSS R, MATLABs , and Maxima. She is an editor to this book and has also
contributed some of the chapters.
Preface
This book provides readers with details on the various applications of micro- and
nanofluid flow and heat and mass transfer. Different numerical methods have been
employed to find the solutions to governing equations and the results simulated using
MATLABs . Solving the boundary layer equations in MATLABs is discussed in
detail.
The first chapter gives detailed explanations regarding Newtonian and non-
Newtonian fluid, micropolar fluid, and nanofluid, along with their applications. In
Chapter 2, the basic governing equations of motion for couple stress fluid in
Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates are explained in detail.
In Chapter 3, the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over a stretching rotating
disk are discussed. The flow-governing equations are solved numerically using the
RungeKutta-based shooting method and implementation in MATLABs is
described in detail. The influence of uniform magnetic fields; stretching strength para-
meters; thermal buoyancy; thermal radiation on axial, tangential, and radial velocities;
and heat transfer is also discussed.
Chapter 4 draw insights into the mathematical modeling for an incompressible
unsteady nanofluid flow over an inclined plane. Heat and mass transfer applications are
discussed. In this chapter, the concept of hybrid nanofluid is explained also. A mathe-
matical model for two-dimensional incompressible MHD, unsteady nanofluid flow
along an elongated sheet with heat and mass transfer, and its applications are reported
in Chapter 5. The influence of a magnetic field, chemical reaction, viscous dissipation,
and nonuniform heat source/sink parameters on thermal, concentration, and velocity
fields of the nanofluid are described.
Chapter 6 elaborates on the Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretch-
ing sheet in the presence of a magnetic dipole. The flow-governing equations are
numerically solved using the RungeKuttaFehlberg (RKF-45) technique, along
with the shooting method and the influence of dimensionless parameters on concen-
tration, thermal, and velocity gradients is portrayed. Chapter 7 deals with a compara-
tive study of unsteady micro- and nanofluid flow and heat transfer considering
nonlinear flow and CattaneoChristov heat flux over a stretching sheet. Nonlinear
density variation and the purpose of introducing CattaneoChristov heat flux are
elaborated on.
Chapter 8 provides a comparative discussion on heat and mass transfer in micropo-
lar and nanofluid flow on a curved stretching sheet, with details presented on entropy
generation. Velocity and thermal slip are introduced in Chapter 9, and a comparative
xiii
xiv Preface
study on unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow and heat transfer
over permeable inclined stretching sheet is presented also.
Chapter 10 provides a detail explanation of the implementation of boundary value
problems using MATLABs . Several examples are presented in the book which help
the reader to understand flow problems and their applications. Numerical solutions are
obtained by them implementing in MATLABs . The user (Bachelor’s, Master’s, and
PhD students; university teachers; and also research centers in a number of fields) will
thus be able to encounter such systems in confidence.
In the different chapters of the book, not only are the basic ideas of the methods
broadly discussed, but also they are practically solved using the proposed
methodology.
CHAPTER 1
Background to micro- and nanofluids

Mamatha
1
S. Upadhya1 and C.S.K. Raju2
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Today’s researchers are fascinated by breakthroughs in technologies, and this trend will
continue in the future. As fluids are a substantial constituent of the universe, they have
drawn significant attention from engineers and researchers to modify their various
properties. Numerous fluids encountered in engineering and industrial processes pos-
sess non-Newtonian fluid characteristics, for example, molten plastics, pulps, polymers,
liquid metals, nuclear fuel slurries, mercury amalgams, lubrication by heavy oil, etc.
Fluid flow in the microscale behaves differently from that in the macroscale. There are
situations where the NavierStokes equation, which is derived from the classical con-
tinuum, is incapable of exploring the microscale fluid transport phenomena. This is
because, when the channel size is compared to the molecular size, the spinning of
molecules which is observed in molecular dynamics simulations is found to influence
significantly the flow field. This effect of molecular spin is not considered in the
NavierStokes equations. The complex nature of these fluids has forced researchers to
invent constitutive models. In recent years, studies related to micropolar fluid have
received greatly increased attention. Eringen (Eringen, 1972; Eringen, 1966) was first
to established microcontinuum theory considering micropolar, microstretch, and
micromorphic (3M) theory. In 3M theory, each particle has a finite size and micro-
structure that can rotate and deform independently, regardless of the motion of the
centroid of the particle. The formulation of micropolar fluid theory has additional
degrees of freedom, gyration, to determine the rotation of the microstructure. Thus,
the balance law of angular momentum is provided for solving gyration. This equation
introduces the mechanism to take into account the effect of molecular spin. Thus,
micropolar theory is a very good alternative approach to solving microscale fluid
dynamics and is much more computationally efficient than molecular dynamics simu-
lations. Under a microscopic view, one can see that the micromotion of rigid fluid
elements is randomly oriented (or spherical) with their peculiar spins and microrota-
tions in micropolar fluid. A micropolar fluid model has been found useful in the study
of flows of paints, ferrofluids, exotic lubricants, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals,
polymeric fluids, additive suspensions, body fluids, blood flows, flows in capillaries,
microchannels, and turbulent shear flows. The presence of smoke or dust, particularly
Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs r 2022 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823140-1.00007-5 All rights reserved. 1
2 Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs
in a gas, could also be modeled using micropolar fluid dynamics. Physically, micropo-
lar fluid represents a fluid containing randomly oriented particles suspended in a vis-
cous medium. Micropolar fluid and Newtonian fluid differ over the number of
viscosity coefficients. The former having six coefficients of 3 viscosity, namely α, β, γ,
λ, μ, and κ, while the latter has only one coefficient of viscosity, for example, μ.
The governing equations in the vector fields are as follows (Abd El-Aziz, 2013):
@ρ
1 r:ðρV Þ 5 0 ð1:1Þ
@t
DV
ρ 5 2rp 1 κrXω 2 ðμ 1 κÞr XrXV 1 ðλ 1 2μ 1 κÞrðr:V Þ 1 ρf ð1:2Þ
Dt
Dω
ρj 5 κrXV 2 2κω 2 γrXrXω 1 ðαv 1 β v 1 γÞrðr:ωÞ 1 ρl ð1:3Þ
Dt
DE
ρ 5 pr:V 1 ρΦ 2 r:q ð1:4Þ
Dt
Where, ρΦ 5 λðr:V Þ2 1 2μD
2
1
:D 1 4κ rXV 2V 1 αv ðr:ωÞ2 1 γrω
2
:rω 1 β v rω:ðrωÞT ð1:5Þ

D
where Dt is the material
time derivative, D represents the deformation tensor
with D 5 12 Vk;l 1 Vl;k , Φ is the dissipation function of mechanical energy per mass
unit, E the specific internal energy, q the heat flux, V the velocity vector, ρ the den-
sity of the fluid, μ the dynamic viscosity, ω the microrotation vector, f the body force
vector, p the thermodynamic pressure, j the microinertia density, l the body couple
vector, λ the second-order viscosity coefficient, κ the vortex viscosity (or the microro-
tation viscosity) coefficient and αv, β v, and γ are the spin gradient coefficients,
respectively.
The constitutive equations, giving the stress tensor τ kl and the couple stress tensor
Mkl, are given by:

τ kl 5 2p 1 λVr;r δkl 1 μ Vk;l 1 Vl;k 1 κ Vl;k 2 εklm ωm
Mkl 5 αv ωr;r δki 1 β v ωk ; l 1 γωl;k

where δkl and εklm are the metric tensor and covariant ε symbol.
Background to micro- and nanofluids 3
The material constants must satisfy the following inequalities, derived from the
ClausiusDuhem inequality:
3λ 1 2μ 1 κ $ 0; 2μ 1 κ $ 0; κ $ 0
3αv 1 β v 1 γ $ 0; γ . jβ v j
Eqs. (1.1)(1.4) represent the conservation of mass, linear momentum, angular
momentum, and energy. For κ 5 αv 5 β v 5 γ 5 0 and vanishing l and f, microrotation
ω becomes zero, and Eq. (1.2) reduces to the classical NavierStokes equations. Also,
we note that for κ 5 0, the velocity V and microrotation ω are not coupled and the
microrotation does not affect the global motion.
Abbas, Malik, and Nadeem (2020) studied micropolar hybrid nanomaterial flow
over Riga surface. Nawaz, Elmoasry, and Alebraheem (2020), using the
CattaneoChristov model, studied the thermal nature of micropolar fluids. They
noticed that heat dissipated in a mono-nanofluid is lower than for a hybrid nanofluid.
Al-Hanaya, Sajid, Abbas, and Nadeem (2020) studied the influence of multiwalled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on
micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow on a curved surface and noted that microrotation
improves with volumetric fraction. Reddy and Ferdows (2021) investigated the ther-
mal and species radiation influence in micropolar and dusty fluid flow across a parabo-
loid revolution. Nabwey and Mahdy (2021) investigated numerically the natural
convection of micropolar and dust particles due to permeable cone considering the
nonlinear temperature. Kaneez, Alebraheem, Elmoasry, Saif, and Nawaz (2020)
numerically investigated the transport of energy and momenta in micropolar fluid
with suspended dust and nanoparticles. Abdelmalek, Nawaz, and Elmasry (2020) stud-
ied the impact of dust particles and nanoparticles in heat transfer in a fluid with micro-
rotation and thermal memory effects.
The 21st century has been accompanied by a significant increase in energy con-
sumption because of rapid growth of industries and massive growth of the population.
The effective deployment of energy is necessary to preserve and better manage energy
resources. Intensifying heat transfer performance and reducing energy losses has
become an incredibly great challenge to the high-technology industrial sectors.
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are anticipated to play a major role in revitalizing
the conventional and emerging renewable energy industries. Nanofluid is a colloidal
deferment of nano-sized (diameter less than 100 nm) solid particles in base fluid that
has brought a revolutionary change in heat transfer property. Experimental results
(Keblinski, Eastman, & Cahill, 2005) have proved that nanofluid exhibits higher ther-
mal conductivity compared to the base fluid. Nanofluid has several advantages, such as
higher stability of colloidal suspension, lower pumping power that is essential to
achieve the corresponding heat transfer, and a superior level of control for thermody-
namics and transfer properties by altering the particle material, size, shape, and concen-
tration (Choi & Eastman, 1995; Saidur, Leong, & Mohammad, 2011). Experimental
studies by Buongiorno and Hu (2005) illustrated that for effective heat enhancement,
nanofluid requires only 5% volumetric fraction of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are
made from several materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metals (Cu, Ag, Au) oxide
ceramics (Al2O3, CuO), carbide ceramics (SiC, TiC), nitride ceramics (AlN, SiN),
semiconductors (TiO2, SiC), and composite materials such as nanoparticle
corepolymer shell composites or alloyed nanoparticles. Nanofluids include numerous
practical applications, with examples including process industries (food and drink,
materials and chemicals, oil and gas, detergency, paper and printing, textiles), nanofluid
coolant (vehicle cooling, electronics cooling, etc.), medical applications (safer surgery
by cooling, cancer therapy, and drug delivery), etc.
The year 2020 has seen tremendous acceleration toward the adoption and research
into nanofluids. Numerous researchers (Ahmed, Saleem, Nadeem, & Khan, 2020;
Anwar, Rafique, Misiran, Shehzad, & Ramesh, 2020; Dogonchi, Waqas, Seyyedi,
Hashemi-Tilehnoee, & Ganji, 2020; Gopal, Naik, Kishan, & Raju, 2020; Kumar,
Sood, Raju, & Shehzad, 2019; Rashid, Hayat, & Alsaedi, 2019; Rostami, Dinarvand,
& Pop, 2018; Saleem, Nadeem, Rashidi, & Raju, 2019; Shehzad, Reddy,
VIjayakumari, & Tlili, 2020; Sheikholeslami, Arabkoohsar, & Jafaryar, 2020; Tariq,
Hussain, Sheikh, Afaq, & Ali, 2020; Turkyilmazoglu, 2020a; Turkyilmazoglu, 2019;
Turkyilmazoglu, 2020b; Waqas, Shehzad, Hayat, Khan, & Alsaedi, 2019) have dem-
onstrated that nanofluids have better thermal performance. Attractive and promising
thermophysical properties of solid nanoparticles in base fluid (nanofluid) have encour-
aged researchers to analyze their influence in several areas. The main application of
nanofluids is as a heat exchanger, in solar cells, electronics, food, medicine, etc.
Advantages of nanofluids and accelerating research toward flow, heat, and mass trans-
port phenomena have motivated researchers toward developing hybrid and dihybrid
nanofluids. If the mixture is comprised of more than one type of nanoparticle it is
known as a “hybrid nanofluid.” If the mixture comprises more than one type of nano-
particle and more than one fluid it is described as “dihybrid nanofluid.” Li et al.
(2020) indicated that the main advantage of a hybrid nanofluid is greater conservation
of energy, more efficiency, and increased energy saving. Waini and Ishak (2020) stud-
ied the outcome of transpiration on hybrid nanofluid flow for uniform shear flow
over a stretching sheet and observed that an improvement in volume fractions of cop-
per nanoparticles causes an enhancement in heat transfer. Raju, Upadhya, and Seth
(2020) observed that Al2O3 and graphene-based hybrid nanofluid lowered the wall
friction rate. Kumar, Sandeep, Sugunamma, and Animasaun (2020) observed that the
proportion of heat transfer is greater in a hybrid ferrofluid than in ferrofluid. Shehzad
(2020) investigated the thermal performance of hybrid nanofluid by considering
Background to micro- and nanofluids 5
spherical particles. Huminic and Huminic (2020) found that the employment of
hybrid nanofluid in minichannels, microchannels, and cavities was a better alternative
than traditional thermal systems.
This study investigated the numerical solutions to a number of problems for steady,
unsteady, laminar, and incompressible flow of both micropolar fluids and nanofluids.
The body couples are neglected in the case of micropolar fluid flow. Similarity trans-
formations are used to handle the governing partial differential of motion to transform
them into ordinary differential equations. Further, the resulting boundary value prob-
lem is solved by using appropriate numerical techniques which are straightforward,
easy to program, and economical.
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CHAPTER 2
Mathematical modeling of equations

of couple stress fluid in respective
coordinates
C.S.K.
1
Raju1, Mamatha S. Upadhya2 and Ilyas Khan3
Department of Mathematics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2
Department of Computer Science, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3
Department of Mathematics, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Majmaah City, Saudi Arabia
2.1 Basic flow equations

The theory of couple stresses does not contain the microstructure in the fluid as the
intrinsic angular momentum and the kinetic energy of spin density are not considered.
The foremost concern of couple stresses is to introduce the length-dependent effect,
which is not present in classical theories for Newtonian or nonpolar fluids. The basic
flow equations representing the couple stresses have been presented in Chang-Jian and
Chen (2008), Murthy and Nagaraju (2009), Ramanaiah and Sarkar (1979),
Soundalgekar (1971), and Stokes (1966, 1984) and are as follows:
The continuity equation
ρ_ 1 ρVi;i 5 0 ð2:1Þ
Cauchy’s first law of motion,
ρ aj 2 ρ f j 5 Tij;i ; ð2:2Þ
Cauchy’s second law of motion
ρlj 1 ejik Tik 1 mij;i 5 0 ð2:3Þ
where ρ is the fluid density, Vi are the velocity component, aj is the components of
acceleration, Tij is the second-order stress tensor, mij is the second-order couple stress
tensor, f j represents the body force per unit volume, lj represents the body moment
per unit volume, and ejik is the third-order alternating pseudo tensor.
Also, the constitutive equation for the polar fluid is assumed to have the form
Tsij 5 ψdrr δij 2 pδij 1 2μdij ð2:4Þ
0
ij 5 4ξkij 1 4ξ kji
mD ð2:5Þ
Micro and Nanofluid Convection with Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Applications using MATLABs r 2022 Elsevier Inc.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823140-1.00008-7 All rights reserved. 7
The quantities ψ and μ are the viscosity coefficients, ξ and ξ0 are the couple stress
viscosity coefficients, and dij and kij are kinematic variables.
2.2 Equations of motion

To find the equations of motion for the couple stress fluid, the constitutive equation has
been utilized to transform Cauchy’s law of motion in terms of velocity and to obtain
the joint form of the symmetric and antisymmetric part of the tensor, which is given by:
Tij;i 5 Tsij;i 1 TAij;i ð2:6Þ
In which the first term signifies the symmetric part of the stress tensor that is trans-
formed from Eq. (2.4) into:
Tsij;i 5 2p;j 1 μVj;ii 1 ðψ 1 μÞVi;ij ð2:7Þ
From Cauchy’s second law
ρeijk lk 1 eijk mqk;q 1 eijk ekrs Trs 5 0 ð2:8Þ
By simplification, it becomes
1
TAij 5 2 eijk ρlk 1 mqk;q ð2:9Þ
2
Using m 5 mii , Eq. (2.5) transforms to mqk 5 4ξkqk 1 4ξ 0 kkq 1 mδqk , along with
kik 5 ωk;i , which reduces Eq. (2.9) into
1
TAij 5 2 eijk mq;k 1 4ξeijk ωk;qq 1 ρeijk lk ð2:10Þ
2
as ωq;q 5 0.
However ω 5 12 r 3 V, ωi;j is the spin tensor, m is the trace.
Using the following expressions
1
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 Vj;i 2 Vi;j
2
1 ð2:11Þ
ωk 5 Vk;j eijk
2
it converts Eq. (2.10) into

1
TAij 5 22ξωij;qq 1 ejik m;k 1 ρlk ð2:12Þ
2
Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in respective coordinates 9
So that TAij;i 5 22ξωij;riqq 1 12 ejik ðρlk Þ;i since the term eijk m;ki must be zero. Finally,
since
1
TAij 5 2ξVj;iiqq 1 ξVi;ijqq 1 ejik ðρlk Þ;i ð2:13Þ
2
Substitution from Eq. (2.7) and Eq. (2.12) in Cauchy’s first law of motion,
1
ρaj 5 μVj;ii 2 ξVj;iikk 1 ejik ðρlk Þ;i 2p;j 1 ðψ 1 μÞ Vi;i ;j 1 ξ Vi;i jkk 1 ρf j ð2:14Þ
2
In Gibbs notation (GB), it can be modified as:
1
ρa 5 μr2 V 2 ξr4 V 1 2rp 1 ðψ 1 μÞrr:V 1 ξr2 rr:V 1 ρf 1 r 3 ðρlÞ ð2:15Þ
2
@V
where a 5 DV Dt 5 @t 1 ðV:rÞV
For incompressible fluids r:V 5 0. And if the body force f and the body moment
l are absent, the equations of motion reduce to
DV
ρ 5 μr2 V 2 rp 2 ξr4 V ð2:16Þ
Dt
However by Eqs. (2.4) and (2.12), the stress tensor takes the form
1
Tij 5 Tsij 1 TAij 5 2μdij 2 2ξeijk ωk;qq 2 pδij 1 ψdrr δij 1 ejik m;k 1 ρlk ð2:17Þ
2
In this thesis, the fluid is deliberated to be incompressible and also the body force
and the body moment are not considered. drr represents the divergence of velocity
that can be reserved as the equation of continuity and can be equated to zero, for sim-
plicity. Also, the term eijk m;ki must be zero, Eq. (2.17) reduces to
Tij 5 2pδij 1 2μdij 2 2ξωij;qq ð2:18Þ
Here, ωk;qq 5 ωk;11 1 ωk;22 1 ωk;33 .
2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor

This section is devoted to evaluating the stress tensor for the couple stress fluid in the
Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates systems.
2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

At first, all the components of the “rate of strain tensor,” dij , and “rate of spin tensor”
ωk are determined with V 5 ðuðt; x; y; zÞ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ; w ðt; x; y; zÞÞ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3
where 1; 2; 3 denotes the x; y; z components of velocity and differentiation with

respect to x; y; z.
Since, dij 5 12 Vj;i 1 Vi;j
01 1 1 1
V1;1 1 V1;1 V2;1 1 V1;2 V3;1 1 V1;3
B2 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 1 C
B V1;2 1 V2;1 V2;2 1 V2;2 V3;2 1 V2;3 C
dij 5 B 2 C ð2:19Þ
B 2 2 C
B 1 1 C
@1 A
V1;3 1 V3;1 V2;3 1 V3;2 V3;3 1 V3;3
2 2 2
0 1 1 1
ux vx 1 uy ðwx 1 uz Þ
B 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 C
B wy 1 v z C
dij 5 B 2 vx 1 uy vy C ð2:20Þ
B 2 C
B C
@1 1 A
ðwx 1 uz Þ wy 1 vz wz
2 2

And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 12 vj;i 2 vi;j
0 1
V 2 V1;1 V2;1 2 V1;2 V3;1 2 V1;3
1 @ 1;1
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 V1;2 2 V2;1 V2;2 2 V2;2 V3;2 2 V2;3 A ð2:21Þ
2
V1;3 2 V3;1 V2;3 2 V3;2 V3;3 2 V3;3
0 1
u 2 ux vx 2 uy wx 2 u z
1@ x
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 uy 2 vx vy 2 vy wy 2 vz A ð2:22Þ
2 u 2w vz 2 wy wz 2 wz
z x
0 1 1 1
0 vx 2 uy ðwx 2 uz Þ
B 2 2 C
B C
B1 1 C
B wy 2 vz C
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B 2 uy 2 vx 0 C ð2:23Þ
B 2 C
B C
@1 1 A
ðuz 2 wx Þ vz 2 wy 0
2 2
The Kronecker delta is defined as

1 ; if i 5 j
δij 5
0 ; if i 6¼ j
And the alternating pseudo tensor is defined as

8
<1 ; if i; j; k is a cyclic permutation of 1; 2; 3
eijk 5 21 ; if i; j; k is an anticyclic permutation of 1; 2; 3
:
0 ; if any two of i; j; k are equal
The stress tensor matrix can be given by:

0 1
T11 T12 T13
Tij 5 @ T21 T22 T23 A ð2:24Þ
T31 T32 T33
Eq. (2.18) is transformed to give the shear component

0 1
2pδ11 1 2μd11 22ξω11;qq 2pδ12 1 2μd12 22ξω12;qq 2pδ13 1 2μd13 2 2ξω13;qq
Tij 5 @ 2pδ21 1 2μd21 22ξω21;qq 2pδ32 1 2μd32 2 2ξω32;qq 2pδ23 1 2μd23 22ξω23;qq A
2pδ31 1 2μd31 22ξω31;qq 2pδ22 1 2μd22 22ξω22;qq 2pδ33 1 2μd33 22ξω33;qq
ð2:25Þ
By setting the values from Eqs. (2.20) and (2.23) in Eq. (2.25), the shear stress
components are as follows:
T11 5 2p 1 2μux ð2:26Þ
h i
T12 5 μ vx 1 uy 2 ξ vx 2uy xx 1 vx 2uy yy 1 vx 2uy zz ð2:27Þ
h i
T13 5 μ ðwx 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwx 2uz Þxx 1 ðwx 2uz Þyy 1 ðwx 2uz Þzz ð2:28Þ
h i
T21 5 μ vx 1 uy 2 ξ uy 2vx xx 1 uy 2vx yy 1 uy 2vx zz ð2:29Þ

T22 5 2p 1 μ wy 2 vz ð2:30Þ
h i
T23 5 μ wy 1 vz 2 ξ wy 2vz xx 1 wy 2vz yy 1 wy 2vz zz ð2:31Þ
h i
T31 5 μ ðwx 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwx 1uz Þxx 1 ðwx 1uz Þyy 1 ðwx 1uz Þzz ð2:32Þ
h i
T32 5 μ wy 1 vz 2 ξ vz 2wy xx 1 vz 2wy yy 1 vz 2wy zz ð2:33Þ
T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:34Þ

The system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid motion
in Cartesian coordinates ðx; y; zÞ is given by

DV
ρ 5 r:T
Dt
@V
Dt 5
Since, DV @t 1 ðV:rÞV
and
8 9
( )!> uðt; x; y; zÞ >
@ @ @ < =
ðV:rÞV 5 uðt; x; y; zÞ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ; w ðt; x; y; zÞ : ; ; v ðt; x; y; zÞ
@x @y @z >
: >
;
w ðt; x; y; zÞ
8 9
( )> uðt; x; y; zÞ >
@ @ @ < =
5 uðt; x; y; zÞ 1 vðt; x; y; zÞ 1 w ðt; x; y; zÞ v ðt; x; y; zÞ
@x @y @z : > >
;
w ðt; x; y; zÞ
8 9
> @uðt; x; y; zÞ @uðt; x; y; zÞ @uðt; x; y; zÞ >
>
> uð t; x; y; z Þ 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ >
>
>
> @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
>
>
> >
>
< @v ðt; x; y; zÞ @v ðt; x; y; zÞ @v ðt; x; y; zÞ =
5 u ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ
>
> @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
>
>
> @w ð Þ @w ð Þ @w ð Þ >
>
>
> uðt; x; y; zÞ t; x; y; z t; x; y; z t; x; y; z >
>
>
: 1 v ð t; x; y; z Þ 1 w ð t; x; y; z Þ >
;
@x @y @z
ð2:35Þ
which gives the substantial derivative as:
8 Du 9 8 @u @u @u @u >
9
> > >
> 1u 1v 1w >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> Dt >
> >
> @t @x @y @z >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
< Dv = < @v @v @v @v =
1u 1v 1w
> Dt > 5 > @t @x @y @z > ð2:36Þ
>
> >
> > >
> >
>
>
> Dw > > > @w @w @w @w >>
>
> >
> >
> 1 1 1 >
>
: Dt ; > : @t u v w >
@x @y @z ;
Finally, the momentum equations for couple stress fluid are given by:

@u @u @u @u @T11 @T21 @T31
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:37Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z

@v @v @v @v @T12 @T22 @T32
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:38Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z

@w @w @w @w @T13 @T23 @T33
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 1 1 ð2:39Þ
@t @x @y @z @x @y @z
2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

To evaluate the shear stress components for the couple stress fluid in
cylindrical coordinates, first, all the components of dij , and ωk are determined
with V 5 ðuðt; r; θ; zÞêr ; v ðt; r; θ; zÞêθ ; w ðt; r; θ; zÞêz Þ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3, where 1; 2; 3
represents the r; θ; z components of velocity and differentiation with respect to
r; θ; z.
Since, dij 5 12 Vj;i 1 Vi;j 5 12 rV 1 ðrVÞT
00 uθ v 1 1
ur 2 uz 0 1
BB r r C ur vr wr C
BB C C
1B Bv vθ
1
u C B u v vθ u wθ CC
dij 5 B B r vz C 1 B θ
C @ r 2r 1 CC ð2:40Þ
B
2 BB
B
r r
C r r r C
A
C
@@ wθ A uz vz wz A
wr wz
r
0 ! 1
1 uθ v 1
B ur vr 1 2 ðwr 1 uz Þ C
B 2 r r 2 C
B ! !C
B C
B1 u θ v vθ u 1 wθ C
dij 5 B
B 2 vr 1 r 2 r 1 1 vz C C ð2:41Þ
B r r 2 r C
B ! C
B 1 1 wθ C
@ ðwr 1 uz Þ 1 vz wz A
2 2 r

And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 1
2 Vj;i 2 Vi;j 5 12 ðr 3 VÞ
0 ! 1
1 v uθ 1
B 0 vr 1 2 ðwr 2 uz Þ C
B 2 r r 2 C
B ! !C
B C
B 1 uθ v 1 wθ C
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B
B 2 r 2 vr 2 r 0 2 vz C C ð2:42Þ
B 2 r C
B ! C
B 1 1 wθ C
@ ðuz 2 wr Þ vz 2 0 A
2 2 r
By putting the values from Eqs. (2.41) and (2.42) into Eq. (2.25), the shear stress
components are as follows:
T11 5 2p 1 2μ ur ð2:43Þ

uθ v v uθ v uθ v uθ
T12 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ vr 1 2 1 vr 1 2 1 vr 1 2
r r r r rr r r θθ r r zz
ð2:44Þ

T13 5 μðwr 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðwr 2uz Þrr 1 ðwr 2uz Þθθ 1 ðwr 2uz Þzz ð2:45Þ

uθ v uθ v uθ v uθ v
T21 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 1 2vr 2
r r r r rr r r θθ r r zz
ð2:46Þ
vθ u
T22 5 2p 1 μ 1 ð2:47Þ
r r

wθ wθ wθ wθ
T23 5 μ 1 vz 2 ξ 2vz 1 2vz 1 2vz ð2:48Þ
r r rr r θθ r zz

T31 5 μðwr 1 uz Þ 2 ξ ðuz 2wr Þrr 1 ðuz 2wr Þθθ 1 ðuz 2wr Þzz ð2:49Þ

wθ wθ wθ wθ
T32 5 μ 1 vz 2 ξ vz 2 1 vz 2 1 vz 2 ð2:50Þ
r r rr r θθ r zz
T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:51Þ

Next, for the material derivative in cylindrical coordinates, it is essential to take the
derivative of the unit or basis vector associated with velocity components also.
Providing the nonzero derivatives of basis vectors are:
@êr @êθ
5 e^θ ; 5 2êr ð2:52Þ
@θ @θ
The material derivative in cylindrical coordinates can be expressed by:
DV @V dr @V dθ @V dz @V
5 1 1 1 ð2:53Þ
Dt @t dt @r dt @θ dt @z
The terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (2.53) can be expressed and simplified by
using Eq. (2.52) as follows:
@V @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z ð2:54Þ
@t @t @t @t
dr @V @V
5u
dt @r @r
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5u e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:55Þ
@r @r @r @r @r @r
!
@u @v @w
5u e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z
@r @r @r
dθ @V v @V
5
dt @θ r @θ
!
v @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:56Þ
r @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ
!
v @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 uðe^θ Þ 1 e^θ 1 v ð 2êr Þ 1 e^z
r @θ @θ @θ
dz @V @V
5w
dt @z @z
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êz
5w e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^z 1 w ð2:57Þ
@z @z @z @z @z @z
!
@u @v @w
5w e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^z
@z @z @z
Substituting the values from Eqs. (2.54)(2.57) into Eq. (2.53) we get
!
DV @u @u v @u v 2 @u
5 1u 1 2 1w e^r
Dt @t @r r @θ r @z
!
@v @v v @v @v uv
1 1u 1 1w 1 e^θ ð2:58Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r
!
@w @w v @w @w
1 1u 1 1w e^z
@t @r r @θ @z
Now, the system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid
motion in cylindrical coordinates ðr; θ; zÞ is given by

@u @u v @u @u v2 T21;θ T11 2 T22
ρ 1u 1 1w 2 5 T11;r 1 1 T31;z 1 ð2:59Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r r

@v @v v @v @v uv T22;θ T12 1 T21
ρ 1u 1 1w 1 5 T12;r 1 1 T32;z 1 ð2:60Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r r

@w @w v @w @w T23;θ T13
ρ 1u 1 1w 5 T13;r 1 1 T33;z 1 ð2:61Þ
@t @r r @θ @z r r
2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system

To evaluate the momentum equations by stress tensor for the couple stress fluid in
spherical
coordinates, first, the components of dij and ωk are evaluated with
V 5 uðt; r; θ; ϕÞêr ; vðt; r; θ; ϕÞêθ ; w ðt; r; θ; ϕÞêϕ and i; j 5 1; 2; 3, where 1; 2; 3 repre-
sents the r; θ; ϕ components of velocity and differentiation with respect to r; θ; ϕ.
Since, for spherical coordinates, dij 5 2 rV 1 ðrVÞ can be given by
1 T
0 0 1 1
uθ v cscθuϕ w
B B ur 2 2 C C
B B r r r r C C
B B C C
B B vθ u cscθvϕ cotθw C C
B B vr 1 2 C1 C
B B r r r r C C
B B C C
B B cotθv C C
B @w wθ u cscθwϕ
1 1 A C
1B
B
r C
C
dij 5 B 0 r r r r
1C ð2:62Þ
2B C
B ur vr wr C
BB CC
BB u θ v vθ u wθ CC
BB 2 1 CC
BB r r r r r CC
BB CC
B B cscθuϕ cotθv C C
@@ 2
w cscθvϕ
2
cotθw u cscθwϕ
1 1 AA
r r r r r r r
0 ! ! 1
1 uθ v 1 cscθuϕ w
B ur 2 1 vr 2 1 wr C
B 2 r r 2 r r C
B ! ! C
B C
B 1 u θ v vθ u 1 cscθvϕ cotθw wθ C
dij 5 B
B 2 vr 1 r 2 r 1 2 C
C
B r r 2 r r r
B ! ! !C
C
B1 cscθuϕ w 1 wθ cscθvϕ cotθw 1 u cscθwϕ cotθv C
@ wr 1 2 1 2 1 1 A
2 r r 2 r r r 2 r r r
ð2:63Þ
And ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 12 ðr 3 VÞ
0 0 11
! cscθuϕ
B 2 wr CC
B 1 v uθ 1BB r CC
B 0 vr 1 2 B CC
B 2 r r 2@ 2
w AC
B C
B r C
B 0 1C
B wθ wcotθ C
B ! 1 C
B C
B 1 uθ v 1BB r r C CC
ωij 5 eijk ωk 5 B
B 2 r 2 vr 2 r 0 B CC ð2:64Þ
B 2 @ 2 cscθvϕ A C C
B r C
B C
B 0 w 1 0 1 C
B 1
cscθvϕ C
B B wr C
B 1B r C 1B r C C
B B C B C C
B @ cscθuϕ C A 2@
B w wcotθ C
A
0 C
@2 2 2 2
θ A
r r r
The shear stress components can be obtained by substituting the values from
Eqs. (2.63) and (2.64) into Eq. (2.25), as follows:
T11 5 2 p 1 2μur ð2:65Þ
2 3
v u
vr 1 r 2 r θ v u
1 vr 1 r 2 rθ
6 7
uθ v 6 rr θθ 7
T12 5 μ 2 1 vr 2 ξ6 7 ð2:66Þ
r r 4 5
1 vr 1 vr 2 urθ
ϕϕ
2 3
cscθuϕ w
6 r 2wr 2 r 7
cscθuϕ w 6 rr 7
T13 5 μ 2 1 wr 2 ξ 6 7
r r 4 cscθuϕ w cscθuϕ w 5
1 r 2wr 2 r 1 r 2wr 2 r
θθ ϕϕ
ð2:67Þ

uθ v uθ v uθ v uθ v
T21 5 μ vr 1 2 2ξ 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 1 2vr 2 ð2:68Þ
r r r r rr r r θθ r r ϕϕ
vθ u
T22 5 2p 1 μ 1 ð2:69Þ
r r
!
cscθvϕ cotθw wθ
T23 5 μ 2
r r r
2 3
wθ 1 wcotθ 2 cscθvϕ 1 wθ 1 wcotθ 2 cscθvϕ ð2:70Þ
6 r r r r r r 7
6 θθ 7
2ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθvϕ 5
1 wrθ 1 wcotθ
r 2 r
ϕϕ
!
cscθuϕ w
T31 5 μ wr 1 2
r r
2 3
w 1 w 2 cscθuϕ 1 w 1 w 2 cscθuϕ ð2:71Þ
6 r r r r r r 7
6 θθ 7
2 ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθu 5
1 wr 1 wr 2 r ϕ
ϕϕ
!
wθ cscθvϕ cotθw
T32 5 μ 1 2
r r r
2 3
cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ ð2:72Þ
6 r 2 r 2 r 1 r 2 r 2 r 7
6 θθ 7
2ξ6
rr
7
4 cscθvϕ wθ wcotθ 5
1 r 2 r 2 r
ϕϕ

u cscθwϕ cotθv
T33 5 2p 1 2μ 1 1 ð2:73Þ
r r r
Again, for the material derivative in spherical coordinates, it is necessary to consider
the derivative of the unit or basis vectors accompanying the velocity components.
Providing the nonzero derivatives of basis vector are:
@êr @êθ @êr @êθ @êϕ
5 e^θ ; 5 2êr 5 sinθêϕ 5 cosθêϕ 5 2sinθêr 2cosθêθ
@θ @θ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ
ð2:74Þ
The material derivative in spherical coordinates can be expressed by:
DV @V dr @V dθ @V dϕ @V
5 1 1 1 ð2:75Þ
Dt @t dt @r dt @θ dt @ϕ
The terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (2.75) can be expressed and simplified by
using Eq. (2.74) as follows:
@V @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^ϕ ð2:76Þ
@t @t @t @t
dr @V @V
5u
dt @r @r
!
@u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5u e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w ð2:77Þ
@r @r @r @r @r @r
!
@u @v @w
5u e^r 1 e^θ 1 e^ϕ
@r @r @r
dθ @V v @V
5
dt @θ r @θ
!
v @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w ð2:78Þ
r @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ @θ
!
v @u @v @w
5 e^r 1 uðe^θ Þ 1 e^θ 1 v ð 2êr Þ 1 e^ϕ
r @θ @θ @θ
dϕ @V w @V
5
dt @ϕ rsinθ @ϕ
!
w @u @êr @v @êθ @w @êϕ
5 e^r 1 u 1 e^θ 1 v 1 e^ϕ 1 w
rsinθ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ @ϕ ð2:79Þ
0 1
@u @v @w
w B @ϕ e^r 1 usinθêϕ 1 @ϕ e^θ 1 vcosθêϕ 1 @ϕ e^ϕ C
5 @ A
rsinθ
1 w ð 2sinθêr 2 cosθêθ Þ
Substituting the values from Eqs. (2.76)(2.79) into Eq. (2.75) we get
!
DV @u @u v @u w @u v2 w2
5 1u 1 1 2 2 e^r
Dt @t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ
1 1u 1 1 1 2 e^θ ð2:80Þ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ
1 1u 1 1 1 1 e^ϕ
The system of equations representing the incompressible couple stress fluid motion
in spherical coordinates ðr; θ; ϕÞ is given by
!
@u @u v @u w @u v2 w2 T11 T21;θ cotθ
ρ 1u 1 1 2 2 5 T11;r 1 2 1 1 T21
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r r
1 T22 1 T33
1 T31;ϕ 2
rsinθ r
ð2:81Þ
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ T12 T22;θ cotθ
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 5 T12;r 1 2 1 1 T22
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r r
1 T21 cotθ
1 T32;ϕ 1 2 T33
rsinθ r r
ð2:82Þ
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ T13 sinθ
ρ 1u 1 1 1 1 5 T13;r 1 2 1 T23;θ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r r
cosθ 1 T31 1 T32
1 T23 1 T33;ϕ 1
r rsinθ r
ð2:83Þ
It can be observed that the stress components in momentum equations are different
from the viscous fluid as the stress tensor is symmetric for Newtonian fluid but anti-
symmetric for the non-Newtonian couple stress fluid, that is, Tij 6¼ Tji .
2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus

The constitutive equations for couple stress fluid are evaluated for all three coordinates
given by Eq. (2.16), which can be rewritten as:
DV 1 μ ξ
5 2 rP 2 r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 2 r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ ð2:84Þ
Dt ρ ρ ρ
2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors has been evaluated.

i j k

@ @ @
r3V5
@x @y @z ð2:85Þ

u v w

5 i wy 2 vz 1 jðuz 2 wx Þ 1 k vx 2 uy

i j k

@ @ @
r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 5
@x @y @z

wy 2 vz ðuz 2 wx Þ vx 2 uy
ð2:86Þ
5 i vx 2uy y 2 ðuz 2wx Þz 1 j wy 2vz z 2 vx 2uy x

1 k ðuz 2wx Þx 2 wy 2vz y

5 i vxy 2 uyy 2 uzz 1 wxz 1 j wyz 2 vzz 2 vxx 1 uyx

1 k uzx 2 wxx 2 wyy 1 vzy
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 V ÞÞ

i j k

@ @ @

@x @y @z
5

! ! !
vxy 2 uyy wyz 2 vzz uzx 2 wxx

2uzz 1 wxz 2 vxx 1 uyx 2 wyy 1 vzy
0 ! !1 ! !!
uzx 2wxx wyz 2vzz vxy 2uyy uzx 2wxx
5i @ 2 A 1j 2
2wyy 1vzy y 2vxx 1uyx z 2uzz 1wxz z 2wyy 1vzy x
0 ! ! 1
wyz 2vzz vxy 2uyy
1 k@ 2 A
2vxx 1uyx x 2uzz 1wxz y
! !
uzxy 2 wxxy 2 wyyy 1 vzyy vxyz 2 uyyz 2 uzzz 1 wxzz
5i 1j
2 wyzz 1 vzzz 1 vxxz 2 uyxz 2 uzxx 1 wxxx 1 wyyx 2 vzyx
!
wyzx 2 vzzx 2 vxxx 1 uyxx
1k
2 vxyy 1 uyyy 1 uzzy 2 wxzy
ð2:87Þ

i j k

@ @ @

@x @y @z
1
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ 5 0 uzxy 2 wxxy 1 0
vxyz 2 uyyz
1 0
wyzx 2 vzzx

B 2 wyyy 1 vzyy C B 2 uzzz 1 wxzz C B 2 vxxx 1 uyxx C
B
@ 2 wyzz 1 vzzz C
A
B C
@ 2 uzxx 1 wxxx A
B C
@ 2 vxyy 1 uyyy A

1 vxxz 2 uyxz 1 wyyx 2 vzyx 1 uzzy 2 wxzy
!
wyzx 2vzzx 2vxxx 1uyxx vxyz 2uyyz 2uzzz 1wxzz
5i 2
2vxyy 1uyyy 1uzzy 2wxzy y 2uzxx 1wxxx 1wyyx 2vzyx z

uzxy 2wxxy 2wyyy 1vzyy wyzx 2vzzx 2vxxx 1uyxx
1j 2
2wyzz 1vzzz 1vxxz 2uyxz z 2vxyy 1uyyy 1uzzy 2wxzy x
!
vxyz 2uyyz 2uzzz 1wxzz uzxy 2wxxy 2wyyy 1vzyy
1k 2
2uzxx 1wxxx 1wyyx 2vzyx x 2wyzz 1vzzz 1vxxz 2uyxz y

wyzxy 2 vzzxy 2 vxxxy 1 uyxxy 2 vxyyy 1 uyyyy 1 uzzyy 2 wxzyy
5i
2v 1 uyyzz 1 uzzzz 2 wxzzz 1 uzxxz 2 wxxxz 2 wyyxz 1 vzyxz
xyzz
uzxyz 2 wxxyz 2 wyyyz 1 vzyyz 2 wyzzz 1 vzzzz 1 vxxzz 2 uyxzz
1j ð2:88Þ
2 wyzxx 1 vzzxx 1 vxxxx 2 uyxxx 1 vxyyx 2 uyyyx 2 uzzyx 1 wxzyx
v 2 uyyzx 2 uzzzx 1 wxzzx 2 uzxxx 1 wxxxx 1 wyyxx 2 vzyxx
1 k xyzx
2 uzxyy 1 wxxyy 1 wyyyy 2 vzyyy 1 wyzzy 2 vzzzy 2 vxxzy 1 uyxzy
Putting the values from Eqs. (2.36), (2.86), and (2.88) into Eq. (2.16) and simplify-
ing by using the equation of continuity, that is, ux 1 vy 1 wz 5 0, the equation of
motion takes the form:
! !
@u @u @u @u @2 u @2 u @2 u
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 px 1 μ 1 21 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
0 4 1
@ u @4 u @4 u @2 u @2 u @2 u @2 u
B @x4 1 1 1 2 1 2
B @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 C C
2 ξBB
C
C
@ @ u@ u
2 2
A
12 2 2
@x @z
ð2:89Þ
! !
@v @v @v @v @2 v @2 v @2 v
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 py 1 μ 1 21 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
!
@4 v @4 v @4 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v @2 v
2ξ 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
@x4 @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 @x2 @z2
ð2:90Þ
! !
@w @w @w @w @2 w @2 w @2 w
ρ 1u 1v 1w 5 2 pz 1 μ 1 2 1 2
@t @x @y @z @x2 @y @z
0 4 1
@w @w4
@w4
@2 w @2 w @2 w @2 w
B @x4 1 1 1 2 1 2
B @y4 @z4 @x2 @y2 @y2 @z2 C C
B
2 ξB C
@ w@ w
2 2 C
@ A
12 2 2
@x @z
ð2:91Þ
2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors is evaluated.

h1 e^r h2 e^θ h3 e^z

1 @ @ @

r3V5 ð2:92Þ
h1 h2 h3 @r @θ @z

h1 u h2 v h3 w
Since, for cylindrical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 1

e^r rêθ e^z

1 @ @ @

r3V5
r @r @θ @z

u rv w
1 ð2:93Þ
5 ½e^r ðwθ 2 rvz Þ 1 rêθ ðuz 2 wr Þ 1 e^z ðrvr 1 v 2 uθ Þ
r
! !
wθ v uθ
5 e^r 2 vz 1 e^θ ðuz 2 wr Þ 1 e^z vr 1 2
r r r
r 3 ðr 3 VÞ

e^r rêθ e^z

@ @ @

1 @r @θ @z
5
r
! !
w uθ
θ v
2 vz r ðuz 2 wr Þ vr 1 2
r r r
2 3
e^r v
vr 1 r 2 r u θ 2 ðr ðuz 2wr ÞÞz 1 rêθ w θ v u θ
r 2vz 2 vr 1 r 2 r
16 6 θ z r 7
7
5 6 7
r4 w 5
1 e^z ðr ðuz 2wr ÞÞr 2 r 2vz θ
θ
! !
vrθ vθ uθθ wθz vr vr uθr uθ
5 e^r 1 2 2 2 2 uzz 1 wrz 1 e^θ 2 vzz 2 vrr 2 1 2 1 2 2
r r r r r r r r
!
uz wr wθθ vzθ
1 e^z uz 1 2 2 2 1
r r r r
ð2:94Þ
Let,
!
vrθ vθ uθθ wθz vr vr uθr uθ
A5 1 2 2 2 2 uzz 1 wrz ; B 5 2 vzz 2 vrr 2 1 2 1 2 2 ;
r r r r r r r r
uz wr wθθ vzθ
C 5 uz 1 2 2 2 1 :
r r r r
ð2:95Þ
0 1
e^r rêθ e^z
1BB@ @ @ C
C
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞ 5 B C
r @ @r @θ @z A
A rB C
1 ð2:96Þ
5 ½e^r ðC θ 2 rBz Þ 1 rêθ ðAz 2 C r Þ 1 e^z ðrBr 1 B 2 Aθ Þ
r
! !
Cθ B Aθ
5 e^r 2 Bz 1 e^θ ðAz 2 C r Þ 1 e^z Br 1 2
r r r
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 V ÞÞÞ

e^r rêθ e^z

@ @ @

1 @r @θ @z
5

r ! !
C B Aθ
θ
2 Bz r ðAz 2 C r Þ Br 1 2
r r r
2 3
^
e B 1 B
2 Aθ
2 ð r ð A 2C Þ Þ 1 r^
e θ
Cθ
2B 2 B 1 B
2 Aθ
16 7
r r r r z r z r z r r r
6 θ z r 7
5 6 7
r4 5
1 e^z ðr ðAz 2C r ÞÞr 2 r 2Bz Cθ
θ
! !
Brθ Bθ Aθθ C θz Br Br Aθr Aθ
5 e^r 1 2 2 2 2 Azz 1 C rz 1 e^θ 2 Bzz 2 Brr 2 1 2 1 2 2
r r r r r r r r
!
Az Cr C θθ Bzθ
1 e^z Az 1 2 2 2 1
r r r r
ð2:97Þ
Substituting the values in Eq. (2.16) from Eqs. (2.58), (2.93), and (2.96) and using
the equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates, that is, ur 1 ur 1 vrθ 1 wz 5 0 to
simplify, the equations of motion become:
!
@u @u v @u v 2 @u
ρ 1u 1 2 1w 5 2 pr
@t @r r @θ r @z
0 1
@ 2
u 1 @u 1 @2
u @2
u u 2 @v
1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 21 22 22 2 A
@r r @r r @θ @z r r @θ
0 1
@ A 1 @A
2
1@ A @ A
2 2
A 2 @B
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 22 2 A
ð2:98Þ
!
@v @v v @v @v uv 1
ρ 1u 1 1w 1 5 2 pθ
@t @r r @θ @z r r
0 1
@v
2
1 @v 1@v 2
@v
2
v 2 @u
1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 21 22 21 2 A
0 1
@B 1 @B 1 @2
B @2
B B 2 @A
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 21 2 A
ð2:99Þ
0
! 1
@w @w v @w @w @w2
1 @w 1@ w
2
@w
2
ρ 1u 1 1w 5 2 pz 1 μ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2A
@t @r r @θ @z @r r @r r @θ @z
0 1 ð2:100Þ
@2 C 1 @C 1 @2 C @2 C
2 ξ@ 2 1 1 2 2 1 2A
@r r @r r @θ @z
2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system

To obtain the constitutive equations, the curl for the velocity vectors is evaluated.

h1 e^r h2 e^θ h3 e^ϕ

1 @ @ @

r3V5 ð2:101Þ
h1 h2 h3 @r @θ @ϕ

h1 u h2 v h3 w
Since, for spherical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 rsinθ

e^r rêθ rsinθêϕ

1 @ @ @
r3V5 2
r sinθ @r @θ @ϕ

u rv rsinθw
0 1
e^r rsinθwθ 1 rcosθw 2 rvϕ 1
1 B C
5 2 @ rêθ uϕ 2 rsinθwr 2 wsinθ A
r sinθ
1 rsinθêϕ ðrvr 1 v 2 uθ Þ
! ! !
wθ wcotθ vϕ uϕ w v uθ
5 e^r 1 2 1 e^θ 2 wr 2 1 e^ϕ vr 1 2
r r rsinθ rsinθ r r r
ð2:102Þ


@ @ @
1 @r @θ @ϕ

r 3 ðr 3 VÞ 5 2
r sinθ ! !
w uθ
θ wcotθ vϕ uϕ w v
1 2 r 2 wr 2 rsinθ vr 1 2
2 ! 3
u
6 e^r rsinθ vr 1 vr 2 urθ 2 r rsinθ 2wr 2 wr
ϕ
7
6 θ ϕ 7
6 ! 7
1 6 6 7
5 2 1 wθ
1 2
vϕ
2 1 2 uθ 7
6
r sinθ 6 r^
e θ
wcotθ
rsinθ v r
v
7
r r rsinθ r r 7
6 ϕ
7
r
4 uϕ vϕ
5
1 rsinθêϕ r rsinθ 2wr 2 wr 2 wrθ 1 wcotθr 2 rsinθ
r θ
2 ! 3
uϕϕ
6 e^r rsinθvrθ 1 rcosθvr 1 sinθvθ 1 cosθv 2 sinθuθθ 2 cosθuθ 2 1 rwrϕ 1 wϕ 7
6 sinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
1 6 6 wθϕ w ϕ cotθ v ϕϕ 7
7
5 2 1 r^
e 1 2 2 rsinθv 2 sinθv 2 sinθv 1 sinθu
r sinθ 6 7
θ rr r r θr
6 r r rsinθ
6 !7
7
6 7
4 1 rsinθê uϕr 2 rw 2 w 2 w 2 wθθ 2 wθ cotθ 1 wcsc θ 1 vϕθ 2 vϕ cotθcscθ 5
2
ϕ rr r r
sinθ r r r rsinθ r
!
vrθ cotθvr vθ cotθv uθθ cotθuθ uϕϕ wrϕ wϕ
5 e^r 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1
r r r r r r2 r sin θ rsinθ r 2 sinθ
!
wθϕ wϕ cotθcscθ vϕϕ 2vr uθr
1 e^θ 2 1 2 2 2 2 vrr 2 1 ð2:103Þ
r sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
!
uϕr 2wr wθθ wθ cotθ wcsc θ 2
vϕθ vϕ cotθcscθ
1 e^ϕ 2 wrr 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
rsinθ r r r2 r2 r sinθ r2
Let,
vrθ cotθvr vθ cotθv uθθ cotθuθ uϕϕ wrϕ wϕ
L5 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 ;
r r r r r r 2 r sin θ rsinθ r sinθ
wθϕ wϕ cotθcscθ vϕϕ 2vr uθr
M5 1 2 2 2 2 vrr 2 1 ;
r 2 sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
uϕr 2wr wcsc2 θ wθθ wθ cotθ vϕθ vϕ cotθcscθ
N5 2 wrr 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
rsinθ r r r r r sinθ r2
ð2:104Þ


1 @ @ @
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞ 5 2
r sinθ @r @θ @ϕ

L rM rsinθN
!
1 êr rsinθN θ 1 rcosθN 2 rM ϕ 1 rêθ L ϕ 2 rsinθN r 2 Nsinθ
5
r 2 sinθ1 rsinθêϕ ðrM r 1 M 2 L θ Þ
! ! !
Nθ Ncotθ Mϕ Lϕ N M Lθ
5 e^r 1 2 1 e^θ 2 Nr 2 1 e^ϕ M r 1 2
ð2:105Þ
r 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 ðr 3 VÞÞÞ


@ @ @

1 @r @θ @ϕ

5 2
r sinθ ! !

Nθ Ncotθ mϕ lϕ N m lθ
1 2 r 2 Nr 2 rsinθ mr 1 2
2 ! 3
lϕ
6 e^r rsinθ mr 1 r 2 r 2 r rsinθ 2N r 2 r
m lθ N
7
6 θ ϕ 7
6 ! 7
1 6 6
7
7
5 2 1 rêθ N
1 Ncotθ
m
2 rsinθ 2 rsinθ mr 1 mr 2 rθ
ϕ l
r sinθ 6 7
θ
6 r r 7
6 ϕ
r
7
4 lϕ mϕ
5
1 rsinθêϕ r rsinθ 2N r 2 Nr 2 Nr θ 1 Ncotθ
r 2 rsinθ
r θ
2 ! 3
L ϕϕ
6 e^r rsinθM rθ 1 rcosθM r 1 sinθM θ 1 cosθM 2 sinθL θθ 2 cosθL θ 2 1 rN rϕ 1 N ϕ 7
6 sinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
1 6 6 1 rêθ N θϕ N ϕ cotθ M ϕϕ 7
7
5 2 6 1 2 2 rsinθM rr 2 sinθM r 2 sinθM r 1 sinθL θr 7
r sinθ 6 r r rsinθ 7
6 ! 7
6 7
4 1 rsinθê L ϕr 2 rN 2 N 2 N 2 N θθ 2 N θ cotθ 1 Ncsc θ 1 M ϕθ 2 M ϕ cotθcscθ 5
2
ϕ rr r r
sinθ r r r rsinθ r
!
M rθ cotθM r Mθ cotθM L θθ cotθL θ L ϕϕ N rϕ Nϕ
5 e^r 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
r r r r2 r r2 r sin θ rsinθ r 2 sinθ
!
N θϕ N ϕ cotθcscθ M ϕϕ 2M r L θr
1 e^θ 2 1 2 2 2 2 M rr 2 1
r sinθ r2 r sin θ r r
!
L ϕr 2N r N θθ N θ cotθ Ncsc2 θ M ϕθ M ϕ cotθcscθ
1 e^ϕ 2 N rr 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
rsinθ r r r2 r2 r sinθ r2
ð2:106Þ
Substituting the values in Eq. (2.16) from Eqs. (2.80), (2.104), and (2.106) and
using the equation of continuity in spherical coordinates, that is,
wϕ
ur 1 2ur 1 vrθ 1 rsinθ 1 vcotθ
r 5 0 to simplify, the equations of motion become:
!
@u @u v @u w @u v2 w2
ρ 1u 1 1 2 2 5 2 pr
0 1
@2 u 2 @u 1 @2 u 1 @2 u cotθ @u 2u 2 @v
B @r 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
B r @r r 2 @θ2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 r 2 @θ r2 r 2 @θ C
C
B
1 μB C
C
@ 2 2 vcotθ 2 2 @w A
ð2:107Þ
r 2 r sin θ @ϕ
2 2
0 1
@2 l 2 @l 1 @2 l 1 @2 l cotθ @l 2l 2 @m
B @r 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
B r @r r 2 @θ2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 r 2 @θ r2 r 2 @θ C
C
B
2 ξB C
C
@ 2 2 mcotθ 2 2 @n A
r2 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ
!
@v @v v @v w @v uv w 2 cotθ 1
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 5 2 pθ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r r
0 1
@2 v 2 @v 1 @2 v 1 @2 v cotθ @v 2 @u
B @r 2 1 r @r 1 r 2 @θ2 1 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 1 r 2 @θ 1 r 2 @θ C
B C
1 μB
B
C
C
@ 2 v 2 2cscθcotθ @w A
ð2:108Þ
r 2 sin2 θ r2 @ϕ
0 1
@2 m 2 @m 1 @2 m 1 @2 m cotθ @m 2 @l
B @r 2 1 r @r 1 r 2 @θ2 1 r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ2 1 r 2 @θ 1 r 2 @θ C
B C
2 ξB
B
C
C
@ 2 m 2 2cscθcotθ @n A
r 2 sin2 θ r2 @ϕ
!
@w @w v @w w @w uw vwcotθ 1
ρ 1u 1 1 1 2 52 pϕ
@t @r r @θ rsinθ @ϕ r r rsinθ
0 2 1
@w 2 @w 1 @2 w 1 @2 w cotθ @w w
B 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 C
B @r r @r r @θ r sin θ @ϕ2 r @θ r sin θ C
1 μBB C
2 @u 2cscθcotθ @w C
@1 1 A ð2:109Þ
r sin θ @ϕ
2 2
r 2 @ϕ
0 2 1
@ m 2 @m 1 @2 m 1 @2 m cotθ @m n
B 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 C
B @r r @r r @θ r sin θ @ϕ2 r @θ r sin θ C
2 ξB
B
C
C
@ 1 2 @l 1 2cscθcotθ @n A
r 2 sin2 θ @ϕ r2 @ϕ
References
Chang-Jian, C. W., & Chen, C. K. (2008). Bifurcation analysis of flexible rotor supported by couple-
stress fluid film bearings with non-linear suspension systems. Tribology International, 41(5), 367386.
Murthy, J. V. R., & Nagaraju, G. (2009). Flow of a couple stress fluid generated by a circular cylinder
subjected to longitudinal and torsional oscillations. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 2(10), 451461.
Ramanaiah, G., & Sarkar, P. (1979). Slider bearings lubricated by fluids with couple stress. Wear, 52(1),
2736.
Soundalgekar, V. M. (1971). Effects of couple stresses in fluids on dispersion of a solute in a channel
flow. Physics of Fluids, 14(1), 1920.
Stokes, V. K. (1966). Couple stresses in fluids. Physics of Fluids, 9(9), 17091715.
Stokes, V. K. (1984). Couple stresses in fluids. Theories of fluids with microstructure, 3480.
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time, owing to the fact that the members were not pulling very well
together; and indeed, at one period during the early years of the war,
it seemed to be in danger of collapsing altogether. The bakery was
not very successful, because the quality of the bread which was being
produced left something to be desired, and this again was due in
some measure at least to the fact that the men employed did not
seem to realise that there were some operations in connection with
bread baking which could not afford to wait on the convenience of
anyone if disastrous results to the quality of the finished product
were not to accrue. On more than one occasion one or other of the
foremen in Ravenhill Bakery went down to Dublin to give the Co-
operative bakers there the benefit of his expert advice.
Finally, an invitation came from Dublin, asking that
representatives from the management of the Baking Society should
attend a meeting of representatives from five societies in and around
that city, with a view to taking over and working the bakery
belonging to Dublin Industrial Society in the interests of Co-
operators in and around the city. The members of the board
discussed the question in all its bearings—social, political, and
financial. They recognised that the cause of Co-operation in Dublin
was much in need of a helping hand, and they were also well aware of
the difficulties from a trade point of view which would confront
them, but they resolved to attend the conference. They suggested,
however, that representatives from the executive of the Co-operative
Union, the Irish Agricultural Wholesale Society, and the Belfast
advisory committee should also be invited.
At the same time, a request for the erection of a branch bakery was
received from Enniskillen Society and several agricultural societies in
the neighbourhood of that town, and the deputation took advantage
of the opportunity which their visit to Dublin gave them to visit
Enniskillen also. The information gained in the course of this visit
was discussed at a special meeting of the board, which was held on
23rd August, when it was resolved, in the interest of the Co-operative
movement generally, and in view of the success which had attended
other efforts, to place the subject on the programme of business for
the quarterly meeting, with a recommendation from the board that
they be empowered to establish branch bakeries in Ireland. When
the recommendation came before the quarterly meeting of the
members, Mr Gerrard explained that there were a number of small
associations of Co-operators in various districts in Ireland who were
anxious to use Co-operatively-produced bread, but who could not be
expected to produce it for themselves. They were situated so far from
Belfast that they could not be supplied economically from there, and
the only other alternative was that small branch bakeries should be
opened in these districts. Already negotiations had taken place, but
before the members of the board went further, they wished to know
whether the delegates were prepared to continue the policy of good
work which had been begun at Belfast. The recommendation of the
board was approved by a very large majority of the representatives of
the societies present at the meeting, in opposition to an amendment
which laid down the proposition that “no new bakery be erected in
Ireland until definite details had been submitted for approval to an
ordinary or special meeting of the Society.”
After some further inquiries had been made, the board as a whole
gave further consideration to the question at a special meeting which
was held on 27th November 1917. At this meeting it was stated that
in and around Dublin there were ten societies within a radius of
twenty miles, whose capital amounted in the aggregate to about
£3,000. Dublin Society were willing to dispose of their bakery for
£2,000. Only a meagre response had been given, however, to
inquiries as to the amount of trade which was likely to be obtained
from these ten societies, but the opinion was expressed that if the
branch was once established the trade would be sure to come in time.
Reference was made at this meeting to the lethargic state of the Co-
operators of the district, and to the need which existed to give the
movement a lift out of the weak state into which it had fallen. All the
members of the committee who had visited the district were
impressed with the fact that a good field for Co-operative work
existed, provided that good management was given. The committee
expressed agreement that, given normal conditions, there were
reasonable prospects of the success of a branch established at
Dublin, but they were divided on the question of whether the
purchase should be made at that time, and remitted the decision on
that point to the whole board.
With respect to the proposal to establish a branch at Enniskillen,
the members who had visited the district were in agreement. There
was in the district a nucleus sufficient to warrant placing a branch
there, but no bakery was available, although a building capable of
being made into a bakery could be purchased. The restrictions placed
on the use of building material and on the supplying of machinery
placed an embargo on going ahead at the moment, however, and
they must wait until the war was over.
Mr Young, the manager, spoke strongly in favour of rendering help
to Dublin Society; but he pointed out that for some time, at least,
there would be little surplus if any, although when the district was
penetrated thoroughly with Co-operative principles there would
come ample compensation for the initial sacrifices. He thought,
therefore, that it was the clear duty of the Baking Society to take it in
hand. The board, however, was very evenly divided on the question,
five voting for making no recommendation to take over the Dublin
bakery meantime, while six voted in favour of making such a
recommendation. With respect to Enniskillen, however, the board
were unanimous that a branch should be established there as soon as
possible, and agreed to recommend that this be proceeded with at
the end of the war. At the quarterly meeting held in December,
however, the proposal to take over Dublin Society’s bakery and
establish a branch there was defeated, although that to establish a
branch at Enniskillen was approved. How much the situation which
had developed in Dublin and neighbourhood in the spring of 1916
had to do with the decision of the delegates it is impossible to say,
but undoubtedly the political situation when combined with the
influence of the known apathy towards Co-operation of the people of
Dublin and the financial risk with no sure prospects of recovery
weighed with the delegates when coming to the decision they did.
Since then premises have been acquired at Enniskillen, on a site
quite near to the premises of the S.C.W.S., and the whole position
has been surveyed thoroughly, but no definite steps to erect a bakery
there have yet been taken as the cost of building materials has been
found prohibitive.
Shortly after the outbreak of war the U.C.B.S. became shareholders
to the extent of £1,000 in the Irish Agricultural Wholesale Society,
and at the quarterly meeting of members, which was held in
December 1918, they took up 100 one pound shares in the
Enniskillen Co-operative Milling Association, a Co-operative
association which has been formed to establish a meal mill at
Enniskillen.
So far we have been considering only the establishing of branches
of the Baking Society in Ireland, but requests for branches were
received at various times from widely distant parts of Scotland as
well. In particular, just at the time when a final decision was arrived
at on the question of taking over Dublin Society’s bakery, a request
was received from the neighbouring societies of Leadhills and
Wanlockhead that the Baking Society should take over and work a
bakery in Leadhills for the purpose of supplying these two societies
with bread. The master of works was sent to inspect, with the result
that, later, the board were empowered to open a bakery at the place
they deemed most suitable for supplying the trade of the district.
Like every other building scheme, this of theirs was hung up during
the war; but after careful consideration it was decided that a bakery
should be established in Leadhills, and this has now been done. An
application was received from Kirkconnel Society about the same
time as that from the Leadhills district, and it was thought at first
that one bakery might be erected which would suffice to serve both
districts, but an inspection of the road connecting the two places
showed that if this was not impracticable it would be at least
dangerous, and the idea was abandoned. Nothing further has been
done yet with respect to a branch at Kirkconnel.
ROTHESAY BRANCH.
For years attempts have been made to establish a branch of the Co-
operative movement in Rothesay, but this was found to be
impossible until the Baking Society took the job in hand. Their
possession of Roseland Camp on Canada Hill had given them a
footing in the town, and in some measure this was of assistance to
them. Early in 1917 the board received information that a bakery
situated on the water front was to let, and they made arrangements
to secure it with such celerity that by the 24th of March in that year it
came into their possession on a three years’ lease. They were not long
in possession, however, before they were informed that the lease
would not be renewed when it expired. It seems that the private
traders of the town had made representations to the owner of the
property, and this was the result. For years the traders had proved
uniformly successful in preventing Co-operation from getting a
foothold in the town, and they were not going to be baulked without
an effort to prevent it. But the directors of the Baking Society were
just as determined as were the traders of Rothesay, and after lengthy
and long-continued negotiations with the directors of the Wholesale
Society, who had been on the lookout for premises in Rothesay for
many years but had been uniformly unsuccessful in securing them,
the Baking Society became, early in 1918, proprietors of the property
in which their bakery was situated.
The property which had been purchased included a shop which
could be used as a grocery department, and for some time efforts
were made to get one or other of the Glasgow societies to open a
branch there, but unsuccessfully. The committee of Clydebank
Society were inclined to view the matter favourably, but when the
question was brought before a general meeting of the members of the
society for their approval, they refused to consent. Greenock Central
Society were also given the opportunity of opening a branch, but they
also were afraid to venture in face of the prevailing restrictions on
supplies. The result was that those who had been customers of the
Baking Society in Rothesay were invited to form a society of their
own, the Wholesale Society and the Baking Society subscribing a
large part of the capital between them. The society was formed with
Mr William Maxwell, J.P., president of the International Co-
operative Alliance, as president. Co-operation had been established
in Rothesay.
The traders of the town had not yet shot their bolt, however. The
Co-operative bakery was doing well, and it was possible that a Co-
operative grocery and provision business would do equally well; but,
fortunately for the traders, the local Food Control Committee refused
permission to the new society to open their grocery branch, on the
plea that the shops already open in the town were sufficient in
number to do the trade, and in this attitude they were backed up by
the Edinburgh Court. At the beginning of 1919, however, the
embargo was removed, and the new society has proved very
successful.
SUBSIDISED BREAD.
In September of 1917 the Food Control Department of the
Government decided to fix the price of the four-pound loaf at
ninepence, giving the flour to the bakers at 44/3 a sack. As the stocks
which the bakers had bought had cost much more than this price, the
Food Control Department agreed to make up the difference between
44/3 and the invoice price, allowing a maximum discount on the
invoice price of 18/ per sack. A maximum allowance for carriage,
baking material, and wages was 23/ per sack. When the Baking
Society had taken stock of their flour they found that the difference
between the discount allowed by the Government and the invoice
price of the flour represented a loss to the Society of nearly £7,000.
To the delegates at the quarterly meeting the chairman explained
that this was due to the fact that the Society had purchased a large
quantity of white flour in order to improve the quality of the bread.
This flour had cost from 80/ to 90/ a sack, and even with the
maximum Government discount allowed they were losing about 30/
a sack.
The general result of the Government’s policy was that bread
which, if sold at a price which corresponded with the market price of
flour, would have cost one shilling for the four-pound loaf, has been
sold at ninepence, the taxpayer paying the difference, which
amounted to about £50,000,000 per annum.
AN INDUSTRIAL COUNCIL.
Early in 1918 an Industrial Council for the Baking Trade was set up
on the lines laid down in the Report of the Royal Commission for the
avoidance of Industrial Disputes. On this council Mr James Young,
manager of the Baking Society, was appointed to look after the
interests of the Co-operative societies in Scotland which had bread
bakeries. The objects of the council provide for the joint
consideration by representatives of employers and employees of such
questions as wages, working conditions, regulation of employment,
entry of apprentices and their training. So far as it has gone the
council has proved of service in bringing representatives of the
employers and the workers together at regular intervals to discuss
affairs of the trade.
EMPLOYEES ON MILITARY SERVICE.
The Baking Society contributed its full quota to the Forces of the
Crown during the war. In all 426 employees served in one or other of
the Arms of the Crown: M‘Neil Street contributing 331; Clydebank,
60; Belfast, 34; and Rothesay, 1. Of that number fifty made the great
sacrifice, eleven became prisoners of war, and forty-four were
discharged as unfit for further service; while, at the signing of the
armistice, 321 men were still serving. To these men or their
dependants the Society paid from 4th August 1914 to 26th January
1919, the date which marks the end of the fiftieth year of the Society’s
existence, the sum of £30,105. The arrangement made by the
directors was that each man who joined up should receive half-wages
irrespective of what his Army allowance might be. By this method
they ensured that the men with the largest number of dependants
should be in receipt of the largest total incomes.
THE END OF THE TASK.
We have now come to the end of our task. In the preceding pages
we have traced the growth of the Society from its infancy when it was
cradled in the little bakery in Coburg Street; we have followed it
through all the struggles of its early years, and have seen difficulty
after difficulty surmounted. Growth has followed on growth, and the
Society has gone on adding to its usefulness until it stands to-day a
monument to the faith and foresight of the men who conceived it,
and a monument also to the shrewdness and integrity of the men
who in successive generations have had charge of its welfare. In its
early years the directors were often in need of money with which to
meet expenses. To-day it has invested funds not required at the
moment for business purposes, and including £70,000 in War Loan,
which amount in the aggregate to considerably over £300,000. It
began with a membership of eight societies and a few pounds of
capital. At the end of the fiftieth year the share capital was almost
£250,000; while loans and deposits were in excess of that sum, and
there were 211 shareholding societies.
The prospect is rosy. The directors are on the outlook for new
worlds to conquer. Already they have devised plans whereby they can
come to the assistance of the Glasgow societies in setting up shops
for the sale of teabread and pastries. They have requests for branch
bakeries from various parts of Scotland and Ireland which have yet
to be considered. They have the ever-increasing urgency of the
transport problem to deal with, and on them falls, also, the duty of
counteracting the ever-present tendency on the part of societies at
the outskirts to break off and begin baking for themselves. That is to
say, they have ever before them the problem of making the huge
organisation which they control more and ever more efficient, while
maintaining those good relations with their employees which have
been such a noteworthy feature during the long life of the Society;
and they have to continue to do this while continuing to manifest
that true spirit of Co-operation and brotherliness which has been so
distinguishing a feature of the attitude and atmosphere which
surrounds the Federation. That they will achieve all this there is little
doubt, for the directors of to-day are worthy successors of the men
who wrought and fought that the Federation might stand where it
does.
CHAPTER XX.
EDUCATIONAL WORK.
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION—EARLY EDUCATIONAL WORK

OF THE SOCIETY—AN EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE
FORMED—ITS CONSTITUTION—WORK AMONGST THE
YOUNG—THE U.C.B.S. BAND FORMED—SOCIAL WORK—
LECTURES—CLASSES DURING WORKING HOURS—A NEW
DEPARTURE—AN EDUCATIONAL TOUR—A SECOND TOUR
—VALUABLE WORK—THE YEARS OF WAR.
In all propaganda work there must necessarily be an element of

education, for at least a part of educational work consists in the
imparting of information, although the more important part is the
training to think. Co-operators from the very earliest days of the
movement have recognised the necessity of education, and have
devoted a part of the funds which came to them from Co-operative
trading to its support. Indeed the Rochdale Pioneers went further,
and amongst their objects they placed taking control of the functions
of education, meantime devoting 2½ per cent. of the surplus which
accrued to them from their Co-operative trading to the furtherance
of education amongst themselves. This example of theirs was
followed by many other societies, and associations of a more or less
educational nature were formed wherever a number of Co-operators
could find it convenient to meet. It was from the conferences of
representatives from the societies that the idea grew of what has
become ultimately the supreme educational authority of the
movement in Britain, the Co-operative Union. Even before the
formation of the Union, conferences were being held in Scotland to
discuss Co-operative problems, and almost from the beginning the
Baking Society affiliated with the nearest of the Associations under
whose auspices such conferences were held. Thus we find them
subscribing to the funds of the Glasgow and Suburbs Conference
Association and the Renfrewshire Conference Association, and, later,
to all the other district associations in the country. But even before
they began to subscribe to the conference associations they were
taking an interest in and giving support to the literature of the
movement. We find them at the quarterly meeting which took place
on 26th August 1871 agreeing to subscribe for twelve copies of the
Co-operative News, which were to be distributed amongst the
employees in the bakery.
The members of the committee were evidently diligent readers of
this journal too, for, as has been noted previously, they embodied in
their minutes at a later date a criticism of some remarks which had
appeared in that journal relative to the Society. It was not until 1896,
however, that it was decided to set up a separate committee, which
would have under its control the educative and recreative agencies of
the Society. Just prior to that they had published a Year Book which
contained a history of the Society to date. A branch of the Women’s
Guild had also been formed, and classes in singing and ambulance
work, as well as a literary society. At a special meeting which the
committee held on 1st February 1896 they came to the unanimous
decision that the time had now arrived when an educational and
charitable fund should be formed by the Society, out of which all
charitable donations and subscriptions should be taken. At the
following meeting the sum of £50 was voted for the purpose of
forming an educational fund.
The members of the board took the employees into consultation
with respect to the administration of the educational fund, with the
result that the following constitution was drawn up and agreed to:—
DUTIES AND WORK OF EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE.
This Committee shall consist of three Directors, who shall hold office for
one year, and shall be elected at the December meeting of each year. They,
along with the four members appointed by the employees, shall form the
Educational Committee.
They shall take a special oversight of all the clubs, classes, and meetings of
an educational nature connected with the Bakery.
They shall have at their disposal for the furtherance of educational work
connected with the Bakery 10 per cent. or such other proportion of the
Educational and Benevolent Fund (Rule 14) as the Directors may from time to
time determine.
It will further be expected from them to make recommendations to the
Directors from time to time on matters of public educational interest, and it
shall be competent for the Directors at any time to remit such matters to them
for consideration and report.
They shall meet monthly or oftener if required, and submit a short minute
of their proceedings at the Directors’ bi-monthly meeting.
The first report of the educational committee was issued in
December 1896. From this report it appeared that the nucleus of a
library had been brought together, and that the library had been
opened with 180 volumes; the literary association had had a
membership of 105, and the women’s guild a membership of fifty. A
musical association had also been conducted under the auspices of
the committee, which had secured forty-nine members, and the choir
had given a concert in the Wellington Palace. They had also sung at a
mass meeting of Co-operators held in the City Hall, and had supplied
the music at a propaganda meeting held at Blairdardie by the
Glasgow and Suburbs Conference Association council. A swimming
class had had a membership of sixty, and an ambulance class had a
membership of thirty-five on the roll. A physical drill class had been
started for the younger lads in the factory, and a Christian
Association with twenty members on the roll had been started, and
carried on a service every Sunday in the Society’s hall. Altogether the
committee had done a remarkably good year’s work for a beginning,
and had reason to congratulate themselves on the success which had
attended their efforts.
The members of the educational committee had not been long at
work before they came to the conclusion that the Society owed a duty
to its younger workers which it could not afford to neglect. The
Society employed over a hundred young people under eighteen years
of age, and it was the wish of the committee that they should find
some method by means of which they could assist these young
people. Their first step was the convening of a meeting of the young
people in the London Street tearooms, where they were addressed by
Dr Henry Dyer and Mr James Campsie; and, as a result of this
meeting, eleven of the young people joined the Glasgow continuation
classes. It was during the second year of the educational committee’s
existence that the Society’s band was formed, and the educational
committee lent valuable financial aid in establishing it, with the
result that in the years which have followed the band has proved
itself a most valuable Co-operative asset. Mr James Campsie, M.A.,
was also commissioned to write a booklet for the children, which was
entitled “Glimpses of Co-operative Land,” and of which some 22,000
copies were sold.
The committee and the various agencies under its control also took
an active part in the work of the Homes bazaar, with the result that
they were in the happy position of being able to contribute £480 to
its funds. The members of the committee also took an active part in
the elections to the various local governing bodies of the city and in
the work of the Ward Committee. In 1899 a holiday club was formed,
which in its first year of existence disbursed £220 amongst the
members at holiday time. New agencies were continually being
added, and new methods tried of influencing the younger members
amongst the firm’s employees and of providing recreation and
education for them. In 1903 a junior musical association was started,
and continued to do well for a number of years, as did also an
offshoot in the form of a kinderspiel choir, which gave each year
successful performances of operettas to large audiences. A rowing
club also became an immediate success until the war brought to
many of the members another form of outdoor exercise of an even
more strenuous nature.
In 1905 a series of lectures was organised; such well-known men
as Mr Will Crooks, T. P. O’Connor, M.P., and David Macrae being the
lecturers engaged. Annual festivals of the employees also became the
rule, and later, annual excursions in the summer, which proved very
successful. A whist club and a football club were next formed, and in
1908 a beginning with a holiday camp was made, twenty-five young
people being sent to the Y.M.C.A. camp at Ardgoil, with the
assistance of the educational committee. From time to time the
committee paid the fees of employees who attended classes at the
Technical College, and in 1912 they came to the unanimous decision
that in future the fees of all employees, irrespective of age or sex, who
devoted their spare time to attendance at technical or continuation
classes, should be paid for them, provided the attendances they made
satisfied the committee. They also decided that all junior employees
who attended the Technical College for a session should be allowed
to attend day classes at the college, time so spent to be accounted as
part of their day’s work. This admirable decision, arrived at long
before any steps in this direction were taken by the educational
authorities on either side of the Border, is an evidence of the value
which the committee set on education.
A NEW DEPARTURE.
During these years one or more prominent lecturers were engaged
each quarter to deliver lectures to the employees. Amongst such
lecturers, there were in later years, Mr Andrew Young, Miss
Margaret M‘Millan, and Mr Philip Snowden. The Society’s
kinderspiels continued to be very successful, as did the other
agencies, but there was a sameness about the work of the committee
which made for monotony; and in 1913 Mr James Young came
forward with a suggestion to the committee which met with their
hearty and unanimous approval. Mr Young pointed out that, while
with some people education ceased as soon as they left school, with
others it did not cease until they had had a University course and a
tour round the world. The workers could not afford a tour round the
world, nor a University course, but it was within the power of the
educational committee of the Society to appoint several of their
employees to make a tour of some of the most prominent concerns
on the other side of the Border, and so learn their methods of doing
business; how they provided for the housing of their employees, the
relation of the employees to trade unionism, recreative societies,
conditions of labour, hours, etc., and he suggested that such firms as
the C.W.S., Cadbury’s, Lever’s, and Rowntree’s might be visited with
profit. On the return of the deputation, short papers might be
prepared by the members in which they would give accounts of what
they had seen.
He pointed out that civic and other bodies believed in the value of
deputations as necessary in enlarging the outlook and in helping the
development of education.
THE DEPUTATION.
The deputation, which consisted of three male and two female
employees, the manager, the chairman, and Mr Cadiz, spent the last
week of June 1913 in visiting the premises of several English firms,
for the purpose of getting information on the points mentioned
above, and recorded their experiences and impressions in a
pamphlet which was printed and issued to employees and members
of the Society. The principal points dealt with were superannuation
schemes; training of youth schemes and technical classes; wages and
hours of labour; discipline; piecework, etc., of female employees;
conditions of workrooms, costumes, baths, dining facilities, etc., of
female employees; wages, hours, and working conditions of men
employees and their relation to trade unions; social activities in
factories; bands, athletic clubs, holidays and holiday arrangements;
and housing schemes; each member of the deputation being
responsible for a paper on one of the groups of subjects. The net
result of the visit of the deputation was the collection of a
considerable amount of valuable information respecting betterment
schemes: information which, no doubt, had an influence on the
directors when the plans for the erection of the last section of the
M‘Neil Street premises were being considered. It had the subsidiary
result of showing also that, while so far as wages and hours of labour
were concerned, the Co-operative societies were decidedly in the
front, in provision of outlets for the social activities of their
employees and in housing and environment schemes they were far
behind the best which was being done by private firms. It is
interesting to note, in view of the fact that since then both the
delegates to the Scottish Wholesale Society’s meeting and to the
Baking Society’s meeting have refused to adopt superannuation
schemes for their employees, that in every one of the firms which
were visited, including the C.W.S., a superannuation or pension
scheme was in operation; in some cases non-contributory and in
other cases contributory. It is noticeable also that, in two of them,
housing schemes of an elaborate nature were in operation, and that,
in each case, a town on the most up-to-date garden city lines had
been erected. It is perhaps also worthy of note here that, as this book
is being written, these firms have been placed first and second
respectively in a competition as to which firms in Great Britain are
the best employers, while no Co-operative society is even mentioned.
This pamphlet, “Education By Impression,” which was edited by
Mr Young, must have been of some value in opening the eyes of the
more farseeing Co-operators to what they had yet to do before the
Co-operative movement could claim to be in all respects a first-rank
employer. On the other hand, Mr Young, in his editorial note,
pointed out that it might be possible to carry organisation, even the
organisation of an industrial heaven, that far that the independent
character of the Scot might rebel. As a result of what he had seen, Mr
Young recommended certain modifications which he thought could
be made at M‘Neil Street with advantage. Some of these have since
been incorporated to a greater or lesser extent in the methods of
works organisation in use at M‘Neil Street.
A SECOND DEPUTATION.
So successful had the first visit to English factories been, and so
great was the information acquired, especially on points affecting the
welfare of the employees, that in the following year a second
deputation was sent, which was equally successful in its results; and
had it not been for the coming of war, doubtless others would have
followed. Like their predecessors, the members of this deputation
placed their impressions on paper, and these were also incorporated
in a pamphlet which was issued under the title, “Seeing Is Believing.”
On this second occasion, the deputation consisted of three ladies
and six gentlemen, including Messrs Buchanan and M‘Auslane,
directors; and Mr Miller, distributive manager; and as on the
previous occasion each member of the deputation was given a special
subject, points in connection with which he or she had to note and
report on. These points included housing; holiday camps; rest
homes, etc.; profit sharing and bonus to labour; general conditions of
female employment; superannuation; factory equipment; shop
organisation; apprentices and conditions of employment of female
employees. In connection with the housing investigation, which was
carried out by Mr Buchanan, Letchworth Garden City was visited, as
well as several other garden villages of a more or less satisfactory
character.

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Micro and Nanofluid Convection with

Magnetic Field Effects for Heat and

Heat and mass transfer : fundamentals and applications

Heat and Mass Transfer for Chemical Engineers:

Nanofluids for Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals,

Heat And Mass Transfer: Fundamentals And Applications

Heat and Mass Transfer (solution manual) 6th Edition

Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer

Heat Transfer 4 : Convection, Two-Phase Flows and

Magnetic field measurement with applications to modern

CHAKRAVARTHULA S.K. RAJU

SURESH KUMAR RAJU S.

For Information on all Elsevier publications

Publisher: Matthew Deans

1. Background to micro- and nanofluids 1

2. Mathematical modeling of equations of couple stress fluid in

3. Mathematical model of steady incompressible nanofluid for

4. Mathematical model for an incompressible unsteady nanofluid flow with

5. Mathematical model for incompressible unsteady nanofluid fluid flow with

6. Stefan blowing effect on nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet

6.5.2 Concentration profile 104

7. Nonlinear unsteady convection on micro and nanofluids with

8. Comparison of steady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid flow

9. Comparison of unsteady incompressible micropolar and nanofluid

10. Implementation of boundary value problems in using MATLABs 169

10.1 Introduction to MATLABs 169

Dr. Chakravarthula S.K. Raju, GITAM School of Science,

Dr. C.S.K. Raju works at GITAM University in India. Dr.

Dr. Ilyas Khan received his PhD degree in applied mathe-

Dr. Suresh Kumar Raju S. is originally from India and cur-

Dr. Mamatha S. Upadhya has 21 years of teaching experi-

Background to micro- and nanofluids

:rω 1 β v rω:ðrωÞT ð1:5Þ

Mkl 5 αv ωr;r δki 1 β v ωk ; l 1 γωl;k

Mathematical modeling of equations

2.1 Basic flow equations

2.2 Equations of motion

it converts Eq. (2.10) into

Here, ωk;qq 5 ωk;11 1 ωk;22 1 ωk;33 .

2.3 Equations of motion by stress tensor

2.3.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

where 1; 2; 3 denotes the x; y; z components of velocity and differentiation with

The Kronecker delta is defined as

And the alternating pseudo tensor is defined as

The stress tensor matrix can be given by:

Eq. (2.18) is transformed to give the shear component

T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:34Þ

2.3.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

T33 5 2p 1 2μwz ð2:51Þ

2.3.3 In the spherical coordinates system

The material derivative in spherical coordinates can be expressed by:

2.4 Equations of motion by vector calculus

2.4.1 In the Cartesian coordinates system

2.4.2 In the cylindrical coordinates system

Since, for cylindrical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 1

2.4.3 In the spherical coordinates system

Since, for spherical coordinates, h1 5 1, h2 5 r, and h3 5 rsinθ

IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION—EARLY EDUCATIONAL WORK

In all propaganda work there must necessarily be an element of

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