Chapter l

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Historically, native chicken has been a significant source of high-quality protein

food and supplementary revenue for small rural farmers, and they continue to be so today.

Information on management practices, nutrition, the presence of parasites and diseases,

and the use of ethnobotanicals against internal parasites are some of the knowledge gaps

to improve production and utilization of the native chicken.

Parasitic infestation is fairly common in free range native chicken. The

occurrence of parasites and an increase in the number of parasites can have a negative

effect on growth, egg production, and general health (Butcher & Miles, 2018). Chicken is

usually infested with common threadworms (Capillaria species), roundworms (Ascaridia

galli) and the cecal worm (Heterakis gallinarum) yet the most frequent gastro intestinal

helminth, Ascaridia galli, has been discovered in both free-range (backyard poultry) and

intensive systems (broiler and layer farms) (Kumar et al, 2015).

Commercial Anthelmintics are widely used to control nematodes in chickens,

particularly in the deep litter system. The challenge is that high cost of anthelmintics,

unreliable availability and some nematode species has developed resistance to

commercial anthelmintics.

The resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics calls for the need to explore

alternatives. Locally available ethnobotanicals are potential alternatives for the control of

gastro intestinal parasite in native chickens.

 The use of ethnobotanicals can reduce the parasitic burden to tolerable level.

These plants contain potential constituents as cheap sources of anthelmintics to

complement the commercially manufactures parasitic drugs against internal parasitism.

The control of parasitic diseases will lead to the stable supply of native chickens and

alleviate poverty in the countryside.

Ipil-Ipil (Luecaena luecocephala) leaves and seeds contain lipids, crude protein

and carbohydrates. The seeds are capable of expelling and destroying parasitic worms.

Seeds are dried and used as medicine for deworming.

Areca catechu or betel nut or bunga is a species of palm grown mainly in Asian

countries, like the Philippines for seed crop. The chemical constituents of A. Catechu

have been investigated for, among others, anti-nematicidal/ helmintic. The seed contains

several alkaloids belonging to the pyridine group. Most important of them

physiologically is arecoline (Chu, 2001), which is known and used medicinally as

anthelmintic.

Carica papaya is also known as Pawpaw and it is belonging to the family

Caricaceae and it is grown in various parts of the world including India, tropical America,

and Europe. It is a fast-growing large herb to 10-12 feet and the green fruit contains

papain similar to pepsin, leaves contain alkaloid carprine, fruit and latex contain

glucoside carposide. The papaya latex shows an antiparasitic efficacy, leaves and seeds

contain antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxicity, anthelmintic and

antimicrobial activities according to Kishore (2021).

B. Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study aimed to determine the efficacy of combined formulated

ethnobotanical anthelmintics for free range native chicken.

Specifically, it aimed to determine the following:

a. Percent reduction of roundworms (Ascaridia galli, Capillaria species, and Heterakis

gallinarum) egg per gram (E.P.G.) as affected by the different dosages of combined

ethnobotanical anthelmintic.

b. Evaluate which ethnobotanical anthelmintics composition is the most effective in

controlling the internal parasite of native chicken.

c. Compares the efficacy of formulated ethnobotanical anthelmintics with the

commercial anthelmintics.

C. Time and Place

The study were conducted at Integrated Farm of Cagayan State University Piat-

Campus, Piat Cagayan from February to May 2024.

D. Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of combined formulated

ethnobotanical anthelmintics specifically designed for free-range native chickens by

determining the percent reduction of roundworm eggs per gram (E.P.G.) in native

chickens, investigating the impact of various dosages of combined ethnobotanical

anthelmintic on egg reduction, and identifying the most effective composition of

ethnobotanical anthelmintics for controlling internal parasites. The study also compares

the efficacy of formulated ethnobotanical anthelmintics with commercially available

options in native chicken populations. Acknowledging certain limitations such as species

specificity, limited dosage variation exploration, minimal consideration of environmental

factors, restricted commercial comparison, and a defined observation duration, the study

aims to provide a focused and insightful analysis within the specified scope.

E. Significance of the Study

The study lies in addressing the unique needs of controlling parasitic infestation in

free-range native chickens through the formulation of ethnobotanical anthelminthic.

Unlike commercial anthelmintics, this approach integrates traditional knowledge of local

plants, potentially offering a cost-effective and sustainable solution. Investigating the

efficacy of such formulations contributes not only to the well-being of the chickens but

also to the promotion of culturally rooted, eco-friendly practices in poultry management.

F. Definition of Terms

1. Anthelminthic- a drug administered as drench, bolus, injectable or mixed in feed to

get rid of gastro-intestinal parasite.

2. Betel Nut - is a fruit of a tall, graceful Asiatic betel palm, Areca Catechu, chewed with

lime and PAN (betel leaf). The tree is slender, erect up to 30 meters tall with a smooth

trunk and a crown of large pinnate leaves 1-2 Cm long, orange colored when ripe, with

hard fibrous endocarp and a single seed, commonly called a nut.

3. Commercial anthelmintics - refers to a pharmaceutical product or medication that is

commercially available and designed for the treatment of parasitic worm infections in

humans or animals.

4. Ethnobotanical anthelmintic - are plants or plant-derived substances traditionally

used by various cultures as remedies to treat or prevent parasitic worm infections

(helminthiasis).

5. Fecalysis - is a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain

conditions affecting the digestive tract.

6. Flotation Technique – (most frequently used: zinc sulfate or Sheather’s sugar) use

solutions which have higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that

the organisms rise to the top and the debris sinks to the bottom.

7. Free Range – refers to a husbandry method in which animals, typically poultry or

livestock, are allowed to roam and graze freely in a designated area rather than being

confined to a specific enclosure.

8. Ipil – Ipil - scientifically known as Leucaena leucocephala, are medium-sized, fast-

growing trees with compound leaves. They typically have a dense, spreading canopy

of feathery foliage, and their slender branches give them an elegant appearance. The

leaves consist of small leaflets arranged in pairs along the stem. The tree produces

white to pale yellow flowers in clusters, and it bears long, flat pods containing seeds.

9. Native chickens - refer to chicken breeds that are indigenous to a specific region or

country. They are often well-adapted to local climates and conditions.

10. Papaya – is a tropical fruit with a soft, orange or yellow flesh and a sweet taste.

The fruit is typically large, elongated, and pear-shaped, featuring a central cavity filled
 with black seeds that are edible but usually discarded. The outer skin is thin and green

when unripe, turning yellow or orange as it ripens. Papayas are known for their juicy

and succulent texture, and they are rich in vitamins, particularly vitamin C, and

enzymes like papain, which aids in digestion.

11. Parasites – a parasite (an organism that lives in or on and takes its nourishment

from another organism) in the intestinal tract. Intestinal parasites include both

helminths and protozoa. Helminths are worms such as tapeworms, pinworms, and

roundworms.

12. Parasite Rebound – The phenomenon where parasite levels initially increase

after deworming treatment, followed by a subsequent decrease and then another

increase, occurs due to several factors related to the parasites, the host animals, and the

deworming process.

13. Phytochemical Analysis – is a scientific process that involves the identification,

isolation, and quantification of bioactive compounds present in plants. These bioactive

compounds, known as phytochemicals, include a diverse range of chemical substances

such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds.

 Chapter ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

a. Native Chicken

The Philippine native chicken recorded an 80.7 million inventory in 2020, which

accounted for 45% of the country’s total chicken inventory. PCARRD (2003) stated that

native chicken or what is referred to as village or local chicken in other countries is an

important source of protein food and extra income for rural farmers.

Soudkolaei et al. (2021) reported that significantly traditional free- range chickens

provide a critical source of food and income for these people. However, the growing

demand for chicken products from free-range production systems is hampered by the

heavy burden of reemergence of diverse poultry helminths.

According to Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2019).

Newcastle within the first week after hatching, at six weeks old, at three months of age

and adult birds twice a year. Vaccinate against fowl pox, mareks’ disease and infectious

bronchitis. Deworm every month using a good de-wormer after 2 months of age. Spray

the walls, the -oor and nests with an acaricide for mite infestation and with an insecticide

for lice infestation Orazaga et al. (2004, 2012) indicated that intestinal parasites in

chicken are rampant in the tropics. Gastrointestinal helminth infection is common among

ranged chickens in the tropics. These affect the health and production performance of the

birds. Artificially produced anthelmintics are expensive and birds which receive them are

less desirable for human consumption. Use of synthetic anthelmintics to control

gastrointestinal helminth infection is not only expensive but also raises the concern on

chemical residues in meat. An alternative organic substitute is needed.

 According to Karumari et al. (2014) most anthelmintics exert their effects by

either stunting or killing helminths. The large diversity of helminths causing parasitic

infections in poultry is a challenge. There is a growing interest in the application of plant-

based anthelmintics in poultry, as they are considered safer than synthetic compounds.

Plant alternatives offer a cheap natural resource and some plant-based anthelmintics are

more effective than synthetic anthelmintics.

b. Anthelmintic Properties of Ipil - Ipil

Luecaena luecocephala is a leguminous plant under the Fabaceae family and

subfamily Mimosoideae. It is addressed differently in several countries, such as ‘White

lead tree’ in America, ‘Ipil-Ipil’ in the Philippines, and ‘Petai belalang’ in Malaysia.

Various studies have demonstrated several pharmacological activities exerted by

this plant, including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anthelmintic

activities, and it is believed to be due to the different types of phytochemicals present in

the plant, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and quercetin. Extract of seed has been

reported to possess chemo preventive, anti-proliferative, anthelmintic. Ipil-ipil was found

to be a very good ethnobotanical dewormer and has a comparable percent reduction of

EPG count with the commercial dewormer (Petalcorin et al., 2022).

Prazad (2013) stated that Ipil-Ipil seeds and leaves contain lipids, crude protein

and carbohydrates. The seeds contain tannin and oxalic acid. The kernel contains oil

content of about 17 – 20%. The seeds and leaves also contain toxic and non-protein

substance known as mimosine. Ipil-Ipil contain glucoside mimosine that inhibits the

DNA replication of roundworms and arrest the dividing cells; while the compound
quercetin glycosides are found to be toxic in roundworms and tapeworms. Ipil-Ipil seeds

is capable of expelling or destroying parasitic worms. It is the seeds that is dried and used

as medicine for deworming.

c. Anthelmintics Properties of Betel Nut

Tangalin, G. (2011) stated that betel nut (supari) is a fruit of a tall, graceful Asiatic

betel palm, Areca Catechu, chewed with lime and PAN (betel leaf). The tree is slender,

erect up to 30 meters tall with a smooth trunk and a crown of large pinnate leaves 1-2 Cm

long, orange colored when ripe, with hard fibrous endocarp and a single seed, commonly

called a nut. In some parts of the Orient, betel nuts are used to destroy intestinal worms.

According to Mubarokah et al. (2019) the phytochemical screening of A. catechu

shows that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes,

phenols, quinones, and alkaloids (arecoline and arecaine). The death of the adult A. galli

may be due to the presence of tannin and saponin in A. catechu. Tannin can affect the

adult A. galli both directly and indirectly. Tannin affects A. galli directly by attaching to

its cuticle, which plays an essential multi-functional role in the protective and selective

absorption functions of A. galli.

Betarmos (2002:8) in his research stated that betel nut could be suitable to native

chicken using 2 grams per kilogram body weight. Betel nut is also a good alternative

dewormer for tapeworm only. He further revealed that commercial and herbal medicine

are very effective by using 2 grams betel nut and one caplet of piperazine plus

niclosamide in deworming native chicken but using betel nut is more economical.
Researchers further stated that these natural dewormers are relatively cheaper than

commercial anthelmintics.

d. Anthelmintics Properties of Papaya

The Carica papaya fruit seed extract is thus effective in the same way as the

conventional anticoccidial drugs used by poultry producers in small-scale commercial

poultry production system. The effectiveness of Carica papaya extract on Ascaridia galli

and Capillaria sp. infestation in the treated chicken flocks is more moderate, but

statistically similar to that induced by the conventional antiparasitic drug the

niclosamide-levamisole complex. The anthelmintic activity of papaya seeds can be

attributed to carpaine, carpasemine (Kermanchai et al., 2001) and proteolytic enzymes

such as cysteine proteinase (Stepek et al., 2005) and papain (Arvind et al., 2013) from the

fruit.

Study was conducted at the Darag Native Chicken Sub-station at the College of

Veterinary Medicine of Capiz State University, Dumarao, Capiz to determine the efficacy

of Ipil-Ipil seeds, betel nut and their combination in reducing roundworms in native

chicken. Seventy-five roundworm-infected Darag native chickens aging 5 months and

above were used as experimental animals in each study. Experimental animals were

divided into 5 treatments with 3 replications having 5 chickens per replicate. Results of

the studies reveal that the use of the powdered ipil-ipil seeds is effective against

roundworms in native chickens. Birds treated with 6 g/kg body weight (bw) are

comparable with the birds treated with the commercial drug. The use of the powdered

betel nut is effective against roundworms in native chickens. Birds treated with 6 g/kg bw
are comparable with the birds treated with commercial dewormer. The use of combined

formulated ethnobotanical specifically 2 g/kg (bw) of formulated Ipil-Ipil and Betel nut is

effective in treating roundworms of Darag native chickens and are comparable with the

effect of commercial dewormer (Orazaga and Barrios, 2015)

 CHAPTER lll

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Materials

The materials used in the study includes: Seventy five (75) heads of naturally

infested native chickens with roundworms aging 4-5 months old and above of both

sexes, rearing pen, commercial feeds, combined Ipil-Ipil seeds, papaya seeds and betel

nuts, grinding machine, knife, chopping board, metric scale, triple beam balance,

microscope, test tubes, strainer, funnels, stirring rod, spatula, glass slides, cover slips,

sugar solution, fecal containers, feeders, waterers, newspapers, data sheet and camera for

documentation.

Experimental Treatment

The experimental poultry were divided into 5 treatments with 3 replications

having 5 chickens per replicate. The experimental treatments are as follows:

T1 - Control (Without anthelmintic)

T - 2 g of formulated powderized ipil-ipil and betel nut seeds

2

T - 2 g of formulated powderized ipil-ipil and papaya seeds

3

T - 2 g of formulated powderized betel nut and papaya seeds

4

T - Commercial anthelmintic (Levamisole Hydrochloride + Albendazole)

5
Preparation of Betel Nut Seeds (Areca catechu)

Fresh mature betel nuts were collected. The nuts were separated from the shell

using a knife then placed in a bottle container. The fresh nut were oven-dried using oven

by setting the temperature at 80 Degree Celsius at Twenty hours (24) or until the nuts is

fully dried. The dried seeds were ground into powder form using grinding machine.

Preparation of Ipil-ipil Seeds (Luecaena luecocephala)

Fresh mature Ipil-ipil seeds nuts were collected. The fresh fruits will be halved.

The fresh seeds were oven-dried at 80 Degree Celsius at Four hours (4) and later grinded

into powdery form.

Preparation of the Carica papaya seeds

The seeds were collected freshly from ripe pawpaw fruits and washed with clean

water to remove dirt. The seeds were oven-dried at 80 Degree Celsius at Four hours (4)

and later grinded into powdery forms.

Phytochemical Analysis of Ethnobotanical Anthelmintics

The powderized form were subjected to phytochemical analysis at Cagayan State

University Andrews, Central Analytical Laboratory. The phytochemical screening of the

samples were carried out on the aqueous extract of the powdered specimens using

standard procedures to identify their chemicals constituents as described by Petalcorin et

al., (2022) and Mubarokah et al., (2019). Powdered material of dried betel nut, ipil-ipil,

and papaya seeds weighing 1g each were mixed with three replications containing 2

grams each zip lock.

Administration of Formulated Ethnobotanical Anthelmintics

Experimental animals were weighed before the start of the study to get the exact

dosage of anthelmintic per treatment. Deworming were done using In vivo

administration. Ethnobotanical anthelmintics will be mix with water and administered

orally through the use of syringe in the morning. The dosage of this dewormer is two

grams per head of native chicken.

Data Gathered

Fecalysis

Pre-treatment fecal examination were done three days before the administration of

the ethnobotanical anthelmintics to determine the average egg per gram count of the

parasites. Post fecal examination were done on the 7 th, 14th, 21th day after the first and

second administration of ethnobotanical anthelmintic. Fecal samples were collected

randomly on the mat of the birds early in the morning and brought to the Department of

Agriculture Cagayan Valley Integrated Agriculture Laboratory for fecal examinations.

Quantitative examination will determine using the sugar flotation technique. Average egg

per gram count were obtained by examining each fecal sample thrice.

Efficacy of Ethnobotanical Anthelmintic

The efficacy of the combined dewormer were evaluated based on the reduction of

worms, which were estimated by establishing egg per gram (epg) counts before and after

administering the dewormer. One egg is equivalent to 100 eggs per gram of feces (Coles,

1988).

Statistical Tool and Analysis

Average Percent Reduction of roundworm egg per gram were obtained by using

the following formula:

Average Percent Reduction = A – B × 100

A

Where:

A= Pretreatment E.P.G. count of roundworm egg

B= Post treatment E.P.G. count of roundworm egg

The data on average percent reduction of roundworm egg per gram were subjected

to Analysis of Variance (F-test), where difference among treatment means will analyzed
using Least Significant Difference (LSD). The result were interpret at five and one

percent levels of significance.

 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Number and Reduction of Ascaridia Eggs per Gram

Table 1 shows the number of eggs and percent of reduction of Ascaridia per gram

from feces of chicken after the first administration of ethnobotanical anthelmintic.

Control chickens (T1) recorded to have the highest increase of eggs per gram with a

mean of 528.55% after 7 days of observation. In addition, birds in T4 and T5 recorded to

have an increased in egg count per gram of Ascaridia but not statistically different when

compared to other treatment means. Despite the administration of anthelminthic, there is

an increase in egg of ascaridia detected within the submitted sample due to the

unhygienic environment and contaminated water. However, there was observed in egg

reduction specifically in T3, T4 and T5 after 2 nd and 3rd week of observation period after

the first administration of anthelmintics. It should be stressed that total eggs of ascaridia

were eliminated 21 days after the administration of commercial anthelminthic. The result

of the study conforms with Soudkolaei et al., (2021) who claimed that the application of

commercial dewormer significantly decrease the internal parasite of native chicken.

Table 1. Number and Percent Reduction of Ascaridia egg per gram after the first
administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic
After 1st Administration
Treatments % % 21 %
7 days Reduction 14 days Reduction days Reduction
Treatment 1 733.33 -528.55 66.67 90.91 100.00 -49.99
Treatment 2 366.67 54.17 1633.33 -345.45 33.33 97.96
Treatment 3 283.33 72.58 66.67 76.47 16.67 75.00
Treatment 4 1016.67 -221.05 216.67 78.69 50.00 76.92
Treatment 5 100.00 -49.99 83.33 16.67 0.00 100.00
Result Ns Ns Ns
CV% 131.4 297.28 91.29
 Number and Percent Reduction of Ascaridia egg per

gram
 The number and percentage of reduction of Ascardia eggs per Gram after the

second administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic is shown in Table 2. It was

observed that 7 days after the 2nd introduction of ethnobotanical anthelminthic, there was

a reoccurrence of ascaridia detected in chicken dung on all experimental birds. The result

could be attributed to the environment where the stocks are reared. On the other hand,

there is a reduction on the ascaridia egg per gram after 14 days of observation except with

birds within T4 and T5 which was observed to increase with the same observation period

after the administration of anthelminthic. At 3 rd week after the administration of

ethnobotanical anthelmintic, it was found out that chicken administered with T5 and T4

recorded the highest percentage of egg reduction and was closely followed by chicken

applied with T1 and T2 with 500% and 33.33% of egg reduction respectively. Result

shows that the effect of dewormer was only felt at 3 rd week after the second

administration of ethnobotanical which means that there is a delay in the efficacy of the

tested dewormer. Chicken not administered with any dewormer was noted for the

reoccurrence of ascaridia which was detected per gram of fecal sample which is expected

since no control measure is being observed.

There was a positive result in the administration of anthelmintic as evidence by

the significance of treatments at 0.05 at 7 days after the 2 nd administration and

significance at 0.01 at 3rd week after the 2nd administration. Based on the result, it was

found out that T2-T5 are comparable with each other specifically in reducing the egg

count of ascaridia. This means that use of ethnobotanical extract is comparable with the
use of commercially available dewormer in the market and can serve as an alternative

anthelminthic for chicken. Result of the study could be explained by Ozaraga et al.,

(2015) who claimed that the combined formulated ethnobotanical specifically 2g/kg BW

of formulated Ipil-ipil and betal nut was found to be effective in treating roundworms of

Darag native chickens was comparable with effect of commercial dewormer. Similarly,

Symeonidou et al., (2018) also claimed that the administration of ethnobotanical

anthelmintic is comparable to the commercial dewormer in controlling internal parasites

of chicken.

Table 2. Number and Percent Reduction of Ascaridia egg per gram after the second
administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic
After 2nd Administration
Treatments % % 21 %
7 days Reduction 14 days Reduction days Reduction
Treatment 1 1450 a -135000 133.33 90.80 666.6a -533.34
Treatment 2 616.7ab -58334 583.33 5.41 83.33c 500.00
Treatment 3 100.00b -8333 50.00 50.00 16.67c 33.33
Treatment 4 333.33b -28333 2000.00 -500.01 333.3b 1666.67
Treatment 5 116.67b -11667 1766.67 -1414.25 66.67c 1700.00
Result * Ns **
CV% 98.27 171.93 58.03

Number and Reduction of Raillietina Eggs per Gram

Table 3 shows the number and reduction of Raillietina eggs per gram as affected y

the administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic. It should be observed that stocks in

Treatment 2 has an initial egg count of 650 but after the 1 st and 2nd the administration of

T2, the eggs were totally eliminated. However, there is a reoccurrence of raillietina at

experimental birds in T5 where 50 eggs were observed 7 days after the 1 st administration

but was also eliminated in the succeeding observation period. Same scenario was

observed in experimental birds in T3 were 16.67 eggs of raillietina was observed 3 weeks
after the 1st administration and was also eliminated after the 2 nd administration of

ethnobotanical anthelminthic. The result indicates that even if there was a reoccurrence,

the administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic is still effective to control the said

strain of round worms.

Table 3. Number and Percent Reduction of Raillietina egg per gram after the second
administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic
Treatment After 1st Administration After 2nd Administration
Initial
7 days 14 days 21 days 7 days 14 days 21 days
T1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T2 650.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T3 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
T4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T5 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Result ns ns - ns - - -
CV% 276.82 387.3 - 387.3 - - -

Number and Reduction of Capillaria Eggs per Gram

Table 4 shows the number of Capillaria eggs per gram of fecal sample as affected

by the administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic. Initial egg count revealed that

experimental stocks in T2, T3, and T4 were infected by capiliaria but, 100% of eggs were

observed to reduce at 7 days after the first administration of anthelminthic specifically for

T3 and T4. For experimental birds in applied in T2, it was observed to have a declining

egg count after the administration of such ethnobotanical anthelminthic but not efficient

enough to control capillaria. Same effect was also observed when stocks were

administered with powderized betel nut and ipil-ipil seeds, powderized ipil-ipil and

papaya seeds, powderized betel nut and papaya seeds and commercial dewormer. The

reoccurrence of capillaria can be due to the unhygienic experimental set up which could

set an optimal environment for the growth and reproduction of such parasite. It should be

made clear that Soudkolaei et al., (2021) claimed that capillaria spp were the most greatly
resistant nematodes even if treated with commercial dewormer and was followed by

Thristrongyllus and Amidostonum spp.

Table 4. Number and Percent Reduction of Capillaria egg per gram after the second
administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic
After 1st Administration After 2nd Administration
Treatments Initial
7 days 14 days 21 days 7 days 14 days 21 days
T1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
T2 16.67 433.33 100.00 16.67 33.33 16.67 83.33
T3 16.67 0.00 0.00 116.67 50.00 16.17 133.33
T4 66.67 0.00 83.33 0.00 50.00 16.67 383.33
T5 0.00 33.33 0.00 116.67 1766.67 33.33 283.33
Result ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
CV% 158.11 360.7 238.8 148.32 325.28 154.92 141.7
 Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary

The study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of the combined formulation of

ethnobotanical anthelmintics for free range native chicken. Specifically, the study was

conducted to evaluate which ethnobotanical anthelmitic combination is effective in the

control of different gastro-intestinal parasite of native chicken. The Complete

Randomized Design (RCD) which was replicated thrice was used to test the following

treatments: T1 - Control (without anthelmintic), T - 2 g of formulated powderized ipil-ipil

2

and betel nut seeds, T - 2 g of formulated powderized ipil-ipil and papaya seeds, T - 2 g
3 4

of formulated powderized betel nut and papaya seeds and T - Commercial anthelmintic
5

(Levamisole Hydrochloride + Albendazole).

Based on the above findings, it could be summarized as follows:

1) The administration of ethnobotanical anthelminthic is efficient in the control of

ascaridia since the result can be comparable to the commercially available dewormer.

2) The use of ethnobotanical anthelminthic is efficient in the control of raillietina since no

ova was found after the 2nd administration of different dewormers.

3) The application of ethnobotanical anthelminthic and commercially available dewormer

can minimized only the occurrence of capillaria.

Conclusion
 Based on the above findings, the following conclusion were drawn:

1) The use of ethnobotanical anthelminthic is effective only in the control of ascaridia

and raillietina.

2) The reoccurrence of the different strain of parasites could be due to the unhygienic

experimental set up.

Recommendation

Based on the above premise, the following recommendation were made:

1) The use of ethnobotanical anthelminthic can be adopted by poultry raisers since it is

found to be effective in the control ascaridia and raillietina.

3) Follow up study must be conducted but to consider also the increase in dosage to

check if it can control the occurrence of capillaria which is not eliminated in this study.

4) Strongly implement the sanitation and hygienic protocols in order to minimize the

reoccurrence of the different strain of parasite in order to assess really the effect of using

ethnobotanical anthelminthic.
 LITERATURE CITED

Betarmos A. (2002). Anthelmicthic effects of betel nut (Areca catechu) on native chicken.
Thesis, Western Mindanao State University-Dumingag Campus.

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