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Identifikasi Istilah
Identifikasi Istilah
Identifikasi Istilah
Insidensi :
Introduction
Incidence is the rate of new cases or events over a specified period for the population at risk for
the event. In medicine, the incidence is commonly the newly identified cases of a disease or
condition per population at risk over a specified timeframe.[1] An example of incidence would
be 795,000 new strokes in the United States, annually. Here the incidence is 795,000 new
strokes, the population in the United States, and the timeframe is one year. Alternatively,
incidence can be specified as person-years. For example, there may be 324 million people in the
United States for the measured year, so strokes could be specified as having an incidence of 2.5
strokes per 1,000 person-years. This means there will be on average 2.5 strokes if we watch
1,000 people in the United States for one year. To calculate the person-years incidence of strokes
in the United States we perform the following: (795,000 strokes)/(324,000,000 people in the
United States during the year) = 2.5 strokes / 1,000 person-years.
Go to:
Function
Incidence = (New Cases) / (Population x Timeframe)
An example will help demonstrate this equation and is provided below.
You watch a group of the 5,000 people in your town. During a five-year period, 25 individuals
are newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What is the annual incidence of diabetes mellitus for
your town?
(25 new cases diabetes mellitus)/(5,000 people x 5 years) =
(25 new cases) / (25,000 people-year) =
0.001 cases/people-year =
1 case / 1000 people-year
The above can be interpreted as "If we watch 1,000 people in the town for one year we would
expect one person, on average, to be newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus during the year of
observation."
Sometimes the period of observation may be given as fractions of a year. If the incidence can be
assumed to be stable over the short term, then we can use multiplication to calculate the person-
year incidence. Below is a calculation using fractionals of a year for the time period and
multiplication to calculate the annual incidence as person-years:
A health worker finds that over the past three months there have been four new diagnoses of lead
poisoning in children in her community. She estimates there are 60,000 children in her
community at risk for lead poisoning. If we assume a stable incidence of lead poisoning in
children what is the annual person-year incidence of lead poisoning for the children at risk?
(4 new cases/(60,000 people x 3 months)
There are two ways to solve this problem. One method is to solve for people-months then
convert the final answer into people-years. Alternatively, we can first convert to people-years
before solving. Either method should provide the same result. We will perform both
calculations to show we get the same answer. We will first do the approach of
calculating people-months then convert to people-years.
(4 new cases)/(60,000 people x 3 months) =
(4 new cases)/(180,000 people-months) =
0.00002 cases/people-months
Now to convert from cases/people-months to cases/people-years
(0.000022 cases/people-months) x (12 months / year) =
0.00026 cases/people-year =
0.26 cases/1,000 people-year
Let us now try the other approach of first converting people-months to people-years and
calculating the incidence to show we arrive at the same answer as above. First, we start with
what we know:
(4 new cases)/(60,000 people x 3 months)
Now we convert from people-months to people-years
[(4 new cases)/(60,000 people x 3 months)] x (12 months / year) =
[(4 new cases)/(60,000 people)] x ((1 / 3 months) x (12 months / year)) =
[(4 new cases)/(60,000 people)] x (4 / year) =
(16 new cases/(60,000 people-year) =
0.00026 cases/people-year =
0.26 cases/1000 people-year
We can see then that with either method we arrive at the same answer of 0.26 cases/1,000
people-year. The important thing to keep in mind is that the units for all parts have the correct
units.
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Issues of Concern
Incidence is commonly confused with prevalence. Incidence is the rate of new cases or events
during a specified period; whereas, prevalence is the total cases present at one specific time, both
new and old cases. Incidence occurs when the new case is diagnosed, and each new case
diagnosed increases the prevalence. Prevalence decreases when the disease is cured, or the
patient dies. The cure for a disease or death of a patient does not affect the incidence of the
disease. In the image below, the incidence is the new additions to the reservoir, the prevalence is
the total number in the reservoir, and cure/death decreases the reservoir. The incidence is a
measure of the risk of getting the disease during a specified period; whereas, prevalence is a
measure of how much burden of the disease there is in the population at one specific moment in
time.[2][1][3][4][5]
A second common error with incidence is not adequately defining the population at
risk. Incidence specifies the number of new diagnoses for the at-risk population of a disease.
Changing the specified population will also change the incidence. For example, the incidence of
stroke is approximately 250/100,000 people-year for all individuals in the United States. The
incidence decreases to 24/100,000 people-year if we only look at those ages 15 to 54. The
incidence increases to 391/100,000 people-year if we only look at those older than 54 years.
Thus the incidence differs between different populations (age groups in this example). Let us
look at breast cancer as a second example where incidence is different between groups. The
incidence of invasive breast cancer in females in the United States is about 161/100,000 people-
year versus the incidence of 1.6/100,000 people-year for males in the United States. We can see
a 100 fold difference in the incidence of invasive breast cancer between females and males in the
United States.[6]
Additionally, we must be careful to ensure all of the individuals included in the population used
to calculate the incidence are truly at risk. For example, each year approximately 61,380
individuals are diagnosed with uterine cancer. If we used the total United States population of
324 million, we would calculate an incidence of 18.9/100,000 people-year. In reality, only
females are at risk for uterine cancer, and thus only females should be used as the population at
risk. Assuming there are approximately 157 million females in the United States, we would
calculate a more accurate incidence of uterine cancer of 39/100,000 people-year in the United
States. Thus the use of the wrong population at risk can have significant effects when calculating
the incidence.[7][8]
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Clinical Significance
Incidence is a measure of how commonly or frequently a disease occurs in a specified population
over a period by providing a quick measurement of new disease diagnoses. Incidence is thus a
measure of a risk of the disease for a specified population during a specified period.
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Other Issues
Incidence is not a static number but changes over time. As an example, the incidence of
chickenpox (varicella zoster virus) was historically similar to the birth rate of the population as
almost all individuals contracted chicken pox during childhood. After the introduction of
vaccination for varicella zoster virus, the incidence of chickenpox decreased by 90%. Incidence
also can increase over time. Before the widespread use of cellular telephones and other handheld
electronic devices, the traffic death incidence was decreasing secondary to improved vehicle
safety. After cell phones and other electronic devices had become widespread, the incidence of
traffic deaths increased as more individuals engaged in distracted driving.
Go to:
Prevalence
Steven Tenny; Mary R. Hoffman.
Go to:
Introduction
In medical epidemiology, prevalence is defined as the proportion of the population with a
condition at a specific point in time (point prevalence) or during a period of time (period
prevalence). [1] Prevalence increases when new disease cases are identified (incidence), and
prevalence decreases when a patient is either cured or dies. Many times, the period prevalence
will provide a more accurate picture of the overall prevalence since period prevalence includes
all individuals with the condition between two dates: old and new (incident) cases, as well as
those who were cured or died during the period. [2][3]
Clinically, prevalence is most commonly described as the percentage with the disease in the
population at risk. We commonly hear this in everyday discussion, and most find these
references intuitive to interpret, such as "currently, X% of Americans were overweight or obese."
Go to:
Function
Prevalence = (Total number with disease) / (Population at risk for the disease)[2][4]
Alternatively, if the disease process tends to last a long time and both the incidence and
cure/death rates are relatively stable then prevalence can be calculated based on the incidence
and duration of disease.
Prevalence = (Incidence) x (disease duration)
You spend the next week interviewing all 1500 people in the next town over and find 300 people
report allergy symptoms. The period prevalence for the next town over is 20% for the week or 2
in 10 individuals calculated as:
(300 people with allergy symptoms during the week) / (1500 people at risk) = 0.2 = 20%
Example 2
As stated previously, we can use the incidence and disease duration to calculate prevalence if
both are relatively constant.
The annual incidence of the brain tumor glioblastoma is approximately 2.5 / 100,000 people
annually in the United States. The median survival at the time of diagnosis is approximately 15
months (1.25 years). What is the prevalence of glioblastoma?
Prevalence = (Incidence) x (disease duration)
Incidence = 2.5 new cases / 100,000 people annually
Disease duration = 1.25 years
Prevalence = (2.5 cases / 100,000 people annually) x (1.25 years) = 3.125 cases / 100,000 people
Thus approximately 3.125 people out of every 100,000 individuals in the United States currently
have a glioblastoma or approximately 10,125 people in the United States are currently living
with the diagnosis of a glioblastoma. This figure was calculated as:
(3.125 cases / 100,000 people) x (324,000,000 people in the United States) = 10,125 cases of
glioblastoma in the United States
It should be stressed that the second method is only valid if both the incidence and
surival/disease duration are relatively constant.
Go to:
Issues of Concern
Prevalence is commonly confused with incidence. Incidence is the rate of new cases or events
during a specified time period for a population at risk whereas prevalence is the total cases
present at one specific time, both new and old cases. Incidence occurs when the new case is
diagnosed, and each new case diagnosed increases the prevalence. Prevalence decreases when
the disease is cured, or the patient dies. The cure for a disease or death of a patient does not
affect the incidence of the disease whereas it decreases the prevalence. In the image below
incidence is the new additions to the reservoir, prevalence is the total in the reservoir, and
cure/death decreases the reservoir. Stated another way, the incidence is a measure of the risk of
getting the disease during a specified time period whereas prevalence is a measure of how much
burden of the disease there is in the population at one specific moment in time.[5][6]
A second common error with prevalence is not correctly defining the population at risk. The
total number of people living with ovarian cancer is estimated to be 0.13% of females (222,060
women living with ovarian cancer in the United States / 170,000,000 females in the United
States). If one were to make a mistake and use the total population of the United States instead
of only females the prevalence would be incorrectly reported as 0.07%. This 0.07% prevalence
is not correct as only females are at risk, not all individuals.
Prevalence is also not static among different groups. We will take two different examples,
osteosarcoma and essential hypertension, and compare their prevalence stratified by age group.
Osteosarcoma tends to occur in the pediatric age group and has a second incidence peak in the
elderly. Osteosarcoma has approximately a 20% 10-year survival rate. Thus a pediatric patient
diagnosed with osteosarcoma will likely no longer be alive in 10 years. If there are few new
cases in teenagers and adults, the prevalence will decrease as more individuals leave the disease
group (by death or cure) than new cases are diagnosed. Later in life, there is the second
incidence peak where senior citizens start developing osteosarcoma at increasing rates. This will
add new cases to the osteosarcoma group, and thus the prevalence will increase in senior citizens
corresponding to this second peak in incidence.
Essential hypertension, on the other hand, has an average life expectancy of decades after
diagnosis. As people get older, more individuals are newly diagnosed with essential
hypertension (new incident cases), and thus the prevalence of essential hypertension increases
with increasing age as we add the new diagnoses of essential hypertension to all of the old cases
of essential hypertension still alive.
Go to:
Clinical Significance
Prevalence is a measure of how common a disease process is found in a specified at-risk
population at a specific time point or during a specified time period. Prevalence is thus a
measure of disease burden for the specified population, or how commonly someone with the
disease will be encountered in the specified population.[2]
In biostatistics, prevalence could be considered similar to the pre-test probability. That is, before
any testing, the probability of a person in the specified population having the disease is the same
as the prevalence of the disease in the population. If the prevalence of a disease is 1% of the
population, then we would expect approximately 1 in 100 people to have the disease before any
testing.
Prevalence Impact on Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
Prevalence thus impacts the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV)
of tests. As the prevalence increases, the PPV also increases but the NPV decreases. Similarly,
as the prevalence decreases the PPV decreases while the NPV increases.
For a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon, we can calculate the positive predictive
value (PPV) as follows:
PPV = (sensitivity x prevalence) / [ (sensitivity x prevalence) + ((1 – specificity) x (1 – prevalence))
]
If we hold all values except for the prevalence the same then as prevalence increases the
numerator will also increase for PPV. In the denominator note the last term of “1 – prevalence.”
Thus as prevalence increases towards 100% (a value of one) the term “1 – prevalence” goes
towards zero. This drives the second part of the denominator, “(1 – specificity) x (1 –
prevalence)”, to smaller and smaller values as prevalence increases. Thus at a very high
prevalence the value of “1 – prevalence” goes towards zero and the PPV equation reduces to:
PPV = (sensitivity x prevalence) / [ (sensitivity x prevalence ) + ((1 – specificity) x (0)) ] =
PPV = (sensitivity x prevalence) / [ (sensitivity x prevalence) + (0) ] =
PPV = (sensitivity x prevalence) / (sensitivity x prevalence) = 1
For the NPV as the prevalence increases (goes towards one) the term “1 – prevalence” becomes
smaller making the numerator smaller. In the denominator NPV has the same first term as the
numerator, “specificity x (1 – prevalence)” which will also become smaller as the prevalence
increases. The second term in the denominator, “(1 – sensitivity) x prevalence” will increase as
the prevalence increases. As the prevalence comes very close to 100% we can write NPV as:
NPV = (specificity x (1 – 1)) / [ (specificity x (1 – 1)) + ((1 – sensitivity) x 1) ] =
(specificity x 0) / [ (specificity x 0) + (1 – sensitivity) ] =
0 / (0 + (1 – sensitivity)) = 0
Revitalisasi PAUD
Revitalisasi adalah Upaya untuk menghidupkan Kembali bangunan yang sudah lama
mengalamidegradasi melalui intervensi fisik dan non-fisik, yaitu sosial dan ekonomi(Tiesdel,1966).
Ini dilakukanpada bangunan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD), Proses menghidupkan kembali
bangunan tersebutbertujuan untuk menambah daya Tarik orang tua terhadap pentingnya
Pendidikan anak pada usia
dini.Revitalisasiinidilakukanjugauntukmengupayakankualitasdalamkegiatanpembelajarantidakmenurun.
Dan juga perlu dilakukan karena kurangnya daya Tarik dari bangunan itu sendiri
sehinggamembutuhkanbeberapa ide kreatif untuk menambah daya Tariktersebut.Nilai-nilai karakter
yangdipandang pada Pendidikan anak usia dini sangat penting dikenalkan ke dalam perilaku mereka
seperti:kecintaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, kejujuran , toleransi, disiplin, percaya diri,
gotong royong,kerjasama,hormat,sopansantun,kreatif,rendahhati,danlain-lain.Pendidikan karakter
sejak dini sangat penting karena pertumbuhan otak dan perkembangannyaberkembang sebanyak
50 persen pada tahun peratama kehidupan, kemudian berlanjut berkembang 30persen sampai
pada usia 8 tahun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan otak manusia terjadi sangatpesat pada
rentan anak usia dini ini sebanyak 80 persen itulah kenapa pentingnya Pendidikan
karakterditanampada anaksejak usia dini.PendidikanAnakUsiaDini (PAUD) juga harus
menyesuaikanperubahantatanandalamprosesbelajarmengajar(Pramana,2020).Kondisi dasar sekolah
yang nyaman untuk belajar sangat diperlukan dalam kegiatan pembelajarantersebutagar
dapatterciptanya motivasi,gairahserta
kemauandalammeningkatkanminatbelajar.Kegiatanbelajardidukungdenganadanyapengelolaanfasilitasp
embelajaranyangmemadai.Pengelolaan fasilitas belajar menjadi bagian yang terpenting dalam
pembelajaran. Pentingnya
penataanruanganyangbaikberdampakpadaprosespembelajaran(Mularsih&Hartini,2019).
1. Pengertian Surveilans
Surveilans Kesehatan adalah kegiatan pengamatan yang sistematis dan terus menerus
terhadap data dan informasi tentang kejadian penyakit atau masalah kesehatan dan kondisi
Konsep dasar kegiatan surveilans meliputi: Pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, analisis
data dan interpretasi data, umpan balik, disseminasi yang baik serta respon yang cepat.
3. Tujuan Surveilans
dampaknya;
d. Dasar penyampaian informasi kesehatan kepada para pihak yang berkepentingan sesuai
4. Bentuk Penyelenggaraan
Surveilans berbasis indikator dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran penyakit, faktor risiko
dan masalah kesehatan dan/atau masalah yang berdampak terhadap kesehatan yang
menjadi indikator program dengan menggunakan sumber data yang terstruktur. Contoh:
penyelenggaraan surveilans AFP, CBMS, Surveilans Gizi, Surveilans penyakit TB, Surveilans
Penyakit Kustadll
memberikan informasi secara cepat tentang suatu penyakit, faktor risiko, dan masalah
kesehatan dengan menggunakan sumber data selain data yang terstruktur. Misalnya : pada
5. Atribut Surveilans
Secara umum struktur Sistem Surveilans di Indonesia berbasis laporan Puskesmas, Rumah
kabupaten/kota, provinsi dan pusat yang masing-masing membentuk unit surveilans, baik
spesifiknya. Kombinasi atribut surveilans ini akan menentukan kekuatan dan kelemahan
dari sistem surveilans, sehingga harus terdapat keseimbangan diantara atribut sistem
Kesederhanaan dari suatu sistem surveilans mencakup kesederhanaan dalam hal struktur
mungkin, namun masih dapat mencapai tujuan yang diinginkan. Kesederhanaan erat
kaitannya dengan ketepatan waktu, dan akan mempengaruhi jumlah sumber daya/sumber
dana yang dibutuhkan untuk melaksanakan sistem tersebut (Depkes RI, 2003: 30-31)
sederhana dapat dicontohkan adanya unit kecil yang merumuskan definisi operasional
kasus dengan variabel yang mudah diperoleh, unit ini juga yang menemukan kasus,
merekam dan mengolah datanya, serta memanfaatkannya untuk kepentingan unit itu
sendiri.
Sistem surveilans sederhana jika definisi operasional kasus mudah untuk diterapkan dan
tidak memerlukan keahlian khusus, menjadi komplek jika diagnosis kasus memerlukan
selalu tersedia, pengoperasiannya rumit, perlu tenaga dengan keahlian khusus dan
sensitifitas dan spesifitas rendah, tetapi definisi operasional yang ketat atau sulit
menimbulkan tingkat partisipasi rendah, butuh alat, pelatihan dan tenaga yang
1) Jumlah dan jenis informasi yang diperlukan untuk menegakkan diagnosis sesuai definisi
operasional kasus
4) Pelatihan staff
9) Besarnya sumberdaya yang diperlukan (biaya dan sarana), semakin komplek semakin
mahal.
b. Fleksibilitas (Flexibility)
Suatu sistem surveilans yang fleksibel dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan informasi
yang dibutuhkan atau situasi pelaksanaan tanpa disertai peningkatan yang berarti akan
kebutuhan biaya, tenaga dan waktu. Sistem yang fleksibel dapat menerima perubahan
definisi kasus, dan variasi – variasi dari sumber pelaporan. Pada umumnya, makin sederhana
suatu sistem, makin fleksibel untuk diterapkan pada penyakit/masalah kesehatan lain serta
Fleksibilitas juga dimaksudkan kemudahan sistem surveilans yang ada untuk menghadapi
munculnya penyakit baru, misalnya, ketika terjadi ancaman pandemi influenza ganas,
ancaman loncatan tipe virus influenza A H5N1, maka sistem deteksi dini dapat
c. Akseptabilitas (Acceptability)
subjektif yang mencakup kemauan pribadi dari orang – orang yang bertanggungjawab
terhadap pelaksanaan sistem surveilans untuk menyediakan data yang akurat, konsisten,
Sistem surveilans yang baik jika dapat diterima oleh semua pihak terkait dengan
penyelenggaraan sistem surveilans, baik unit kerja maupun oleh orang-orang yang
bertugas dalam penyelenggaraan sistem surveilans, baik unit sumber data, unit
1) Adanya Surat Keputusan Kepala Puskesmas tentang struktur organisasi dan uraian tugas
penyelenggaraan surveilans
keputusan formal
3) Terdapatnya rencana kerja pelaksanaan sistem surveilans dan anggaran sesuai dengan
4) Besarnya jumlah kelengkapan laporan dan laporan-laporan yang dikirimkan tepat waktu
• keterlibatan dokter, perawat, petugas laboratorium dan unit-unit yang terlibat dalam
• Kelengkapan isi formulir isian, baik dalam penetapan kasus maupun variabel-variabel
• Perbandingan jumlah kasus terekam dalam dokumen rekam data surveilans dibanding
register
Pengukuran dapat dilakukan kuantitatif, kualitatif atau melalui penelitian khusus sesuai
d. Sensitivitas (Sensitivity)
Sensitivitas dari suatu sistem surveilans dapat dilihat pada dua tingkatan. Pertama, pada
tingkatan pengumpulan data, proporsi kasus dari suatu penyakit/masalah kesehatan yang
dideteksi oleh sistem surveilans. Kedua, sistem dapat dinilai akan kemampuannya untuk
mendeteksi KLB.
Secara praktis dapat dijelaskan, penekanan utama dalam menilai sensitivitas dengan asumsi
kasus – kasus yang dilaporkan sebagian besar diklasifikasikan dengan benar adalah
mengestimasi proporsi dari jumlah kasus di masyarakat yang dapat dideteksi oleh sistem
surveilans. Sistem surveilans dengan sensitifitas tidak terlalu tinggi masih berguna untuk
obyek surveilans lain dengan tepat, baik pada keakuratan diagnosis, kelengkapan laporan
kasus, maupun ketepatan waktu terdeteksinya kejadian. Sensitif juga berarti mampu
2) Alat diagnostik,
4) Perhatian pelaksana
e. Nilai Prediktif Positif (Predictive Value Positive)
Nilai Prediktif Positif (NPP) adalah proporsi dari populasi yang diidentifikasikan sebagai
kasus oleh suatu sistem surveilans dan kenyataannya memang kasus. Penghitungan NPP
memerlukan catatan (arsip) dari intervensi – intervensi yang telah dilakukan berdasarkan
informasi yang diperoleh dari sistem surveilans. Penghitungan NPP pada tingkat penemuan
kasus dapat dilakukan apabila ada catatan mengenai jumlah pelacakan kasus yang telah
dilakukan dan proporsi dari orang – orang yang benar – benar mengalami suatu peristiwa
Nilai Prediktif Positif sangat penting, karena NPP yang rendah berarti “ kasus yang telah
dilacak yang sebenarnya bukan merupakan kasus dan telah terjadi kesalahan dalam
kasus dan prevalensi dari suatu keadaan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat. NPP akan
meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya spesifisitas dan prevalens. Komunikasi yang baik
antara orang – orang yang melaporkan kasus dan instansi yang menerima laporan akan
meningkatkan NPP.
f.Kerepresentatifan (Representativeness)
Suatu sistem surveilans yang representatif akan menggambarkan secara akurat kejadian
dari suatu peristiwa kesehatan dalam periode waktu tertentu dan distribusi peristiwa
yang dilaporkan dengan semua kejadian yang ada. Meskipun informasi kejadian yang
sebenarnya dalam masyarakat tidak diketahui, namun dapat ditentukan melalui studi
khusus.
Kualitas data merupakan bagian yang penting dari kerepresentatifan. Kualitas data ini
dipengaruhi oleh kejelasan dari formulir surveilans, kualitas pelatihan, supervisi terhadap
petugas surveilans dan ketelitian dalam penatalaksanaan data. Pengkajian hal –hal tersebut
Perhitungan presentase formulir surveilans atau kuesioner yang tidak diisi atau diisi dengan
“tak diketahui” merupakan ukuran langsung. Penilaian dari realibilitas dan validitas dari
10
Representatif bukan berarti jumlah kasus sama persis, representatif lebih berarti mewakili
kesehatan atau obyek surveilans lainnya yang telah teridentifikasi dengan karakteristiknya
dalam sutu sistem surveilans. Interval waktu biasanya dinyatakan sebagai besarnya waktu
antara tibulnya masalah suatu peristiwa kesehatan yang tak diinginkan dengan laporan
peristiwa kesehatan tersebut ke instansi yang berwenang. Aspek lain dari ketepatan waktu
adalah waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasikan trend KLB, atau hasil dari
tindakan penanggulangan.
Ketepatan waktu dalam sistem surveilans harus dinilai dalam arti adanya informasi
penanggulangan yang segera dilakukan maupun rencana jangka panjang dari upaya
pencegahan.
h. Quality
Quality mencerminkan kelengkapan dan validitas data yang digunakan untuk surveilans.
Salah satu ukuran sederhana adalah persentase nilai yang tidak diketahui atau kosong
baru 70%, artinya ada data umur kasus yang terisi di format laporan surveilans CBMS hanya
i. Stability
Stabilitas sistem surveilans mengacu pada keandalan metode untuk memperoleh dan
mengelola data surveilans dan ketersediaan data tersebut. Karakteristik ini biasanya terkait
dengan keandalan sistem komputer yang mendukung surveilans tetapi mungkin juga
Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1984 mengenai Wabah Penyakit Menular, Wabah
didefinisikan sebagai kejadian berjangkitnya suatu penyakit menular dalam masyarakat yang jumlahnya
meningkat secara nyata melebihi dari pada keadaan yang lazim dalam waktu dan daerah tertentu serta
dapat menimbulkan malapetaka. Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) adalah timbulnya atau meningkatnya
kejadian kesakitan atau kematian yang bermakna secara epidemiologis pada suatu daerah dalam kurun
waktu tertentu dan merupakan keadaan yang dapat menjurus pada terjadinya wabah. Jadi, KLB dan
Wabah tidaklah sama. Selain perbedaan diatas, ada perbedaan lain yaitu wabah hanyak bisa ditetapkan
oleh Menteri kesehatan
Republik Indonesia, sedangkan Kejadian Luar Biasa dapat ditetapkan oleh KepadaDinas Kesehata