Osha Book

OSHA – Guidelines (Occupational Safety & Health Administration- USA)
Table of Contents
Ch. # Contents Page #
1 Introduction 2
2 Safety Sign 6
3 Fire Safety 9
4 Fire Extinguisher 12
5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) 16
6 First Aid 22
7 Ergonomics 27
8 Electricity 32
9 Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety 41
10 Chemical Safety 45
11 Scaffolding 51
12 Welding Safety 60
13 Near-miss, Incident, Accident 75
14 Confined Space 82
15 Emergency Response 100
16 Fall Protection 110
17 Crane Safety 119
18 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) 150
19 Permit to Work (PTW) 164
20 Excavation Safety 176
21 Forklift Operation 186
22 Safe System of Work 192
23 Health & Safety Management System 200
24 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 211
Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TRAINING:
Training means telling people how to do something, telling people what
they should or should not do or simply giving them information. Training
isn’t just about formal ‘classroom’ courses.
FACTS & FIGURES:

 6000 workers die annually.
 50000 deaths due to workplace related illnesses.
 5.7 million Non-fatal workplace related injuries.
 Injuries alone cost U.S businesses over $ 125 Billion.
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH & SAFETY

 Safety derived from French word Sauf.
 It is the Basic Right of workers.
 The OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) was
established in 1970 and the law implemented in 1971.In 1990 it was
amended and implemented as an Act. The salient features of the
act are;
1. Who is covered under the law?
2. The role and function of the Health and Safety Committees in
implementation.
3. Health and Safety requirements on the job, including training.
4. Duties of employers and designated staff such as Supervisors.
5. The circumstances in which the worker has the right to refuse
work.
6. The conditions in which the worker has the right to stop work.
7. The control of toxic or hazardous substances on the job.
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8. Enforcement by government inspectors to ensure compliance

with the Act and regulations and to ensure that the internal
responsibility system is working.
PURPOSE OF HEALTH & SAFETY

 Physical, Mental and Social Welfare of Workers.
 To reduce the adverse affects of work on workers.
 To provide workers a better workplace.
HAZARDS AND CONTROLS
Hazard: A hazard is anything that has a potential to cause, harm or
injury to a person or persons and property damage.
Risk: It is the likelihood that a person may be harmed or injured if
exposed to a hazard combined with the severity of the
consequences.
Example: Electricity is a hazard and electric shock is the harm or injury
caused if a worker is exposed to it and the likely hood that
the worker may be exposed to it is risk. Risk will be high if the
electrical equipment being used is substandard, wiring is
poor, and the insulation on the wires is poor or if there is water
on the ground.
Controls These are the measures taken to control the risk or eliminate
the hazards altogether.
Example: If there is a spill of water in a room, it presents a slipping
hazard for persons working in that room. If access to that
room is prevented by a physical barrier though the hazard
would remain but the risk of slips / trip would be minimized.
TYPES OF CONTROLS
 Engineering Control (e.g. railing of stair etc.)
 Administrative Control (e.g. sign boards etc.)
 PPEs (Personal Protective Equipments)
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HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS
These are the steps or the order in which management tries to reduce the
Risk
Eliminate Hazards
Substitute
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
PPEs ( Personal Protective Equipment)
IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH & SAFETY

 Workers need safety at workplace.
 They spend 8 to10 hours a day at work site
 Due to ignorance of Health & Safety concepts workers get various
diseases like diseases due to dust, Gas, Noise.
 It improves the overall productivity of the workplace.
 It reduces the health insurance cost, absenteeism, sick leaves etc.
 It is good for the overall reputation of the employer.
TYPES OF SAFETY
Normative safety
Normative safety is a term used to describe products or designs that meet
applicable design standards and protection.
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Example: Chairs are designed to support the back of the worker sitting
on it.
Substantive safety
Substantive or objective safety means that the real-world safety history is
favorable, whether or not standards are met.
Example: If a worker is standing in the middle of a roof which has no
grill, according to the standards there is a fall hazard but as
he is standing in the middle he is safe.
Perceived safety
Perceived or subjective safety refers to the level of comfort of users.
Example: If a person is claustrophobic he will not feel safe is a closed
space even when there is no hazard present.
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CHAPTER 2
SAFTEY SIGNS
DEFINITION
Signs are warnings of hazard; temporarily or permanently fixed or placed

at locations where hazard exist.
Safety signs are a part of Administrative Controls being used to reduce
risk, give information, warn of hazards, prohibiting or providing directions
to safety or fire equipment in case of an emergency.
PURPOSE OF SAFETY SIGNS
Why Use Safety Signs?

 They keep us safe.
 They save us time.
 They keep others safe.
 They keep us out of trouble.
 They help the society find order.
Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996
These regulations require employers to provide specific Safety Signs
whenever there is a risk that has not been avoided or controlled by other
means, e.g. by engineering controls and safe systems of work.
TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS
 Warning signs
Provide warnings about presence of a hazard (Electric power lines
above). They are yellow in color and triangles in shape.
 Prohibitive signs
They prohibit us from doing something (No Smoking). They are white
in color with red border and cross. They are circular in shape.
 Mandatory signs
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These are the signs that enforce a policy or procedure. (Wearing of

Gloves, mask). They are blue in color and circular in shape.
 Safe Condition signs
These signs point the way towards safety in case of an emergency
(Exit, Stairways). They are green in color and are square or
rectangular in shape.
 Fire equipment signs
These signs provide direction to firefighting equipment in case of fire
(Fire Extinguishers, Fire Hose). They are red in color and are square or
rectangular in shape.
CLASSIFICATION OF SAFETY SIGNS
Types of Meaning Examples

Safety
Signs
Warning Caution. Risk
of Danger.
Hazard ahead
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Prohibitive You must not

do stop
You Must
Mandatory Carry out the
action given
by the sign.
Safe way.
Safe Where to go in
Conditions an emergency
Fire Safety Location of

Signs Fire
equipments
IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY SIGNS
 Safety Signs and Signals are one of the main means of

communicating health and safety information.
 This includes the use of illuminated signs, hand and acoustic signals
(e.g. fire alarms), spoken communication and the marking of pipe
work containing dangerous substances.
 Traditional signboards, such as prohibition and warning signs, signs

for fire exits, Fire Action Plan notices (fire drills) and fire-fighting
equipment are also considered to be Safety Signs.
 In view of their importance, it is critical that all Safety Signs and

Signals can be easily understood.
CHAPTER 3
FIRE
DEFINITION
Fire is the result of a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with

oxygen, destroying its form by the heat generated in the process.
NATURE OF FIRE
Fire is the rapid oxidation and reduction of a material in the chemical process of
combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products like smoke.
CAUSES OF FIRE
Fire can start in many ways, the common are:-
 Deliberated
 Carelessness with lighted matches and cigarettes
 Smoking in prohibited areas
 Loss of control while burning of rubbish
 Short circuiting due to faulty electrical wiring and fittings.
 Incorrect use of electrical circuits and appliances.
Page 9
FIRE TRIANGLE
There are three factors to support

combustion:
Fuel: It may be in the form of solid,
liquid or gas?
Oxygen: It exists in the air (21%)
Heat: Minimum temperature

required to start a fire known as
ignition temperature.
Page 10
OSHA- Guidelines (Occupational Safety & Health Administration)
SOURCE OF IGNITION
Following are the possible sources of ignition to start a fire:
 Over heating due to electrical short circuiting

 Smoking
 Hot work i.e. welding, burning etc.
 Chemical Reactions
 Heating appliances
 Friction
 Static electricity
 Lightning
 Improper Storage of reactive chemicals
CLASSES OF FIRE
Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 11

TRANSMISSION OF FIRE
There are four methods by which heat can be transmitted:
1. Conduction: The movement of heat through the solid material

(Usually solids)
2. Convection: It is movement of heat through Liquid and gases.

(This is the principal cause for the spread of fire)
3. Radiation: Transfer of heat as invisible waves through the air.
4. Direct Burning: Combustible material in contact with naked

flame.
EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

As explained earlier in the fire triangle if anyone of the three
components is removed, the fire extinguishes.
 Starvation Removal of the Material (Fuel)
 Smothering Removal of the oxygen
 Cooling Removal of heat
 Chain Reaction Combination of different methods

CHAPTER 4
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
DEFINITION
It is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires

often in emergency situation.
A fire extinguisher can save lives and property by putting out small fire or
controlling it until the fire fighters arrives.
YOU SHOULD KNOW!
A fire extinguisher may control a small fire from becoming a big one, but
you must not endanger yourself by trying to:
 Fight a fire with the wrong insufficient equipment.

 Keep in mind that portable extinguishers are not designed for
fighting large or spreading fires.
 Extinguishers are only useful under the right conditions.
HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
As for the person intending to use the extinguisher, he/she should:
 Know how to use the extinguisher quickly, without taking time to

read directions during an emergency.
 Be strong enough to lift and operate the extinguisher.
 Keep it in your mind that your extinguisher must fit the type of fire.

PARTS OF EXTINGUISHER
The following steps are involved when using a fire extinguisher.

Types of Fire Extinguisher
a) According to the extinguishing agent
 APW (Air Pressure Water)

 DCP (Dry Chemical Powder)
 CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
 Foam
b) According to Pressure /manufacturing and usage
 Pressure Operated (Pressurized / Compressed Extinguishing Agent )

These are used where the atmospheric pressure is normal.
 Cartridge Operated
These are used in pressurized or depressurized atmospheres like
airplanes
c) According to portability:
 Handheld
 Cart Mounted

SHOULD YOU FIGHT THE FIRE?
Before you consider fighting a fire make sure that:
 Everyone has left the boulding or is leaving

 The fire fithters have ben called.

CHAPTER 5
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (PPES’)
DEFINITION
Equipment that workers wear to protect themselves from hazards in their
work environment are Personal Protective Equipment’s (PPEs)
As evident from the name Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to
the protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garment designed to
protect the wearer's body from injury by blunt impacts, electrical hazards,
heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and
health purposes.
Examples
Hearing protection, respirators, hard hats, gloves, safety goggles, safety
glasses, safety shoes etc.
REGULATORY BACKGROUND
 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
 Public Employees Risk Reduction Act of 1994.
 Public Employees Risk Reduction Program me (PERRP).
 29 CFR 1910 Subpart 1.
Purpose of Personal Protective Equipment.
Personal protective equipment PPE are designed to protect workers from
serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with chemical,
radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards.
Besides face shields, safety glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes,
protective equipment includes a variety of devices and garments such as
goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators.

Importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

When hazards cannot be eliminated through engineering and
administrative controls, PPE must be used to protect the eyes, face head,
lungs, hands, arms, body and ears.
 Chemical burns to the eyes
 Chemical irritation to the eyes and skin
 Particulate matter in the eye
 Heat burns
 Slips, trips, and falls
 Cuts and abrasions
PERSONS INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTATION OF PPE PROGRAMME
Following persons are involved:-
 Top Management (CEOs, COOs, Directors)
 Managers (Health and Safety Specialists)
 Supervisors
 Employees
RESPONSIBILITIES
TOP Management
 Supplying PPE to employees at no cost.
 Providing employees with adequate training.
 Constantly monitoring the program compliance and taking
immediate action as and when required.
 Provide adequate funds for the successful implementation of PPE
program
Occupational Safety and Health Specialist
 Coordinating the PPE Program
 Conducting trainings and drills
 Assisting departments with hazard assessments,

 Analysis of injury / illness data, selection of PPE and training;

 Considering and assisting in the implementation of engineering
controls for recognized hazards.
 Maintaining copies of hazard assessments, reassessments, and PPE
selection documents.
Supervisor
 Attending the PPE training session offered by Environmental Health
and Safety
 Performing hazard assessments and reassessments;
 Fitting employees with PPE, issuing PPE, and providing the
manufacturers instructions for use, care, limitations, and warnings
 Providing documentation to Environmental Health and Safety of
hazard assessments and reassessments;
 Ensuring all employees are trained on the PPE program and it’s
requirements;
 Maintaining records of hazard assessments, reassessments, training,
retraining, and PPE selection.
 Enforcing the PPE program by ensuring that all subordinates comply
with all facets of PPE program, including inspection and
maintenance.
 Providing a copy of the PPE Program to employees upon their
request.
 Replacing the worn out/damaged PPEs.
Employee
 Attending the PPE2 training session offered by Environmental Health
and Safety
 Properly wearing, cleaning, maintaining, and inspecting all assigned
PPE, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and following the
PPE program requirements;

 Returning all damaged PPE to their immediate supervisor, to receive

a replacement and only using the PPE provided by the company.
HAZARD ASSESSMENT USED TO DETERMINE HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
Impact hazards Falling objects or potential for dropping objects
Penetration hazards Objects or machinery that may cause
punctures, cuts, or abrasions
Compression hazards Machinery/heavy objects that may roll over
and crush hands or pinch feet.
Chemical hazards Chemical exposures from inhalation or contact
with the skin and eyes
Heat hazards Hot work areas and sources of high
temperature that could result in burns, eye
injury, or ignition of PPE
Harmful dust Dust from sandblasting, sawing, grinding, or
other generation of airborne dust.
Optical radiation Sources of light radiation (welding, cutting,
lasers, high intensity lights).
Noise hazards Excessive noise (louder than a hair dryer).
Electrical hazards Due to electricity (electric shock)
Others There are many other hazards related to
workplace
ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER IN THE REASSESSMENT

When a PPE program is implemented it is constantly monitored and
periodically evaluated for its effectiveness. If the results are not
satisfactory re assessments are made to improve it. Following points are
considered in the reassessment;
 Effectiveness of PPE Program
 Injury and illness experience
 Levels of exposure
 Adequacy of equipment selection
 Number of hour's workers wear various PPE
 Adequacy of training/fitting of PPE
 Program costs
 The adequacy of program records
 Coordination with overall safety and health program
 New equipment and/or processes
OSHA REGULATION (PPEs)

You must also train workers who are required to wear personal protective
equipment on how to do the following:
 Use protective equipment properly,
 Be aware of when personal protective equipment is necessary,
 Know what kind of protective equipment is necessary,
 Understand the limitations of personal protective equipment in
protecting workers from injury,
 Put on, adjust, wear, and take off personal protective equipment,
and
 Maintain protective equipment properly.
OSHA REQUIREMENT FOR PPE
 Engineering Controls are ineffective
 Administrative Controls are not enough

GENERALLY USED PPES

CHAPTER 6
FIRST AID
DEFINITION
First aid is the initial care for prevention of an illness or injury.It is usually
performed by a qualified first aider to a sick or injured person until
definitive medical treatment can be accessed.
First Aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any
injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor, or
other qualified personnel.
AIM OF FIRST AID
The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points, also known
as 3p’s of first aid:
 Preserve life.The main purpose is to save lives
 Prevent Worsening.It covers both internal as well as external factors,

such as moving a patient away from danger/hazard, and applying
first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the conditions such as
restoring breathing, applying pressure to stop bleeding, etc.
 Promote recovery .The aim of the first aid is to start the recovery
process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve
completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaste to
a small wound.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRST AIDER.

 Assess the situation quickly and safely and summon appropriate
help.
 Protect casualties and others at the scene from possible danger by
evacuating them to a safe place.

 To identify, as far as possible, the nature of illness or injury affecting

casualty.
 To give each casualty early and appropriate treatment, treating
the most serious condition first.
 To arrange for the casualty’s removal to hospital or into the care of
a doctor.
 To remain with a casualty until appropriate care is available.
 To report your observations to those taking care of the casualty,
and to give further assistance if required.
Provision of treatment to casualties
The order of priority, usually given by the “3 Bs”:
 Breathing
 Bleeding
 Bones
The first should treat a casualty in the above order, his first priority should
be to check the breathing if it is ok then he should check for bleeding and
the last preference be given to the bones.
FIRST AIDER
Think!!!!
 Courage & Stability
 Injuries may not require further medical care
 Performed by a non-expert person
 Series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques
BLEEDING
Pack the opening of the wound with sterile gauze.

Apply direct pressure to the wound by pressing with your hand and a piece sterile gauze.
Maintain steady pressure on the wound for 5 minutes, then release the
pressure slowly and check for bleeding
BURNS
Burns can be:-
 Thermal
 Chemical
DEGREE OF BURNS INJURIES
Names Appearance Texture Example
First Redness Dry
Second Red with

Degree clear blister. Moist
Third Blanches
Degree with pressure Moist
Charring

BURNS TREATMENT (THERMAL)

 Extinguish fire on the victim
 Stop, drop and roll
 Do not remove material stuck to wound
RULE OF NINES
To approximate the percentage of burned surface area, the body has
been divided into eleven parts
Head – right arm – left arm – chest – abdomen – upper back – lower back
– right thigh – left thigh – right leg – right leg.
PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED WHILE GIVING FIRST AID (D.R.A.B.)

When you approach a casualty, it is difficult to remember which things to
do first. It’s important to do everything in the right ordre. The following flow
chart shows you the right order to do things.

BEWARE of the Sample First Aid & Emergency Signs

Above are some of safety signs related to first aid being used in various
countries of the world
As a first aider you should have the following information to communicate
to the relevant emergency response teams.
 EMS (The telephone no., the frequency/Channel
 Location (Where the incident has taken place)
 Department Location (the exact location of the incident, the floor,
the section,)
 Nature of Accident and estimated number of people affected
 Access number
 Safety inspector (Cell or phone No. to communicate)

CHAPTER 7
ERGONOMICS
UPPER AND LOWER LIMB DISORDERS (ULDs & LLDs)
Upper limb and Lower limb disorders (ULDs & LLD) are aches, pains,
tensions and disorders involving any part of the arm from fingers to
shoulder, or the neck and toes, feet, legs, and lower back. These also
include problems with the soft tissues like muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Due to work the circulatory as well as nerve system is disturbed causing
limb disorders.
Upper Limbs
Upper limbs inlcude figners, hand, arm, shoulders and neck.
Lower Limbs
Lower limbs include toes, feet, ankles, Knees, Thighs and lower back.
Tissues : Soft tissues, muscles, ligaments and tendons.

Disorders : Effects to tissue, stiffness, weakness, pain, swelling and loss of
function.
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LDs
1. TASK
Repetitive Action

 Shoulder movements > 2.5 per minutes

 Elbow Bends > 10 per minutes
 Forearm/Wrist Bends > 10 per minutes
 Tringger Fingers > 200 per minutes
Work Posture: Increased risk of injury when posture is awakward and / or
fixed.
Force
Force can affect various structures of the musculoskeletal system.
Muscles effected are tendons/muscle tears and post exercise soreness.
Effects on tendons include over stretching, fraying and shearing synovium.
Effects on nerves include friction, stretching and squashing.
Hand/Wrist forces:
Lower Force : 1 kg or less
Moderate Force : 1-4 Kg
High force : More than 4 Kg

Duration of Exposure
Rest brakes – short frequent breaks are generally better than long
infrequents breaks
36 minutes extra: 9 minutes break after every 51 minutes, most
ecceptable workforce wihich helps in:-
 Reduced worker discomfort for lower extremities.
 Production rates improved in later hours of workday.
2. ENVIRONMENT
Working Environment
Temperature (Too cold/hot)
 Reduced blood flow to upper limbs
 Reduced grip
 Increased muscle activity
 Decreased Senses

Vibration
 Alters sensation leading to “Over Gripping”
 Increase muscle activity
 Increase in carpal tunnel syndrome (Vibration sensing part of brain)
Lighting
 Workers may stop to see things clearly while carrying weight.
 Accommodating for glare.
 General room temperature due to lighting.
 Effects on the eyesite.
Psychosocial Factors
Machine Places work
Lack of control of pace and lack of participation in taks design.
Social Environment at Work

Group and peer pressure, negative social interaction, poor taks
feedback, all contribute towards tiredness of workers leading to limb
disorders.
Work Schedule and Overtime
Continous Shift work, overtime, high production demands cause fatigue
for workers and ultimately limb disorders.
INDIVIDUALS
Individual Differences
 New employees (Aggressive, no or little experience and training)

 Competence skill level (Varies acoording to age and experience)

 Body size (Tall, short, fat, skinny)
 Vulnerable groups (Ethnicity,etc.)
 Health status and disability
 Individual attitudes/compliance
Workstation layout
 Achieve better working heights

 Reduce reach distances
 Use of deflectors on conveyeors
 Good lighting
 Suitable tools for taks e.g. tools with sufficient power/sharpness and
accuracy.
LDs : ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES
• Production line speed
 Reduce speed
 Increase number of staff on the production line
 Improve preparation
 Deal with stoping the line
• Control/limit the forces being applied/weights being handled.
• Avoid manual handling and use of tools (Jacks, trollys etc.)
• Deal with reluctance to stop the production line.

CHAPTER 8
ELECTRICITY
DEFINITION
It is the flow of electrons through a conductor.
Ohm’s Law
In 1827, George Simon Ohm discovered that the flow of electric current
was directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the “resistance” of the wires or cables (conductors) and
the load. This discovery became known as Ohm’s Law.
The Current in Amperes (I) is equal to the electromotive force, or Voltage
(V) divided by the Resistance (R) in “ohms”.

HISTORY OF ELECTRICAL SAFETY
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
Electric Shock – An electric shock occurs when a person comes into

contact with an electrical energy source. Electrical energy flows through
a portion of the body causing a shock.
Arc Flash and Arc Blast.

An arc flash (or arc blast) is a type of electrical explosion that results from
a low impedance connection to ground or another voltage phase in an
electrical system.
HOW ELECTRICITY WORKS

 Operating an electric switch is like turning on a water faucet.
Behind the faucet or switch there must be a source of water or
electricity with something to transport it, and with a force to
make it flow.
 In the case of water the source is a pump, and the force to
make it flow through the pipes is provided by the pump.
 For electricity, the source is the power generator. Current travels
through electrical conductors (wires) and the force to make it
flow, measured in volts, is provided by a generator.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK
 Received when current passes through the body (you become part
of the circuit)
 Severity of a shock depends on:
– Path of current through the body
– Amount of current flowing through the body
– Length of time the body is in the circuit
IF ELECTROCUTION OCCURS

 Call for help

 DO NOT touch the victim or the conductor
 Shut off the current at the control box
 If the shutoff is not immediately available, use a non-conducting
material to free the victim
 If necessary and you know how, begin CPR (Cardio pulmonary
resuscitation ) when current is stopped
 In dealing with electricity, never exceed your expertise
ELECTRICAL BURNS
 Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury
 Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is
improperly used or maintained
 Typically occurs on the hands
 Serious injury that needs immediate attention
CONTROLLING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

 Most electrical mishaps are caused by a combination of three
factors:
 Unsafe equipment and/or installation,
 Workplaces made unsafe by the environment
 Unsafe work practices
CLUES THAT ELECTRICAL HAZARDS EXIST

 Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

 Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes
 GFCI that shuts off a circuit
 Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
OVERLOAD HAZARDS
 If too many devices are plugged into a circuit, the current will heat
the wires to a very high temperature, which may cause a fire
 If the wire insulation melts, arcing may occur and cause a fire in the
area where the overload exists, even inside a wall.
PREVENTING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

INSULATION
• Check insulation prior to using cables, tools, or equipment
• Remove from service any tools or equipment with damaged
insulation
• Cabinets, Boxes and Fittings
 Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved
covers
 Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed
(no missing knockouts).

Grounding
• Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to
disperse unwanted current
• When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground,
protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death
Electrical Protective Devices (GFCI Grounded Fault Circuit
Interrupted)
 The ground-fault circuit interrupter, or GFCI, is a fast acting circuit
breaker designed to shut off electric power in the event of a
ground-fault within as little as 1/40 of a second

 Safe Work Practices

IMPROPER GROUNDING
• Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become
energized
• Broken wire or plug on extension cord
• Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards

HAND-HELD ELECTRIC TOOLS
• Hand-held electric tools pose a potential danger because they
make continuous contact with the hand
• To protect you from shock, burns, and electrocution, tools must:
– Have a three-wire cord with ground and be plugged into a
grounded receptacle, or
– Be double insulated
Panel Boxes
Panel boxes are used to house circuit breakers that block or isolate
energy
– Ensure panel boxes remain clear
– Label all circuits for what they control
– Label panel boxes for what they control
– Replace circuit breakers with blanks when not in use
Hazards Associated With Working With Electricity
 Stopped breathing is not necessarily dead
 Ventilation should be given only when the breathing has stopped
 7 Out of ten victims of electric shock were revived when artificial
respiration
 After three minutes, the chances of revival decrease
 Turning off the supply switch or by removing the plug from its
receptacle.
 Suspected electrical device may be pulled free of the victim
ELECTRIC CURRENT EFFECTS ON HUMAN BODY

FACTS
 97% of all electricians have been shocked or injured on the job.
 Approximately 30,000 workers receive electrical shocks yearly.
 Over 3600 disabling electrical contact injuries occur annually.
 Electrocutions are the 4th leading cause of traumatic occupational
fatalities.
 Over 2000 workers are sent to burn centers each year with severe
Arc-Flash burns.
 Estimates show that 10 Arc-Flash incidents occur every day in the
US.
 60% of workplace accident deaths are caused by burn injuries.
 Over 1000 electrical workers die each year from workplace
accidents.
 Medical costs per person can exceed $4 million for severe electrical
burns.
 Total costs per electrical incident can exceed $15 million.
 In the year 2002, work injuries cost Americans $14.6 billion.
 Information derived from Industry Surveys, the NFPA, The National
Safety Council, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Cap Schell, Inc.

CHAPTER 9
COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDER SAFETY
Many industrial and laboratory operations require the use of compressed
gases for a variety of different operations. Compressed gases present a
unique hazard. Depending on the particular gas, there is a potential for
simultaneous exposure to both mechanical and chemical hazards. Gases
may be:
• Flammable or combustible
• Explosive
• Oxidizing
• Corrosive
• Poisonous
• Inert
• Carcinogenic
• or a combination of hazards
Since the gases are contained in heavy, highly pressurized metal
containers, the large amount of potential energy resulting from
compression of the gas makes the cylinder a potential rocket or
fragmentation bomb.
CLASSIFICATION OF GAS CYLINDERS

• Flammable Gasses
• Oxygen and Oxidizing Gases
• Acid and Alkaline Gases
• Highly Toxic Gases
• Cryogenic Liquefied Gases
• Inert Gases
SEGREGATION OF GAS CYLINDERS

• Flammables

o Methane, Propane, Hydrogen

• Reactive
o Acetylene, Vinyl Chloride, Tetrafluoroethylene
• Oxidizers
o Hydrazine, Hydrogen
• Corrosives
o Ammonia, Methylamine, Chlorine
• Oxygen and nitrous oxide cylinders must be separated from
flammables by minimum of 20 feet.
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTENTS OF COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS
• Clearly label all cylinders
• Labels should be durable
• Do not accept cylinders that are not clearly labeled
• Color-coding is not a reliable means of identification
– Cylinder colors vary from supplier to supplier and country to
country
• If cylinder contents cannot be identified:
– Mark as “Contents Unknown” and segregate from the lot.
– Contact the manufacturer/ supplier/ vendor
TRANSPORTING GAS CYLINDERS
• A cylinder cart should always be used to transport them.
o Do not roll, drag, or slide cylinders
• Transport cylinders with valve caps on.
o Do not lift cylinders by the cap
• Do not transport with the regulator attached
• Cylinders must be fastened securely in Upright position

STORAGE OF COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

• Properly secure at all times
o Straps, belts, or chains
o
• Keep valve caps on unless the cylinder is being used
• Store in a well ventilated area
o Keep away from heat or ignition sources
o Keep away from electrical circuits
• Segregate Oxygen cylinders (empty or full) from fuel-gas cylinders

and combustible materials
o 20 feet minimum distance
• Store flammable gas cylinders away from oxygen, nitrous oxide
cylinders, or oxygen charging facilities.
• Segregate full and empty cylinders
o Label empty cylinders to prevent confusion

o Empty cylinders should be returned to Central

Receiving/Vendor
USE OF COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

• Always use the proper regulator for the gas in the cylinder
• Do not allow oil or grease to come in Contact with cylinders or
valves
• Attach the regulator securely before Opening the valve
• Open the cylinder valves SLOWLY; stand to the side of regulator
when opening valve
• Do not attempt to repair cylinder valves while a cylinder contains
gas pressure
THINGS NOT TO DO
• Never roll a cylinder to move it.
• Never carry a cylinder by the valve.
• Never leave an open cylinder unattended.
• Never leave a cylinder unsecured.
• Never grease or oil the regulator, valve, or fittings of an oxygen
cylinder.
• Never refill a cylinder.
• Never use a flame to locate a gas leak instead use detergent foam.
• Never attempt to mix gasses in a cylinder.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
• Always wear eye protection when working with compressed gases
• Only use regulators that have both high and low pressure gauges
• Never refill a cylinder or use a cylinder for storing any material other
than what it was manufactured for.
• The greatest hazard to a user of compressed gases is asphyxiation
• Remember, except for oxygen and air all gases are an ASPHYXIANT.

CHAPTER 10
CHEMICALS
DEFINITION
A compound or a substance that has been purified or prepared especially
artificially.
A chemical is a substance which possesses chemical characteristics and
properties
DEALING WITH CHEMICALS

 Label is the law.
 Understand that all chemicals present possible Hazards.
 Understand that safe storage is an important issue.
 Understand that many chemical injuries result from improper
storage.
 Know that employees have rights and Responsibilities when working
with chemicals.
 Know four basic rules of chemical safety.
 Be aware of the categories of dangerous chemicals and
appropriate safety precautions.
FOUR BASIC LAWS REGARDING CHEMICALS

1. Never buy or store chemicals that you do not need.
2. Always wear proper PPEs while working with chemicals
3. Never use the containers for storage of materials other than the
ones it was made for.
4. Always discard chemicals according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.

SAMPLE PESTICIDE LABEL
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

It is a document has to be prepared and placed at the storage site. It
must contain the following information which will be used as a ready
reference in case of an emergency.
Section 1 Product and Company Identification

Section 2 Composition/Information on Ingredients
Section 3 Hazards Identification Including Emergency overview
Section 4 First Aid Measures
Section 5 Fire Fighting Measures

Section 6 Accidental Release Measures

Section 7 Handling and Storage
Section 8 Exposure Controls & Personal Protection
Section 9 Physical & Chemical Properties
Section 10 Stability & Reactivity Data
Section 11 Toxicological Information
Section 12 Ecological Information
Section 13 Disposal Consideration
Section 14 Transportation and handling Information
Section 15 Regulatory Information
Section 16 Other Information
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES

ACIDS
Some pointers for safe storage of strong acids:
 Store large bottles of acids on low shelf or in acid cabinets.
 Segregate oxidizing acids from organic acids, flammables and
combustible materials.
 Segregate acids from bases and active metals such as sodium,
potassium, etc.
 Use bottle carrier for transporting acid bottles.
 Have spill control pillows or acid neutralizers available in case of
spill.
 Examples of strong acids: chromic acids, nitric acid,
hydrobromic acids, sulfuric acid.
 Example of organic acids acetic acid, phenol, benzoic acid,
trichloroacetic etc.
BASES
Some pointers for safe storage of strong bases:
 Store bases and acids separate from one another.
 Store solutions of inorganic hydroxides in polyethylene containers.
 Have spill control pillows or caustic neutralizers available for spills.
Examples of strong bases: Ammonium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide,
Bicarbonates & carbonates, Potassium Hydroxide
Flammable
Some pointers for storage of flammable are:
 Store in approved safety cans or cabinets
 Segregate from oxidizing acids and oxidizers.
 Keep away from any source of ignition: flames, heat or sparks.
 Know where firefighting equipment is stored and how to use.
 If volatile flammable liquids are stored in a refrigerator it must be in
an explosion-proof (lab-safe) refrigerator.

Examples of flammable Solids: Benzyl peroxide Phosphorus (yellow),

Calcium Carbide, Picric Acids.
Examples of flammable Gases: Acetylene, Ethylene Oxide, Butane,
Hydrogen, propane, ethane.
Oxidizers
Some points for safe storage of oxidizers are:

 Store in a cool, dry place.
 Keep away from flammable and combustible materials, such as
paper or wood.
 Keep away from reducing agents such as zinc, alkaline metals,
formic acid.
 Examples of oxidizers: Ammonium Dichromate, Nitrates, Ammonium
Perchlorate, Periodic Acid, Ammonium Persulfate, Permanganic
Acid, Benzoyl Peroxide
Pyrophoric Substances
A pyrophoric substance is a substance that will ignite spontaneously in air.
Examples are iron sulfide and may reactive metals including uranium,
when powdered or sliced thin. Pyrophoric materials are often water-
reactive as well and will ignite when they contact water or humid air.
Some points for safe storage of pyrophoric substances are:
 Store in a cool place.
 Store in containers that omit air.
 Beware of low humidity circumstances in which static electricity
may be high.
Examples of Pyrophoric substances: Boron, Cadmium, Calcium,
Phosphorus (yellow) Diborane, Dichloroborane, 2-Furaldehyde.

Light Sensitive Chemicals

Composition can change if exposed to light. Some points for safe storage
are:
 Avoid exposure to light.
 Store in amber bottles in a cool, dry place.
 Some examples of light-sensitive chemicals: Bromine, Oleic Acid,
Ethyl Ether, Potassium Ferricyanide, Silver Salts, Hydrobromic Acid,
Sodium Iodide.
Carcinogens
A carcinogen is any substance, radiation that is an agent directly involved
in causing cancer
Some points for safe storage are:
 Label all containers as Cancer Suspect Agents.
 Store according to hazardous nature of chemicals, e.g., flammable,
corrosive.
 When necessary, store securely.

CHAPTER 11
SCAFFOLDING
DEFINITION
“A temporary structure from which persons can gain access to a higher
place in order to carry out building operation.”
“A temporary frame usually constructed from steel or aluminum alloy
tubes clipped or coupled together to provide a means of access to high-
level working areas as well as providing as a safe platform from which to
work.”
FUNCTION
 As a working platform - so that the worker can stand on the
platform
And do their work easily & safely
 As a platform for placing material & logistics needed by the
workers to carry out their job
 As a platform and walking passage; scaffolding supports the
platform that is used by the worker as their walking path to transport
the material & logistic
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 Putlog Scaffold
Single row of uprights / standards set outside the perimeter of
the building.
It’s a partly supported by the structure
It consists of a single row of uprights or standards set away
from the wall at a distance that will accommodate the
required width of the working platform.
The standards are joined together with horizontal members
called ledgers.

The ledgers are tied to the building with cross members called
putlog.
It is erected as the building rises and mostly used for buildings
of traditional brick construction.
 Independent Scaffolds
It has 2 rows of standards that are tied by cross members
called transoms.
 This scaffold does not rely upon the building for support
 Suitable for use in conjunction with framed structures.
The subtypes of Independent scaffolds are;

Mobile Tower Scaffold
 The mobile scaffold would have small tires under the standards.
 Designed to be easily moved
 Commonly used for things such as painting and plastering,
where workers must frequently change position.
 Used mainly by painters and maintenance to gain access to
ceilings.

Suspended Scaffold
 It is platform that is suspended by rope or other non-rigid means,
from an overhead structure
 There are many types of suspended scaffolds such two point (swing
stage), multipoint adjustable, centenary’s and others.
• Two Point (Swing Stage) is hung by ropes or cable connected to

stirrups at each end of the platform. It is used by window washers or
skyscrapers.
Other Types of Scaffolds are:
a) Slung Scaffold
b) Truss-Out Scaffold
c) Suspended Scaffolds
d) Mobile Tower Scaffold
e) Birdcage Scaffolds

f) Gantries
FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF SCAFFOLDING
Among the factors need to be considered during the design process
of scaffold are as follows:-
• Easier to be erected
• Strong
• Light/not heavy
• Safe
• Suitable
• Passage link/passage connecting to other places
MATERIAL USED FOR MAKING OF SCAFFOLD
Scaffold can be made of the following materials:-
• Tubular Steel
o Steel tubes are nearly 3 times heavier than aluminum alloy
tubes but are far stronger.
o Longer span can be used since it deflection is
approximately 1/3 of aluminum alloy tubes
o There are 2 types of steel scaffold:-
 Galvarized steel tubes
 Un-galvarized steel tubes that need special care
(painting, varnishing or oil bath after use)
GALVANIZED
• Galvanized steel pipe can be divided into the cold galvanized
pipe, galvanized pipe.
• Galvanized pipe is to make the molten metal and the body
reaction, iron-based alloy layer, so that the substrate and coating
combination of both. Hot dip galvanized steel pickling is the first, in
order to remove the steel surface of iron oxide, pickling, the
aqueous solution by ammonium chloride or zinc chloride or

ammonium chloride and zinc chloride mixed solution tank cleaning,

and then send into the hot-dip plating bath. Hot-dip galvanized
with coating uniformity, adhesion, and long life. Hot dip galvanized
steel substrate occurs with molten bath complex physical, chemical
anti-galvanized steel pipe should form a corrosion-resistant structure
of zinc-iron alloy layer close. Alloy layer and the layer of pure zinc,
steel base blend. Therefore, its corrosion resistance ability.
Tubular Aluminum Alloy
 Need protective treatment when they are to be used in contact
with materials such as damp line, wet cement & sea water to
prevent corrosion to the tubes.
 Coating the tube with bitumastic paint before using it would be a
suitable
Protective treatment.
Timber Scaffold
 Extensively used in the developing country
 Members are lashed together with wire or rope instead of the
coupling fittings used with metal scaffolds.
Bamboo Scaffold

Elements (Parts) of Scaffold

a) Standards
b) Ledger
c) Transoms
d) Double Coupler
e) Swivel Coupler
f) Putlog Coupler
g) Base Plate
h) Split Joint Pin
i) Reveal Pin
j) Putlog End
a Double Coupler
- the only real loadbearing fitting
used in scaffolding
- used to join ledgers to standards

b Swivel Coupler
- Composed of 2 single coupler
riveted together so that it is
possible to rotate them & use
them for connecting 2 scaffold
tubes at
any angle
c Putlog Coupler
use solely for fixing
putlogs/transoms to the horizontal
ledgers.
d Base Plate
It is used to distribute the load
from the foot of a standard on to
a sole plate or firm ground.
e Split Joint Pin

A connection fitting used to joint
scaffold tubes end to end.
A centre bolt expands the 2
segments that grip on the bore of
the tubes
F
Reveal Pin
Fits into the end of a tube to form
an adjustable strut.

G Putlog End
A flat plate that fits on the end of
a scaffold tube to convert it into a
putlog.
SECURITY PRECAUTION
 Standard must be on the same level and vertically straight on the
base plate.
 The supporting platform wood must be supported properly.
 Working platform must been equipped with safety elements such
as hand rail.
 Scaffold must be inspected at certain times.
 Use safety tools such as safety boots, safety Helmet and etc
when using platform.
 Supervision of scaffold erection & progress /safety reports are
undertaken by a suitable experience & qualified person that
normally
occurs:
a) Within the preceding 7 days
b) After adverse weather conditions that may have affected the
Scaffold’s strength or stability
c) Whenever alterations / additions are made to the scaffold
REPORT AFTER INSPECTION CONSISTS
 Location & description of scaffold
 Date of inspection
 Result of inspection, station the condition of scaffold
 Signature & office of the person making the inspection

Badly assembled & neglected scaffold have been a significant

contributory factor to the high accident rate associated with the
construction industry.
Guard Rails
Reveal Pin
Couplers
Base Plate
Transoms Supporting Ladder
Ledgers
Standards
CHAPTER 12
WELDING
DEFINITION
It is an industrial process used to join certain metals such as steel (iron).
Types
There are two types of welding
Electric
In this process an electric circuit is used to fuse two pieces of metal
together, the binding agent is an alloy rod which melts and acts as an
adhesive.
Gas
In this process two industrial gases oxygen and acetylene, are used to cut
or weld metals. The gases are lit up via a torch which is adjustable to
create a mix of both gases. The gases being used are contained in
compressed gas cylinders and delivered to the torch via strong rubber
pipes.
TYPES OF WELDING HAZARDS

Electric Welding
1. Radiation Exposure
• Can cause retinal burning and cataracts
• Can skin irritation and first degree burns in case of sensitive skin.
• UV radiation cannot be sensed by heat or brightness.
Control measure to avoid Radiation Exposure
• Proper lenses with the appropriate shading must always be worn
• Face Shields must be worn to protect face.
• Proper PPEs to be worn to avoid burns from the sparks.
2. Electric shock

• Two kinds of electric shock: primary voltage shock and secondary

voltage shock
• Primary voltage shock involves 230 or 460 volts and is caused by
touching both the lead inside the welding equipment and the
welding equipment case or other grounded metal while the
equipment is powered ON
• Secondary voltage shock involves 60 to 100 watts and is caused by
touching a part of the electrode circuit and the side of the welding
circuit.
• Control Measures to avoid electric shock:
• Keep dry and wear dry gloves.
• Stand or lie on plywood, rubber mats or other insulation.
• Do not rest any part of the body on the work piece.
• Keep electrodes and electrode holders in good condition.
• Do not touch electrodes or metal parts with either the skin or
• Wet clothing.
3. Fires and explosions
• The welding process can produce extreme heat;
However, fire hazards are not caused by the heat but by the effect
of the heat on the work piece, such as sparks and molten metal.
• Keep the work area and all surrounding areas free of combustible
items.
• Be cautious when working in dusty areas where sparks and dust
particles can easily oxidize without warning, which can result in a
flash fire or an explosion.
• Control Measures to prevent fire and explosions:
• Always know where the fire exits and fire extinguishers are
located.

• If welding within 35 feet of a combustible object, utilize a fire

watcher, who can watch for landing sparks.
Fumes and gases
• Fumes contain particles from base metal and base metal coating
• Effects from fumes are normally temporary
• Symptoms caused by short-term exposure to fumes can include
burning eyes, burning skin, dizziness, nausea, and fever.
• Long-term exposure to fumes can cause siderosis (which are iron
deposits in the lungs) and can affect pulmonary function.
• Zinc fumes can cause metal fume fever, which is a
temporary illness similar to the flu.
• Cadmium fumes can cause symptoms similar to metal fume fever;
however, it can be fatal, even under brief exposure
• When shielding gases are released into the air, they can cause
dizziness, unconsciousness, and even
Death if clean oxygen is withheld for a long enough period.
• UV radiation forms gases when it hits the air, which can cause
headaches, chest pains, eye irritation,
• And itchiness in the nose and throat.
Control measure to protect from fume and gas exposure:
• Ensure adequate ventilation in the work area.
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as a
respirator.
• Read material safety data sheets before beginning work to learn
what
• Fumes can be potentially released
• If symptoms of dizziness, headache, or nausea occur, turn off the
welding equipment, notify supervisors and coworkers, and get
fresh air immediately

Welding in a Confined space

Confined space is any area where the means of entry/ egress are limited.
Examples of confined spaces include a boiler, tank, or hold of a ship
where all the welding hazards are amplified, such as insufficient
ventilation, fume and gas exposure, and chances of fire or explosion.
(Further details of Confined space are explained in the relevant chapter)
Control Measures when welding in Confined spaces:

• Make sure your body is insulated from the work piece and ground.
• Provide Battery power source to reduce the risk of fire instead of
regular power source.
• Wear dry gloves.
• Use only a well-insulated electrode holder.
• Verify that there is sufficient ventilation.
• Always make sure there is a trained person outside the confined
space at all times to disconnect power and pull the welder out if a
dangerous situation occurs.
Loud noise
• Can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss
Control Measures to avoid loud Noise.
• Reduce the sound level when possible.
• Wear ear muffs or ear plugs.
General Safety Rules
• Follow the rules.
• Stay alert.
• Properly use all tools and other materials
• Respond immediately and appropriately to all safety-related
incidents.
• Wear appropriate PPEs /clothing.

Appropriate Personal Protective Equipments

Clothing
• Shirts-Wear heavy, long-sleeved shirts with pocket flaps; remove
pockets or tape them shut if they do not have pocket flaps; keep
collar and sleeves buttoned to keep out sparks.
• Pants-Wear pants that have no cuffs and are long enough to cover
the top of your shoes or boots.
• Welding cap-Wear a cap with a flexible bill that can be slipped
around to cover either ear to keep sparks and metal splatter out of
the ear opening.
• Boots-Wear steel-toed boots made of heavy leather with uppers
that reach above the ankle.
• Gloves-Wear heavy leather gloves with gauntlets; gauntlets may be
short or extend to the shoulder.
• Jackets and aprons-Wear leather jackets and aprons for additional
protection, especially when welding in confined areas.
Eye protection
• Safety glasses-Wear at all times in the welding area; include side
protection when flying objects are possible.
• Face shield-Wear a face shield, along with safety
Glasses, when grinding, chipping, cutting, or shaping metal with any
type of power tool.
• If you wear contact lenses, check with your doctor to see if the type
of lens you wear requires any special precautions in the work area.
• If your wear prescription lenses, either wear eye protection that
incorporates that prescription into the lens or appropriate eye
protection that can be worn over your existing lenses.
• Select the appropriate lens shade when wearing safety glasses,
goggles, or a welding hood.

Welding hoods
• Stationary filter lens-Contains a fixed lens housing with the shaded
lens held in by a spring retainer from where a lens can be slipped
out and replaced as welding requires.
.
• Flip-front filter lens-Contains a lens housing with a front side that can
be flipped up so that it leaves a clear-glass lens that permits the
hood to be worn while chipping.
Auto darkening lens-Used in helmets specifically designed for auto
darkening lenses; contains sensors that automatically change the
shade from clear to dark in a fraction of a second when you start to

weld and gradually changes back to clear when you stop welding;
can be manually adjusted for a variety of shades.
Hazards Caused by Fumes and Gases


Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

• Chemical Identity
• Hazardous Ingredients
• Physical and Chemical Characteristics
• Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
• Reactivity Data
• Health Hazard Data

• Precautions for Safe Handling and Use
• Control Measures
Common Safety Signs
First Aid Procedures for Various Emergency Situations

Heat exhaustion
• Recognize the symptoms:
➤ Extreme perspiration
➤ Pale, clammy skin
➤ Rapid, weak pulse
➤ Rapid shallow breathing
Remedial Measure
• Immediately move the victim to a cool place.
• Lay victim flat and elevate the feet slightly.

• Remove as much of the victim’s clothing as possible.

• Sponge the skin with cool water.
Guidelines for Proper Lifting
• Check the box or item for nails, splinters, rough areas, grease, or
slippery surfaces.
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
• Plan your route before you lift
• Check your path of travel and remove any obstructions from your
path.
• Make sure you can handle the weight of the load by yourself
before trying to lift it.
• Place your feet close to the object and about shoulder-width apart.
• Bend your knees and grip the object securely.
• Using your leg muscles, push up with your legs, keeping your back
straight.
• Keep the load close to your body as you travel.
• Turn your feet to turn your body.
• Lower the load by bending your knees, again making sure to keep
your back straight.
• Carefully set the load down, being careful to watch your fingers.
Lockout/Tagout Policy
Locking
• Obtain permission from a supervisor before you plan to lockout a
piece of equipment.
• Shut off the equipment.
• Place the locks on the switches and valves.
• Try to start the equipment or open the valves.
• Begin working.

• When the work is completed, verify that all employees are cleared
of the equipment before removing the locks and tags.
Tagging
• Write a brief message on the tag, if necessary.
• Write your name and the date.
• Attach the tag in a visible location.
Eye and Face Protection

Thousands of people are blinded each year from work-related eye
injuries. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), nearly three out
of five workers are injured while failing to wear eye and face protection.
Are you in danger of becoming a statistic?
Are you wearing the proper protective equipment?
What is your employer’s responsibility?
OSHA Requirements
• OSHA Standards
• Training and Qualifications
• Criteria for PPE
• Contacts and Prescription (Rx) Lenses
• Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards

OSHA Standards
The following OSHA standards provide mandatory requirements and
compliance assistance for employers when selecting proper eye and
face protection:
• 1910.132 - General requirements
• 1910.133 - General Industry
• 1915.153 - Maritime
• 1926.102 - Construction
• 1910.252 - Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
Training and Qualification
1910.132(f), Employees shall be trained to know at least the following
• When PPE is necessary
• What PPE is necessary
• How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE
• The limitations of the PPE
• The proper care, maintenance, useful life, and disposal of the PPE
Retraining is required, but not limited to the following situations:
• Changes in the workplace
• Changes in the types of PPE to be used
• Inadequacies in an affected employee’s knowledge or use of
assigned PPE indicate that the employee has not retained the
requisite understanding or skill
Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards
Employees must be provided with eye and face protection equipment
when machines or operations present potential eye or face injury from
physical, chemical, or radiation agents. [1926.102(a)(1)]

Hazard Assessment
Hazard Type Hazard Type Common related tasks
Impact Flying objects such as Chipping, grinding, machining,

large chips, masonry work, wood working,
fragments, particles, sawing, drilling, riveting, sanding,
sand, and dirt. etc.
Heat Anything emitting Furnace operations, pouring,

extreme heat. casting, hot dipping, welding,
etc.
Chemicals Splash, fumes, vapors, Acid and chemical handling,

and irritating mists. degreasing, plating, and working
with blood.
Dust Harmful dust. Woodworking, buffing, and

general dusty conditions.
Optical Radiant energy, Welding, torch-cutting, -brazing,

Radiation glare, and intense -soldering, and laser work.
light
PPE’S USED AGAINST HAZARDS

Impact Hazards: Face Shields
 Face shields are intended to protect the entire face, or portions
thereof, from impact hazards such as flying fragments, objects,
large chips, and particles.
 When worn alone, face shields do not protect employees from
impact hazards. Use face shields in combination with safety
spectacles or goggles for additional protection.
Heat Hazards: Safety Spectacles
 Safety spectacles with side shields are used as primary protection to
shield the eyes from heat hazards.

 To adequately protect the eyes and face from high temperature

exposure, use safety spectacles in combination with a heat-
reflective face shield.
Heat Hazards: Safety Goggles
Safety goggles are used as primary protection to shield the eyes from
heat hazards. Goggles form a protective seal around the eyes, preventing
objects or liquids from entering under or around the goggles. This is
especially important when working with or around molten metals that
may splash.
Optical Radiation: Welding
Welding helmets are secondary protectors intended to shield the
eyes and face from optical radiation, heat, and impact.
Use welding helmets in addition to primary protection such as safety
spectacles or goggles to provide adequate protection.
Optical Radiation: Glare
Control Glare with:
• Special-Purpose Spectacles that include filter or special-purpose
lenses to provide protection against eye strain.
• Changes in your work area or lighting
• Tinted eyeglass lenses or visor-type shade
Eye and Face Protection
When employees are trained to work safely they should be able to
anticipate and avoid injury from job-related hazards.

CHAPTER 13
NEAR MISS, INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT
Near miss, Incident and Accident at work place.
Accident
• An un planned, unwanted event which result in loss of some kind is
called Accident
• Undesired events giving rise to death, ill health, injury or property
damage, or other loss.
INCIDENT
• An unplanned event that could lead to damage, disaster or loss.
• Event that gives rise to an accident or had the potential to lead to
an accident.
NEARMISS
• An event which has occurred but has not caused any injury or
substantial property loss is a near miss.
• Event that had the potential to lead to an accident.
REMEMBER
 All accidents are incidents.
 All incidents are not accidents.
CAUSES OF NEAR MISS, INCIDENT AND ACCIDENT,
• There are two main causes of Near Miss, Incident and Accident.
UNSAFE ACTS
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
UNSAFE ACT
• Failure to warn.
• Operating at improper speed.
• Removing safety devices
• Using defective equipment.

• Failure to properly use of PPE’s.

• Improper placement.
• Horse play.
• Failure to secure.
• Making safety devices inoperable.
• Using defective safety devices.
• Using equipment improperly.
• Improper loading.
• Improper lifting
• Operating equipment without authority.
• General Carelessness
UNSAFE CONDITION
• Inadequate guards or barriers.
• Inadequate warning system.
• Poor housekeeping.
• Noise exposures.
• Inadequate ventilation.
• Inadequate or improper protective equipments.
• Congestion or restricted action.
• Fire and explosion hazards.
• Hazardous environment condition.
• Inadequate or excess illumination.
• Defective tools, equipment or materials.
• Access not clear, or area not cordoned off
TYPES OF INJURIES RESULTING FROM ACCIDENTS.
Lost time injury (LTI)
Any accident that results in an injury at work that causes absence of the
worker from duty for more than one shift/ 24 hours.

Restricted work injury (RWI)

Any accident that result in any injury whose severity is such that through
the worker returns to duty but is able to do only lighter work or other than
his normal duty.
Medical Treatment Case (MTC)
Any injury at work place other than LTI and RWI, that requires professional
medical care by a registered medical practitioner/Doctor.
First Aid Case (FAC)
Any injury that is manageable by first aid or through paramedical staff.
Fatality
Where one or more workers have died in accident.
NEAR MISS , INCIDENT REPORTING
It is the need of the day for organization to have a proper incident/near
miss reporting mechanism (in some countries organizations are bound by
law). Statistics indicate that for every 10 incidents/ near misses there is a
potential of an accident.
The incident report gives way to investigating the reason of the incident,
and implementation of controls to avoid re occurrence.
When do you conduct an investigation?
• All incidents, whether a near miss or an actual injury-related
event, should be investigated.
• Near miss reporting and investigation allow you to identify
and control hazards before they cause a more serious
incident.
• Accident/incident investigations are a tool for uncovering
hazards that either were missed earlier or have managed to
slip out of the controls planned for them.

• It is useful only when done with the aim of discovering every

contributing factor to the accident/incident to "foolproof" the
condition and/or activity and prevent future occurrences.
• In other words, your objective is to identify root causes, not to
primarily set blame.
Accident/Incident Investigation
ACCIDENT - The National Safety Council defines an accident as an
undesired event that results in personal injury or property damage.
INCIDENT - An incident is an unplanned, undesired event that adversely
affects completion of a task.
NEAR MISS - Near misses describe incidents where no property was
damaged and no personal injury sustained, but where, given a slight shift
in time or position, damage and/or injury easily could have occurred.
Who should investigate?
The usual investigator for all incidents is the supervisor in charge of the
involved area and/or activity. Accident investigations represent a good
way to involve employees in safety and health. Employee involvement will
not only give you additional expertise and insight, but in the eyes of the
workers, will lend credibility to the results. Employee involvement also
benefits the involved employees by educating them on potential hazards,
and the experience usually makes them believers in the importance of
safety, thus strengthening the safety culture of the organization. The safety
department or the person in charge of safety and health should
participate in the investigation or review the investigative findings and
recommendations. Many companies use a team or a subcommittee or
the joint employee-management committee to investigate incidents
involving serious injury or extensive property damage.
TRAINING FOR INCIDENT INVESTIGATION

• No one should investigate incidents without appropriate accident

investigation training.
• Many safety and health consultants and professional organizations
provide this type of training.
• Before committing resources to training, you might want to check
the course contents against the information found in the National
Safety Council's pamphlet, "Accident Investigation ... A New
Approach."
The investigative report should answer six key questions
Six key questions should be answered:
• Who, what, when, where, why, and how.
• Fact should be distinguished from opinion, and both should be
presented carefully and clearly.
• The report should include thorough interviews with everyone with
any knowledge of the incident.
• A good investigation is likely to reveal several contributing factors,
and it probably will recommend several preventive actions.
Accident Causes
• Unsafe Act - 88%
– an act by the injured person or another person (or both)
which caused the accident; and/or
• Unsafe Condition - 12%
– some environmental or hazardous situation which caused the
accident independent of the employee(s)
Why Minor Incidents Go Unreported
• Fear of:
Supervisor/Manager Disapproval
Getting a Bad Reputation
Being terminated or disciplined

• Not Wanting To:

Lose time from the job
Risk Embarrassment, Peer Pressure
“Rat” on other employees or being perceived by others as a
“whiner”
Have a incident on their work record
Be the subject of or involved in an investigation
• Not knowing why minor incidents should be reported or what near
misses are.
• Lack of Management follow-through in the past.
• Fear of having a poor or blemished safety record.
WHY THE RELUCTANCE TO REPORT
It’s usually inconvenient to fill out the “accident form”.
Near miss experiences are “private affairs”.
“Organizational Influences”- What’s to be gained? A
pleasant or unpleasant experience.
Slogans like “All injuries are preventable” don’t help.
Offering rewards for reporting near misses don’t help.
A DIFFERENT FOCUS!
Environmental Assessments
Particularly Property Damage
We need to investigate property damage where there
is no injury.
If damaged equipment or physical structures are not
repaired, injuries will eventually follow. Yet little
value is given to investigating property damage.
“Litter Begets Litter”. Psychologically speaking,
“Property Damage begets Property Damage”.
Property Damage is a physical trace of an incident.

Why Focus on Near Misses?

• Establish Causes
• Prevent Recurrences before they become Recordable or Serious
• Establish corrective actions
• Learn from the incident
• Improve our companies safety culture
• Statistical safety data base
Investigate?????
• Near-Miss incidents, like no-injury accidents, must be investigated
whenever reported or observed.
• They are forewarnings of what can and might happen.
• An accident is almost always sure to follow when such forewarnings
are ignored.
Need to Complete a Whole Incident Investigation?
• Have a separate, simple Near Miss Report Form.
• For most, the Near Miss Report is all that will be needed. The events
from the Near Miss Report will be used to show trends in safety
performance along with the Risk Ranking.
• When the trend or risk ranking change, increasing the likelihood, a
full incident investigations may be needed to determine the cause
of the change for a particular incident cause or risk.
Encourage Reporting of Near Miss Incidents by…
• Ensuring all employees are told to report near miss incidents.
• Positively reinforcing each other when reporting near miss incidents.
• Reminding ourselves of its importance.
• Sharing successes--improved work environment across the entire
company.
• Having the forms readily available to all employees.

CHAPTER 14
CONFINED SPACE
What is a Confined Space?
• Any space of an enclosed nature where the means of entry and
egress are limited.
• Examples: Storage tanks, silos, enclosed drains, sewers, chambers,
vats, ductwork, unventilated rooms.
Hazards Associated with Confined Space
• Lack of oxygen
• Poisonous gases, fumes or vapours
• Ingress of liquids or free-flowing solids
• Fire and explosion from flammable vapours, excess oxygen etc.
• Residues which give off gas, fume or vapour
• Dust
• Hot conditions
• Higher Humidity
Control Measures
Supervision
• Supervisors should be given responsibility to:

– Ensure that necessary precautions are taken;

– Check safety at each stage
– Possibly remain present while work is carried out
Suitable Employees
• Trained, competent and experienced
• Physically suitable
• Fit to wear breathing apparatus
• Not susceptible to claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces)
• Medical advice may be necessary
Isolation
• Mechanical & electrical if necessary
• Physical isolation of pipe work
• Physical checks to ensure safety
• Sign isolation points
Ventilation
• Increase amount of openings
• Provide mechanical ventilation
• Never use petrol fuelled equipment in confined spaces
Air Testing
• Check for presence of toxic and flammable vapours
• Check for oxygen levels
• Carried out by competent person using suitable gas detector which
is correctly calibrated
• Continuous monitoring may be necessary
Tools and lighting
• Non-sparking tools and specially protected lighting where
flammable or explosive atmospheres are present
• Residual Current Devices (RCDs) and low voltage equipment may
be necessary to prevent electric shocks

Breathing Apparatus
• Essential if air is not fit to breathe due to gas, fume or vapour, or lack
of oxygen
• Never try to sweeten air with oxygen as this increases risk of fire or
explosion
Emergency Arrangements
• Constant contact with emergency services
• Practice drills
• Rescue equipment e.g. Lifelines & harnesses
• Train and instruct all staff in emergency procedures
• Top man to raise alarm in case of emergency
• Trained first aiders on hand
• Fire fighting equipment nearby
• Rescuers need to be fit and capable of carrying out rescue
Communication
• Adequate communication system to allow people inside the space
to communicate with people outside the space if necessary
• Adequate communication system to allow people outside the
space to summon help immediately if necessary
Permit-to-Work Systems
• Written system
• Ensures all elements of safe system are in place
• Clearly identifies responsibilities
• Should include contractors
• Everyone will need to be trained and instructed
Other Controls
• Cleaning and purging
• Steam cleaning

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997

• Avoid entry to confined spaces
• If entry to a confined space is unavoidable, follow a safe system of
work
• Put in place adequate emergency arrangements before the work
starts
• “Due diligence” defence
Confined or enclosed space" means any space having a limited
means of egress, which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or
flammable contaminants or has an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
• Many workplaces contain spaces which are "confined”.
• Their configurations hinder the activities of any employees who
enter, work in, and exit them.
• Employees who work in process vessels must squeeze in and out
through narrow openings or perform their tasks while cramped or
contorted.
NIOSH Definition
• Any space which, by design, has:
• limited openings for entry and exit;
• unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce
dangerous air contaminants, and;
• which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy.
Statistics
• NIOSH report:
• 1993 - 1996
• 276 Confined Space incidents
• Resulted in 234 deaths
• 193 injuries
• Up to half of those killed in confined spaces were rescuers

Overview
• Failure to recognize confined space hazards is high on the list of
accident causes
• First Priority - Define the hazards of the space:
• Restricted areas within the confined space
• Voids
• The nature of the contaminants present
• The size of the space
• The type of work to be performed
• The number of people involved
Ventilation Considerations
• The ventilation air should not create an additional hazard:
• Recirculation of contaminants
• Improper arrangement of the inlet duct
• The substitution of anything other than fresh (normal) air
(approximately 20.9% oxygen, 78.1% nitrogen, and 1% argon with
small amounts of various other gases).
Categories of Confined Spaces
• 1. Open tops and with a depth that will restrict the natural
movement of air
• 2. Enclosed spaces with very limited openings for entry.
Properties of Gasses - Open Top Confined Spaces

• Gases that are heavier than air (butane, propane, and other
hydrocarbons) remain in depressions and will flow to low points
where they are difficult to remove

• Water tanks that appear harmless may develop toxic atmospheres

such as hydrogen sulfide from the vaporization of contaminated
water
Properties of Gasses - Closed Vessel Confined Spaces

• Gases which are heavier than air such as carbon dioxide and
propane, may lie in a tank or vault for hours or even days after the
containers have been opened.
Properties of Gasses - Closed Vessel Confined Spaces
• Because some gases are odorless, the hazard may be overlooked
with fatal results.
• Gases that are lighter then air may also be trapped within an
enclosed type confined space, especially those with access from
the bottom or side.
Confined Space Hazards - Controlling Factors
• (1) The material stored or used in the confined space;
• (2) The activity carried out,
• (3) The external environment,
Combination Hazards
• The most hazardous kind of confined space is the type that
combines limited access and mechanical devices.
• Boilers usually contain power-driven equipment which, unless
properly isolated, may be inadvertently activated after entry.
Flammable Atmospheres

• Enriched oxygen atmospheres,

• Vaporization of flammable liquids,
• Byproducts of work,
• Chemical reactions,
• Concentrations of combustible dusts
• The byproducts of work procedures can generate flammable or
explosive conditions within a confined space.
Carbon Monoxide
• Fatal at 1000 ppm in air
• Dangerous at 200 ppm
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas
• Heavier than air
• Common in solid and compressed liquid forms
• Carbonation
• Inerting
• Organic decay (grain elevators, sewers, storage bins, wells)
• Fermentation (digestors, molasses pits, beer and wine vats)
• PEL = 5,000 ppm - TWA (Table Z-1)
• TLV/REL = 5,000 ppm - TWA; 30,000 ppm - STEL
• IDLH = 50,000 ppm
• LEL = none
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Colorless, odorless gas
• Slightly lighter than air
• Chemical asphyxiate
• Primary source: incomplete combustion of organic material
• Gasoline-fueled combustion engines
• PEL = 35 ppm - TWA

• TLV = 25 ppm - TWA

• BEI: <3.5% COHb; 20 ppm (end-exhaled air)
• REL = 200 ppm - STEL; 35 ppm - TWA
• IDLH = 1500 ppm
• LEL = 12.5%; UEL = 74.2%
Concentration of CO Necessary to Produce Symptoms
Percent ppm Effects
0.02 200 Possibly headache, mild frontal in 2-3 hrs.
0.04 400 Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1-2 hrs.; occipital
after 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hrs.
0.08 800 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse
and possibly unconsciousness in 2 hrs.
0.16 1,600 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.; collapse,
unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr.
0.32 3,200 Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min.,
unconsciousness and danger of death in 30 min.
0.64 6,400 Headache and dizziness in 1 to2 min., unconsciousness
and danger of death in 10 to 15 min.
1.28 12,800 Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger
of death in 1 to 3 min.
Symptoms of CO Exposure
Percent* Symptoms
0-10 Shortness of breath on exertion
10-20 Tightness across forehead, slight headache
20-30 Throbbing headache
30-40 Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, collapse on exertion
40-50 All symptoms increased, pulse rate and breathing increased
50-70 Coma, interrupted breathing (Cheyne-Stokes), death
Carbon Monoxide

• Any untested atmosphere must be suspect

• Carbon monoxide must be tested for specifically.
Physical Hazards
• Thermal effects (heat and cold),
• Noise
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Fatigue while working in a confined space
Thermal Hazards
• (1) Air temperature,
• (2) Air velocity,
• (3) Moisture contained in the air, and
• (4) Radiant heat.
Noise
• Reverberation
• Communication
• Commands
Vibration
• Whole body
• Segmental
• Tools
Definition-NIOSH
• Any space which, by design, has limited openings for entry and exit;
unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce
dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended for
continuous employee occupancy.
Retrieval system

• The equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or full-body harness,

wristlets, if appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-
entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.
Communication
• Summoning Help
• Body Positions
• Voice Alarms
Self Rescue
• Usually initiated by worker
• Worker removes self
• No rescuer entry required
• Entrant must know reasons for self rescue
Entry Rescue
• Most difficult and risky
• Requires training, equipment and coordination of efforts
Respirators for IDLH Atmospheres

Lanyard Bosun Chair
Davit Arm Vehicle – Mounted Davit

Confined space testing

FOUR-GAS DETECTOR
• Oxygen content
• Flammability / explosion potential
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
Critical issues -
• Training
• Procedures
• Calibration
Examples
o tanks
o pits
o tunnels
o vaults
o boilers
o sewers
o shafts
o ventilation ducts
o crawl spaces
Entry

o "Entry" is when a person passes through an opening into a permit-

required confined space
o Any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into
the space
Before Entry
o Ventilate, eliminate, or control the space’s atmospheric hazards
o Blind or disconnect and cap all input lines so that no hazardous
materials can enter the space
o Lockout/Tagout
o When entrance covers are removed, guard the opening
immediately
Atmospheric Monitoring
o Test permit space before entry
o Periodically monitor permit space to determine if entry conditions
are maintained
o Test all areas (top, middle, & bottom)
o Observe status of existing hazards and those created during entry
operations
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

o Full-body Harness
o Respirator (half-mask, PAPR, Air-line Respirator, etc.)
o Tyvek Suit
o Gloves (Nitrile, Welding, etc.)
o Safety Glasses/Goggles
Equipment Requirements
o Testing and monitoring equipment
o Ventilating equipment
o Communications equipment

o Lighting equipment
o Barriers
o Equipment needed for safe entry and exit
o Emergency equipment
o Other equipment for safe entry
Contents of the Entry Permit
1. Permit space to be entered
2. Purpose of the entry
3. Date and the authorized duration of the entry permit
4. Authorized entrants
5. Attendants
6. Entry supervisor with a space for the signature
7. Hazards of the permit space
8. Measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or
control permit space hazards before entry
9. Acceptable entry conditions
10. Results of initial and periodic tests, names or initials of the testers
and when the tests were performed
11. Rescue and emergency services
12. Communication procedures
13. Equipment (personal protective equipment, testing equipment,
communications equipment, alarm systems, rescue equipment,
etc.)
14. Any other information necessary in order to ensure employee safety
Duties of Authorized Entrants
EVACUATE the confined space when:
o Order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor
o Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a
dangerous situation

o Evacuation alarm is activated

Duties of Attendants
o "Attendant" - stationed outside permit space; monitors entrants
o Know the hazards including signs, symptoms and consequences of
exposure
o Continuously maintains accurate count of entrants in permit space
o Remains outside the permit space during entry until relieved by
another attendant
o Communicate with entrants to monitor entrant status and to alert
entrants if the need to evacuate arises
o Monitor activities inside & outside the space and keep unauthorized
individuals away.
o Summon Emergency Services
o Perform non-entry rescues when applicable and they have training
o Perform no duties that might interfere with primary duty to monitor
and protect entrants
Duties of Entry Supervisor
o Entry supervisor" - person responsible for determining if acceptable
entry conditions are present, for authorizing entry, overseeing entry
operations, and for terminating entry as required
o An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an entrant,
as long as that person is trained and equipped to do so
o Know the hazards including signs, symptoms, and consequences of
exposure
o Verify that the entry permit is complete, all tests have been
conducted and all procedures and equipment are in place before
allowing entry to begin
o Verify that rescue services are available and that the means for
summoning them are operable

o Remove unauthorized individuals who enter or attempt to enter the

space
Rescue and Emergency Services
o Self-Rescue
o Non-entry Rescue
o Greenville Fire/Rescue – Call 911
o ECU shall inform GFR of the hazards they may encounter on site
o Provide the rescue provider with access to all permit spaces so they
can develop rescue plans and practice rescue operations
Rescue Equipment
o Each entrant shall use a full body
harness (and a retrieval line if feasible)
o A mechanical retrieval device (Tripod) shall be available for vertical
type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep
o Retrieval systems shall be used unless they increase the overall risk of
entry or would not contribute to the rescue
Program Review
o Review entry operations when there is reason to believe that
measures taken may not protect employees and revise the
program before subsequent entries
o Review the permit space program annually and revise the program
as necessary to ensure that employees participating in entry
operations are protected
o If you have any questions, concerns, or recommendations let your
supervisor and/or EH&S know.
ECU Shall…
o Inform contractor that workplace contains permit spaces and entry
is allowed only in compliance with permit space program

o Inform contractor of the hazards that make the space a permit

space
o Inform contractor of precautions for the protection of employees in
or near permit spaces where they will be working
o Coordinate entry operations with the contractor, when both
University personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or
near permit spaces.
Contractors Shall…
o All contractors performing work in Confined Spaces on ECU
Campus must have a Confined Space Program.
o Contractors must have their own equipment including monitoring
device and rescue equipment.
o Coordinate with employer when both host personnel and
contractor personnel will be working in or near spaces
o Debrief employer at the conclusion of entry
o Contractor shall inform the employer of the of any hazards
confronted or created
Quiz
1. Which of the following is not a Confined Space?
A. Boiler
B. Manhole
C. Tank
D. Small Mechanical Room
2. The leading cause of death in confined spaces accidents is
A. Asphyxiation
B. Burns
C. Electrocution
D. Falls
3. The higher the O2 level inside the space the better. (True/False)

4. If you need to enter a space briefly “just to take a quick look,”

you do not need a permit. (True/False)
5. One of the characteristics of a confined space is that it is not
designed for people to work in continuously. (True/False)
6. It is OK for the Attendant to go to the shop for supplies/parts as
long as the monitoring results are within acceptable limits. (True/False)
7. If you get a permit for a particular confined space for one day,
but don’t use it; you can save it for the next time you need to
enter that space. (True/False)
8. Atmospheric testing of the confined space must be done at the______.
A. Top B. Middle C. Bottom
D. All of the above.
9. When welding in a confined space…
A. EH&S must be notified when permit is requested
B. Pure O2 should be used to ventilate the space
C. All Welding Safety as well as Confined Space Guidelines should
be followed
D. A & C only
E. All of the above
10. When a contractor is working in a confined space on campus…
A. The contractor must have their own CS Program
B. The contractor should be prevented from entering the space if
they do not
Have all the necessary equipment
C. If a contractor is entering the space with ECU employees; it is OK
for the
ECU employee to monitor for all entrants
D. A & B Only
E. All of the above

CHAPTER 15
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
OSHA and its Regions

Emergency
An unforeseen situation that threatens your employees,
customers, or the public, disrupts or shuts down your operations,
or causes physical or environmental damage.
Types of Emergency
• Earthquakes
• Hurricanes
• Tornadoes
• Energy/utility outages
• Fire hazards
• Hazardous materials releases
• Terrorism
Workplace Emergency
Reporting and alerting emergencies
• Employees must know how to report emergencies
• "911" is a common method for reporting emergencies if external
emergency personnel are used at your workplace

Workplace Emergency
OSHA’s Recordkeeping and Reporting
• Fatality: Death of one or more employees from a work-
related incident Catastrophe: In-patient hospitalization of
three or more employees as a result of a work-related
incident
Emergency Preparedness
Essential elements of emergency preparedness planning:
• Identify hazards and assess risk.
• Assess capabilities and resources.
• Develop an emergency plan and procedures.
• Integrate the plan with the community plan.
• Conduct training.
• Public relations.
• Conduct Drills and Exercises.
• Develop Plan Audit Procedures.
OSHA’s Response Plans
• National Emergency Management Plan (NEMP)
• Regional Emergency Management Plan (REMP)
OSHA’s Response to Emergency

• To assist local response agencies in any way possible within agency
capabilities (Non-enforcement)
• To initiate workplace investigation (Enforcement)

Non-enforcement role vs Enforcement
Incident Command System
INCIDENT COMMANDER
SAFETY INFORMATION
LIAISON
FINANCE/
OPERATIONS PLANNING LOGISTICS ADMINISTRATION
OSHA Requirements for Emergency Response and

Preparedness in Construction Industry
29 CFR 1926
General Requirements for all Workplaces
 29 CFR 1926.23: First Aid and Medical attention, and
 1926.50: Medical services and first aid
Procedures:
– Ensure medical personnel is available for consultation
and advice on occupational health matters
– Provide suitable facilities for quick drenching and

flushing of the eye
Training:
– In the absence of readily accessible medical
services, a person with a valid certificate in first
aid training
Additional Requirements for Workplaces referenced in other
standards
29 CFR 1926.35: Employee emergency action plan Procedures:
– Prepare and implement a written action plan that includes:
• Emergency escape procedures
• Procedures for those who remain to conduct critical
operations
• Means of reporting fires and emergencies
• Procedures to account for employees after the
emergency
Training:
– Review emergency action plan with each employee when
the plan is developed, responsibilities shift, or the emergency
procedures change.
– Provide specific training to employees who are expected to
assist in evacuation
General Requirements for all Workplaces

 29 CFR 1926.34: Means of egress Procedures:
– Maintain unobstructed egress from every building and
structure where employees are working
– Mark all exits with signs and mark access to exits where it is
not immediately apparent how to exit

29 CFR 1926.24: Fire protection and prevention,

1926.150: Fire protection
1926.151: Fire prevention
Procedures:
– Develop fire protection program
– Provide fire extinguishers and other firefighting
equipment
Training:
– If a fire brigade is necessary, adequately train them.
Additional Requirements for Specific Workplaces/Operations
 29 CFR 1926.64: PSM of highly hazardous chemicals
 29 CFR 1926.65:Emergency response to hazardous substance
releases
 29 CFR 1926.651: Specific excavation requirements
Procedures:

– Provide emergency rescue equipment when an excavation

contains or potentially contains a hazardous atmosphere
– Ensure that person(s) attend the equipment in case of
emergency.
– Provide and ensure the use of a safety harness and lifeline
when employee(s) perform work in bell-bottom pier holes or
similar deep and confined footing excavations
 29 CFR 1926.800: Underground construction
Procedures:
– Develop and maintain a check-in/check-out procedure
– Provide means to summon emergency assistance
– Ensure monitoring is performed
– Select, provide, and make available approved self-rescuers
Training:
– Instruct employees on fire prevention and emergency
procedures
– Ensure rescue teams are familiar with jobsite conditions
– Qualify rescue team members at least annually
 29 CFR 1926.950: Power Transmission and Distribution
Procedures:
– Provide spotlights or portable lights for emergency lighting
when needed to work safely at night
Training:
– Provide training and ensure that employees understand
emergency procedures and first aid fundamentals, including
CPR
Exposure to silica dust in construction work

Requirements that Support Emergency Response and

Preparedness
29 CFR 1926.55: Gases, vapors, fumes, dust, and mists
Procedures:
– Ensure that employee exposures do not exceed the limits
provided by the standard.
– Exposures should be limited through engineering controls,
administrative controls, and, as a last resort, PPE
 29 CFR 1926.59: Hazard Communication
 29 CFR 1926.103: Respiratory Protection
 29 CFR 1926.1103: 13 Carcinogens
 29 CFR1926.1117: Vinyl chloride
Additional Requirements for Specific Workplaces/ Operations
29 CFR 1926.60: Methylenedianiline (MDA)
Procedures:
Develop and implement a written plan for emergency situations
where there is a possibility of an emergency:
• Identify emergency escape routes before construction
begins
• Equipped employees with PPE and clothing until
emergency is abated
• Include elements prescribed in 1910.38 and 1910.39
Training:
– Provide employees with info and training on MDA, IAW
1910.1200(h)
– Ensure employees who must wear respiratory protection,
receive training as per 1910.134
Health Hazard Related Standards: Cadmium (Cd)

– 29 CFR 1926.1127: Cadmium
– Wrecking, demolishing, and salvaging structures
– Cutting, brazing, grinding, or welding
Procedures:
– Develop and implement a written plan
– Select and provide appropriate respirators for emergencies
Training:
– Provide training to include emergency procedures, prior to/at
the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential
exposure to Cd
– Ensure employees who must wear respiratory protection
receive training (29 CFR 1910.134)
DANGER...CADMIUM...CANCER HAZARD...CAN CAUSE LUNG AND KIDNEY
DISEASE...AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY... RESPIRATORS REQUIRED IN THIS
AREA
Requirements that Support Emergency Response and

Preparedness
29 CFR 1926.28: Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

29 CFR 1926.95: Criteria for PPE

Procedures:
– Provide and ensure the use and maintenance of appropriate
PPE for site operations and hazards
– Ensure any employee-owned equipment is adequately and
properly maintained
For additional information on Emergency Preparedness, visit OSHA’s web
site at www.osha.gov and select “Safety and Health Topics”
Emergency preparedness
Health Hazard Related Standards: Asphalt Fumes
 Methods for reducing asphalt fume exposure:
– Substituting low fume asphalt
– Isolate process and minimize generation of fumes
– Control devices for reducing asphalt fume emissions
– Training and education
– Proper use of PPE

CHAPTER 16
FALL PROTECTION
Fall Protection
In many industries workers have to work at height, this section covers the
ways and means to protect them from falling.
Fall protection work plan

1. The employer shall develop and implement a written fall protection
work plan including each area of the work place where the employees
are assigned and where fall hazards of 6 feet or more exist.
2. The fall protection work plan shall:
(a) Identify all fall hazards in the work area.
(b) Describe the method of fall arrest or fall restraint to be
provided.
(c) Describe the correct procedures for the assembly,
maintenance, inspection, and disassembly of the fall
protection system to be used.
(d) Describe the correct procedures for the handling, storage,
and securing of tools and materials.
(e) Describe the method of providing overhead protection for
workers who may be in, or pass through the area below the
work site.
(f) Describe the method for prompt, safe removal of injured
workers.
(g) Be available on the job site for inspection by the department.
3. Prior to permitting employees into areas where fall hazards exist the
employer shall:

(a) Ensure that employees are trained and instructed in the items
described in subsection (2)(a) through (f) of this section.
(b) Inspect fall protection devices and systems to ensure
compliance with WAC 296-155-4510.
4. Training of employees:
The employer shall ensure that employees are trained as required
by this section. Training shall be documented and shall be available
on the job site.
Roofing Fall Hazards
Falls from Roofs - what are the risks?
• 2 or 3 deaths and 130 serious injuries occur each year in Washington
from falls from roofs.
• It is easy to forget where the roof edge is when you are
concentrating on your work.
• It is nearly impossible to stop or catch yourself if you fall.
Can you catch yourself in a fall?
• Most people do not have the strength to stop a fall greater than
two feet.
• It takes half a second to react to fall. In that time you will fall 4 feet.
• When used properly, fall protection will prevent serious injury or
death.

Ladders are fall hazards too

• A large number of injuries in roofing are falls from ladders.
• Ladders must be stabilized and extend at least 3 feet above the
roof edge.
• Both hands must be free when climbing a ladder.
When Fall Protection is needed
The 10 foot rule
During roofing, fall protection is always required when the roof edge is
more than 10 feet above the ground or other surface.
Low pitched roofs and fall protection
• A roof with a slope of 4:12 or less is a low-pitched roof.
• Fall protection is required on low-pitched roofs where the fall
distance is 10 feet or more such as at the gable end.
• Fall protection is not normally required on low-pitched roof edge
work below 10 feet.
Low-pitched roofs
A full-hipped low-pitched roof would not generally require fall
protection if the roof edge is below 10 ft.
Roofs with more than one level
Fall protection on roofs with two or more levels is normally required
when the level you are working on is 10 feet or more above the
ground.
Hazardous Slopes
• Some roofs are considered “hazardous slopes” when they are
steep, slippery or both.
• A steep roof is one with a slope greater than 4 in 12.
• When any roof is so steep or slippery that an uncontrolled fall
would likely happen, fall protection is required at 6 feet.
Types of Fall Protection

Fall Restraint: equipment that prevents a free fall in the first place.
Fall Arrest: equipment that stops a free fall in progress (in the middle of the
fall).
Fall restraint – three types
Personal fall restraint – a body belt or harness connected to an anchor
to prevent you from going over the edge of the roof
Guardrails
Warning line and safety monitor person.

Personal Fall Restraint
• Fall restrain can be a body belt or full body harness.
• You must be tied off so that you can never go past the roof edge,
no matter where you work on the roof.
• Gear should be adjustable to take up slack when you move about.
Fall restraint problem
A fall restraint lanyard too long to prevent a fall
Roof Edge Guardrails
• Are most practical on flat or low-pitched roofs.
• Guardrail must be 39-45 inches high and have midrail and
toeboard.
• Must withstand 200 pounds of force in any direction.
• Roof parapets must be over 39” high to act as guardrail.
Roof Openings

• Roof openings are also fall hazards and must either be covered or
surrounded by a guardrail.
• Skylights will usually break unless guarded or screened.
Hole covers must be:
• Designed to support a minimum load of 200 lbs,
• Secured with cleats or hinges,
• Marked “Hole” or “Cover”,
• Hole must be attended if the cover is removed.
Warning Line and Safety Monitor System
The warning line is installed six feet from the roof edge at a height of 36-42
inches.
Line is flagged every six feet.
Work outside the safe area requires a safety monitor.
Equipment cannot be used or stored outside safe area.
Working outside the warning line
• You must either wear fall protection or have a safety monitor when
working outside the warning line.
• You must wear high visibility garment outside the line and take it off
inside the line.
Safety monitor
Safety Monitor Duties
• Warns workers of fall danger.
• Must be easily identified.
• His only job is to watch and warn roofers.
• Cannot have any other duties.
• Can monitor up to eight workers.
• Must be a clear view between him and workers.
Fall Arrest – two types used in roofing
Personal Fall Arrest - full body harness is the most common
Catch Platform – sometimes used on large buildings
Catch Platforms
• Must be no lower than 10 ft. from roof edge.
• Must be at least as wide as the fall distance, but never less than 45
inches in width.
• Must have guardrails, toe board and not used for storage
Personal Fall Arrest
• A full body harness is a common fall arrest system used in roofing.
• A full body harness stops a fall in progress and minimizes the force of
the fall to your body.
• Waist belts not allowed because a fall will usually result in injury.
Full Body Harness
• The attachment point on a full body harness is a D-ring on your
upper back.
• It must be a commercial ANSI Class III harness. Recreational
climbing harness is not allowed.
• Be sure to use a size that fits you properly.
Why Waist Belts Are Not Safe

If you fall, the high force of the fall is concentrated at your waist rather
than the 6 points of a full body harness.
Fall Arrest Equipment
Some fall arrest gear comes with a shock-absorbing lanyard.

Must be adjusted to prevent hitting ground or lower level.
In a fall, the equipment stretches several feet.
Anchors
Fall arrest equipment is only as good as the anchor
• An anchor must be able to withstand 5000 lbs. of force without
failing.
• Manufactured anchors must be installed according to
manufacturer’s instructions.
• Check pre-installed anchors before using.
• In a fall, your life depends on the anchor holding.
Anchor Strength
These commercial anchors will support 5000 pounds when installed
according to manufacturer’s instructions
Knots and Anchor Points
A knot can be used to secure a lifeline to an anchor point only when:
• You know the breaking strength of the lifeline, and
• The knot does not decrease the strength of the lifeline below
5000 lbs.
Rope-Breaking Strength
Material Manila Polypro Dacron Nylon

Diameter
5/8 in. 3470 4858 6940 8675
17 mm 3987 5882 7974 9967
18 mm 4477 6268 8954 11,192
¾ in. 4997 6996 9994 12,492

19 mm
Loss of rope strength from knots

Knot percent of line percent of line
strength lost strength left
Bowline 37% 63%
Round turn 30-35% 65-70%

(double half-hitch)
Clove hitch 40% 60%
Some Equipment Do’s and Don’ts

• Do inspect for wear and damage before use.

• Do remove from service after a fall for inspection.

• Don’t use to lift materials.
• Don’t attach to guardrails or hoists.
Fall Arrest Gear Inspection: Look for the following:
Webbing - Cuts, tears, abrasion, fraying, stretching, mold, chemical
damage
D-rings - Cracks, breaks corrosion, rough edges
Tongue-buckle - Distortions, added holes, broken grommets
Ropes - Abrasion, internal damage
Handling Tools & Materials
Describe here your procedures for handling, storing and securing tools
and materials at the jobsite.
Overhead Protection
Describe how will you protect any employees working or passing through
area below roof from overhead items dropping on them such as:
• Hard hats
• Warning signs
• Warning line designating a material handling area
• Debris nets
• Toe boards on walkways and decks
Fall Protection Rescue
Describe rescue methods here – self-rescue or assisted rescue using
ladders, aerial lifts, forklifts, etc. Also describe first aid measures for injured
fallen worker, and how will get medical treatment.
Fall Protection Plan
Fall Protection Plan for Every Job
• We are required to prepare a fall protection plan for every job.
• Be prepared to go over this plan with your crew boss or lead
worker at the beginning of every roofing job.

CHAPTER 17
CRANE
DEFINITION
A large, tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspending them
from a projecting arm or beam.
In modern industry cranes play a vital role in the execution of various
operations which are nearly impossible by other means, from construction
to manufacturing, to cargo handling all activities require extensive usage
of various types of cranes.
Objectives
• Know hazards associated with cranes
• Become familiar with common types of industrial and construction
cranes
• Understand rigging basics, including the importance of “sling angle”
• Be familiar with methods of controlling crane hazards and
preventing accidents
Outline
• Crane Hazards
• Crane types
– Industrial cranes
– Construction cranes
– Rigging (and “sling angle”)
• Controlling hazards
– Inspections and training
– Power lines
– Equipment failure and crane stability

– Other
Crane Hazards
• Over 250,000 cranes in operation
– 125,000 in construction
– 80,000 general and maritime
• 80 fatalities per year
• One death per thousand crane operators in their working
lifetime (45 years)
• Risk to citizens and other workers
Causes of Crane Fatalities
Electrocution 39%
Crane assembly/disassembly 12%
Crane upset/overturn 7%
Rigging failure 7%
Overloading 4%
Struck by moving load 4%
Man lifts 4%
Struck by counterweight 2%
Two-blocking 2%
Hoist limitations 2%
Other 6%
A. Suruda,et al, Crane-Related Deaths in the U.S. Construction

Industry, 1984-94

Crane Types
• "Industrial cranes“
– Overhead
– Gantry
– Jib
• "Construction cranes“
– Mobile
– Tower
– Derricks
Industrial Cranes
• Overhead Cranes
– Common in industrial facilities
– Supported by overhead rails
– Components
• Bridge
• Trolley
• Hoist
– Often independent or remote operated
– Easy to use, little training required, no stability problems
• Gantry cranes
– Similar to overhead cranes, but supported by a mobile frame
which travels on the ground

Small (1000 – 10,000 pound

capacity) gantry crane
Large (600 ton capacity)
gantry crane
• Jib cranes
– Pivot mounted boom with trolley and hoist
Wall-mounted jib crane

Floor-mounted, Jib crane
• Power hoist
– Usually electric or air operated
• Chain hoist (or "chain fall")
– Hand operated

Construction Cranes
• Tower cranes
– Variable height “climbing cranes”
– Used for building construction
• Mobile cranes
– Crawler cranes
– Truck cranes
– Hydraulic cranes
• Boom telescopes
• May have jib
• Equipped with outriggers for stability

Mobile Cranes Hydraulic Cranes Jin pole
Construction cranes
• Derricks
– Boom angle changes to adjust horizontal distance
– Often used in shipyards, building construction, etc.
• Gin pole
• Chicago boom
• Stiff-leg
• Etc.
Stiff-leg construction derrick
Mine-shaft rescue using a

gin pole derrick improvised
from an extension ladder

Hay derrick
Rigging
• Rigging: The hardware and equipment used to safely attach a
load to a lifting device
– Wire rope
• Usually a "core" member to increase flexibility
– Fiber Core (FC)
– Wire Strand Core (WSC)
– Independent Wire-rope Core (IWRC)
• Fittings, sheaves
– Shackles
– Blocks
– Sockets
– Hooks
• May have safety latch
– Eyes
– Turnbuckles
• Always use rigging to connect the load to the hook

• Materials
– Wire rope
– Fabric

– Chain
• Slings
– Straight (regular)
– Choker
– Basket
– Double, triple, etc.
• Sling angle
– Stress on sling legs varies with the angle
– Divide the load by the number of sling legs, and divide by sin
of the angle
• For a two-legged sling, 2000 lb load and 60 degree,
stress = 1155 lbs on the sling leg
2000 lbs 1 2000 lbs

× =
2 legs sin 30 leg
2000 lbs 1 1155 lbs

× =
2 legs sin 60 leg
Controlling Crane Hazards
• Operators
– 18 years old
– Physical exam
– Knowledge (training)
• Estimating load weight
• Signals
• Operation
– Skill (demonstration)
• Inspection
– Frequent
• Daily, monthly
• Hooks, rope, crane operation
– Periodic
• At least annually
• Complete inspection - wear, damage, deterioration,
operation
• Slings, Testing, Records
Preventing Crane Accidents

• Contact with energized power lines (45% of accidents)
– De-energize overhead lines
– Maintain minimum distance
• 10 feet distance for 50 kv
• Over 50 kv, add 4 inches per 10 kv
– Use proximity alarms
• Warn when energized line is near
• “No fatalities” in 25 years, according to mfg.
– Warning signs
• I-15 construction was a good example

Warning label
• Under hook lifting device problems
– Inspect proper use, etc.
• Overturned cranes
– Assure a level and stable base for the crane
– Comply with load charts
• Weight
• Boom angle and extension
• Only vertical loads
– Wind can cause a significant side load
Load Chart
• Load charts inside the cab include structural capacity and tipping
limits for the crane

• Capacity is highest for short radius “over front” loads with outriggers
extended.
• Dropped loads
– Operating anti-two block device (upper limit switch)
– Proper rigging
– Inspection
• Boom collapse
– Inspection
– Stable base
– No overloading
– No horizontal loading
• Crushing by the counter weight
– Stay away from the rear of the crane
• Proper outrigger use
– Level
– Fully extended
– Stable base
• Use cribbing to distribute the load
Outrigger Use
Outrigger with cribbing


• Rigging failure
– Inspection
– Proper use
• Temperature, angles, etc.
• Falls
– Fall protection for workers suspended by crane "man basket"
or "suspended work platform“
Safe Rigging Practices
Know How to Do It Right!
Then Do It Right!
Job Site Considerations
The handling, setting and erection of materials and equipment is a
hazardous occupation. Each operation presents its own peculiar
problems and no two jobs are alike. With proper consideration taken,
each job can be performed free of bodily harm to the employee and
without damage to the equipment.
The person authorized and qualified to do rigging must always pay close
attention to details. One careless moment or act can result in serious injury
or death and tremendous property damage. Proper rigging is an art and
should never be left to the inexperienced. If you don’t know how to do it
properly, then don’t attempt it.
Persons performing rigging tasks usually already have two strikes against
them when they start!
1. Unfavorable Job conditions.
2. Job Schedule to meet.
Rigging Selection
Very rarely does the average worker on a construction site get the
opportunity to actually pick the rigging. It is normally purchased by a

supervisor, the Company Purchasing Department or it is sent out from

another project. This in itself can create serious problems.
The rigging capacity and the material to be lifted must match. Using too
small capacity rigging or components is just asking for an accident to
happen.
1. Who is responsible (competent/qualified) for the rigging?
a. Communications Established?
2. Is the Equipment in Acceptable Condition?
a. Appropriate Type?
b. Proper Identification?
C. Properly Inspected?
3. Are the Working Load Limits Adequate?
a. What is the weight of the load?
b. Where is the center of gravity?
c. What is the sling angle?
d. Will there be side loading?
e. Capacity of the gear?
4. Will the Load be Under Control?
a. Tag Line available?
b. Is there any possibility of fouling?
c. Clear of Personnel?
5. Are there any Unusual loading or Environmental Conditions?
a. Wind?
b. Temperature?
c. Surfaces? (Ice, Suction, Water)
d. Unstable Object(s)?
The Users Responsibilities

Utilize Appropriate Rigging Gear Suitable For Overhead Lifting.

Utilize The Rigging Gear Within Industry Standards And The Manufacturers
Recommendations.
Conduct Regular Inspection and Maintenance Of The Rigging Gear.
Basic Sling Operating Practices (ANSI B30.9)
Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed!
1. Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.
2. Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift
devices.
3. Sling legs shall not be kinked.
4. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacity.
5. Slings used in a Basket Hitch shall have the load balanced to
prevent slippage.
6. Slings shall be securely attached to the load.
7. Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their
loads.
8. Suspended loads shall be kept free of obstructions.
9. All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of
suspended loads.
10. 10. Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and it’s
load while the sling is being tightened around the load.
11. Shock loading is prohibited.
12. A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting
on the sling.

INSPECTION
Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and
attachments shall be inspected for damage and defects by a
competent person designated by the employer. Additional inspections
shall be performed during sling use as often as necessary to assure the
safety of the operation.
REPLACEMENT
Severe localized Abrasion or Scraping.
Ten Randomly Distributed Broken Wires in one Rope Lay, or Five Broken
Wires in One Rope Strand in One Rope Lay.
Evidence of Heat Damage. (Cut with a Torch)
REPLACEMENT
Kinking, Crushing, Birdcaging, or Any Damage Resulting in Distortion of
the Rope Structure.
Damaged, Distorted or Field Welded Hooks.
Damaged or Worn End Attachments.
If In Doubt, Don’t Use It!
Definitions
Balanced – load equally distributed on each side of the point of
support.
Breaking strength – the approximate point, when under maximum
load, the load handling device fails.
Balanced – load equally distributed on each side of the point of
support.
Bridle sling – A sling composed of multiple legs gathered in a fitting that
goes over the lifting hook.
Competent person – selected or assigned by the employer as being
qualified to perform a specific job.
Factor of safety – ratio of breaking strength to the force to be applied.

Hitch “Basket” - loading with the sling passed under the load and both
ends on the hook or a single master link.
Hitch “Choker” – loading with the sling passed through one eye and
suspended by the other.
Hitch “Vertical” – loading with the the load suspended vertically on a

single part or leg of the sling.
Master link – a steel link or ring used to support all legs of a chain or wire
rope sling.
Mousing – lashing between the neck and the tip of a hook to prevent the
load coming off.
Rated capacity – the maximum allowable working load.
Rigging – the connecting of a load to a source of power so that it can be
lifted and moved safely and predictably.
Safe working load – the maximum allowable working load established by
the manufacturer.
Sheave – a wheel with a grooved circumference over which a rope is
bent.
Wire rope – consists of many individual wires laid into a number of strands
which are in turn, laid around a center core.

Safety Factors
To guard against failure of a wire rope in service, the actual load on the
rope should only be a fraction of the breaking strength.
The safety factor includes reduced capacity of the rope below it’s stated
breaking strength due to wear, fatigue, corrosion, abuse, and variations in
size and quality.
Wire Rope Construction

Wire Rope Capacities
Wire Rope Sling Capacities

Wire Rope Sling Choker Adjustments
Types of Wire Wire Rope Slings
Type of Wire Wire Rope Sling Damage

Birdcage damage
Synthetic Slings
Sling capacity varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, no set standard

like wire rope has.
User must look at Individual Sling Capacity Tag to determine Safe Lifting
Capacity of that sling.
If the Tag is not readable or is missing, Do not use it!
Inspect sling before each days use, and as often as necessary during the
day to assure safety of sling!
Sharp edges can slice a sling in two without warning as the load is
tensioned. Use softeners or padding on corners.
Chain Slings
Only Grade 8 or better ALLOY Chain can be used for overhead lifting
purposes! All chain is not rated the same!
Chain must have a capacity tag attached to it.
Chains will withstand more rough handling and abuse, but a chain with
the same rated lifting capacity of wire rope will be much larger in
diameter and heavier in weight.

Chains must be inspected daily before use and as often as necessary

during use to assure safety.
It is the riggers responsibility to do the inspections!
Chain Slings
Rigging Protection From Cutting or Slipping
Protecting Rigging From Damage or Environment

Rigging components are expensive to buy and to replace!
Use them properly and store them properly!
Keep wire rope slings lubricated and all rigging stored out of the weather.
Treat the rigging as though your life depended on it! Because it does if it
fails!
Don’t use makeshift rigging or attempt to repair any rigging components.
Knots tied in rigging reduces the strength by 50% or more!

Basic Standard Hand Signals (Communication Between Rigger &

Operator)
HOIST
With forearm
vertical, and
forefinger pointing
up, move hand in
small horizontal
circle.
LOWER
With arm extended

downward, forefinger
pointing down, move
hand in a small
horizontal circle.

RAISE BOOM
Arm extended
downward, fingers
closed, thumb
pointing upward.
LOWER BOOM
Arm extended
downward, fingers
closed, thumb
pointing downward.

EXTEND BOOM
Both fists in front of

body with thumbs
pointing outward.
RETRACT BOOM
Both fists in front of

body with thumbs
pointing toward each
other.

SWING
Arm extended, point

with finger in
direction of desired
boom swing.
8
STOP! DOG
EVERYTHING
Clasp hands in front

of body.

MOVE SLOWLY
Use one hand to

give any motion
signal and place the
other hand
motionless in front of
the hand giving the
signal.
10
TRAVEL
Arm extended
forward, hand open
and slightly raised,
make pushing
motion in direction of
travel.

11
USE MAIN HOIST
Tap fist on head,

then use regular
signals.
12
USE WHIP LINE
(AUXILIARY
HOIST)
Tap elbow with one

hand, then use
regular signals.

13
STOP
Arm extended, palm

down, move arm
back and forth
horizontally.
14
RAISE THE BOOM
and LOWER THE
LOAD
With arm extended,

thumb pointing up, flex
fingers in and out as
long as load movement
is desired.

15
LOWER THE BOOM
and RAISE THE
LOAD
With arm extended,

thumb pointing down,
flex fingers in and out as
long as load movement
is desired.
16
EMERGENCY STOP
Both arms extended

palms down, move arms
back and forth
horizontally.

How Would You Rig This?

What would you need in the way of rigging materials?
What would you need in the way of rigging materials?

Would it matter if the tank were full or empty?

Removing Jewelry and Wearing Gloves!
Cause?
Not wearing gloves and not taking off the ring.

CHAPTER 18
SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS SCBA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
It is a combination of PPEs, a tank filled with compressed air and related

delivery system consisting of valves, gauges and pipes. The SCBA
provides respiratory protection when working in toxic or un-breathable
atmospheres

GENERAL DESCRRIPTION
The SCBA together with full firefighting clothing, is a part of the framework
of the firefighter’s personal protective equipment
The SCBA should only be used in conjunction with an approved respiratory

protection program.
The SCBA is only to be used for the purpose outlined in your respiratory
protection program.
Warning
Improper use of the SCBA may result in personal injury or death.
Use without proper training
Disregard of instructions

Disregard of warnings
Failure to maintain the unit
Failure to inspect the unit
Storage of Cylinders
Spare cylinders should be placed in holders with the value stem and
handle protected from damage
EQUIPMENT LIMITATIONS
1. Limited Visibility
2. Decreased Ability to communicate

3. Increased weight

4. Air capacity of cylinder
5. Decreased Mobility

Component of SCBA
6. Harness Frame
The harness frame is the rigid base to which the harness straps and
pressure reducer assembly are attached.

Its main purpose is to hold the cylinder which is done by means of an

adjustable cylinder band and a locking tab.
The harness assembly consists of two adjustable shoulder straps and an

adjustable waist able with a quick release
HARNESS ASSEMBLY
This waist belt rests on the hips of the wear of the SCBA to that area.

The shoulder straps have pockets through which the low pressure hose
and the remote gauge line pass
Breathing Air Cylinder Pressurized to Either 2216,3000, or 45000 PSI. The

Cylinder Holds Purified Breathing Air.

AIR CYLINDER
30 MIN OF AIR 2216 P.S.I. 45 Cubic Ft.
30 MIN OF AIR 4500 P.S.I. 45 Cubic Ft.
45 Min Ft of Air 3000 P.S.I. 66 Cubic
60 Min Ft of Air 4500 P.S.I. 87 Cubic
Breathing Air Cylinder
Cylinders are constructed of an aluminum shall and are wrapped with

layers of fiberglass, which strengthen and protect the shell.

The low weight and high pressurization of the cylinder is dependent upon
the Aluminum/Fiberglass composition
Eyeglass Holder
Use eyeglasses held in the face piece insert whenever possible.

Positive Pressure demand Regulator
This deference is pressure is maintained when the seal between the two
atmospheres in undistributed. It exists on the right side of the regulator
Snap Lock
The regulator inserts in to the face piece’s molded groove, and is then
rotated until the lock snaps into place.

Vibrating Alert Alarm
The vibrating alert alarm is housed within the regulator assembly.

The alarm gives warning by both an audible and vibrating action
around the face piece.
Purge Valve
When the regulator is correctly positioned on the face piece, a stem on

the puge valve will point upwards in it’s normal mode

Exhalation Valve
The exhalation valve covers the forward portion of the regulator assembly
and it protected a stainless steel shield.
Facepiee
The face piece is a conical shaped lens that directs available light rays
toward the eyes to afford maximum vision.

Remote Gauge
Attahced to the rights shoulder strap is the remote gauge, which is

connected to the pra by a tube.
Emergency Breathing Procedures
• Skip Breathing
 Firefighter inhales
 Holds breath for a long as it takes to exhale
 Repeats breathing process
• Cuts Respiration in half.
• Controlled Breathing.
• Firefighter Consciously Slows Down Breathing.
• Inhale through Nose Exhale Through Mouth.
Apparatus Test

CHAPTER 19
PERMIT TO WORK


Definition
Permit to work is an authorising document, Approved by management,
Describing the work to be carried on
Identifying the potential hazards or interacting activities that can take
place
Specifying the requirement, precautions requested to work in safe
condition.
Purpose
The permit to work is designed for the extremely hazardous work/job,
where the management thinks that the ordinary controls and measures
are not enough or are being followed as a routine. It re iterates the
management’s commitment towards workers’ safety and health and acts
as the checklist of all the available control measures in place as well as
any special controls required for a specific job.
To ensure:
• All work activities, the hazards involved and precautions to be
taken are defined prior to the execution of the work.
• All activities are coordinated to provide a safe working environment
for all personnel while working at the site.
Work Permit Procedures Cover All Work Except:
Some routine works tasks, which do not create any potential hazard to
personnel, equipment or the site, will not require a permit.
Such tasks are covered by detailed operating procedures and
implemented with the MTS form (Maintenance Task Sheet).
These detailed procedures have formal approval from Site Production
Manager.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPE OF PERMIT, BUT ONE LAYOUT
• COLD WORK PERMIT
• HOT WORK PERMIT

Contents of Permit to Work

(1) Discipline Initiator 2) Request 3) Preparation 4) Status Approval 5) On
Site Validation 6) Work Permit closure
(Coloring the top box partially (of each page) in red color will identify a
hot work permit.
Coloring the top box (of each page) completely in red color and writing
HOT WORK NAKED FLAME will identify a hot work naked flame permit.)
Discipline Initiator
The Discipline supervisor as work Authority Initiates the permit document
Installation Authority
Area Authority
Gas tester if necessary
Task Performer
Senior Operator
Area Authority
Request:
• A work permit will be initiated by the maintenance supervisor based
on the work order received from methods.
According the job scope he has to define:
The requested:
 Equipment
 WO number
 Estimated time
 Required working hours
 Work description
 No. of workers
Preparation
After the completion of the request the maintenance supervisor
completes the preparation.
According the job scope he declares
Which tools he will use to perform the work and if there is a vehicle
required inside the unit.
He will prepare and attach the required complementary permits
He indicates the hazardous circumstances and gives extra information if
required.
If a hot permit is required he will highlight the top box in red on all pages.
He declares the safety precautions that will be taken on site by the task
supervisor during the works.
He signs the first part of the WORK PERMIT.
Status Approval:
 The installation authority has
 To define the required equipment status.

 He also checks if there are any Fire & Gas or ESD systems that have
to be inhibit according the
 Work description.
 He has to specify which gas tests are required.
 He double checks if the hazard identification indicated by the
permit initiator is satisfactory.
 He double checks if the safety precautions indicated by the permit
initiator are satisfactory.
 He signs the status approval.
- The area authority has to declare that the equipment status is as
required.
- He also puts the required Fire & Gas or ESD inhibits in place.
- He completes and signs the attached complementary permits
- He signs the status approval.
On Site Validation:
The task supervisor acknowledges that the work will be carried out
according the defined work description using the described tools and
safety precautions.
He validates the permit.

The Senior operator on site arranges the specified Gas test (Taken by
certified person).
He acknowledges that the required precautions and equipment status
has been implemented including gas tests and start/stop tests for
electrical isolation.
He informs the area authority that the work starts.
He validates the permit (may require Area Authority signature on site also,
depending the permit level)
Work Permit Closure:
When the work is finished or suspended the task supervisor declares the
status of the work.
- He marks up if all personnel has left the working zone.
- He declares the status of the equipment and signs of the permit.
- The Senior operator Removes the safety precautions with Area
Authority approval
- He restores the status of the equipment with Area Authority
approval
- He checks the house keeping and signs of the permit.

- The task supervisor transfers the permit to the Area Senior Operator
or area authority
- The area authority removes the inhibits and closes the permit.
Validity
Hot and Cold Work Main Permits and Naked flame permits are the same
document and have same validity period i.e. till the completion of the
job.
7 DAYS OR 14 SHIFTS
MAXIMUM!
Limitation
Validation of HOT WORK NAKED FLAME is limited to one per fire zone.
No Hot Work Naked Flame During night shift
• Pressure testing of plant and equipment
• Disconnection or opening up of any closed pipeline or vessel
• Chemical cleaning
• Handling of hazardous substances, e.g. toxic / corrosive
chemicals, asbestos, etc
• Spraying of paint and Brush Painting

• Heavy lifts e.g. over Wellhead

• Electrical welding
• Flame cutting
• On site performance of a non explosion proof electrical task for
example the usage of a Avometer, Megger Tool, etc…..
• Usage of a non intrinsically safe tool:(electrical power Drill)
• Grinding
The “Confined Space Entry Permit” is another form of safe work permit
regulating entry into pits, tanks, and vessels.
Cutting / Welding Permit
Confined Space Entry Permits, Line Breaking Permits and Hot Work Permits
will be discussed in detail in other training sessions.
To all Task Supervisors:
When you send someone to the Permit Office to have a permit signed,
please ensure:
hey understand what the permit is requesting. The Permit Authority may
have questions about the job description or location.
They understand English.
Please print clearly all information on job description, location and
equipment requirements If the writing is not clear, the permit will be
rejected and you have to start all over again
TIMETABLE
New permit applications have to be at the Maintenance daily meeting
on the day before work is required to start.
At 06:00 the following day your permit shall be ready for collection from
the Permit Office.
If a permit requires revalidation for night shift working then it must be at
the Permit Office by 18:30 Dayshift permits must be at the Permit Office by
18:00 or they shall not be revalidated for the following day.

Existing system versus new system

Existing system New system
INITIATOR INITIATOR
SAFETY
INSTALLATION INSTALLATION
AUTHORITY AUTHORITY
AREA AUTHORITY AREA AUTHORITY
PERMIT
CONTROLLER
VALIDATION VALIDATION
CANCELLATION CANCELLATION
All Area Authorities

When you sign for the equipment status approval, you are signing that the
requirements to carry out work safely have been done. If you have not
physically checked these requirements, DO NOT SIGN!
If someone has an accident due to improper compliance with
requirements, YOU will be held responsible. This could mean criminal
charges are filed against you.
Do not sign as the Installation Authority unless you have written
permission/instruction to do so.
Distribution
• Task supervisor keeps White (Top) Copy of main permit plus Top
page of all complementary and lists (Isolations)
• The plant operator retains the yellow copy of the permit, and any
associated Supplementary permits and files in portable cabin on
site
• The Area Authority retains the pink copy of all permits and
complementary in a prominent place in the permit office or CCR

• Permit office will keep all blue copies

The Electrician will keep blue copy of all complementary electrical
isolation
Complementary Permits
Depending on the nature of the work a complementary permit might be
required.
This complementary is not a permit but becomes part of the main permit
RADIOGRAPHY
This Complementary permit is required for any work entailing the use of
radioactive source.
EXCAVATION
To all those directly in charge:
Be sure that no underground network can be damaged.
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
Confined Space Entry Complementary permits are valid for the time
period specified in the Main Permit, ONE ENTRY ONLY
This is required to test individual or multi-discipline items of equipment. It
allows for temporary removal and the provision of temporary action to
override or remove equipment to carry out such tests.
This complementary permit required to work on any underwater
equipment
Aside from the ability to easily convert between different levels of voltage
and current in AC and DC circuits, transformers also provide an extremely
useful feature called isolation, which is the ability to couple one circuit to
another without the use of direct wire connections.
Electrical Isolation
High or low voltage electrical isolations are normally valid for the duration
of the related main permit. When the isolation is required for a longer
duration than the main permit, the electrical complementary permit will

remain valid. Under these circumstances, the permits may be logged as a

long term isolation
Radiography, Excavation, Electrical Works Complementary Permits
Can Be Extended As for Cold Work Permits, and Are Valid for a Maximum
of
Seven Days or 14 Shifts.
Definition
Isolation Certificate:
Combines in one document record of all isolation required for a task to
be carried out safely. The control and use of isolation certificate are
described in `the permit to work procedure.
Are Valid as far as the isolation is implemented without limit of duration.
Certificates are Not Permits!!
They are Added to Permit to Confirm Isolation status of an Equipment
ISOLAT ION T AG
Valve No.
Description
Area authority is responsible for the
Valve Open Closed
(Tick as applicable) correct completion and tagging of the
Permit No.
Name
Signed
Date
Mechanical /Process isolation
SPADE/BLIND T AG
Valve No.
Description
Area authority is responsible for the
correct completion and tagging of the
Permit No.
Name
Signed
Mechanical /Process isolation
Date

CHAPTER 20
Excavations
DEFINITION
An excavation is a man made cavity, cut or a trench in the ground mainly
by moving earth.
In today’s modern constructions basements and underground parking
areas are quite common, furthermore for the provision of utilities like water
and sewerage facilities the construction starts way below the ground level
by excavations. Excavation presents its own hazards.
Factors to be considered for construction of excavation

Shear Strength
“The capacity of a material to resist the internal and external forces which
slide past each other “
Cohesion
The stickiness of the soil; a greater amount of clay than sand.
Internal Friction
Factors Involved in Designing a Protective System
• Soil classification

• Depth of cut
• Water content of soil
• Changes due to weather and climate
• Other operations in the vicinity
Excavation Hazards
Cave-ins are the greatest risk
Other hazards include:
 Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
 Inhalation of toxic materials
 Fire
 Moving machinery near the edge of the excavation can cause a
collapse
 Accidental severing of underground utility lines (water, gas,
electricity and sewerage)
Injury and Death
• Excavating is one of the most hazardous construction operations

• Most accidents occur in trenches 5-15 feet deep
• There is usually no warning before a cave-in
Definitions

• Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed

by earth removal.
• Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width,
but not wider than 15 feet.
• Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect
employees
• Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation and
protects against cave-ins
• Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of incline on
the sides of the excavation. The angle varies based on assessment
of impacting site factors.
Focus of Training
• The greatest risk at an excavation
• How to protect employees from cave-ins
• Factors that pose a hazard to employees working in excavations
• The role of a competent person at an excavation site
Protection of Employees
Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using an adequately
designed protective system. Protective systems must be able to resist all
expected loads to the system
Requirements for Protective Systems. A well-designed protective system
 Correct design of sloping and benching systems
 Correct design of support systems, shield systems, and other
protective systems
Plus
Appropriate handling of materials and equipment
Attention to correct installation and removal
Equals Protection of employees at excavations
Design of Protective Systems

The employer shall select and construct :

Slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systems
Support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems
• Shield - can be permanent or portable. Also known as trench box
or trench shield.
• Shoring - such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring
system that supports the sides
• Sloping - form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from
the excavation
Protect Employees Exposed to Potential Cave-ins
• Slope or bench the sides of the excavation,

• Support the sides of the excavation, or
• Place a shield between the side of the excavation and the work
area
Cave-in Hazard
This excavation has inadequate support posts and egress access
inadequate protective system
Inadequate Protective System
This worker is in a trench with no protective system that is not sloped or
benched and has no means of egress.

• Shoring
• General
– Provides a framework to work in
– Uses wales, cross braces and uprights
– Supports excavation walls
• OSHA tables provide shoring data
– Must know soil type
– Must know depth and width of excavation
– Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables
Trench Shield
A trench shield was built around this work area

Hydraulic Trench Support

• Using hydraulic jacks the operator can easily drop the system into
the hole
• Once in place, hydraulic pressure is increased to keep the forms in
place
• Trench pins are installed in case of hydraulic failure
Materials and Equipment
• Equipment used for protective systems must not have damage or
defects that impair function.
• If equipment is damaged, the competent person must examine it to
see if it is suitable for continued use.
• If not suitable, remove it from service until a professional engineer
approves it for use.
Protection from Vehicles
• Install barricades
• Hand/mechanical signals
• Stop logs
• Grade soil away from excavation
• Fence or barricade trenches left overnight
Hazardous Conditions
The weight and vibrations of the crane make this a very hazardous
condition.
They should not be working under this crane.
Spoils

• Don’t place spoils within 2 feet from edge of excavation

• Measure from nearest part of the spoil to the excavation edge
• Place spoils so rainwater runs away from the excavation
• Place spoil well away from the excavation
Other Excavation Hazards
• Water accumulation
• Oxygen deficiency
• Toxic fumes
• Access/Egress
• Falls
• Mobile equipment
Water is Hazardous
When water is present in an excavation it is extremely hazardous to enter
Note that these workers are not wearing hardhats to protect them from
materials falling into the trench
Water = Cave-in Hazard
These workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water in the
bottom of the trench. This is a very hazardous condition!
Hazardous Atmosphere

Test excavations more than 4 feet before an employee enters the

excavation for:
– Oxygen deficiency
– High combustible gas concentration
– High levels of other hazardous substances
Means of Egress
A stairway, ladder, or ramp must be present in excavations that are 4 or
more feet deep, and within 25 feet of the employees
The ladder should extend 3 feet Above the excavation
Access and Egress
These two ladders which are lashed together are not an adequate means
of egress. The ladder should extend 3 feet above the top of the
excavation
Protection from Fall, Falling Loads, and Mobile Equipment
• Install barricades
• Use hand / mechanical signals
• Grade soil away from excavation
• Fence or barricade trenches left overnight
• Use a flagger when signs, signals and barricades are not enough
protection
Competent Person
Must have had specific training in and be knowledgeable about:
• Soils classification

• The use of protective systems

• The requirements of the standard
Must be capable of identifying hazards, and authorized to immediately
eliminate hazards
Inspections of Excavations
A competent person must make daily inspections of excavations, areas
around them and protective systems:
• Before work starts and as needed,
• After rainstorms, high winds or other occurrence which may
increase hazards, and
• When you can reasonably anticipate an employee will be
exposed to hazards.
Inspection of Excavation
If the competent person finds evidence of a possible cave-in, indications
of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other
hazardous conditions:
• Exposed employees must be removed from the
hazardous area
• Employees may not return until the necessary
precautions have been taken
Site Evaluation Planning

Before beginning excavation:
 Evaluate soil conditions
 Construct protective systems
 Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases
 Provide safe in and out access
 Contact utilities
 Determine the safety equipment needed

Summary
• The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.
• Employees can be protected through sloping, shielding, and
shoring the excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to inspect the excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water accumulation, oxygen
deficiency, toxic fumes, falls, and mobile equipment.

CHAPTER 21
FORK LIFTER
Fork lifter is a specially designed vehicle for the sole purpose of lifting
heavy objects and transporting them from one place to another over
shorter distances.
Safety Overview Forklift Operations
Background
• Forklifts at Jurong Port owned and operated mainly by Stevedores
to support cargo related operations
• Total over 300 forklifts between 4 to 16 ton capacity out of which
80% are below 10 ton
Types of cargo handled by forklifts
• Cargoes handled by forklifts vary from steel products such as
deformed bars, cylindrical pipes, I-beams, steel plates,
containers, palletized cargoes and wood products
Activities involving forklift operations

• Unload/load cargoes from/onto truck
• Transport cargoes from wharf into warehouse and open storage
(and vice versa)
• Sorting and delivery of cargo in the warehouse and open
storage yard

Hazards associated with forklift operations in any Port

(a) Movement of forklift in operational areas
(b) Wrong use of equipment
(c) Loading/unloading of cargo involving truck
(d) Handling of bulky cargo
(e) Transfer of lengthy cargoes using forklift
(f) Stuffing / unstuffing of containers
Wrong use of equipment

Hazards identification
• Personnel fall from height
• Forklift not designed to lift personnel
Mitigation the hazards

• Prohibit the use of forklift for carrying / elevating personnel
• Prohibit the use of forklift as a work platform
• Enforce the use of scaffolds or aerial work platform for
Personnel working at height
Loading/unloading of cargo involving truck
• Unstable/unsecured cargoes on the truck
• Blind spots around truck
• Poor loading/unloading plan
• No clear demarcation of operational area
• Poor traffic management
Mitigation the hazards

• Truck drivers to ensure cargo is securely fastened at loading
point for safe transportation and unloading
• Install stanchions on trucks to contain loose/unstable load
• Barricade and warning signs around truck

• Brief forklift operator of hazards and loading discharging

sequence before operations
• Provide banksman to regulate the traffic flow if necessary
Evaluating the potential hazards

 Speed speed bumps
 Loading docks Debris in roadway
 Ramps/Inclines Tire pressure
 Other vehicle traffic
 Defined traffic lanes
 Driving surface (rough or uneven)
 Tight areas
An unloaded truck is less stable than a properly loaded truck!
Handling of bulky cargo
• View of forklift driver impeded
• Difficulty in securing load
• Shift of Center of gravity
Mitigation measures
• Ensure forklift’s combined center of gravity within stability range
• Cargo lifted low off the ground when travelling
• Ensure ground conditions even and clear of obstructions
• Forklift capacity selection compatible with cargo size and weight
• Cargo positioned/ forked at its center of gravity
• Secure loose cargo to prevent falling off during operations
Transfer lengthy cargoes using forklift
• Unbalanced cargo
• Forklift instability
• Personnel hit by cargo

Mitigation measures
• Prohibit transportation of lengthy cargoes and 40 feet containers
over a distance by forklift and to use truck instead
Stuffing & Unstuffing of Container Operation

• Personnel caught between containers
• Blind spots in area of stuffing/unstuffing operations
Mitigation measures
• Container to be put side by side with no gap in between
• Barricade and warning signs around operational areas
• No storage of cargo within barricaded area
• Traffic management
Framework governing forklift operations
(a) Forklift registration
(b) Risk Assessment
(c) Pre-operation checklist for forklift
(d) Compliance inspection and enforcement
(e) Communications
Forklift registration
• Obtain approval and registration before stationing and operations
of forklifts
• Requirements for registration :
Conduct physical inspections
Risk Assessment before operations
Valid insurance
LTA registration / log card
Yearly renewal of registration

Risk Assessment
• Risk Assessment (RA) established by forklifts owners
• RA conducted by relevant and certified employee and
endorsed by their management
• RA regularly reviewed for each type of operations/cargo
handled
Pre-Operation Checklist
• Forklift operator conduct a pre-operation check and document the
check into a checklist before each operations
• Checklist must be made available for inspection
• Operator required to conduct check / test on:
Functional mechanism and lights
Any visual oil leakage and damages
Tire conditions
Valid forklift registration
Compliance inspection & enforcement
 Fire & Safety and Operations departments conduct regular site
inspections on forklift operations
 Forklift with substandard / unsafe conditions required to
immediately stop operations
 Verify forklift operator’s training record
 Check that Risk Assessment is conducted to the forklift operator
Communications
o Safety bulletins/circulars are regularly issued to remind Port users of issues
relating to safety of forklift operations (eg MOM alerts, safety incidents)
o Regular safety dialogues with forklift owners are conducted regularly on
safety related matters
BizSAFE
• Forklifts are used mainly as part of stevedoring operation

• Stevedores require a license to operate at any Port

• As part of the licensing requirements, stevedores required to achieve
minimum bizSAFE level 3
Conclusion
Many challenges are faced with forklift operations. We should identify and
understand the hazards and limitation for forklift operations.
Failure to assess the risk and comply with safe operating instructions will result in
incident that can cause personnel injury and property damage.

CHAPTER 22
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
Legislation
• HSWA Section 2 (2) (a): Provide and maintain plant and systems of
work that are, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe and without
risks to health
Top 5 critical injuries to young workers

• Broken bones
• Severe loss of blood
• Head injuries
• Amputation
• Severe burns or scalds
Causes of injury to young workers

• Manual handling
• Slips, trips and falls
• Being hit by moving objects
• Falls from a height
• Hitting moving objects

Consequences of workplace injuries

• Financial costs
• Human costs
• Social costs
Components of a Safe System
• Combines materials, people, plant, equipment, task and
environment
• Must have logical well thought out approach
• Should fully identify and document all the hazards, safety
precautions and safe working practices associated with all activities
performed by employees
Definition
• A formal procedure which results from systematic examination of a
task in order to identify all the hazards. It defines safe methods to
ensure that hazards are eliminated or risks minimised
When is a Safe System Required?
• Many hazards are clearly recognisable and can be overcome by
physically separating people from them e.g. by using guarding on
machinery
• A SSoW is needed when hazards cannot be physically eliminated
and some element of risk remains.
• Remember non-routine work as well as normal operations

Designing a Safe System of Work

• 5 Steps:
– Assess the task
– Identify the hazards
– Define safe methods
– Implement the system
– Monitor the system
Assessing the Task
• Assess all aspects of the task and its risks.
• Consider health hazards as well as safety
• Take account of:
– What is used
– Who does what
– Where task is carried out
– How task is done
Identify the Hazards
• Spot the hazards and evaluate the risks
• Where possible, eliminate hazards and reduce the risks before you
rely upon a safe system of work
What is a hazard?
• Anything or any action that can lead to someone developing an
illness or being injured
• Hazards can arise from
– the work environment
– the use of machinery and substances
– poor work design
– inappropriate systems and procedures
Types of hazards

• Types of hazards:
– Physical e.g. noise, radiation, light, vibration
– Chemical e.g. poisons, dusts
– Biological e.g. viruses, plants, parasites
– Mechanical/Electrical e.g. slips, trips and falls, tools, electrical
equipment
– Psychological e.g. Fatigue, violence, bullying.
Common workplace hazards
• Manual handling e.g. pushing, pulling, carrying, lifting
• Work environment e.g. floor surfaces, noise, temperature
• Machinery
• Heat e.g. burns and scalds
• Electricity e.g. electrocution
• Harassment e.g. bullying and/or violence
• Hazardous substances e.g. chemicals, fumes
• Biological waste
• Noise
• Confined space
• Skin penetrating injuries e.g. knife or syringe injuries
Identifying hazards
• Workplace inspections
• Consultation
• Monitoring injury and illness records
• Recording complaints
• Observation
Dealing with hazards
• Eliminate the hazard
• Change the equipment or materials
• Change work methods

• Use personal protection equipment (PPE)

Risk management
• Identify the hazard
• Assess the risk
• Eliminate or control the risk
• Monitor and improve the workplace
1. Identify the hazard
• Know what the dangers are in the workplace.
• Keep records of accidents and injuries
• Cconduct safety inspections of the workplace
• List all plant and hazardous substances.
2. Assess the risk
• Determine what the risk is that someone may be injured.
• Assess how likely it is that a hazardous event will occur and what
the consequences are likely to be.
3. Control the risk
• Implement measures to prevent injury or illness.
– Eliminate the risk if possible
– Minimize the risk using substitution, modifications, isolation
or engineering controls
– Personal protective equipment (PPE) should only be used
as a last resort.
Define Safe Methods
• Define orally, by simple written procedures or by permits to work
• Involve the people who will be doing the work - their practical
knowledge of problems can help avoid unusual risks and prevent
false assumptions being made

Implement the System

• Safe system of work must be communicated properly, understood
by employees and applied correctly
• Ensure supervisors know they should implement and maintain the
system of work
• Ensure adequate training is carried out for employees and
supervisors
• Stress the need to avoid short cuts - part of the system should be to
stop work when faced with an unexpected problem until a safe
solution can be found
Monitoring the System
• Periodically checking that:
– Employees continue to find system workable
– Procedures laid down are being carried out and are effective
– Any changes in circumstances which require alterations to
the system of work are taken into account
4. Monitor and improve the workplace
• Control measures should be reviewed to maintain their
effectiveness and further refine the process.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) or Task Analysis
• A method for formulating a Safe System of Work
• Follow the SREDIM principle:
– Select the job to be analysed
– Record the steps in the process
– Examine the component parts of the job
– Develop control measures
– Install the safe system
– Maintain and monitor the safe system

JSA Example - Changing a Wheel on a Car
Job Step Risks Identified Precautions Advised
1. Car safe Unstable situation Level ground

Unsafe position Warning signals
2. Fix jack Difficult to access Care? Gloves?

Injury to hands
3. Get spare wheel Weight Get help

In or under boot
4. Loosen wheel nuts Injury to hands Long spanner

Strength required Gloves
5. Jack up Car Is it stable? Brake wheels

Hand injury Scotch wheels
Relationship between JSA, JSI & JSR

Relationship between JSA, JSI & JSR
Job Safety Awareness Job Safety Instructions Job Safety

Review
Safe Working Method
Summary
• SSoW are required by law
• Some risks are clear and can be overcome
• Look at every job - think about what is used, who does what, where
and how it is done
• Tell employees how the job must be done
• When job is complex or risks are high, put instructions in writing
• Make sure system is supervised
Tips for young workers
• Take responsibility for your own safety
• Know what to look for when entering a new or different workplace

• Know what questions to ask about the job

• Report any health and safety concerns
• Follow all safety procedures
Ask your supervisor….
• What are the dangers of my job?
• What are the hazards?
• Should I have any job safety training?
• Do I need any personal protective equipment?
• Should I be trained in how to use my PPE?
• Where are the first aid facilities?
• Who is the first aid person?
• What do I do if I get injured?
• Where are the fire extinguishers?
• Where are the emergency exits?
• How will I know if there is an emergency?
• What should I do in an emergency?
• Who do go to in the workplace if I have a health or safety question?

CHAPTER 23
Health & Safety Management
Objectives of this Section
• To define the concepts and components of a health and safety
management system.
• To outline recent developments in health and safety management
including the development of OHSAS18001 and accreditation.
H&S Management System:
Definition
“The means by which an organisation controls risk through the
management process”.
Health & Safety Executive
“Part of the overall management system that facilities the management
of the OH&S risks associated with the business of the organisation.
This includes the organisational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for
developing and achieving, reviewing and maintaining the organisation’s
OH&S policy”.
British Standards Institute
Safety Programmes
• Traditional approach is the use of safety programmes.
• Programmes are focused on compliance with
standards/regulations
• Programmes do not have strong or any feedback mechanisms
• The performance of a programme is measured using (reactive)
indicators such as the number of accidents, injuries etc.

Systems Approach
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
Organisation
External Environment
Key Elements of a H&S Management System (1)

HSE Model: (HSG65)
Policy
Policy development
Organisationa
Organising development
Planning &
Audit Implementing
Developing
techniques
Measuring planning,
Performance
measuring a
reviewing
Reviewing
Performance
Key Elements of an H&S Management System: Policy

Effective health and safety policy sets a clear direction for the
organisation to follow.
A clear and concise health and safety policy is an indicator of
Management’s commitment towards workplace health and safety.
It comprises of the following components
 Statement of Intent
 Goals & Objectives
 Written Policy and Procedures
A clear statement of intent states management’s commitment to
workplace safety.
"The work is never so urgent that we cannot take the time to do it safely. It is the
responsibility of each individual that everyone leaves the job in the same condition
they arrived."
Linarco
Goals and objectives set the reasonable targets for the organization in
relation to workplace safety.
The Goals should be SMART
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time Bound
Written policies and procedures is the final part of the POLICY segment of
Health and Safety Management System. It includes various SOPs
(standard operating procedures), processes etc. to be implemented.
Organising
An effective management structure and arrangements are in place for
delivering the policy. Key element of four Cs
Competition
Coordination

Cooperation and
Communication
Planning
There is a planned and systematic approach to implementing the health
and safety policy through an effective health and safety management
system
Measuring Performance
Performance is measured against agreed standards to reveal when and
where improvement is needed
Auditing and Reviewing of Performance
The organisation learns from all relevant experience and applies the
lessons.
Standardisation: A standard is defined by the BSI as
“A document, established by consensus and approved by a recognised
body that provides for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines, or
characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of
the optimum degree of order in a given context”.
Recent International Standards
ISO 9000 Series: Quality Management Systems
ISO 14000 Series: Environmental Management Systems
Recent Developments in H&S
• In 1997 the ISO decided not to develop an OHSMS standard.
• As a result many countries have developed their own. A recent
survey identified 31 such standards.
BS 8800
• Produced by the BSI in 1996
• Written as a guidance document.
• Based on the management systems models from both the HSE and
ISO 14001.

Gives advice on:

• How to evaluate shortcomings with an existing health & safety
management system (OHSMS).
• What an adequate system should comprise of.
• How to progress from existing system to an adequate system.
Over 7000 copies of BS8800 were sold in the first twelve months.
BS 8800: Management System Models (1)
ISO 14001
Continual
Continu
Improvement
Improvem
Status
OHS Policy
Review
OHS
OHS Policy
Management
Manageme
Review Policy
Revie Planning
Plannin
Planning
Checking &
g
Implementation
Implementation
& Operation
Checking
Corrective & Operation
Correctiv
Action
Actio
BS 8800: Management System Models (2)
Polic y
HSE
(HSG65)
Organ is ing
Plann ing &

Audit
Imp lement ing
Measur ing
Performance
Rev ie wing
Performance

OHSAS 18001
1. OH&S Policy
1.1. The Health & Safety Policy
Continual 2. Planning
Continu 2.1. Planning for hazard identification, risk
Improvement assessment and control
Improvem 2.2. Legal and other requirements
2.3. Objectives
2.4. OH&S management programme(s)
3. Implementation and Operation
3.1. Structure and responsibility
Status 3.2. Training, awareness and competence
OHS Policy 3.3. Consultation and Communication
Review
OHS
OHS Policy 3.4. Documentation
Management 3.5. Document and data control
Manageme
Review Policy
Planning 3.6. Operational Control
Revie
Plannin
Planning 3.7. Emergency preparedness and response
4. Checking and Corrective Action
Checking &
g
Implementation 4.1. Performance measurement and monitoring
Implementation
Checking
Corrective & Operation
& Operation
4.2. Accidents, incidents, non-conformances
Correctiv
Action and corrective and preventative action
Actio 4.3. Records and record management
4.4. Audit
5. Management Review
5.1. Management Review
Implementation & Operation

Roles and Responsibilities
• At all levels within the organisation, people need to be aware of
their roles and responsibilities.
• Individual OH&S responsibilities should be clearly defined.
• All personnel should be given the authority and resources necessary
to carry out their responsibilities.
Training & Competence
• The organisation should have effective procedures for ensuring the
competence of personnel to carry out their designated functions.
• Systematic identification of the competencies required by each
employee.

• Provision of training identified as being necessary.

• Assessment of individuals to ensure that they have acquired and
maintain the knowledge and skills necessary for the level of
competence required.
• The maintenance of appropriate training/skills records.
Implementation and Operation (2)
Documentation
• The organisation should document, and maintain up-to-date
sufficient documentation on its OH&S management system.
• This requirement is analogous to Regulation 7 of the Quarries
Regulations, 1999 which require the production of a health and
safety document.
Operational Control
• The organisation should establish and maintain arrangements to
ensure that activities are carried out safely.
• These arrangements should be based on the results of the risk
assessment, and any health and safety objectives that have been
defined.
• The organisation should also plan and prepare for all foreseeable
accident, incident and emergency situations.
Measuring Performance (1)
The key purposes of measuring performance are to:
 Determine whether OH&S plans have been
implemented and objectives achieved;
 Check that risk control measures are in place and are
effective;
 Learn from system failures such as areas of non-
compliance, accidents and incidents.

 Promote the implementation of plans and risk controls

by providing feedback to all parties
 Provide information that can be used to review, and if
necessary to improve aspects of an OH&S
management system.
An organisation’s performance measurement system should incorporate
both active and reactive monitoring data.
Active measuring systems
• Used to check compliance with the organisations OH&S activities.
• Examples of active monitoring data are:
 The extent to which plans and objectives have been set and
achieved.
 Whether a director for OH&S has been appointed.
 Whether a safety policy has been published.
 The numbers trained in OH&S.
 Number of risk assessments completed.
 Extent of compliance with risk controls.
Reactive monitoring Systems
• Should be used to investigate, analyse and record OH&S
management system failures including:
 Unsafe Acts
 Unsafe conditions
 Lost time accidents
 Major accidents & fatalities
 Sickness absences
 Criticisms made by regulatory agency staff
 Complaints made by members of the public.

Investigating Accidents and Incidents

• Organisations should have procedures for both the reporting and
investigating of accidents and incidents.
• The prime purpose of these procedures should be to prevent further
occurrence of the situation by identifying and dealing with the root
causes.
Auditing
• OH&S auditing is a process whereby an organisation can review
and continuously evaluate the effectiveness of their OH&S
management system.
• Safety auditing is a positive and proactive means of checking the
safety performance of an organisation.
Key Requirements of Auditing (1)
Scheduling
• An annual plan should be prepared for carrying out internal safety
audits.
Management Support
• To be of value, senior management should be fully committed to
the concept of auditing and its effective implementation within the
organisation.
Audits
• Audits provide a comprehensive and formal assessment of the
organisation’s compliance with OH&S procedures and practices.
• The end result of an audit should include a detailed written
assessment of OH&S procedures, the levels of compliance with
procedures and practices and should where necessary identify
corrective actions.
Auditors

• One or more persons may undertake audits. A team approach

may widen the involvement and improve co-operation. They
should be independent of the part of the organisation or the
activity that is to be audited.
Key requirements of Auditing (2)
Data collection and interpretation
• Relevant documentation should be examined. This may include.
 OH&S management system documentation.
 OH&S policy statement.
 OH&S emergency procedures.
 Permit to work systems and procedures.
 Minutes of OH&S meetings.
 Accident/Incident reports and records.
 Training records.
 Reports or communication with the enforcing authority.
Audit results
• At the end of the audit, and before submitting their report, the
auditor or the Audit team should hold a meeting with the
responsible manager of the audited area.
• The main purpose of such a meeting is to communicate the results
of the audit to the responsible manager in order to ensure that it is
understood and agreement is reached.
Content of the Report
• The content of the final audit report should, depending on the case,
contain the following elements:
 The audit objectives and scope
 The particulars of the audit plan, identification of the members of
the auditing team and the audited representative, dates of
audit and identification of the area subject to audit;

 The identification of reference handbooks used to conduct the

audit;
 The cases of non conformance.
 The auditors assessment of the degree of conformity to OHSAS
18001
 The ability of the OH&S management system to achieve the
stated OH&S objectives.

CHAPTER 24
H2S Awareness
Introduction
Hydrogen Sulfide is an extremely toxic gas that is colorless, flammable,

heavier than air, soluble in water, and has the smell of rotten eggs at
lower concentrations.
At higher concentrations H2S can deaden your sense of smell.
How Is Hydrogen Sulfide Formed?
H2S is a by-product formed when organic matter decays.
Hydrogen Sulfide is generated as a common by-product of industrial and

manufacturing processes.
Hydrogen Sulfide is formed under low oxygen conditions when sufficient

amounts of sulfur and bacteria are present. H2S can be formed in many
places such as:
• Oil and gas reservoirs.
• Sewers and sewage processing facilities.

• Dark damp places where bacteria is present.
Where Is Hydrogen Sulfide Found?
Hydrogen Sulfide can be found almost anywhere that oil, water, and gas
are produced.
Examples are:
Production Separators
Vapor Recovery Units
Sulfur Removal Systems
Flotation Cells
Water Knock-outs
Wellheads or Tanks
Heater Treaters
Pits, Cellars or Sewers.
What Are the Health Hazards of H2S?
Hydrogen Sulfide can have an array of health effects on the body

depending on exposure concentrations.
H2S will enter through the lungs and is considered a chemical asphyxiate.
It blocks the transfer of oxygen to the blood cells and causes paralysis of
the respiratory system.
Exposure Limits
Here are the Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) exposure limits.

Permissible Exposure Limit: 10 ppm for an 8 hour period avg.
Short Term Exposure Limit: 15 ppm for a 15 minute avg.
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health: 100 ppm
Concentration Levels & Effects
Concentration Health Effects
10 ppm Beginning eye irritation
50-100 ppm Slight respiratory tract irritation after 1 hour exposure.
100 ppm Coughing, eye irritation, loss of sense of smell after 2-15 minutes.
Altered respiration, pain in the eyes, and drowsiness after 15-30
minutes followed by throat irritation after 1 hour. Several hours
exposure results in gradual increase in severity of these symptoms
and death may occur within the next 48 hours
200-300 ppm Severe respiratory tract irritation after 1 hour of exposure. Possible
pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs).
500-700 ppm Loss of consciousness and possibly death in 30 minutes to 1 hour.
700-1,000 ppm Rapid unconsciousness, loss of respiration, and death after 1-3
minutes.
1,000-2,000ppm Unconsciousness at once, loss of respiration and death in a few

minutes. Death may occur even if individual is removed to fresh air
at once.

Monitoring
As mentioned, one of Hydrogen Sulfide's effects on the body is it deadens

the sense of smell at fairly low concentrations.
This can cause a false sense of security and therefore we must use air
monitoring equipment to detect H2S.
A variety of equipment can be used to do this:
Fixed monitors can be located where contamination is possible.
Alarms to alert personnel when H2S levels exceed permissible exposure

limits.
Portable monitors that can be hand held or attached to you.

When Do We Monitor?
Air monitoring should be done anytime there is a potential for someone to

be exposed over the PEL of H2S.
Examples of when air monitoring shall be performed are:
• At all times when working around H2S concentrations

• During all confined space entries.
• Any time there is a potential to be exposed over the PEL.
• When gauging tanks.
Escape Guidelines:
• Should a release occur here are some escape guidelines you must
follow.
• Know the alarm systems.
• Know where the potential sources for H2S are located.
• Know the wind direction at all times.
• Escape by getting upwind to a higher elevation (if possible) from

the source.
• When escaping, always go cross wind and around the source.
• Never go directly upwind (you may be running into the source).
Summary
Hydrogen Sulfide is deadly, especially when you don’t understand or

respect its dangers.
Take H2S seriously… follow all safe guidelines and standards. Remember;
always ask a supervisor if unsure

It’s a matter of life or death.

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OSHA – Guidelines (Occupational Safety & Health Administration- USA)

FACTS & FIGURES:

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH & SAFETY

8. Enforcement by government inspectors to ensure compliance

PURPOSE OF HEALTH & SAFETY

PPEs ( Personal Protective Equipment)

IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH & SAFETY

Signs are warnings of hazard; temporarily or permanently fixed or placed

PURPOSE OF SAFETY SIGNS

Why Use Safety Signs?

TYPES OF SAFETY SIGNS

These are the signs that enforce a policy or procedure. (Wearing of

Types of Meaning Examples

Prohibitive You must not

Fire Safety Location of

IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY SIGNS

 Safety Signs and Signals are one of the main means of

 Traditional signboards, such as prohibition and warning signs, signs

 In view of their importance, it is critical that all Safety Signs and

Fire is the result of a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with

Fire can start in many ways, the common are:-

There are three factors to support

Oxygen: It exists in the air (21%)

Heat: Minimum temperature

Following are the possible sources of ignition to start a fire:

 Over heating due to electrical short circuiting

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 11

1. Conduction: The movement of heat through the solid material

2. Convection: It is movement of heat through Liquid and gases.

3. Radiation: Transfer of heat as invisible waves through the air.

4. Direct Burning: Combustible material in contact with naked

EXTINGUISHING THE FIRE

 Starvation Removal of the Material (Fuel)

 Smothering Removal of the oxygen

 Cooling Removal of heat

 Chain Reaction Combination of different methods

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 12

It is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires

YOU SHOULD KNOW!

 Fight a fire with the wrong insufficient equipment.

HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

As for the person intending to use the extinguisher, he/she should:

 Know how to use the extinguisher quickly, without taking time to

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 13

The following steps are involved when using a fire extinguisher.

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 14

Types of Fire Extinguisher

a) According to the extinguishing agent

 APW (Air Pressure Water)

b) According to Pressure /manufacturing and usage

 Pressure Operated (Pressurized / Compressed Extinguishing Agent )

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 15

SHOULD YOU FIGHT THE FIRE?

Before you consider fighting a fire make sure that:

 Everyone has left the boulding or is leaving

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 16

goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators.

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 17

Importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 18

 Analysis of injury / illness data, selection of PPE and training;

Nakheel Institute of Occupational Safety & Health Page 19

 Returning all damaged PPE to their immediate supervisor, to receive