Questions and Problems 71

Law of conservation of Metal, p. 51 Nonmetal, p. 51 Polyatomic ion, p. 54

mass, p. 43
Law of definite
proportions, p. 43
Law of multiple
proportions, p. 43
Mass number (A), p. 49
Metalloid, p. 51
Molecular formula, p. 55
Molecule, p. 53
Monatomic ion, p. 54
Neutron, p. 48
Noble gases, p. 53
Nucleus, p. 47 Polyatomic molecule, p. 53
Organic compound, p. 59 Proton, p. 47
Oxoacid, p. 65 Radiation, p. 44
Oxoanion, p. 66 Radioactivity, p. 46
Periods, p. 51 Structural formula, p. 56
Periodic table, p. 51 Ternary compound, p. 60

Electronic Homework Problems

The following problems are available at www.aris.mhhe. Quantum Tutor Problems: 2.43, 2.44, 2.45, 2.46,
com if assigned by your instructor as electronic homework. 2.57, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60.
Quantum Tutor problems are also available at the same site.
ARIS Problems: 2.13, 2.15, 2.22, 2.32, 2.35, 2.36,
2.43, 2.44, 2.46, 2.48, 2.49, 2.50, 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.63,
2.65, 2.77, 2.90, 2.91, 2.96, 2.97, 2.100, 2.101, 2.102.

Questions and Problems

Structure of the Atom Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes
Review Questions Review Questions
2.1 Define the following terms: (a) a particle, (b) b parti- 2.9 Use the helium-4 isotope to define atomic number and
cle, (c) g ray, (d) X ray. mass number. Why does a knowledge of atomic num-
2.2 Name the types of radiation known to be emitted by ber enable us to deduce the number of electrons pres-
radioactive elements. ent in an atom?
2.3 Compare the properties of the following: a particles, 2.10 Why do all atoms of an element have the same atomic
cathode rays, protons, neutrons, electrons. number, although they may have different mass
2.4 What is meant by the term “fundamental particle”? numbers?
2.5 Describe the contributions of the following scientists 2.11 What do we call atoms of the same elements with
to our knowledge of atomic structure: J. J. Thomson, different mass numbers?
R. A. Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick. 2.12 Explain the meaning of each term in the symbol
A
2.6 Describe the experimental basis for believing that the Z X.

nucleus occupies a very small fraction of the volume Problems

of the atom.
2.13 What is the mass number of an iron atom that has
Problems 28 neutrons?
2.14 Calculate the number of neutrons of 239Pu.
2.7 The diameter of a helium atom is about 1 3 102 pm.
Suppose that we could line up helium atoms side by 2.15 For each of the following species, determine the number
side in contact with one another. Approximately how of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus:
many atoms would it take to make the distance from 3 4 24 25 48 79 195
2He, 2He, 12Mg, 12Mg, 22Ti, 35Br, 78Pt
end to end 1 cm?
2.16 Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
2.8 Roughly speaking, the radius of an atom is about in each of the following species:
10,000 times greater than that of its nucleus. If an 15 33 63 84 130 186 202
atom were magnified so that the radius of its nucleus 7N, 16S, 29Cu, 38Sr, 56Ba, 74W, 80Hg

became 2.0 cm, about the size of a marble, what would 2.17 Write the appropriate symbol for each of the follow-
be the radius of the atom in miles? (1 mi 5 1609 m.) ing isotopes: (a) Z 5 11, A 5 23; (b) Z 5 28, A 5 64.