Chapter 2 force analysis Introduction The general function of any mechanism is to transmit motion and forces from an actuator to the components that perform the desired task. in the design machine mechanisms, It is necessary to know the manner in which forces are transmitted from input to the output in mechanisms . If the members are not designed to strong enough, then failure will occur during machine operation. On the other hand, if the machine is over designed to have much more strength than required, then the machine may not be competitive with others in terms of cost, weight, size, power requirements, or other criteria. so that the components of the machine should be properly designed to withstand the stresses that are developed due to force imposed on them. Up to this point , the sole focus was on the motion of a machine. This chapter, is dedicated to an determination of machine forces. The force analysis can be carried out without considering accelera tions or neglecting acceleration (static force analysis and considering acceleration (dynamic force analysis). If The bucket load and static weight loads may far exceed any dynamic loads due to accelerating masses, then a static-force analysis would be justified. Example: lifting crane, the static weight load and bucket load. may quite high relative to any dynamic load due to accelerating mass+ In many high-speed machines, the inertial forces created by the motion of a machine exceed the forces required to perform the intended task. Example: In a reciprocating engine, such as an automobile engine, the inertial forces can be greater than the force produced by the gas pressure. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Newton's first law applies to all links that are at rest or mov- ing at constant velocity; thus, the condition is referred to as static equilibrium. For an object to be in static equilibrium, the following two necessary and sufficient conditions must be met: Condition I: The combination, or resultant, of all external forces acting on the object is equivalent to zero and does not cause it to translate. Mathematically, the first condition of equilibrium can be summarized as _ Zkco , fxr 0 1 Fe Rane Matron ZPa-0 This condition indicates that all the external forces acting on the component are balanced. Condition Il: + The moment due to any external force is canceled by the moments of the other forces acting on the object and do not cause it to rotate about any point. * mathematically summarized as: ZmM=0 (CX ons Qomr)This condition indicates that all the moments acting on the component are balanced. Equlibrum of two force members A member subjected to two forces is in equilibrium if and only if the twoforces Ji £ of. + have the same magnitude, A Pee * act along the same line, and * are opposite in sense. ov 3 i Equlibrum of three force members A member subjected to three forces is in equilibrium if and only if: « the resultant of the three forces is zero, and + the lines of action of the forces all intersect at the same point. Kf Equilibrium of two force and a torque A member subjected to two forces and applied torque is in equilibrium if and only if: «The force are equal in magnitude, parallel in direction and opposite in sense+ The forces form a couple which is equal and opposite to applied torque _ £ 1 aw - oF ack face [A Fiz FL Principle of Superposition: It is an extremely useful concept,particularly in graphical force analysis. «Basically, the principle states that, for linear systems, the net effect of multiple loads on a system is equal to the superposition (i.e.,vector summation) of the effects of the individual loads considered one at a time.Static force analysis = ear be Gewese sb k gy -| ApalBare - Aywrlnicar | ARAL ApS SAS | ne Static-force analysis of a slider crank mechanism is discussed. Consider the slider crank linkage shown in Figure 5.5A, representing a compressor, which is operating at so low a speed that inertia effects are negligible. It is also assumed that gravity forces are small compared with other forces and that all forces lie in the same plane. The dimensions are OB = 30 mm and BC == 70 mm, we wish to find the required crankshaft torque T and the bearing forces for a total gas pressure force P = 40N at F 3 — the instant when the crank angleg = 45°. OB = 30mm BC = 70mm Figure 5.5(A) Graphical force g=45° analysis of a slider crank mechanism, which is acted on by piston force P and crank torque T Gaen ffAoPr 0B go" Bez tome PHA? Govt ® AAman Soave \EloSern Anoaryyt. Merthed. ¢ : peeing ote 6: 1764” Sa Sa (AT) yz Vo - (orp =e 48" < fizz Fave Fay i.5 B= O _\ 4 Ay 2F3= 0 Zfy= 0 = 420 tF2% CoS |3-4% 42 fc Fas= 40 Aha Cos iF 64 — —— rye Fens A le 4 ye Ops 62°6f = yiib Nm 20_ *hke VYawe of Fos w Pbiahed b4 Measutmert Exowtie 2@ Determine the shaft torque on the link ab for static equlibrum of the mechanism. ABzsoomm Be= bbomm Cz b4 = Shomm AD=l000mm Fz = B0N Fg clan Faz 6on— Anarsdeas metnred ~Mievtoy avare BO = [56594 W590)! S60 = O64 afrobytcwsy)? = Y= Cos (Cee OI tote”) -eo-06” 2 (066) CO o 6-26) = O-BSMbot O56 Sin BIBS” ~ (0034 1+ 9-66 - Of Cos 60 -9f6 lof B4-2F]— 98 Lo6bo tovo - 1-04 Loe ay $e 2t a5! [os Sinba ~ Orbs Sra Bye ashe 2yl Veo T+ +tOn Fitz bsaztas « ase Fra Fie Eo yon We 328 Sinigo=73.)m" = 80-0931 m4 Ti = Faxn= 30% 0-0F3\ m2 5.35 dem (ow) ° Ae Emerg Fas Cosa ji (0re65ia loos) +Fa3 Sia 914 [056 cerog) - 144 C06 ¢4° COISin OR) + 1a Sin $9? (0127005 103)20 ¢ Awe diverston Ye Fass Si 4 rs2[ee Fas Yeverse) 84S! a0} Seyzo —AzeqasinHiPlHiAAsiaSy + F234 = 0 Fasg = “F440 N “6 , Eexs0, ANA US} + 144 oF S94 fisxe o Faxs -YarBan 153M _ Fas = [paaapw +t (ana jos 19358 ~ Nore s. tre Negarve aves Nore Foes Fer T1lls26n OF Gz Xard Comloners eI ke vue diveqpaa TA sicated Awe F wrens iat le Bhre? Kas -~) iT olan totue V* fpf A Fe BD SSumed dWection.UsBON 2 Fey h = A Sraya 99° = O'S Sinjsaye O-lb we Lo Fee A We S136 ob z = 1812 Mem (eewOo } 9-Sbces 743 eae 2 Sco HP?) — EO os Fay Co 103° (our gS IF?) — Fay Sintor3? (0 (01373 Sin}ar9? ) — SOSing 2 [Or3tZaSHP= 0 ~ OSL 743 ~ 0902028 Fy 1b: 90-43 = 0 C _- Zyesr ye eet ou 34 = 27 Bit” OF Fast ©3847 ORL oy ¥eXD OSsumo eto” ECS 20 ~ 3812 S8ra(O34 GoSia4rt Flag 2? E\as t= 30.6 ex 20 3% 2) CoS}o3 + 6ol0f4r + Frgkz9 Fax = 8629 Fa 0'33M i Fork W w =. BB rr O-30™ = [dH abe 06 Total Tev§u 2 (ee Ta Tet 2 Sas vm Cow) 4 [sr (cow) 4.194 bee __ Fr = 25:96 600 a