NAME: SOUMYA RANJAN

REGISTRATION NO.: 2041802098

COURSE: BA.LLB(H) 2020-25

SECTION: B

TOPIC : Bail & it's kinds. The guiding principles to be considered

while granting bail to non-bailable offences with decided case laws.

SUBMITTED TO: MR. SIDHARTHA DAS

CONTENTS Pg. No.

1. ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………...3

2. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………4-7

3. ADVENT OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES………………………………...8-9

4. TYPES OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES……………………………………10

5. CAUSES OF WCC…………………………………………………………….11

6. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS………………………………………………..12-13

7. LAWS RELATING TO WCC IN INDIA…………………………………….13-14

8. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………….15-16

9. REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...17
ABSTRACT

Crime is a serious social issue with numerous ramifications. It costs society a lot of money each
year. Nations must invest millions of dollars each year to maintain their criminal justice systems,
which include courts, police, jails, medical facilities, insurance firms, etc. Crime victims must also
pay personal expenses. The term "white-collar crime" describes non-violent crimes conducted by
individuals or groups with the intention of making money. These crimes are usually committed by
those in positions of trust or influence and frequently entail dishonesty, fraud, or corruption.
White-collar crime can be extremely damaging, resulting in financial losses and a drop in public
trust. This overview provides a broad overview of white-collar crime, including a discussion of its
many incarnations, causes, and social and legal ramifications. This abstract also looks at how
prosecuting white-collar crime can be challenging and how technology can help facilitate and
prevent such crimes. The abstract emphasises the need for ongoing watchfulness and regulatory
oversight in order to combat white-collar crime and protect the public from its damaging effects.
We shall examine the origins, impacts, and prevention strategies of white-collar crime in this
article, which focuses on the analytical study of white-collar crimes in India and their rising
tendency.

Keywords: White Collar Crime, Crime, Money, Society,Technology

INTRODUCTION

The terms "White Collar Crime" and its offshoot, "organised crime," represent a fifty-year-old
effort to redefine crime. Professor Edwin Sutherland, one of the sociologists who popularised the
term "white collar crime," disagreed with a number of the core substantive and procedural rules of
criminal law.1 Everyone is aware that crime has increased along with civilisation. With the
advancement of science and technology, a brand-new category of crime called as "white-collar
crimes" has evolved. Everyone is aware that there have been dishonest persons in public life,
business, and numerous other professions. Some professions offer lucrative opportunities for
unlawful activity and unethical behaviour that rarely garners public attention. They typically turn
dishonest as a result of their neglect at home, school, and other social institutions where people
gain training in citizenship and character development. Honesty and other moral principles don't
really bother these rebels. They consequently engage in illegal conduct without repercussions and
without thinking about how it may affect their reputation or their social standing.Such acts are
referred described as "white-collar crimes." And they are essentially the outcomes of the
competitive economy of the middle of the 20th century.

In 1989, Professor Edwin H. Sutherland introduced the idea of white-collar crimes to the field
of criminology. He defined white-collar crimes as those committed while committing their line of
work by individuals with high social standing and respectability. Bribery and corruption,
adulteration of food and medications, counterfeiting, forgery, tax evasion, cybercrimes, etc. are the
main areas under which white-collar crimes fall. White-collar crimes are those that are committed
while a person is working and has a high level of respectability in society. It is a crime that is
typically performed by salaried professionals or businesspeople and involves some sort of financial
deception or theft. He first coined "white collar crime" in 1939. These are non-violent crimes
carried out by businesspeople who get access to big sums of money through misleading practices
in order to benefit financially. He is frequently cited in relation to the analytical research of white-
collar crimes because it was his perceptive work in the realm of crime that highlighted the grave
effects of white-collar crimes on the phenomenon of overall crime. Sutherland points out that
individuals of the upper strata participate in numerous anti-social activities as part of their

1
Thomas J. Bernard. (2023,9August). Edwin Sutherland. Britannica. Edwin Sutherland | Differential Association
Theory, White-Collar Crime & Criminology | Britannica
employment or companies, in addition to common crimes like assault, robbery, dacoity, murder,
rape, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These practices were long allowed or included in the
typical commercial tactics expected of a savvy worker or businessman. As a result, criticisms of
these methods were routinely dismissed and punished. Actually, Prof. Sutherland was preceded by
individuals who understood the dangers that higher socioeconomic level individuals pose to
society by injuring the general populace.2 In a paper he delivered in 1982 at the International
Congress on the "Prevention and Repression of Crime" in London, Edwin C. Hill warned of the
dangers posed to society by upper socio-criminal groups that ruthlessly exploited the established
economic system without giving a thought to the needs and well-being of the common people. It
is these exploiters whom Hill referred to as "Criminal Capitalists." The main problem with this
point of view was that it relied solely on the assumed division of society into two classes to
determine what crimes should be labelled as "White collar crimes" and which crimes should be
categorised as other crimes. The nature of the crime and its connection to the perpetrator's field of
work were not given due consideration. Herman Manheim includes a chapter on business
administration techniques in his study of crimes in England. He made an effort to illustrate how
certain company administration techniques used on a wide scale have been discovered to result in
particular kinds of criminal behaviour.3 He also underlined that the techniques might be used for a
variety of activities, including those that weren't blatantly unlawful. which are not only wholly
honest, beneficial, and vitally required for the well-being of the community as a whole.

Goswami P. asserts that those in positions of power commit white-collar crimes out of greed rather
than necessity. According to Geral N. Hill and Kathleen T. Hill, crimes involving theft from
companies, consumer fraud, stock market insider trading, swindles, and other shady business
practices are considered white-collar crimes. Its origins lie in the archaic belief that corporate
executives must constantly dress in white shirts and ties. It also separates these crimes, as well as
those who commit them, from physical crimes, which are said to be more frequently committed
by "blue-collar" workers.

2
Stuart P. Green. (2004-2005).The Concept of White Collar Crime in Law and Legal Theory.Hein
Online.https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bufcr8&div=6&id=&page
3
Rudi K. Bresser and Roger L.M Dunbar(1981).Business Administration and Organization Studies in the Federal
Republic of Germany.Journal Storage. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40396881
The Industrial Revolution brought forth an era of wealth but also created a number of brand-new
problems. Industrialization led to the emergence of a brand-new sort of crime, which has since
expanded to terrifying proportions. Unlike more traditional crimes, this growing form of
criminality is more frequently committed by upper-class and middle-class people when they are
working. The entire economic foundation of the state is put at risk by this. Given that classes have
such deep roots and take on such a diverse spectrum of forms, it is difficult to adequately
characterise them. These are just a few of the numerous variations and combinations that they
encompass, along with adulteration, fraud, misappropriation, and tax evasion. The common
denominator across all of this criminal activity is that it is conducted in the course of upper and
middle-class trade, industry, commerce, business, and profession. It is also driven by greed,
advancement, and rapacity. The social and economic fabric of the state and the community has
been negatively impacted by these crimes, making it more difficult to plan for future development.
These crimes have been called "white collar crime" by Sutherland, "public welfare offences" by
Sayre, "regulatory offences" by some, "crimes of strict responsibility" by still others, and "socio-
economic crimes also" by a sizable portion of the population.

Although the Renaissance and the Reformation also had a big impact on the genesis of these
crimes, it has been found that socioeconomic criminality is mostly a product of the Industrial
Revolution. White-collar crime and socio-economic crime have essentially the same global
origins.4The population's level of agnosticism, if not open atheism, increased as a result of the
Renaissance's many inquiries regarding the very nature of the Absolute or the Ultimate. More and
more, the allure of the subject matter triumphed over the horror of Ultimate. The only feelings that
have a distinctly sobering effect on organisations and people seem to be fear of the hereafter, worry
about the world beyond, fear of what might happen to oneself or to those close to one, and general
fear of consequences. The emphasis on cleanliness, restraining temptation, and pursuing kindness
progressively gave way to an attitude that prioritised money and material belongings. Beginning
to be viewed as the end and the cause of all human endeavour is money. In reality, everyone became
fixated on money. In the pursuit of money, high moral and ethical standards were abandoned,

4
George Rob.(2002)White Collar Crime in Modern England. Internet Archive. White-collar crime in modern
England : financial fraud and business morality, 1845-1929 : Robb, George : Free Download, Borrow, and
Streaming : Internet Archive
which led to people indulging in a variety of frauds, misappropriations, misrepresentations,
corruption, and adulterations in the course of their professions, trades, and business.5

Socioeconomic crime increased uncontrollably because the doctrine of natural rights and laissez-
faire prohibited the state from interfering with people's freedom to pursue their material interests.
As a result, it was initially the job of the courts and judges to change the existing criminal code to
take socioeconomic offences into consideration. The state only intervened later and started to
control this more modern sort of crime, but by that point, a crisis in moral values and ethical norms
had already taken hold and even the state's tardy intervention could not totally cure this affliction.

5
Ayushi Swaroop.(2019,31 July).White Collar Crime in India. Ipleaders. White Collar Crimes:A detailed study of
its types and its detrimental effects (ipleaders.in)
ADVENT OF WHITE COLLAR CRIMES

White-collar crime is frequently referred to as socio-economic crime because it directly impacts

our society and economy. Similar to how developments in the sciences, moral theories, and social
theories have brought about changes to the law of crimes, the reorganisation of society, whether as
a result of new political views or socioeconomic inequities, has had a substantial impact on
criminal law. Rather than being the result of a single occurrence, changes in criminal law
frequently result from the aggregation of multiple new events. Sometimes, new moral perspectives,
social ideas, and scientific developments come together to urge revisions in the penal code. In a
similar way, these two elements may combine with societal upheaval to influence changes in
criminal law.6 Criminal law theory has been significantly impacted by the new communist
viewpoint and a change in laissez-faire. State activity has noticeably grown recently, as we have
observed. The state's operations have increased dramatically as a result of the shift in perception
from a police state to a welfare state. It has made new ways for the government to become involved
possible. The criminal laws have been impacted by these changes. The free market economy
gradually gives way to the socialist one. Many nations have come to embrace socialism as their
treasured goal, either publicly or implicitly. As a result, the state is no longer merely a spectator of
what occurs within and around it. The illegal activities of numerous new categories of anti-social
organisations have also not gone undetected or unchecked by the government. Most of the time,
the state has risen to the challenge and adapted the way that justice is administered to offset the
bad deeds of the burgeoning anti-social element. Although new crimes have surfaced during the
past century, the concepts and components of criminal law have undergone major changes. New
ideas of criminal liability have also come to be accepted almost everywhere in the world. This was
not a sudden change or reaction; rather, it was the result of centuries worth of changes in the way
human civilization was organised, changes that should be taken into account in this context.

The monarch and the feudal lords and chiefs were the centre of gravity and were seen as the source
of justice during the Middle Ages, with their word being the law. Their ideas of justice were largely
based on personal experiences, and justice was frequently served at their convenience. Nearly
everywhere in the world underwent various transformations towards the end of the Middle Ages,

6
Namratan.(2022,12 July).Socio-Economic Offences And White-Collar Crime. Legal Services India. Socio-
Economic Offences And White-Collar Crime (legalserviceindia.com)
but particularly in Europe and England.7 A new period known as the Renaissance began with the
dawn of the Age of Reason. The Renaissance not only ushered in an era of reason but also gave
people a sense of scientific reasoning. People started to look closely at many facets of life and
society. Science developed because of a spirit of inquiry, and the desire to "know the unknown"
led to fresh ideas and discoveries that deepened man's grasp of the universe. Nation-states with
distinct borders and lands came into being in Europe, giving rise to clear-cut entities. Though a
spirit of friendly competition between nations developed and a strong feeling of nationalism
appeared, this nationalism ultimately resulted in an explicit refutation of the Divine Rights of
King's thesis, providing the foundation for novel political theories that came to be known as the
reformation. It also affected people's faith in absolute power.

Another set of innovations that changed industrial processes and management took place in the
18th century. These innovations paved the way for the industrial economy, a brand-new type of
economy. The factory system replaced the "domestic system," in which artisans and craftsmen
worked from their houses. Numerous new chemical and mechanical discoveries were produced,
with profound effects, particularly on the industrial and economic realms in all of Europe,
including England. This signalled the beginning of a period that would end with the beginnings of
the Industrial Revolution as we know it today.8In part, because these factories were situated in
metropolitan towns and cities due to transportation and marketing capacities for the factories'
large-scale production, big-scale manufacturing systems were well-liked when people moved from
villages to cities. As a result, a new urban society as well as new social groupings inside that urban
society were created, upsetting the entire social fabric. New social groups that had never existed
before emerged in this metropolitan culture. Traditional moral and social beliefs were put to the
test by the emergence of a completely new social framework. Home handicrafts were eradicated
during this industrial revolution, which also saw the growth of urbanisation, the expropriation of
numerous farmers, the construction of manufacturing cities in new industrial hubs, and an
enormous rise in commodity production.

7
George Rob.(2002)White Collar Crime in Modern England. Internet Archive. White-collar crime in modern
England : financial fraud and business morality, 1845-1929 : Robb, George : Free Download, Borrow, and
Streaming : Internet Archive
8
National Geographic.(2022,June 4).Industrial Revolution and Technology. Industrial Revolution and Technology
(nationalgeographic.org)
TYPES OF WCC

White collar crimes can take a variety of forms. Here are a few of them9:

• Bank Fraud: The term "bank fraud" refers to any actions taken to defraud a bank or get
assets held by financial institutions through illicit means.
• Blackmail: Blackmail is the demand for money made by putting someone in fear of harm
or having his secrets revealed.
• Bribery: Bribery is when someone is offered money, products, or any other present in
order to influence their behaviour. Whether someone offers or accepts a bribe, it is still
illegal.
• Computer Fraud: Computer frauds are frauds which involve stealing or hacking into
another person's data.
• Embezzlement: This is the act of someone who has been given money or property to use
for their personal benefit.
• Extortion: is the illegal taking of another person's property through actual or implied force.
• Laundering: Money laundering is the practice of hiding the source of money that has been
gained unlawfully.
• Tax fraud: Tax fraud refers to the evasion of taxes by the provision of false information
on tax forms or the wrongful transfer of property to do so.

Black Collar Almost all vocations and jobs in society are plagued by crime. The corporate
sector frequently engages in these crimes, and Indian trade, violations of the Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act, and breaking export and import rules are used as a means of generating enormous
profits.

9
Ayushi Swaroop.(2019, 31 July).White Collar Crime in India. Ipleaders. White Collar Crimes:A detailed study of
its types and its detrimental effects (ipleaders.in)
CAUSES OF WCC

White-collar crimes are generally believed to be conducted out of avarice or unstable economic
conditions. However, these crimes are also committed as a result of external pressure or the innate
will to succeed over others. White-collar crimes, however, might be committed for a number of
reasons.10

• Not really a crime: Some offenders convince themselves that the actions performed by
them are not crimes as the acts involved do not resemble street crimes.

• Not realizable: Some people use the government regulations' perceived lack of
understanding of the practical challenges of competing in the free enterprise system as
justification for their own criminal behaviour.

• Lack of awareness: White-collar crime has several causes, but one major one is a lack
of public awareness. Even though they are the worst victims of crime, the nature of the
crime is different from typical crimes, and people rarely grasp this.

• Greed: Another reason people commit crimes is greed. Some people believe that if
others are breaking the law, it is okay for them to follow suit.
• Necessity: Another aspect of committing crimes is necessity. White-collar criminals
may do so to boost their ego or provide for their families.

Jatin Sharma, Dr. Manu Singh.(2022,January 4).White Collar Crime in India: An Analytical Study. Research
10

Gate.(PDF) White Collar Crime in Indian Context (researchgate.net)

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

White-collar crime is common for a number of reasons or causes, some of which are of an
economic, social, and political character. Globalisation is an additional concern. Liberalisation is
mostly to blame for white-collar crime. Here are a few of them: Such crimes have become more
common as a result of society's changing socioeconomic landscape and an increase in wealth and
money. The most likely cause of the current rise in white-collar crime is believed to be global
economic and industrial advancement.

According to the Law Commission's 29th Report, recent advances in science and technology, as
well as monopolistic business practices, have led to a sharp increase in white-collar crime in
India.11Marshal B. Clinard asserted that the cause of the problem of white-collar crime is a
competitive business environment that seeks to drive out rivals in order to make huge profits. Such
acts are frequently committed just to survive in a cutthroat market. For instance, even though there
is a set code of ethics for practising lawyers, due to the combative and competitive nature of their
work, they frequently use unethical strategies like hiding or fabricating facts, which are illegal and
subject to legal repercussions if discovered.

The relatively high socioeconomic status of white-collar offenders is another element that fuels
the growth of this type of crime. They belong to an influential group that is strong enough to carry
out their work tactfully, and those who are impacted are ignorant that they are being taken
advantage of. In addition, most people don't care much about these crimes, which makes it difficult
to catch and prosecute white-collar criminals. White-collar crime has, at the very least, undergone
certain changes as a result of contemporary information technology advancements, particularly in
the second half of the twentieth century. White-collar crimes involving computers, also referred to
as cybercrime, have multiplied tremendously. In the new millennium, these crimes have raised
concerns across the globe and presented challenges for law enforcement agencies. Due to the
nature of these crimes, they may be committed remotely and without the victim's knowledge.
Cybercriminals also enjoy a substantial advantage: they can employ technology without concern
for being seen or apprehended. It has been predicted that the growth of new internet websites will

29th Law Commission Report.Proposal to Include Certain Social and Economic Offences in the Indian Penal
11

Code. para 3. LAW COMMISSION’S REPORTS ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS | Law Commission of India | India
occur at the same time as cybercrime. Cybercrime has an impact on a variety of sectors, including
banking and financial institutions, energy and telecommunications services, transportation, and
business.

LAWS RELATING TO WCC IN INDIA

As technology and trade improve, white-collar crime is fast rising in our nation. Cybercrimes, or
crimes involving computers, have taken on new dimensions as a result of recent technological
advancements. As a result, the growth of new websites is contributing to an increase in white-
collar crimes. Banking and financial institutions, business, industry, and other sectors are affected.
Crime is thus defined as an action or inaction that violates the law and is penalised. Due to the fact
that white-collar crimes are becoming more prevalent every day and are poorly handled by the
legal system, there is a need to reduce the conditions that contribute to their commission.12

The government of India has introduced various regulatory legislations, the breach of which will
amount to white-collar criminality. Some of these legislations are - Essential Commodities Act
1955, the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951.,The Import and Exports (Control)
Act, 1947, the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1974, Companies Act, 1956, Prevention of
Money Laundering Act, 2002.13

There are provisions in the Indian Penal Code to prevent crimes like bank fraud, insurance fraud,
credit card fraud, etc. The Indian government has taken many actions to address the issue of money
laundering. Under the KYC (Know Your Customer) regulations, the Reserve Bank of India has
given directives that must be properly complied with by the banks. The records of transactions
must be kept by banks and other financial organisations for ten years. The Information Technology

12
Ayushi Swaroop.(2019, 31 July).White Collar Crime in India. Ipleaders. White Collar Crimes:A detailed study of
its types and its detrimental effects (ipleaders.in)
13
Jatin Sharma, Dr. Manu Singh.(2022,January 4).White Collar Crime in India: An Analytical Study. Research
Gate.(PDF) White Collar Crime in Indian Context (researchgate.net)
Act of 2000 was passed to give legal status to the authentication of information shared in regard
to business transactions in order to combat crimes involving computers.

Section 43 and 44 of the Information Technology Act prescribes the penalty for the following
offences:14

• Unauthorized copying of an extract from any data.

• Unauthorized access and downloading files.

• Introduction of viruses or malicious programs.

• Damage to computer system or computer network.

• Denial of access to an authorized person to a computer system.

• Providing assistance to any person to facilitate unauthorized access to a computer.

• Although cybercrime is not the Information Technology Act's primary focus, it does
have several sections that address white collar crimes. Cybercrime is covered in Chapter
XI, whereas criminal penalties and judgement are covered in Chapter IX. In addition to
this, a lack of concentration leaves a lot of problems unsolved. Among them are:

• Qualification for appointment as adjudicating officer not prescribed

• Definition of hacking

• No steps to curb internet piracy

• Lack of international cooperation

• Power of police to enter and search limited to public places

• Absence of guidelines for investigation of cyber crime

White-collar crimes can be dealt with in several ways. Some of them include educating the
public about crimes through the press, media, and other audio-visual tools, as well as legal

14
Information Technology Act 2000. s 43 & 44
 literacy campaigns. Instead of arresting and imprisoning criminals, special courts with the
authority to sentence offenders to at least five years in prison and large fines should be
established. It is impossible to contain this expanding threat unless the populace comes to
deeply dislike such crimes.

CONCLUSION
It is obvious that a new type of crime known as "white-collar crime" has emerged as a result of
scientific and technological advances. There is no definition of "white-collar crime" in the code.
However, the scope of white-collar crime is so broad that after examining the Indian Penal Code
1860's provisions, we can get the conclusion that some offences are closely related to white-collar
crimes like bribery, corruption, food adulteration, forgery, etc. The Indian Penal Code's sections
pertaining to white-collar crimes should be revised to strengthen punishment in line with evolving
socioeconomic situations. To address the issue of white-collar crimes, the particular Acts
addressing them and the provisions of the Indian Penal Code should be harmoniously interpreted.
To raise public awareness and change government policy on these less obvious, "victimless" types
of criminality, it is important to emphasise the indirect effects of white-collar crime, which makes
people victims all across India. In this instance, the public's perception of white-collar crime can
be influenced by the media, which shapes and defines the criminal issue. While some believe that
white-collar crime receives little or no attention in the news because the media is owned by big
business, the relative neglect of reporting on business crime should be explained by the invisible
nature of the crime and the difficulty in presenting it in the human terms common to the mass
media and its audiences, rather than by any elite conspiracy to suppress it. The media is challenged
to play an important role in raising public awareness of this issue by, for example, highlighting the
rising costs of white-collar crime, which are hidden in the increased prices of goods and services
passed on to the consumer, and challenging the public at large to take preventive measures. While
common wisdom holds that the general public is uninterested in white-collar crime and may even
empathise with perpetrators when they are apprehended, it is believed that more awareness of such
crimes and their adverse repercussions will lead to their condemnation. It is true that many Indian
residents are unaware that they are victims of price fixing or trade restraint, and under these
conditions, the public can scarcely be expected to react to such behaviour. Opinion surveys
conducted overseas, on the other hand, show widespread hatred of crimes committed by persons
in positions of trust and responsibility, with considerable disapproval of organizationally aberrant
behaviour, particularly when the activity causes disease, damage, or death. An example of how
white-collar crime may impact the broader population is insurance premiums rising dramatically
as a result of false claims filed against the insurer. Although an individual may have an excellent
claims record, premiums are based on total claims, of which a significant number may be false.
These are the topics that the public may rally around as they become more aware of how white-
collar crime threatens their way of life. Future trends in white-collar crime control point to
increasing the visibility of fraudulent activities, raising awareness of the existence and incidence
of fraud among those who are not parties to such actions, implementing internal controls and self-
regulation within institutions, enhancing inter-agency cooperation both domestically and
internationally, and improving the capacity of policing agencies and courts to deal with
investigations and trials.
REFERENCES

ARTICLES

1. Ayushi Swaroop.(2019, 31 July).White Collar Crime in India. Ipleaders. White Collar Crimes:A detailed
study of its types and its detrimental effects (ipleaders.in)

2. Jatin Sharma, Dr. Manu Singh.(2022,January 4).White Collar Crime in India: An Analytical Study.
Research Gate.(PDF) White Collar Crime in Indian Context (researchgate.net)

3. Namratan.(2022,12 July).Socio-Economic Offences And White-Collar Crime. Legal Services India. Socio-
Economic Offences And White-Collar Crime (legalserviceindia.com)

4. Stuart P. Green. (2004-2005).The Concept of White Collar Crime in Law and Legal Theory’ Hein
Online.https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bufcr8&div=6&id=&page

JOURNAL ARTICLE

1. Rudi K. Bresser and Roger L.M Dunbar(1981).Business Administration and Organization Studies in the
Federal Republic of Germany.Journal Storage. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40396881

BOOKS

1. George Rob.(2002)White Collar Crime in Modern England. Internet Archive. White-collar crime in modern
England : financial fraud and business morality, 1845-1929 : Robb, George : Free Download, Borrow, and
Streaming : Internet Archive

LEGISLATIONS

1. Essential Commodities Act 1955,

2. Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951.
3. The Import and Exports (Control) Act, 1947,
4. the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1974,
5. Companies Act, 1956, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.

LAW COMMISSION REPORT

1. 29th Law Commission Report of India