Power Flow Analysis using Newton

Raphson method
Chapter 6
Prof. Senthil Krishnamurthy (PrEng, SMSAIEE, MIEEE)
Associate Professor: Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer
Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Bellville Campus
Cape Peninsula University of Technology | #WeAreCPUT
Content
1. Lesson Plan
2. Introduction
3. Formulation of Bus admittance (Ybus) matrix
4. Load Flow/Power Flow Equations
5. Newton Raphson Power flow
6. Power Flow Solution – Example
7. Power Flow Solution Example – benchmark with MATLAB simulation
results
8. Power Flow Tutorial
9. References
2
Power Flow Lesson Plan

Before the Class

• Identify the learning Objectives
• Plan the Specific Learning activities, During the Class
assessments and the sequence of the
After the Class
• Share the lesson plan with your
• Reflect on what worked well and why, and
lesson students helps keep them more
what you could have done differently
• Create a realistic timeline inline with engaged and on track
academic calendar
• Plan for a lesson closure

Prepare the Lesson Plan for the power
flow concept
Objectives: Power flow determines the
steady-state power flow across the
overall electric power network.
Assessment Task: Perform the load
flow calculations for the given five-bus
network using the Newton-Raphson
method
Time management: Theory and
Practical’s 2 Hours each.
Qualification BET EE
POW370S Power Systems 3
Chapter 6: Power Flow Lesson Plan
Teach the students of power flow and
how to formulate the following
• Formulation of Bus admittance
(Ybus) matrix
• Formulation of the Load
Flow/Power Flow Equations
• Formulation of the Jacobian matrix
• Newton Raphson Power flow
method
Assess students how far they
understood the power flow concept
by applying the Newton-Raphson
method to the power system
network
• Perform the power flow
simulation in MATLAB
simulation.
• Power Flow Tutorials
• Conduct a Quiz on Power flow
analysis. 3
1. Introduction
Power flow, or load flow, is widely used in power
system operation and planning. Bus 2
Bus 1

The power flow model of a power system is built using

G1 ZL12=0.02+j0.04 p.u

the relevant network, load, and generation data. ZL13=0.01+j0.03 p.u ZL13=0.0125+j0.025p.u

Outputs of the power flow model include voltages at

Sb=100 MVA Load
Vb=25 kV 400MW

different buses, line flows in the network, and system 250Mvar

losses. Bus 3

These outputs are obtained by solving nodal power

V3=1.04

balance equations. 200MW G3

Since these equations are nonlinear, iterative

techniques such as the Newton-Raphson, the Gauss-
Seidel, and the fast-decoupled methods are
commonly used to solve this problem.

4
2. Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus)
S1, S2, S3 are net complex power injections
into bus 1, 2, 3 respectively.
y12, y23, y13 are line admittances between lines
1-2, 2-3, 1-3
y01sh/2, y02sh/2, y03sh/2 are half-line charging
admittance between lines 1-2, 1-3 and 2-3
 The half-line charging admittances connected to the same bus
are at same potential and thus can be combined into one
𝑦𝑦01𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦02𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑦𝑦11 = +
2 2
𝑦𝑦01𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦03𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑦𝑦22 = + 2
2
𝑦𝑦02𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦33 = + 03𝑠𝑠𝑠
2 2

5
 2. Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus)
If we apply KCL at bus 1, we have
I 1 = I 11 + I12 + I13
= V1 y11 + (V1 − V2 ) y12 + (V1 − V3 ) y13

Where, V1, V2, V3 are voltage values at bus 1, 2, 3

respectively

Where

6
2. Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus)
Similarly by applying KCL at buses 2 and 3 Some observations on YBUS matrix:
we can derive the values of I2 and I3 1. YBUS is a sparse matrix
Finally we have
2. Diagonal elements are dominating
I1 =V1Y11 + V2Y12 + V3Y13
3. Off diagonal elements are symmetric
I 2 =V1Y21 + V2Y22 + V3Y23
4. The diagonal element of each node is the sum
I3 =V1Y31 + V2Y32 + V3Y33
of the admittances connected to it
 I1  Y11 Y12 Y13  V1 
 I  = Y  V  5. The off diagonal element is negated
Y Y
 2   21 22 23   2  admittance
 I3  Y31 Y32 Y33  V3 
A sparse matrix is a special case of a matrix in which the number of zero
elements is much higher than the number of non-zero elements. As a rule of
thumb, if 2/3 of the total elements in a matrix are zeros, it can be called a
In general for an n bus system using KCL, we can write the sparse matrix.
above equation as A square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if the magnitude of the
diagonal element in a row is greater than or equal to the sum of the
magnitudes of all the other non-diagonal elements in that row for each row
of the matrix. 7
 3. Load Flow Equations In equation (5) on multiplication of the terms
The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of the power angles get added. Let’s denote for convenience
systems is given by: δ i − δ k by δ ik
Si =Pi + jQi =Vi Ii* (1), i =1, 2,...n
Therefore equation (5) becomes
Since it is convenient to work with Ii instead of , we take theIi* n
=
Pi − jQi ∑ ViVk Yik ∠ − (δ ik − θik ) (6)
complex conjugate of the above equation, k =1
jQi Vi* Ii (2),
Pi −= = i 1, 2,...n  Expansion of equation (6) into sine and cosine terms gives
V= V ∠δ i
Substituting the value of Ii in equation (2) i i n
V= k Vk ∠δ k =
Pi − jQi ∑ ViVk Yik cos − (δ ik − θik ) − j sin (δ ik − θik )
n
Ii = ∑ YikVk (3)
k =1 k =1
n
Pi − jQi Vi* ∑ = YikVk (4) where i 1, 2,...n Y=
ik Yik ∠θik Equating real and imaginary parts we get
k =1
To derive the static load flow equation in polar form in equation (4) substitute n
=
(We can write the voltage with magnitude &phase angle either in exponential form OR Pi Vi ∑ Vk Yik cos θik − δ ik ( ) (7)
Polar form OR Rectangular form as given below) k =1
Vi = Vi e jδi = Vi ∠δ i = Vi ( cos δ i + j sin δ i ) n
−Vi ∑ Vk Yik sin θik − δ ik
Qi = ( ) (8)
jδ
(
V j = V j e j = V j ∠δ j = V j cos δ j + j sin δ j ) k =1
Yik = Yik e jθik = Yik ∠θik = Yik ( cos θik + j sin θik )
Equations (7) and (8) are the static load flow equations
On substitution of the above values equation (4) becomes in polar form. The above obtained equations are non-
n
i Vi ∠ − δ i ∑ Yik ∠θikVk ∠δ k
Pi − jQ= (5) where =
i 1, 2,...n linear algebraic equations and can be solved using
k =1
iterative numerical algorithms. 8
 3. Load Flow Equations
Alternatively To derive the static load flow equation in polar form in
The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of the power equation (5 & 6) substitute
systems is given by:  jδ i
V= i Vi ∠δ i Vi = Vi e = Vi ∠δ i = Vi ( cos δ i + j sin δ i )
Si =Pi + jQi =Vi Ii* (1), i =1, 2,...n 
V j = V j e j = V j ∠δ j = V j ( cos δ j + j sin δ j )
jδ
V= k V k ∠δ k OR
Since it is convenient to work with Ii instead of Ii* , we take the
Y= Y ∠θ Yik = Yik e jθik = Yik ∠θik = Yik ( cos θik + j sin θik )
complex conjugate of the above equation, ik ik ik
jQi Vi* Ii (2),
Pi −= = i 1, 2,...n
(We can write the voltage with magnitude &phase angle
Substituting the value of Ii in equation (2)
n
yik ∠θik either in exponential form OR Polar form OR Rectangular
Ii = ∑ YikVk (3) form as given above)
k =1 Bus i Line admittance

Line Current flowing I

Bus k
i
YikVk (4) where i 1, 2,...n Vi ∠δ i Vk ∠δ k
n n
Pi − jQi Vi* ∑ = (Re al power ) Vi ∑ Vk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7)
Pi =
k =1
k =1
Equating real and imaginary parts we get n
−Vi ∑ Vk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8)
Qi (Re active power ) =
  
n k =1
Pi (Re al power ) = Re al Vi*  ∑ Vk Yik   (5)
  k =1 
Equations (7) and (8) are the static load flow equations
 * n 
Qi (Re active power ) = −imaginary Vi  ∑ Vk Yik   (6) in polar form. The above obtained equations are non-
  k =1  linear algebraic equations and can be solved using
iterative numerical algorithms.
9
3. Load Flow Equations
Similarly to obtain load flow equations in rectangular form in equation (4)
substitute

On substituting above values into equation (4) and equating real and imaginary
parts we get

Equations (9) and (10) are static load flow equations in rectangular form.

10
4. Newton Raphson Power flow
Newton-Raphson power flow
 Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in power flow analysis.
 The power flow problem can also be solved by using Newton-Raphson method.
 In fact, among the numerous solution methods available for power flow analysis, the Newton-Raphson
method is considered to be the most sophisticated and important.
 Gauss-Seidel (G-S) is a simple iterative method of solving n number load flow equations by iterative
method. It does not require partial derivatives.
 Newton-Raphson method is based on Taylor’s series and partial derivatives.

Many advantages are attributed to the Newton-Raphson (N-R) approach.

 fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to solution
 large region of convergence
Disadvantages
 each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel iteration
 more complicated to code

11
4. Newton Raphson Power flow
 The N-R method is recent, needs less number of iterations to reach convergence, takes less
computer time hence computation cost is less and the convergence is certain.

 The N-R method is more accurate, and is insensitive to factors like slack bus selection,
regulating transformers etc. and the number of iterations required in this method is almost
independent of the system size.

 The drawbacks of this method are difficult solution technique, more calculations involved in
each iteration resulting in large computer time per iteration and the large requirement of
computer memory but the last drawback has been overcome through a compact storage scheme.
 The Newton-Raphson method can also be applied to the solution of power flow problem when
the bus voltages are expressed in polar form.

 In fact, only polar form is used in practice because the use of polar form results in a smaller
number of equations than the total number of equations involved in rectangular form.

12
 4. Newton Raphson Power flow n
The real and reactive power represented in Eq (7) and (8) −Vi ∑ Vk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i )
Qi =
k =i
k ≠i
n
Pi Vi ∑ Vk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) n n
k =i −Vi ∑ Vk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i )
=
k ≠i =k i=k 1
k ≠i
n n
Vi ∑ Vk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) n
k i=k 1 −ViViYii sin θii − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8 A)
Qi =
k ≠i k =1
n k ≠i
=Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A)
k =1 For i = 2,3, 4,....n becasue bus 1 is a slack Bus
k ≠i
For k = 1, 2,3....n
For i = 2,3, 4,....n becasue bus 1 is a slack Bus
For k = 1, 2,3....n JACOBIAN MATRIX
The Jacobian matrix has four quadrants of varying
dimension depending on the number of different types
of buses:  Jacobian matrix is a matrix of
partial derivatives. Jacobian
is the determinant of the
jacobian matrix.
 The matrix will contain all
partial derivatives of a vector
function.
 The main use of Jacobian is
found in the transformation
of coordinates. 13
 4. Newton Raphson Power flow
n n
Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A) −ViViYii sin θii − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8 A)
Qi =
k =1 k =1
k ≠i k ≠i

JACOBIAN MATRIX When k ≠ i ; The off − diagonal elements of J 3

 Jacobian elements are partial derivatives of (7A) and ∂Qi
=−ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (15)
(8A) with respect to 𝛿𝛿 or 𝑉𝑉 ∂δ k
 Formulas for the Jacobian elements: When k = i ; The diagonal elements of J 3
 The derivative of the sine function is the cosine and the derivative of the ∂Qi n
cosine function is the negative sine. = ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (16)
When k ≠ i ; The off − diagonal elements of J 1 ∂δ i k =1
k ≠i
∂Pi
=−ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (11) 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ≠ 𝑖𝑖; 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∂δ k 𝜕𝜕𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖
= −𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘 − 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 (17)
When k = i ; The diagonal elements of J 1 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑖𝑖; 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
∂Pi n
∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i )
𝑛𝑛
(12) 𝜕𝜕𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖
∂δ i k =1 = −2𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 sin𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − � 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘 𝑌𝑌𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 sin 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘 − 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖 (18)
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
k ≠i 𝑘𝑘=1
𝑘𝑘≠𝑖𝑖
When k ≠ i ; The off − diagonal elements of J 2
∂Pi where
= ViYik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (13)
∂Vk J1 corresponds to the elements ∂P/∂δ
When k = i ; The diagonal elements of J 2 J2 corresponds to the elements ∂P/∂V
∂Pi n J3 corresponds to the elements ∂Q/∂ δ
= 2ViYii cosii + ∑ Vk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (14)
∂Vi k =1 J4 corresponds to the elements ∂Q/∂V 14
k ≠i
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
1. Represent the system by its one line diagram
• The point of this is to just identify all the buses in the system and see how all the impedances relate
between them.
• Label all the buses and write all the data that has been given. Normally, this diagram is already given.

Bus 2
Bus 1
G1 ZL12=0.02+j0.04 p.u

ZL13=0.01+j0.03 p.u ZL13=0.0125+j0.025p.u

Sb=100 MVA Load

Vb=25 kV 400MW
250Mvar

Bus 3
V3=1.04

200MW G3

15
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
2. Convert all quantities to Per Unit
 Often, the values that we are given are not in per unit with respect to one common base value, so we need
to find all the parameters that we are given with respect to one common base value.
 This base value we compute with respect to is normally explicitly specified, but if not we can assume one
and move on.
 If we consider the above example, with V1 and V3 already given in per unit values and Sbase = 100 MVA

Per unit to actual value conversion Line 13 Real and reactive power @Bus 3 and Bus 2
=R 0.01 X= 6.25 0.0625Ω
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 2 25𝑋𝑋𝑋03 2 X L = 2π fL
= =
P3 200 / 100 2 p.u
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 = =
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 100𝑋𝑋𝑋06 XL 0.03 X 6.25 = =
P 2 400 / 100 4 p.u
= 6.25 =L = = 0.00060 H
2π f 2 X π X 50 = =
Q 2 250 / 100 2.5 p.u
Line 12 Line 23
= = 0.125Ω
R 0.02 X 6.25 =R 0.0125 = X 6.25 0.07813Ω
X L = 2π fL X L = 2π fL
XL 0.04 X 6.25 XL 0.025 X 6.25
=L = = 0.00080 H =L = = 0.00050 H
2π f 2 X π X 50 2π f 2 X π X 50
16
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
Step 3: Draw the Impedance Diagram
Now that all the values have been expressed in terms of one common per unit base, we can represent the power
system with inductors.
− A Generator is represented with a source and an inductor, XL
o The value of XL will always be given, but not in terms of the common per
unit base value – we need to calculate the base value in step 2
− Transmission Lines are represented by an impedance – we need to calculate the base value in step 2
− A Motor is represented with a source and an inductor, XM
o The value of XM will always be given, but not in terms of the common per
unit base value – we need to calculate the base value in step 2
− Transformers are represented by an inductor – we need to calculate the base value in step 2

In the example above we are not given enough data to find this step (We don’t know the voltage, power, rated
voltage, and inductance/impdedance)
17
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
4. Obtain the Ybus matrix.
 We now need to find the relationships between all the bus lines.
 We need to calculate the self admittance and mutual admittance.
 For mutual admittance we multiply by negative 1.
 We know that admittance is the reciprocal of impedance,
hence the correct expression for admittance is: Y=1/Z.
Y11 = (0.02 + j0.04)-1 + (0.01 + j0.03)-1 = 20 –j50
Y12 = Y21 = - [0.02 + j0.04]-1 = -10 + j20
Y13 = Y31 = - [0.01 + j0.03]-1 = -10 + 30j
Y22 = (0.02 + j0.04)-1 + (0.0125 + j0.025)-1 = 26 – j52
Y23 = Y32 = - [0.0125 + j0.025]-1 = -16 + j32
Y33 = (0.01 + j0.03)-1 + (0.0125 + j0.025)-1 = 26 - j62
=Ybus  22.36068∠116.565
Note:
Y11 = - [Y12 + Y13]
Y22 = - [Y12 + Y23]
Y33 = - [Y23 + Y13]
Putting this all together we get
 20 − j 50 −10 + j 20 −10 + j 30 
Ybus = −10 + j 20 26 − j 52 −16 + j 32 
 −10 + j 30 −16 + j 32 26 − j 62 
Its is very useful to convert these values
yik ∠θik
to polar form
53.85165∠ − 68.19859 22.36068∠116.56505 31.62278∠108.435 
58.13777∠ − 63.435 35.77709∠116.565 
 31.62278∠108.435 35.77709∠116.565 67.23095∠ − 67.249 
Note: Angles are in radians for this example, but
for consistency use degrees.
Therefore, to convert radians to degrees, use this formula = Radian
measure × (180°/π). The final unit of measure will be (°). 1 rad equals
57.296°. 18
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
5. Classify the buses as follows: (Delta δ is the voltage angle)

Bus Type Given Unknown

Parameters Parameters
Slack Bus V, δ P, Q
Generator Bus P, |V| Q, δ
Load Bus P, Q V, δ
6. Start answering the missing variables, by assumptions (unless it is specified otherwise):
a. Slack, assume nothing
b. Generator, assume δ = 0 Given Required to
Bus Type Given Unknown Parameters Approximate
c. Load, assume V = 1 pu, δ = 0 Number to Use

Assume (for now) that: 1 Slack V1, δ1 P1, Q1 V1, δ1 -

|V2| = 1 pu
2 Load P2, Q2 |V2|, δ 2 P2, Q2 |V2|, δ 2
δ2 = 0
δ3 = 0 3 Voltage P3, |V3| Q3, δ3 P3, |V3| δ3
19
/Gen
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
7. Find approximations for the Real and Reactive Power that we are given, using the assumed and given
values for voltage/angles/admittance.

Find the difference in this with the value that was actually given. yik ∠θik
We now need equations for P2, Q2, and P3: 53.85165∠ − 68.19859 22.36068∠116.56505 31.62278∠108.435 
Ybus  22.36068∠116.565 58.13777∠ − 63.435 35.77709∠116.565 
n
Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A) =
k =1  31.62278∠108.435 35.77709∠116.565 67.23095∠ − 67.249 
k ≠i
n
−ViViYii sin θii − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8 A)
Qi =
k =1  −68.198590 116.565050 108.4350 
k ≠i  
P2 V22Y22 cos θ 22 + V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (1) =θ  116.5650 −63.4350 116.5650
 
V32Y33 cos θ33 + V3V1Y31 cos (θ31 + δ 1 − δ 3 ) + V3V2Y32 cos (θ 23 + δ 2 − δ 3 ) (3)  108.4350 116.5650 −67.249 0
P3  

Q2 =−V22Y22 sin θ 22 − V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 2 − δ 3 ) (3)

We know all these parameters so we can solve for the first approximation of P2, P3, and Q2
We find:
P2 = -1.14
P3 = 0.5616
Q2 = -2.28
Since we know P2, Q2, and P3, we can find ∆P2, ∆Q2, and ∆P3:
20
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example yik ∠θik
n 53.85165∠ − 68.19859 22.36068∠116.56505 31.62278∠108.435 
=Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A) =Ybus  22.36068∠116.565 58.13777∠ − 63.435 35.77709∠116.565 
k =1
k ≠i  31.62278∠108.435 35.77709∠116.565 67.23095∠ − 67.249 
P2 V22Y22 cos θ 22 + V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (1)
P2 (1) (1) ( 58.1377 ) cos ( ∠ − 63.435) + (1)(1.05) ( 22.36068) cos (116.565 − 0 − 0 ) + (1)(1.04 )( 35.7709 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
P2 = 58.12777 ( 0.447 ) + 23.47871( −0.447 ) + 37.20174 ( −0.447 )
P2 = 25.991 − 10.495 − 16.629
P2 = −1.133 p.u
n
=Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A)
k =1
k ≠i
P3 V3V3Y33 cos θ33 + V3V1Y31 cos (θ31 + δ1 − δ 3 ) + V3V2Y32 cos (θ32 + δ 2 − δ 3 ) (7 A)
P2 (1.04 ) (1.04) ( 67.2309 ) cos ( ∠ − 67.249 ) + (1.04)(1.05) ( 31.6227 ) cos (108.435 + 0 − 0 ) + (1.04 )(1)( 35.7709 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
=
P2 72.717 ( 0.387 ) + 34.532 ( −0.316 ) + 37.202 ( −0.447 )
P2 = 28.141 − 10.920 − 16.637
P2 = 0.584 p.u

n
−ViViYii sin θii − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8 A)
Qi = Given
k =1 V1 1.05∠00 p.u
=
k ≠i
V3 = 1.04 p.u
Q2 =−V2V2Y22 sin θ 22 − V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (8 A)
Assume
Q2 =− (1) (1) ( 58.1377 ) sin ( ∠ − 63.435 ) − (1)(1.05) ( 22.36068 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) − (1)(1.04 )( 35.7709 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
V2 = 1∠00 p.u
Q2 = −58.13777 ( −0.894 ) + 23.47871( −0.894 ) + 37.20174 ( −0.894 )
δ 3 = 00
Q2 = 51.975 − 21.000 − 33.258
Q2 = −2.283 p.u 21
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
∆value = Given Value – Approximated Value

∆P2(0) =P2sch − P2(0) =−4.0 − (−1.14) =−2.8600

∆P3(0) =P3sch − P3(0) =2.0 − (0.5616) =1.4384

∆Q2(0) =Q2sch − Q2(0) =−2.5 − (−2.28) =−0.2200

8. Write the Jacobian Matrix for the first iteration of the Newton Raphson Method.
This is in the form:
[∆values] = [Jacobian Matrix] * [∆ for Unknown Parameters]

 So in this case we know ∆P2, ∆Q2, and ∆P3 and need to find the Jacobian partial derivatives for the unknown
values: δ2, δ3, |V2|,
 So this means the Jacobian matrix is a 3x3 matrix, so we need to find 9 partial derivatives.

22
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
We can do this as follows Q2 =−V2V2Y22 sin θ 22 − V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (3)

V22Y22 cos θ 22 + V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (1) =∂Q2

P2 V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂δ 2
∂P2 ∂Q2
V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) −V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
=
∂δ 2 ∂δ 3
∂P2 ∂Q2
−V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
= =−2V2Y22 sin θ 22 − V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂δ 3 ∂V2
∂P2
2V2Y22 cos θ 22 + V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂V2 We can write the matrix as follows
[∆values] = [Jacobian Matrix] * [∆ for Unknown Parameters]
 ∂P2 ∂P2 ∂P2 
𝑃𝑃3 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉1 𝑌𝑌31 cos 𝜃𝜃31 + 𝛿𝛿1 − 𝛿𝛿3 + 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 cos 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3 + 𝑉𝑉32 𝑌𝑌33 cos 𝜃𝜃33 (2)  
 ∆P (0)   ∂δ 2 ∂δ 3 ∂V2   ∆δ (0) 
 2    2 
𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3  ∂P ∂P3 ∂P3   (0) 
= −𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3 = ∆P3(0)   3  ∆δ
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿2    ∂δ 2 ∂δ 3 ∂V2   3 
 ∆Q (0)    (0) 
𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3  2  ∂Q ∂Q2 ∂Q2   ∆V2 
= 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉1 𝑌𝑌31 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿1 − 𝛿𝛿2 + 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3  2 
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿3  ∂δ 2 ∂δ 3 ∂V2 

 (0) 
∂P3  −2.8600   54.2800 −33.2800 24.86000   ∆δ 2 
V3Y32 cos (θ32 + δ 2 − δ 3 )  1.4384  =

   (0) 
  −33.2800 66.0400 −16.64000   ∆δ 3 
∂V2  −0.2200   −27.1400 −16.64000 49.72000   ∆V (0) 
 2 

23
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
We can do this as follows
P2 V22Y22 cos θ 22 + V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (1)
∂P2
V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂δ 2
∂P2
(1)(1.05)( 22.3606 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) + (1)(1.04 )(= 35.777 ) sin(116.565 + 0 − 0) 54.280
∂δ 2

∂P2
−V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
=
∂δ 3
∂P2
=− (1)(1.04 )( 35.777 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) =−33.280
∂δ 3

∂P2
2V2Y22 cos θ 22 + V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ 1 − δ 2 ) + V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂V2
∂P2
2 (1)( 58.138 ) cos ( −63.435 ) + (1.05 )( 22.3606 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) + (1.04 )( 35.777 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
∂V2
∂P2
= 52.000 − 10.500 − 16.640 = 24.860
∂V2 24
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
𝑃𝑃3 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉1 𝑌𝑌31 cos 𝜃𝜃31 + 𝛿𝛿1 − 𝛿𝛿3 + 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 cos 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3 + 𝑉𝑉32 𝑌𝑌33 cos 𝜃𝜃33 (2)

𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3
= −𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿2

𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3
= − 1.04 1 35.777 sin 116.565 = −33.280
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿2

𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3
= 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉1 𝑌𝑌31 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿1 − 𝛿𝛿2 + 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉2 𝑌𝑌32 sin 𝜃𝜃32 + 𝛿𝛿2 − 𝛿𝛿3
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿3

𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3
=(1.04)(1.05)(31.623)sin(108.435+0-0)+(1.04)(1)(35.777)sin(116.565+0-0)
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿3
𝜕𝜕𝑃𝑃3
= 32.763 + 33.280 = 66.043
𝜕𝜕𝛿𝛿3

∂P3
V3Y32 cos (θ32 + δ 2 − δ 3 )
∂V2
∂P3
=(1.04 )( 35.777 ) cos (116.565 − 0 + 0 ) =−16.640
∂V2 25
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
We can do this as follows

Q2 =−V2V2Y22 sin θ 22 − V2V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V2V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 ) (3)

∂Q2
V2V1Y21 cos (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) + V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂δ 2
∂Q2
(1)(1.05)( 22.3606 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) + (1)(1.04 )( 35.777 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
∂δ 2
∂Q2
=
−10.500 − 16.640 =
−27.140
∂δ 2

∂Q2
−V2V3Y23 cos (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
=
∂δ 3
∂Q2
=− (1)(1.04 )( 35.777 ) cos (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
∂δ 3
∂Q2
= 16.640
∂δ 3

∂Q2
=−2V2Y22 sin θ 22 − V1Y21 sin (θ 21 + δ1 − δ 2 ) − V3Y23 sin (θ 23 + δ 3 − δ 2 )
∂V2
∂Q2
=−2 (1)( 58.138 ) sin ( −63.435 ) − (1.05 )( 22.3606 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 ) − (1.04 )( 35.777 ) sin (116.565 + 0 − 0 )
∂V2
∂Q2
= 104.000 − 21 − 33.280
= 49.720 26
∂V2
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
9. Solve for the unknown differences, using Cramer’s Rule.

We can solve for Solving for ∆δ2, ∆ δ3, ∆|V2| using Cramer’s Rule, we get:

∆δ 2(0) =
−0.045263
∆δ 3(0) =
−0.007718
∆V2(0) =
−0.026548

So we must now alter our previous approximations for δ2, δ3, |V2|
Unknown Value new = Unknown Value old + Solved ∆value

∆δ 2(1) =0 + ( −0.045263) =−0.045263

∆δ 3(1) =0 + ( −0.007718 ) =−0.007718
∆V2(1) = 1 + −0.026548 = 0.97345

10. We now need to repeat step 7 – 9 iteratively until we obtain an accurate value for the unknown
differences as the  0.
Normally we only do 2 iterations. We then solve for all the other unknown parameters.
27
 5. Power Flow Solution - Example
Repeat Steps 7 – 9 for ∆δ2, ∆ δ3, ∆|V2| −V12Y11 sin θ11 − V1V2Y12 sin (θ12 + δ 2 − δ1 ) − V1V3Y13 sin (θ13 + δ 3 − δ1 )
Q1 = (6)

We find
Therefore solving Equations (4), (5) and (6) to
∆δ 2(2) =−0.045263 + ( −0.0000038 ) =−0.04706
Find Q3, Q1, and P1.
∆δ 3(2) =−0.007718 + ( −0.0000024 ) =0.008705
∆= V2(2) 0.97345 + ( −0.0000044
= ) 0.97168 Q3 = 1.4617 p.u
P1 = 2.1842 p.u
So we still need to find Q3, Q1, and P1. Q1 = 1.4085 p.u

We can do this as follows: We have now fully solved the Power System.
n
−ViViYii sin θii − ∑ ViVk Yik sin (θik + δ k − δ i ) (8 A)
Qi =
k =1
k ≠i

Q3 =−V32Y33 sin θ33 − V3V1Y31 sin (θ31 + δ1 − δ 3 ) − V3V2Y32 sin (θ32 + δ 2 − δ 3 ) (4)

n
Pi ViViYii cos θii + ∑ ViVk Yik cos (θik + δ k − δ i ) (7 A)
k =1
k ≠i

P1 V12Y11 cos θ11 + V1V2Y12 cos (θ12 + δ 2 − δ1 ) + V1V3Y13 cos (θ13 + δ 3 − δ1 ) (5)
28
6. Power Flow Solution Example – benchmark with
MATLAB simulation results
Instructions For detailed network modelling and simulation in MATLAB
1.Model the given 3 bus power system in MATLAB. Simscape, Refer: Power Flow Practical Lab exercise manual 4
2.Conduct a Newton Raphson load flow.
3.Analysis the load flow simulation results
Bus 2
Bus 1
G1 ZL12=0.02+j0.04 p.u

ZL13=0.01+j0.03 p.u ZL13=0.0125+j0.025p.u

Sb=100 MVA Load

Vb=25 kV 400MW
250Mvar

Bus 3
V3=1.04

200MW G3

Bus Number Type Given Parameters Unknown

Parameters
1 Slack Bus V, delta P, Q
V=1.0 p,u
Delta = 0 degree
2 Generator/PV P, V Q, Delta
P=200 MW
V=1.04 p.U
3 Load/PQ P, Q V, Delta
P=400 MW 29
Q=250 Mvar
 6. Power Flow Solution Example – benchmark
with MATLAB simulation results
Load flow initialization

Load flow MATLAB simulation results

Q3 = 1.4617 p.u
Hands-on Calculation of the Power Flow solution example results
Refer slide 22 P1 = 2.1842 p.u
30
Q1 = 1.4085 p.u
 7. Power Flow Tutorial
Determine all bus voltages and power flows for the following three-bus power system.

Admittance of each line:

• Bus 1: slack bus 𝑉𝑉1and 𝛿𝛿1are known, find 𝑃𝑃1and 𝑄𝑄1 Y=

12 Y=
1
= 2.06 − j 20.9 p.u
23
( Z )150km
1
Y=
13 = 1.54 − j15.7 p.u
• Bus 2: PV bus𝑃𝑃2and 𝑉𝑉2are known, find 𝛿𝛿2and 𝑄𝑄2 ( Z )150km

• Bus 3: PQ bus𝑃𝑃3and 𝑄𝑄3are known, find 𝑉𝑉3and 𝛿𝛿3

• Per-unit, per-length impedance of all transmission lines: 𝑧𝑧=(31.1+𝑗𝑗316)×10−6𝑝𝑝u/𝑘𝑘m

31
 7. Power Flow Tutorial
Determine all bus voltages and power flows for the following three-bus power system.

Admittance magnitude and angle matrices

 Y11 −Y12 −Y13   −84.4o 95.6o 95.6o 
Admittance matrix  −Y  36.8 21.0 15.8 
Y=
 21 Y22 −Y23   
 
= =
Y  21.0 42.0 21.0 θ  95.6o −84.4o 95.6 o 
 −Y31 −Y32 Y33    
15.8 21.0 36.8   95.6o 95.6o −84.4 o
 
 3.6 − j 36.6 −2.06 + j 20.9 −1.5 + j15.7 
 −2.06 + j 20.9
Y= 4.1 − j 41.8 −2.06 + j 20.9 

 −1.5 + j15.7 −2.06 + j 20.9 3.6 − j 36.6 

32
 7. Power Flow Tutorial
Solution
Perform Newton Raphson load flow computation and verify the given solution whether the convergence is achieved
after four iterations, with tolerance of 0.41 X 10-6

 1.0∠0o 
 
V 1.05∠ − 2.1 
= o
 
0.98∠ − 8.8 
o
 
3.08 − j 0.82 
=S  2.0 + j 2.67 
 −5.0 − j1.0 

33
8. References
D. P. Kothari, Modern Power System Analysis. Chapter 6, (2011). McGraw-Hill Publishing, ISBN
9781283437400, 1283437406
J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye. (2015). Power system analysis and
design, 6th Edition, Thomson, 978-1-305-63213-4

THE END

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