BAB 1 Uji Kendiri 1.

1
1.1 Kuantiti Kuantiti Kuantiti Kuantiti
A Situasi asas terbitan skalar vektor
Situation Base Derived Scalar Vector
1. Unit S.I. Simbol unit S.I. quantity quantity quantity quantity
S.I. unit S.I. unit symbol
(i) jisim, halaju jisim halaju jisim halaju
metre m mass, velocity mass velocity mass velocity
kilogram kg (ii) Suhu suhu suhu
– –
temperature temperature temperature
second s
(iii) jisim,
ampere A
pecutan. pecutan, pecutan,
kelvin K Halaju jisim halaju jisim halaju
mass, mass acceleration, mass acceleration,
candela cd acceleration. velocity velocity
mol mol velocity

(iv) kuasa, jisim kuasa,

2. Hubungan dengan Unit S.I. jisim kuasa
Sebutan dalam unit power, mass jisim –
kuantiti asas (Jika ada) mass power
asas power, mass
Relation with base S.I. unit
Terms in base unit
quantities (If any)
1.2
l×l m × m = m2 –
Uji Kendiri 1.2
l×l×l m × m × m = m3 –
m 1. (a) R berkadar terus dengan l
———– kg m–3 – R is directly proportional to l
l×l×l
(b) V berkurang secara linear dengan I
V decreases linearly with I
l m s–1 –
— (c) P berkadar songsang dengan V
t P is inversely proportional with V
ml kg m s–1 –
—– 1
t 2. (a) Luas/Area = — (15 + 40)(5)
2
l = 137.5
—–– m s–2 –
t×t 1
(b) Luas/Area = — (5)(40)
ml 2
—–– kg m s–2 Newton, N = 100
t×t
(c) Luas/Area = (5)(40)
m×l = 200
—–———– kg m s
–1 –2
Pascal, Pa
t×t×l×l 3. (a) s/m

B
Kuantiti fizik/Physical quantity

35 (5, 35)

Kuantiti skalar/Scalar quantity Kuantiti vektor/Vector quantity

30

Luas/Area Daya/Force
25
Isi padu/Volume Sesaran/Displacement

Kerja/Work Halaju/Velocity 20

Ketumpatan/Density Pecutan/Acceleration
15

Suhu/Temperature Momentum/Momentum
10

0 t/s
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

1
 (b) (i) s berkadar terus dengan t/s is directly proportional to t Markah diberi jika / Marks awarded if:
(ii) s = 24.5 m
(iii) s = 42 m Jumlah tanda ✓ Markah
Number of ✓ Marks
(iv) v = kecerunan graf/ gradient of a graph
35 – 0 7✓ 5
v = ———
5–0 6–5✓ 4
v = 7.0 m s–1
4✓ 3
Soalan Berformat SPM 3–2✓ 2
1✓ 1 5
Kertas/Paper 1
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C (e) (i) Berkadar langsung / Directly proportional
6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. A (ii) Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala
Kertas/Paper 2 bacaan pembaris meter untuk mengelakkan ralat
paralaks.
1. (a) (i) Frekuensi / Frequency Position of the eye must be perpendicular to the reading
(ii) Voltan, kuasa dan arus / Voltage, power and current scale of meter rule to avoid parallax error.
(b) 5.0 × 10–2 kHz 4. Graf v melawan h
(c) Kuantiti terbitan / Derived quantity v / cm s-1 Graph v against h
2. (a) Kuantiti skalar ialah kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai
magnitud tetapi tiada arah. 90
Scalar quantity is physical quantities that have magnitude but
80
no direction.
Kuantiti vektor ialah kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai 70
magnitud dan arah.
Vector quantity is physical quantities that have magnitude and 60 (25, 60)
direction.
50
(b) Kuantiti asas Kuantiti terbitan
Base quantity Derived quantity 40

Jisim / Mass Halaju / Velocity 30

Masa / Time Daya / Force
20
atau / or
10
Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti vektor h / cm
0
Scalar quantity Vector quantity 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Jisim / Mass Halaju / Velocity (a) (i) Berkadar langsung / Directly proportional
Masa / Time Daya / Force (ii) 42 cm s–1
60 – 0
(c) 2.8 × 10 m s–1 (iii) Kecerunan / Gradient = 25 – 0
3. (a) P: Pembaris / Ruler; Panjang / Length = 2.4 s–1
Q: Jam randik / Stopwatch; Masa / Time (b) (i) v = 2.4 × 100
(b) Untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks / To avoid parallax error = 240 cm s–1
(c) (i) Panjang / Length (ii) v = mh
(ii) Tempoh ayunan / Period of oscillation 120 = 2.4 × h
(iii) Jisim bandul / Mass of pendulum // Bilangan ayunan h = 50 cm
lengkap / Number of complete oscillation (c) Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala
(d) (i) T2/s2: 0.76; 1.23; 1.64; 1.99; 2.34 bacaan pembaris meter untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
Position of eye must be perpendicular to the reading scale of
(ii) Lukiskan satu graf lengkap T2 melawan l meter rule to avoid parallax error.
Draw a complete graph of T2 against l
Berikan satu tanda (✓) untuk yang berikut: BAB 2
Give a tick (✓) based on the following:
A • T2 berada pada paksi-y, l pada paksi-x 2.1
T2 at the y-axis, l at the x-axis ✓ A
B • Unit untuk T2 ialah s2 dan l ialah cm
Units for T is s and l is cm
2 2
✓ (a) Nyahpecutan malar
C • Skala untuk kedua-dua paksi adalah Constant deceleration
seragam dan seimbang (b) Halaju malar / Pecutan sifar
Uniform and even scale at both axes Constant velocity / Zero acceleration
✓ (c) Pecutan malar
D • 5 titik diplot dengan betul
5 points plotted correctly Constant acceleration
✓✓
[Nota: 4 titik diplot dengan betul: ✓] B
[Note: 4 points plotted correctly: ✓] 1. (a) • Jarak / Distance
E • Garis lurus yang paling sesuai dilukis Definisi/Definition
Straight line of best fit is drawn ✓ Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui.
F • Saiz graf yang minimum ialah 5 × 4 segi Total path length travelled.
empat sama (1 segi empat sama: 2 cm × Jenis kuantiti/Type of quantity
2 cm) Skalar/ Scalar
Minimum size of graph 5 × 4 big squares Unit S.I./S.I. Unit
✓
(Big square: 2 cm × 2 cm)
Meter (m)

2
 • Sesaran / Displacement
Uji Kendiri 2.1
Definisi / Definition
Jarak di antara dua tempat yang diukur sepanjang 1. Jarak / Distance = 30 + 150 + 250
laluan terpendek pada arah tertentu. = 430 m
Distance between two places measured along the shortest Sesaran / Displacement
path in a specified direction.
= ABBBBBBBBB
(1502) + (2802)
Jenis kuantiti / Type of quantity
= 317.65 m
Vektor/ Vector
(b) • Laju / Speed 2. (a) Laju purata / The average speed
Definisi / Definition s
v=— t
Kadar perubahan jarak
Rate of change of distance 4 000 + 2 000
= ——————
Jenis kuantiti / Type of quantity 12 × 60
Kuantiti skalar = 8.33 m s–1
Scalar quantity (b) Halaju purata / The average velocity
Laju purata / Average speed
jumlah jarak/ total distance s = ABBBBBB
4 000 + 2BBBB
2
000 2

v= = 4 472.14 m
jumlah masa diambil/
total time taken s
s v=— t
v= — t 4 472.14
Simbol / Symbol = ———— m
720 s
v = 6.21 m s–1
Unit S.I. / S.I. Unit 3. (a) Jarak yang dilalui / Distance travelled
m s–1 s =7+2
• Halaju / Velocity = 9 cm
Definisi / Definition
(b) Sesaran / Displacement
Kadar perubahan sesaran
Rate of change of displacement s = 7 cm – 2 cm
Jenis kuantiti / Type of quantity = 5 cm
Kuantiti vektor
Vector quantity
(c) Laju / Speed
Halaju purata / Average velocity 9
v =—
jumlah sesaran/total displacement 5
v= = 1.8 cm s–1
jumlah masa diambil/total time taken
s (d) Halaju / Velocity
—
v= t
5
(c) v =—
5
Definisi/Definition = 1 cm s–1
Kadar perubahan halaju 4. (a) Dari A ke B / From A to B
Rate of change of velocity v–u
a = ——–t
Jenis kuantiti
Type of quantity 2–0
Vektor/Vector = ——–
2
Pecutan Formula Nyahpecutan = 1.0 m s–2
Acceleration perubahan halaju/ Deceleration (b) Dari B ke C / From B to C
change of velocity v–u
a= masa/time a = ——–t
v–u
a = ——– 3.5 – 2
t = ——––
3
Halaju/Velocity Simbol/Symbol Halaju/Velocity
= 0.5 m s–2
Bertambah dengan a Berkurang dengan
masa masa 5. (a) Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration
Increases with time
Unit S.I./S.I. unit Decreases with time
m s–2 2
(b) (i) u = —– = 10 cm s–1
0.2
2. (a) 13.7 cm 10
(b) 7 × 0.02 = 0.14 s v = —– = 50 cm s–1
0.2
13.7
(c) = 97.86 cm s–1 t = (5 – 1)0.2 = 0.8 s
0.14
50 – 10
20 – 0 a = ———– = 50 cm s–2
3. (a) aAB = ———– = 10 m s–2 0.8
2 (ii) s = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10
40 – 20 = 30 cm
(b) aAB = ———– = 10 m s–2
2 30
2.8 (iii) v = ———–
4. u = ——– = 140 cm s–1 5 × 0.2
0.02 = 30 cm s–1
5.2 0.5 4
v= = 260 cm s–1 6. u = —–– = 25 cm s–1 v = —–– = 200 cm s–1
0.02 0.02 0.02
260 – 140 200 – 25
a = (6 – 1) × 0.02 = 1 200 cm s–2 a = ———–——– = 1 750 cm s–2
(6 – 1) × 0.02

3
 v–u B
7. a = —–––
t 1. (a) Kecerunan graf dan
v–0
1.25 = —––– pecutan Jenis gerakan
40 Gradient of the graph and Type of motion
v = 50 m s–1 acceleration
v–u • positif, malar meningkat, malar
8. a = —–––
t positive, constant increasing, constant
0 – 30 • malar
= —––––
3.5 constant
= –8.57 m s–2
• sifar malar, sifar
Nyahpecutan / Deceleration = 8.57 m s–2 zero constant, zero
• sifar
9. v = u + at zero
45 = 20 + a(5) • seragam
5a = 25 constant
a = 5 m s–2
• negatif, malar berkurang, malar
1
10. s = ut + — at2 negative, constant decreasing, constant
2 • malar
1
= 15(30) + — (4.2)(30)2 Constant
2
= 2 340 m • negatif, malar bertambah, malar
negative, constant increasing, constant
v–u 0 – 36 • seragam, kiri
11. a = —––– = —–––– = –6 m s–2
t 6 constant, left
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 362 + 2(–6)s (b) lebih besar, positif
greater, positive
s = 108 m
pecutan meningkat
Jarak dari lembu / Distance from the cows:
increasing acceleration
s = 160 – 108
(c) lebih kecil, positif
= 52 m smaller, positive
12. v2 = u2 + 2as pecutan menurun
0 = (25)2 + 2a(50) decreasing acceleration
a = –6.25 m s–2 2. (a) (i) Objek bergerak dengan halaju malar/ pecutan sifar.
Object moves with constant velocity/zero acceleration.
2.2 (ii) a = 0 m s–2
A (iii) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
Kecerunan graf Jenis gerakan = 20 × 5
1. (a) = 100 m
Gradient of the graph Type of motion
(b) (i) Objek bergerak dengan halaju meningkat dengan
Positif, malar halaju malar, kanan sekata atau pecutan malar.
Positive, constant constant velocity, right Object moves with constant increasing velocity or constant
acceleration.
0 pegun
20
at rest (ii) a = —–
5
Negatif, malar halaju malar, kiri = 4 m s–2
Negative, constant constant velocity, left
(iii) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
Negatif, malar ke kiri, halaju malar 1
left, constant velocity = — (5)(20)
Negative, constant 2
= 50 m
(b) lebih besar, positif. (c) Objek bergerak dengan halaju berkurang dengan sekata
greater, positive
atau nyahpecutan malar.
halaju meningkat, kanan Object moves with constant decreasing velocity or constant
increasing velocity, right deceleration.
pecutan, kanan –20
acceleration, right (ii) a = –—–
5
(c) lebih kecil / smaller = – 4 m s–2
positif / positive (iii) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
halaju menurun, kanan 1
decreasing velocity, right = — (5)(20)
2
nyahpecutan, kanan
deceleration, right = 50 m
(d) (i) Objek bergerak dengan halaju meningkat dengan
2. (a) v = 0 m s–1 sekata atau pecutan malar.
(b) v = kecerunan/gradient Object moves with constant increasing velocity or constant
36 acceleration.
v = —–
6 20 – 5
= 6 m s–1 (ii) a = –—–—
5
(c) v = kecerunan/gradient = 3 m s–2
–36
v = —–– (iii) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
6 1
= –6 m s–1 = — (5 + 20)(5)
2
= 62.5 m
4
 (e) (i) Objek bergerak dengan halaju berkurang dengan (f) v/m s-1
sekata atau nyahpecutan malar.
Object moves with constant decreasing velocity or
constant deceleration.
25 – 4
(ii) a = –––—–
0–5 10
= –4.2 m s–2
(iii) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
1 0 t/s
= — (4 + 25)(5) 2 4 6 7 8
2
= 72.5 m
−10

Uji Kendiri 2.2

3. (a) Pada 2 saat yang pertama, kereta bergerak dengan pecutan
1. (a) Di PQ, objek bergerak dengan halaju malar ke arah kanan.
malar dan kemudian bergerak dengan nyahpecutan malar.
At PQ, object moves with constant velocity to the right.
In the first 2 seconds, the car moves with constant acceleration
Di QR, objek pegun. and after that it moves with constant deceleration.
At QR, object at rest. 30 – 10
Di RS, objek bergerak dengan halaju malar ke arah kanan. (b) (i) a = ———–
2–0
At RS, object moves with constant velocity to the right.
= 10 m s–2
(b) s = 8 m
0 – (–30)
(c) t = 3 s (ii) a = ———––
4–6
8
(d) (i) v = — = –15 m s–2
4
= 2 m s–1 (c) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
1 1 1
(ii) v = 0 m s–1 = — [10 + 30][2] + [ — (2 × 30)] + [ — (2 × 30)]
2 2 2
10 – 8 = 100 m
(iii) v = ———
10 – 7
(d) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
= 0.67 m s–1
1 1 1
jumlah sesaran/total displacement = — [10 + 30][2] + [ — (2 × 30)] + [ — (2 × (–30))]
(e) v = 2 2 2
jumlah masa/total time = 40 m
8+2 100
= 10 (e) v = —––
6
= 1 m s–1 = 16.67 m s–1
(f) v/m s–1 40
(f) v = —–
6
= 6.67 m s–1
(g) a/m s–2
2
15
10
0.67 t/s
0
2 4 6
t/s
0 4 7 10
–15

20
2. (a) (i) v = —– = 10 m s–1
2
(ii) v = 0 m s–1 4. (a) Pecutan / Acceleration
20 (b) Halaju malar/pecutan sifar
(iii) v = – —–— = –10 m s–1
7–5 Constant velocity/zero acceleration
–10 20 – 40
(iv) v = —–– = –10 m s–1 (c) a = –———
1 7–1
= –3.33 m s–2
(b) s = 20 + 20 + 10
= 50 m (d) s = luas di bawah graf/area under the graph
(c) s = (20 – 20) – 10 1 1
= [40 × 1] + [ — (40 + 20) 6] + [ — (20 × 2)]
= –10 m 2 2
= 240 m
50
(d) v = —– 240
8 (e) v = –—–
= 6.25 m s–1 9
= 26.67 m s–1
–10
(e) v = —––
8
= –1.25 m s–1

5
 (f) a/m s–2 2. Inersia penunggang motosikal mengekalkan keadaan
gerakannya dengan laju malar.
Inertia of the motorcyclist maintains his state of motion moving with
constant speed.
t/s
0 0.5 3.5 4.5 3. Trak mempunyai jisim lebih besar. Maka, inersia juga lebih
besar.
–3.33 The truck has bigger mass. So, the inertia also bigger.
4. Inersia sos tomato itu akan memaksa sos untuk mengekalkan
–10
keadaan gerakannya dan seterusnya mengalir keluar.
The inertia of the sauce will force it to continue its state of motion and
thus flow out.
II
2.3 1. (a) Mengeringkan payung dengan membuka dan menutupnya
A dengan cepat.
Drying off an umbrella by opening and closing it quickly.
• Definisi/Definition (b) Untuk mengetatkan penukul yang sudah longgar.
Jatuh disebabkan daya graviti atau pecutan graviti sahaja To tighten a loose hammer.
Falling under the force of gravity or gravitational acceleration only (c) Seorang penggusti sumo yang mempunyai jisim yang
• diabaikan / negligible lebih besar akan mempunyai inersia yang lebih besar. Dia
• Masa jatuh bebas tidak bergantung pada: lebih sukar untuk ditumbangkan.
The free fall time does not depend on: A sumo wrestler who has a greater mass also has a greater
(a) jisim objek/ the mass of the object inertia. He is harder to be toppled down.
(b) bentuk laluan (garis lurus atau parabola) 2. (a) Semasa kemalangan, penumpang akan tercampak ke
the shape of the path (straight line or parabola)
depan apabila kereta tiba-tiba berhenti.
• Masa untuk jatuh bebas dipengaruhi oleh: During an accident, passengers are thrown forward when the
The time for free fall is affected by: car is suddenly stopped.
(a) tinggi dari mana objek jatuh (b) Kenderaan berat akan mengambil masa yang lebih
height from where the object falls
panjang untuk berhenti.
(b) nilai pecutan graviti A heavier vehicle will take a longer time to stop.
the value of the acceleration due to gravity
(c) Penumpang bas akan terhumban ke depan apabila bas
berhenti secara tiba-tiba.
Uji Bus passengers are thrust forward when the bus stop immediately.
Kendiri 2.3
III • kecil, mengurangkan
1 small, reduce
1. s = ut + — gt2 • mengurangkan/ reduces
2
1 • beg udara / airbag
35 = 0 + — (9.81) t2
2
t = 2.67 s Uji Kendiri 2.4
2. v2 = u2 + 2gs
0 = (30)2 + 2(–9.81)s (a) (i) Jisim lori A lebih besar daripada lori B.
s = 45.87 m The mass of lorry A is greater than lorry B.

3. (a) Halaju menurun/nyahpecutan (ii) Jarak lori A lebih pendek.

Decreasing velocity/deceleration The distance for lorry A is shorter. s1< s2
(b) Roket bergerak melawan graviti
(iii) Semakin besar jisim, semakin pendek jarak.
The rocket moves against gravity
The bigger the mass, the shorter the distance.
(c) v2 = u2 + 2gs
v2 = (20)2 + 2(–9.81) (15) (b) (i) Masa yang diambil oleh lori A lebih panjang.
v = 10.28 m s–1 The time taken for lorry A is longer.
(ii) Semakin besar jisim, semakin lama masa diambil untuk
2.4 berhenti.
A The bigger the mass, the longer the time taken to stop.
• Contoh/Example 1 (c) (i) Inersia/Hukum Gerakan Newton Pertama
Inertia/Newton’s First Law of Motion
Penerangan: kekal berada dalam keadaan pegun. Duit syiling
(ii) Kecenderungan objek untuk kekal dalam keadaan pegun
jatuh secara menegak ke dalam gelas disebabkan
atau kekal dalam gerakan seragam dalam garis
oleh beratnya
Explanation:remain at rest. The coin drops vertically into the glass lurus.
due to its weight The natural tendency of an object to maintain a state of rest or to
remain in uniform motion in a straight line.
• Contoh/Example 2
Penerangan: kekal dalam keadaan pegun. Berat bongkah- (iii) Tali pinggang keledar/beg udara / Seat belt/air bag
bongkah yang lain itu menyebabkan mereka jatuh 2.5
secara menegak ke atas meja
Explanation:remain at rest. The weight of other blocks makes them A
fall vertically onto the table
• Contoh/Example 3 Hasil darab jisim dan halaju suatu objek
Product of mass and velocity of an object
Penerangan: inersia atau jisim yang lebih besar berbanding
dengan baldi yang kosong.
Explanation: greater inertia or mass than the empty one
p = mv Momentum Kuantiti vektor
B I Vector quantity

1. Inersia penumpang-penumpang membuatkan mereka kekal

pegun. kg m s–1 atau / or N s
The inertia of the passengers makes them remain their state of rest.
B
6
 diabadikan diabadikan tidak diabadikan 2.7
conserved conserved not conserved A
1. memanjangkan, dikurangkan, mengelakkan
lengthen, reduced, prevent
2. meningkatkan, direndahkan, mengelakkan
Perlanggaran Perlanggaran increase, lowered, prevent
diabadikan tak kenyal B
kenyal conserved
Elastic collision Inelastic
collision 1. memanjangkan, berkadar songsang, dikurangkan,
mengurangkan
lengthen, inversely proportional, reduced, reducing
2. keras, memendekkan
terpisah, berbeza diabadikan bergerak bersama, hard, shorten
separate, different conserved sama 3. singkat, besar
move together, short, big
common 4. tinggi, besar, singkat, besar
high, large, short, large

Uji Kendiri 2.5 Uji Kendiri 2.7

1. Momentum peluru / Momentum of bullet:
1. Impuls / Impulse = mv – mu
p = mv
= 2(–3) – 2(5)
= 0.01 × 250
= –16 kg m s–1
= 2.5 kg m s–1
Momentum senapang / Momentum of the riffle: 2. (a) Impuls / Impulse = mv – mu
p = mv = 0 – 3 500 × 15
= 1.5 × (–6.5) = –52 500 kg m s–1
= –9.75 kg m s–1 52 500
(b) F = – ———–
2. m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 0.003
= –1.75 × 107 N
(1 000 × 5) + (800 × 2) = (1 000v1) + (800 × 3)
0.015 × 25
6 600 = 1 000 v1 + 2 400 ———–—–
3. F = 5 × 10–3
v1 = 4.2 m s–1
= 75 N
3. m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
0.05(15 – (–45))
(0.25 × 2) + (0.25 × –0.5) = (0.25 × –1.5) + (0.25 v2)
4. F = ———–—–——
15 × 10–3
0.25 v2 = 0.75
= 200 N
v2 = 3 m s–1
5. (a) Daya yang bertindak ke atas buah tembikai dalam Rajah
4. m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v
(a) lebih besar.
(0.45 × 2) + (0.15 × 0) = (0.45 + 0.15) v The force acting on the watermelon in Diagram (a) is greater.
0.9 = 0.6 v (b) Perubahan momentum pada kedua-dua tembikai adalah
v = 1.5 m s–1 sama.
5. –m1v1 = m2v2 The change of momentum on both watermelons is the same.
–20v1 = 45(2) (c) Masa impak yang bertindak pada buah tembikai dalam
90 Rajah (a) lebih pendek.
v1 = – —– The time impact that acts on the watermelon in Diagram (a) is
20 shorter.
= –4.5 m s–1 (d) Semakin pendek masa impak, semakin besar daya yang
terhasil.
Uji Kendiri 2.6 The lower the time of impact, the greater the force produced.

1. (a) sama dengan / equal 2.8

(b) lebih rendah / lower A
(c) lebih tinggi / higher
(d) menurun, daya Jisim Berat
decreases, force Mass Weight
2. (a) v2 = u2 + 2as
Daya graviti yang bertindak
0 = 402 + 2 (2500) a Kuantiti jirim di dalam objek
The quantity of matter in an
pada objek
a = –0.32 m s–2 Gravitational force acting on the
(b) F = ma object
object
= 2 000 × –0.32
= –640 N
m W
3. F = ma
8 = 0.2 × a
a = 40 m s–2 kg N
4. F = ma
v–u Kuantiti vektor, kuantiti
1
= m ——–
t 2 Kuantiti asas, kuantiti skalar
Base quantity, scalar quantity
terbitan
Vector quantity, derived quantity
15 – 10
1
5 = 0.02 ———–
t 2 Neraca inersia/neraca digital Neraca spring
t = 0.02 s Inertial balance/digital balance Spring balance

7
 (c) P Q R S T U
Uji Kendiri 2.8 a/m s-2

F
1. g = —
m
4 000
= ——— = 8 N kg–1 t/s
500
2. (a) (i) Jisim guli lebih besar daripada bulu pelepah.
The mass of the marble is greater than the feather.
(ii) Sama / Same
(iii) Jisim tidak mempengaruhi masa yang diambil untuk
sampai ke tanah. (d) Penerjun membengkokkan kakinya semasa mendarat.
Mass does not affect the time taken to reach the ground. Hal ini akan menambahkan masa impak. Dengan itu,
(iv) Jatuh bebas / Free fall daya impuls berkurang.
(b) v/m s–1 The parachutist bends his legs. It will increase time impact. The
impulsive force will decrease.
3. (a) Hasil darab jisim dan halaju. / Product of mass and velocity.
(b) (i) m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
5(35) + 1.5(0) = 5v1 + 1.5(7)
v1 = 32.9 m s–1
(ii) Keabadian momentum / Conservation of momentum
(iii) Tiada daya luar bertindak / No external force acted
4. (a) Kuantiti yang boleh merubah gerakan.
Quantity that can change a motion.
(b) (i) Daya yang digunakan dalam Rajah 4.2 lebih besar.
Force in Diagram 4.2 is greater.
Masa untuk sampai ke garisan penamat dalam Rajah
4.2 lebih singkat.
Time taken in Diagram 4.2 is shorter.
0 (ii) Pecutan dalam Rajah 4.2 lebih besar.
t/s Acceleration in Diagram 4.2 is greater.
(c) Graviti / Gravity (iii) Daya bertambah, pecutan juga akan bertambah.
(d) Guli akan sampai ke tanah dahulu disebabkan rintangan Force increases, acceleration also increases
udara yang bertindak ke atasnya adalah lebih rendah. (iv) Hukum Gerakan Newton Kedua
The marble will reach the ground first due to the air resistance Newton’s Second Law of Motion
acting on the marble is smaller. (c) (i) Bertambah / Increases
(ii) Geseran berkurang / Friction decreases
5. (a) (i) Jatuh bebas / Free fall
Soalan Berformat SPM (ii) Pecutan graviti / Gravitational acceleration
(b) • Duit syiling akan sampai ke dasar terlebih dahulu.
Kertas/Paper 1 The coin will reach the base earlier.
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C • Kedua-dua duit syiling dan bulu burung mengalami
6. D 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C rintangan udara.
11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. A Both coin and feather experience air resistance.
• Luas permukaan bulu burung lebih besar, rintangan
Kertas/Paper 2 yang dialami lebih besar.
Surface area of feather is bigger, air resistance acted is bigger.
Bahagian / Section A
1. (a) arus ulang-alik / alternating current (c) (i) Halaju berkurang / Velocity decreases
(b) (i) Jalur F lebih Panjang / Strip F is longer (ii) • v2 = u2 + 2gs
(ii) Pecutan seragam / Constant acceleration // Halaju 02 = 252 + 2(–9.81) s
bertambah dengan sekata / Velocity increase constantly s = 31.86 m
24 v–u
(iii) v = 0.2 • a= t
= 120 cm s–1 0 – 25
–9.81 = t
(c) v/cm s-1
t = 2.55 s
120

100
Bahagian B / Section B

80 6. (a) Kadar perubahan jarak / Rate of change of distance

60
(b) Halaju
Velocity/m s-1
40

20

t/s Masa
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Time/s
2. (a) (i) 45 s
(ii) Halaju mula berkurang / The velocity starts to decrease 1. Garisan mendatar / horizontal line
30 – 0 2. Kecerunan graf positif / positive gradient graph
(b) a = 10 – 0
3. Kecerunan graf negatif / negative gradient graph
= 3 m s–2

8
 (c) (d)
Aspek Ciri-ciri Penjelasan Pengubahsuaian /
Alasan / Reason
Aspect Characteristics Explanation Modification

Masa Masa bertindak Cepat mengesan isyarat (i) Jisim pelantak cerucuk Dapat membekalkan daya
bertindak balas singkat untuk mula bergerak mestilah besar yang besar untuk menanam
Mass of the pile driver cerucuk
balas / s Short reaction time Fast to detect signal to
must be large Can produce large force to bury
Reaction time start moving
the pile
/s
(ii) Ketinggian pelantak Tenaga keupayaan graviti
Jenis brek ABS Mengelakkan daripada cerucuk mestilah tinggi
Type of brake tergelincir High gravitational potential
tinggi
Prevent from skidding The height of the pile energy
Daya tujahan Daya tujahan Mempunyai lebih driver must be high
enjin / N enjin tinggi kuasa ketika bergerak/ (iii) Pelantak cerucuk Masa impak singkat / Daya
Engine thrust Thrust force is high menambahkan pecutan mestilah keras besar dihasilkan
force / N Has more power during The pile driver must be Short time of impact / Bigger
moving / increase the hard force produced
acceleration (iv) Kuasa enjin mestilah Lebih banyak kerja
Bentuk Bentuk Mengurangkan tinggi penanaman cerucuk dapat
kereta aerodinamik rintangan udara The engine power must dilakukan.
Shape of car Aerodynamic shape Reduce air resistance be high More piling work can be done
(v) Bentuk cerucuk tajam Mudah ditenggelamkan /
Pilihan C kerana mempunyai masa tindak balas yang di hujung tekanan tinggi / tenaga tinggi
singkat, ABS, daya tujah yang tinggi dan bentuk kereta Shape of the pile is sharp terhasil
yang aerodinamik. at the end Easy to be buried / high
Option C because it has short reaction time, ABS, thrust force is pressure / higher energy
high and the shape of car is aerodynamic. produced
(d) (i) Luas bawah graf / Area below the graph
1 1
= 2 (10 × 4) – 2 (5 × 4) BAB 3
= 10 m
4 3.1
(ii) Kecerunan graf / Gradient of graph = 5
A
= 0.8 m s–2
(iii) F = ma 3.
F = 800 × 0.8
= 640 N Daya graviti, F, di antara dua jasad berkadar terus dengan hasil
darab jisim-jisim jasad dan berkadar songsang dengan kuasa
Bahagian / Section C dua jarak di antara pusat dua jasad tersebut.
7. (a) Daya impuls ialah kadar perubahan momentum Gravitational force, F, is directly proportional to the product of
Impulsive force is rate of change of momentum. mass of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of
(b) • Pecutan dalam Rajah 7.1 lebih besar dari Rajah 7.2. the distance between them.
The acceleration in Diagram 7.1 is larger than Diagram 7.2.
• Daya impuls dalam Rajah 7.1 lebih besar dari Rajah F = daya graviti di antara dua jasad
7.2. m1m2 Gravitational force between two
F = G ——–
The impulsive force in Diagram 7.1 is larger than Diagram r2 objects
7.2. G = Pemalar kegravitian semesta
• Masa impak dalam Rajah 7.1 lebih singkat dari Rajah (6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2)
7.2. Universal gravitational constant
The time impact Diagram 7.1 is shorter than Diagram 7.2 (6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2)
• Apabila masa impak berkurang, daya impuls m1 = jisim bagi jasad pertama
bertambah. mass of first object
When the time impact is decreases, the impulsive force m2 = jisim bagi jasad kedua
increases. mass of second object
• Apabila pecutan bertambah, daya impuls bertambah. r = jarak di antara pusat jasad
When the acceleration increases, the impulsive force pertama dan pusat jasad kedua
increases. distance between the centre of two
(c) • Pergerakan alu yang pantas dapat mengurangkan masa objects
impak.
The fast-moving pestle will reduce the time of impact.
mv – mu 4.
• Daripada persamaan F = t , apabila masa impak
singkat, daya impuls yang besar dihasilkan. Jisim jasad, m bertambah jisim, bertambah
mv – mu Mass of object, m mass increases, increases
From the equation F = t , when the time of impact is
short, a large impulsive force will be produced.
• Makanan dapat dihancurkan dengan mudah disebabkan
daya yang besar. Jarak di antara jasad, r bertambah jarak, berkurang
Distance between objects, r distance increases, decreases
The food can be crushed easily because the force is large.

9
 Uji C
Kendiri 3.1.1
1.
1. • Jisim objek 1 / Mass of object 1, m1 / kg
membulat, pusat
(1.35 × 108 × 52)
m1 = (6.67 × 10–11 × 67) circular, center

= 7.56 × 1017
• Jisim objek 2 / Mass of object 2, m2 / kg F= Daya memusat / centripetal force
(9.38 × 10–11 × 42) mv2 m= jisim / mass
F = ——
r v = laju linear / linear speed
m2 = (6.67 × 10–11 × 3)
= 7.5 r = jejari bulatan / radius of the circle

• Jarak di antara dua objek / Distance between objects, r / m

2.


(6.67 × 10–11 × 90 × 105)
r = 3.94 × 10–8 Jisim jasad, m bertambah jisim, bertambah
Mass of object, m mass increases, increases
= 4.0
• Daya graviti di antara dua objek / Gravitational force
between two objects, F / N Laju linear, v bertambah laju, bertambah
Linear speed, v speed increases, increases
(6.67 × 10 × 45 × 30) –11
–F= 2.52
= 1.44 × 10–8 Jejari bulatan, r bertambah jejari, berkurang
Radius of the circle, r radius increases, decreases
(6.67 × 10 –11
× 3.5 × 10 × 2 × 10 )
4 3
–F=
(3.5 × 102)2
= 3.81 × 10–8 3. F = ma .......... 
6.67 × 10–11 × 3.5 × 3.5 mv2
2. F = F= r .......... 
42
= 5.11 × 10 N
–11
mv2 v2
ma = r → a = r

(6.67 × 10 × 6 × 10 × 7.4 × 10 )
–11 24 22
3. r =
2.05 × 10 20
Uji Kendiri 3.1.3
= 3.8 × 108 m
B 1. (a)
Batu
1. F = mg ..........  Stone

F = GmM ..........  F
r2
mg = GmM → g = GM
r2 r2
2. • Jarak di antara pusat Bumi dan objek, r
Distance between center of the Earth and object, r.
• bertambah jarak, berkurang
distance increases, decreases 0.5(4)2
(b) F = ————––
(30 × 10–2)
Uji Kendiri 3.1.2 = 26.67 N
1. (a) (i) r = R 42
(c) a = ————––
GM (30 × 10–2)
g=
R2 = 53.33 m s–2
(ii) r = R + h
0.3 × 52
GM 2. (a) 10 = ——–––
g = ———2 r
(R + h) r = 0.75 m
6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024
(b) (i) g = (6.37 × 106)2 0.3 × 152
(b) F = ——––––
0.75
= 9.81 N kg–1
= 90 N
6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024
(ii) g = (6.37 × 106 + 345 × 103)2 D
= 8.83 N kg–1 • 2πr
2πr
2. (6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024) •
A g = ———————————– T
(250 × 103 + 6.37 × 106)2 GmM
• F= r2 .......... 
= 9.09 N kg–1
mv2
(6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024) F = r .......... 
B g = ——————————–
(370 × 103 + 6.37 × 106)2 GmM mv2 GM
r2 = r → r = v
2
= 8.77 N kg–1
(6.67 × 10–11 × 5.97 × 1024) GM 2pr 4π2r3
1 2
2
g = ——————————–
C (590 × 103 + 6.37 × 106)2 r = T → GT  2

= 8.22 N kg–1

10
 2. Diberi / Given:
Uji Kendiri 3.1.4
T1 = 4323 hari / days
1. Diberi/Given: r1 = 7.78 × 108 km
T = 86 400 s T2 = ?
r =R+h
r2 = 1.08 × 108 km
= 6370 + 35 6830
= 363 200 km T12 r13
2 = ——
= 3.63 × 108 m T2 r23
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 (4 323)2 × (1.08 × 108)3
4π2(3.63 × 108)3 T22 = ———–——————–
M = (6.67 × 10–11)(86 400)2 (7.78 × 108)3
= 3.79 × 1027 kg T22 = 49 992.28 hari / days
T2 = 224 hari / days
2. Diberi / Given:
T = 4323 × 24 × 60 × 60 3.3
= 3.74 × 108 s A
r = 77.81 × 107 × 103
= 7.781 × 1011 m M = jisim Bumi / mass of the Earth
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 m = jisim satelit / mass of the satellite
4π2(7.781 × 1011)3 r = jejari orbit / orbit radius
M = (6.67 × 10–11)(3.74 × 108)2 v = laju linear satelit / satellite linear speed
GMm
= 1.99 × 1030 kg 1. F1 = r2
3.2
mv2
A 2. F2 = r
• Hukum Kepler I / Kepler’s Law I (Orbit / Orbit) GMm mv2
Menyatakan / Stated: 3. r2 = r
Orbit bagi setiap planet adalah elips dengan Matahari berada di GM
v2 = r
salah satu fokusnya.
All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one of the focus.
• Hukum Kepler II / Kepler’s Law II (Luas / Area) v = ——ABBBB
GM
r
Menyatakan / Stated: 4. Jejari orbit satelit / Satellite orbit radius
Satu garis yang menyambungkan planet dengan Matahari akan
5. Laju linear berkadar songsang dengan jejari orbit.
mencakupi luas yang sama dalam selang masa yang sama apabila
Linear speed is inversely proportional to orbit radius.
planet bergerak dalam orbit.
Semakin bertambah jejari orbit, semakin berkurang laju linear.
A line that connects a planet to the Sun covers out equal areas in equal
When the orbit radius increases, the linear speed decreases.
time when the planet is orbiting.
• Hukum Kepler III / Kepler’s Law III (Tempoh / Period) 6. R = jejari Bumi / radius of the Earth
Menyatakan / Stated: h = ketinggian satelit / height of satellite
Kuasa dua tempoh planet adalah berkadar terus dengan kuasa tiga Maka / Then,
jejari orbitnya. r=R+h
The square of period of any planet is directly proportional to the cube of Oleh itu / Thus,

B
the radius of its orbit.
v = ——–ABBBBB
GM
R+h
• 2πr 7. Satelit itu akan jatuh ke orbit yang lebih rendah dan terus
2πr mengorbit mendekati Bumi kerana daya graviti menjadi lebih
• besar dari daya memusat. Apabila satelit memasuki lapisan
T
GmM atmosfera, geseran udara dengan satelit akan menghasilkan
• F= r2 .......... haba yang banyak yang boleh menyebabkan satelit itu terbakar.
mv2 The satellite will fall to lower orbit and continue to orbit nearer to
F = r .......... the Earth because the gravitational force becomes larger than the
centripetal force. When the satellite moves into the atmospheric layer,
GmM mv2 GM the friction between the air and the satellite will produce a lot of heat
• r2 = r → r = v
2
that will cause the satellite to burn.
GM 2pr 2
• r = 1 2
T
B

4π r
2 3 Satelit Geopegun Satelit Bukan Geopegun
• T2 = GM Geostationary satellites Non-geostationary satellites
• pegun pada pemerhati yang • berubah-ubah kedudukan
Uji Kendiri 3.2
berada di permukaan Bumi pada pemerhati yang berada
1. Diberi / Given: stationary by an observer at the di permukaan Bumi
T1 = 1.53 jam / hours surface of the Earth changing position by an observer
r1 = R + h = 6 370 + 230 = 6 600 km at the surface of the Earth
T2 = 27 hari / days × 24 jam / hours = 648 jam / hours • di atas Khatulistiwa Bumi • di atas Khatulistiwa Bumi
r2 = ? above the Earth Equator above the Earth Equator
T12 r13 • berkomunikasi dengan • mendapatkan maklumat kaji
T22 = —— r23 seluruh dunia cuaca, GPS dan pengimejan
communicate throughout the muka Bumi
(6 600)3 × (648)2
r23 = ———————– whole world get the information for weather
(1.53)2 broadcasting, GPS and imaging
r23 = 5.157 × 1016 the Earth surface
r2 = 3.72 × 105 km
11
 C (ii)

2. (a) (i) Jisim Bumi / mass of the Earth, M

(ii) Jarak objek dari pusat Bumi
Distance of the object from the center of the Earth, r F
(b) jisim objek / mass of the object, m 7 kg tukul 2.0 m
(c) Bumi mempunyai jisim yang sangat besar 7 kg hammer
The earth has a very large mass.

Uji Kendiri 3.3

7(25)2
1. (a) (i) Daya graviti / Gravitational force = mg (b) F = 2
GMm = 21 875.5 N
R2 = mg (c) Bergerak dalam garis lurus pada arah tangen pada titik
GM
g = —–– tukul dilepaskan.
R2 Move in straight line in direction of tangen at point released.
g di Zuhrah / at Venus:
2. (a) Daya yang membolehkan suatu objek bergerak mengikut
6.67 × 10–11 × 4.87 × 1024 laluan membulat dengan arah sentiasa menuju ke pusat
g= (6.05 × 106)2 = 8.87 m s–2
bulatan.
g di Marikh / at Mars: A force that make an object to follow a circular path with
direction always towards the center of curvature.
6.67 × 10 × 6.42 × 10
–11 23
g= = 3.70 m s–2 (b) r = 3 500 + 6 370
(3.40 × 106)2
= 9 870 km


2 × 6.67 × 10–11 × 4.87 × 1024 (c) Pada permukaan Bumi/At the surface of Earth,
(ii) vlepas/escape = 6.05 × 106 gb = 9.81 m s–1
GM
= 1.04 × 104 m s–1 gb = (6 370 × 103)2 .......................(1)


2 × 6.67 × 10–11 × 6.42 × 1023 Pada kedudukan satelit/At the position of satellite,
vlepas/escape = 3.40 × 10 6
GM
= 5.02 × 103 m s–1 gs = (9 870 × 103)2 .......................(2)
(b) Nilai pecutan graviti dan halaju lepas di Marikh lebih (1) = (2)
rendah daripada di Zuhrah gs(9 870 × 103)2 = gb(6 370 × 103)2
The value of acceleration due to gravity and escape velocity at
9.81(6 370 × 103)2
Mars is smaller than at Venus. gs =
(c) Jisim planet Marikh adalah lebih kecil (9 870 × 103)2
Mars have smaller mass = 4.086 m s–2
2. (a) Jejari orbit satelit / Radius of the satellite = 250 + 6 400 (d) Bertambah kerana jejari orbit berkurang.
Increases because radius of the orbit decreases.
= 6 650 km
(b) Masih sama dengan 10 N kg–1 sebab 250 km dari 3. (a) Halaju lepas, v, ialah halaju minimum yang diperlukan
permukaan Bumi adalah tidak terlalu jauh daripada kesan oleh objek di permukaan planet untuk mengatasi daya
graviti Bumi. graviti dan terlepas ke angkasa lepas.
Still equivalent to 10 N kg-1 because distance of 250 km from the Escape velocity, v, is the minimum velocity needed for an object
surface of the Earth is not too far from the effect of the Earth on the surface of a planet to overcome the gravitational force
gravity. and escape to the outer space.
(c) Daya yang bertindak ialah daya memusat.

2 × 6.67 × 10 × 1.90 × 10
–11 27
The force acted is centripetal force. (b) vlepas/escape =
Daya memusat / Centripetal force 6.99 × 10 7

= Berat satelit / Weight of the satellite = 

3.63 × 109
= mg = 6.02 × 104 m s–1
= 100 × 10 (c) (i) 6.02 × 104 m s–1
= 1 000 N (ii) Halaju lepas tidak bergantung pada jisim objek yang
(d) Daya memusat = Berat satelit dilepaskan ke angkasa lepas.
Centripetal force = Weight of satellite Escape velocity does not depend on the mass of the object
mv2 that is released to the outer space.
R = mg (d) (i) Planet A – 1.12 × 104
v = ABB
gR Planet B – 1.39 × 102
ABBBBBBBBBB
10 × 6 650 × 103 Planet C – 1.59 × 103
=
= 8154.75 m s–1 (ii) Planet A. Halaju lepas dari planet itu yang tinggi
= 8.15 × 103 m s–1 memungkinkan lapisan atmosfera dikekalkan di
sekelilingnya. Molekul-molekul dalam atmosfera di
permukaan planet itu bergerak dengan halaju yang
Soalan Berformat SPM
jauh lebih rendah dari halaju lepas. Maka planet
Kertas / Paper 1 itu tidak mungkin terlepas ke angkasa lepas dan
memungkinkan untuk didiami oleh manusia.
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. B Planet A. Escape velocity from the planet which is high,
6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B make the atmospheric layer sustain around it. The molecules
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. A in the atmosphere at the surface of the planet moves with
velocity lower than the escape velocity. Therefore, it will not
Kertas/Paper 2 escape to the outer space and make it possible for human
Bahagian / Section A being to stay.

1. (a) (i) Daya memusat / Centripetal force

12
Bahagian/ Section B • (a) sifar / zero
4. (a) Daya graviti, F, di antara dua jasad berkadar terus dengan (b) sama / same
hasil darab jisim-jisim jasad dan berkadar songsang
B
dengan kuasa dua jarak di antara pusat dua jasad tersebut.
Gravitational force, F, is directly proportional to the product of 1. (i) Termometer dimasukkan ke dalam mulut pesakit.
mass of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of Thermometer is inserted into the patient’s mouth.
the distance between them. (ii) Pemindahan haba berlaku dari badan ke termometer.
(b) F ∝ Mm Heat transfer occurs from the body to the thermometer.
1 (iii) Selepas beberapa ketika, objek akan mencapai
F ∝ —–
r2 keseimbangan terma. Kedua-dua objek mempunyai suhu
Mm yang sama.
F∝ 2
r After some time, the objects will reach thermal equilibrium. Both
Mm objects have the same temperature.
F= 2 (iv) Oleh itu, bacaan termometer ialah suhu badan pesakit.
r
Therefore, the thermometer reading is the temperature of the
G = pemalar kegravitian / gravitational constant
patient’s body.
(c) (i) Kekuatan medan graviti pada titik P
Gravitational field strength at point P 2. • Balang kaca / Glass-bore stem
GM Alasan / Reason:
g = 2 Bacaan dapat dilihat dengan jelas / tidak mudah patah.
r
6.7 × 10–11 × 6.0 × 1024 Reading can be seen clearly / not easily broken.
= —————————– • Cecair / Liquid
[(1.0 + 6.4) × 106)]2
Ciri-ciri cecair yang digunakan:
= 7.3 N kg–1 Characteristics of liquid used:
(ii) Kekuatan medan graviti pada permukaan bumi (a) Konduktor haba yang baik.
Gravitational field strength on the surface of the earth Good heat conductor.
GM (b) Boleh dilihat dengan mudah/legap.
g = —––
r2 Can be seen clearly/opaque.
6.7 × 10–11 × 6.0 × 1024 (c) Takat didih tinggi.
= —————————– High boiling point.
(6.4 × 106)2
(d) Mengembang dan mengecut secara seragam apabila
= 9.8 N kg–1
dipanaskan.
(d) (i)
Expand and contract uniformly when heated.
Aspek Ciri Sebab (e) Tidak melekat pada dinding tiub kapilari.
Aspect Characteristics Reason Does not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube.
• Tiub kapilari / Capillary tube
Arah putaran Mengikut arah Satelit sentiasa berada pada Alasan / Reason:
satelit sama dengan arah kedudukan yang sama bagi Kenaikan isi padu merkuri lebih tinggi / meningkatkan
Direction putaran Bumi. pemerhati yang berada di kepekaan.
of satellite In the direction of the permukaan Bumi. The increases in volume of mercury is higher / increases sensitivity.
rotation Earth rotation orbit. Satellite will always at the • Bebuli / Bulb
same position as observe by Ciri / Characteristic: Saiz yang kecil / Small size
an observer on the surface of
Alasan / Reason:
the Earth.
Menyerap haba dengan lebih cepat.
Tempoh Sama dengan tempoh Absorbs heat faster.
orbit putaran Bumi. Ciri / Characteristic: Dinding kaca yang nipis / Thin glass wall
24 jam / hours
Orbit period Same with the period of the Alasan / Reason:
Earth rotation. Pemindahan haba pada cecair lebih cepat.
Heat transfers to the liquid faster.
Kedudukan Mengorbit di atas Kedudukan ini
orbit satelit Khatulistiwa membolehkan satelit 3. (a) titik ais, titik tetap bawah
Position of the Orbiting above the untuk memerhatikan cuaca ice point, lower fixed point
satellite Equator dan fenomena alam yang (b) titik stim, titik tetap atas
steam point, upper fixed point
berubah pada skala masa
yang singkat. lθ – l0
This position allows the
satellite to observe weather
(d) q = 1l100
– l0 2 × 100°C
and other phenomenons that q = suhu cecair / temperature of liquid
vary on short time scale. lθ = panjang tiub kapilari / length of capillary tube
Satelit B dipilih kerana arah putaran satelit mengikut arah sama l0 = panjang tiub kapilari di titik ais
dengan arah putaran Bumi, tempoh orbit 24 jam dan kedudukan   length of capillary tube at ice point
orbit satelit mengorbit di atas Khatulistiwa. l100 = panjang tiub kapilari di titik stim
Satellite B is chosen because the direction of satellite rotation is in the   length of capillary tube at steam point
direction of the Earth rotation orbit, orbit period is 24 hours and the
position of the satellite is above the Equator. Uji Kendiri 4.1
(ii) Digunakan dalam telekomunikasi. Satelit MEASAT 7.8 – 3.5
Used in telecommunication. MEASAT 1. q = 13.7 – 3.5 
× 100
= 42.2°C
BAB 4
4.1
2. q =  15 –0
35 – 0 
× 100
= 42.9°C
A
3. (a) (i) Isi padu / Volume
• >
(ii) Legap / Opaque
• lebih panas, lebih sejuk, lebih cepat
hotter, colder, faster
13
 (b) (i) Keseimbangan terma / Thermal equilibrium Q 12 000
(ii) Bebuli yang lebih kecil/dinding kaca yang nipis/tiub 3. (a) (i) C = —– = ———–
θ 5
kapilari yang lebih kecil = 2 400 J °C–1
Smaller bulb/thin glass wall/smaller capillary tube
Q 30 000
(c) (i) 20 cm (ii) C = —– = ———–
θ 10
18.9 – 1.6
(ii) θ =  20  × 100 = 3 000 J °C–1
(b) Blok plumbum mempunyai muatan haba yang lebih
= 86.5°C tinggi. Hal ini kerana blok itu memerlukan haba yang
4. lebih tinggi untuk menaikkan suhu sebanyak 1°C.
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics Sebab / Reason Plumbum block has higher heat capacity. Because it
needs more heat to increase the temperature by 1oC.
(i) Cecair digunakan ialah Takat beku lebih rendah Q 12 000
alkohol Lower freezing point (c) (i) c = ——– = ———–
m∆θ 10 × 5
Liquid used is alcohol
= 240 J kg–1 °C–1
(ii) Menggunakan bebuli Meningkatkan kepekaan
berdinding kaca yang To increase the sensitivity Q 30 000
(ii) c = ——– = ———–
nipis m∆θ 20 × 10
Use thin glass walled bulb = 150 J kg °C –1 –1

(iii) Menggunakan diameter Lebih peka (d) Blok aluminium mempunyai muatan haba tentu yang
tiub kapilari yang kecil More sensitive lebih tinggi. Hal ini kerana blok itu memerlukan haba
Use small diameter of yang lebih tinggi untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg aluminium
capillary tube sebanyak 1°C.
Aluminium block has higher heat capacity. Because it needs
(iv) Batang kaca yang tebal Kuat dan tidak mudah patah more heat to increase the temperature of 1 kg aluminium by 1°C.
dan melengkung Strong and not easily broken B
Thick and curved glass
bore-stem 1. Pemegang / Handle:
(i) Muatan haba tentu yang tinggi supaya pemegang tidak
Pilihan / Option: Termometer S dipilih kerana menggunakan menjadi terlalu panas.
alkohol, bebuli berdinding kaca yang nipis, diameter tiub kapilari Large specific heat capacity so that the handle will not become
yang kecil dan batang kaca yang tebal dan melengkung. too hot.
Thermometer S is chosen because it uses alcohol, thin glass walled bulb, (ii) Konduktor haba yang lemah supaya kehilangan haba
small diameter of capillary tube and thick and curved glass bore-stem. minimum.
Poor heat conductor so that heat lost is minimum.
4.2 (iii) Contoh / Example: Kayu / Wood
A Badan / Body:
(i) Muatan haba tentu yang rendah supaya periuk menjadi
1. Definisi / Definition: panas dengan cepat.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu Low specific heat capacity so that the pot becomes hot quickly.
bahan sebanyak 1°C. (ii) Ketumpatan rendah supaya periuk ringan.
Quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of substance Low density so that the pot is light.
by 1°C. (iii) Contoh / Example: Kuprum / Copper
Tapak / Base:
(i) Muatan haba tentu yang rendah supaya tapak menjadi
Unit / Unit: Muatan haba Simbol / Symbol: panas dengan cepat.
J° C–1 Heat capacity C Low specific heat capacity so that the base becomes hot very
quickly.
(ii) Ketumpatan tinggi supaya tapak berat dan periuk stabil.
Formula / Formula: High density so that the base is heavy and the pot is stable.
Q (iii) Contoh / Example: Aluminium
C = ——
∆θ 2. (a) Pam / Pump
(b) air / water
2. Definisi / Definition: (c) panas, termostat / hot, thermostat
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 kg (d) kipas / fan
bahan sebanyak 1°C. (e) udara / air
Quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg (f) sejuk, pam / cooled, pump
substance by 1°C. 3. (i) besar / big
(ii) besar / big
(iii) Air / Water
Unit / Unit: Muatan haba Simbol / Symbol: (iv) Lebih banyak / More
tentu c (v) Membebaskan / Releases
J kg °C
–1 –1
Specific heat (vi) • tinggi / High, Menyerap lebih banyak haba / Absorbs
capacity
more heat
• tinggi / High
• tidak mudah bertukar menjadi wap
Formula / Formula: not easily turn to vapour
Q 4. (a) menyerap / absorb
c = —–— (b) rendah, cepat, panas
m∆θ
lower, faster, hotter

14
 (c) panas, naik, rendah (d) (i) cecair dan gas / liquid and gas
hot, rises, low (ii) diserap / absorbed
(d) sejuk, darat (iii) tetap / constant
cool, land
(e) (i) gas
5. (a) rendah, sejuk, sejuk (ii) diserap, meningkatkan
lower, cool, colder absorbed, increase
(b) panas, atas, rendah (iii) meningkat / increases
hot, rises, low
(c) sejuk, laut D
cool, sea
(a) (i) gas / gas
(ii) dibebaskan / released
Uji Kendiri 4.2 (iii) berkurang / decreases
1. Q = mc∆q (b) (i) gas dan cecair
gas and liquid
= (5)(900)(68 – 28)
(ii) dibebaskan / released
= 180 000 J
(iii) tetap / constant
2. Q = mc∆q
(c) (i) cecair / liquid
= (2.5)(4 200)(82 – 30)
(ii) dibebaskan / released
= 546 000 J (iii) berkurang / decreasing
3. Katakan suhu akhir = q (iv) berkurang / decreases
Let the final temperature = q
Haba dibebaskan oleh air = Haba diserap oleh tin aluminium (d) (i) cecair dan pepejal / liquid and solid
Heat released by water = Heat absorbed by aluminium can (ii) dibebaskan / released
(150 × 10–3)(4 200)(90 – q) = (40 × 10–3)(900)(q – 20) (iii) tetap / constant
q = 86.22 °C (e) (i) pepejal / solid
4. Qdibebas/released = Qdiserap/absorbed (ii) dibebaskan untuk mengurangkan tenaga kinetik molekul.
m × 4 200 × (75 – 60) = 0.2 (4 200)(60 – 15) released to reduce the kinetic energy of the molecules.
(iii) berkurang / decreases
m = 0.6 kg
5. (a) Jumlah tenaga yang perlu dibekalkan untuk menaikkan E
suhu sebanyak 1°C untuk 1 kg bahan tersebut.
1. (i) memampatkan / compressed
The amount of heat that must be supplied to increase the
(ii) bertambah / increase
temperature by 1°C for a mass of 1 kg of the substance.
2. (i) membebaskan / releases
(b) (i) Rendah / low
(ii) cecair / liquid
Lebih cepat panas/Kenaikan suhu yang lebih tinggi /
(iii) sirip penyejuk / cooling fins
Heat up faster/higher rise of temperature
(ii) Rendah / low 4. (i) menyejat / evaporates
Lebih ringan/mudah dikendalikan / Lighter/easy to (ii) gas / gas
handle
(c) Model Q. Muatan haba tentu yang lebih rendah/jisim Uji Kendiri 4.3
kecil / Lower specific heat capacity/small mass
1. Q = ml
(d) (i) Q = 18 × (20 × 60) = 30 × 10–3 × 2.26 × 106
= 21 600 J = 67 800 J
(ii) Q = mc∆q 2. Q = ml + mcΔq
21 600 = 0.6 × 4 200 × ∆q = (1 × 3.34 × 105) + (1 × 4 200 × 15)
∆q = 8.57°C = 3.97 × 105 J
4.3 3. Qdibebaskan/released = Qdiserap/absorbed
A Pt = ml
4. jumlah haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar 1 kg bahan 50 × 5 × 60 = m × 3.34 × 105
daripada pepejal kepada cecair pada suhu tetap. m = 0.045 kg
the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of substance from solid to 4. (a) Ep = mgh
liquid at constant temperature = 3.50 × 10–3 × 9.81 × 2 × 103
B = 68.67 J
3. jumlah haba yang diperlukan untuk menukar 1 kg bahan (b) Jisim ais mencair = m
daripada cecair kepada gas pada suhu tetap. Mass of melting ice
amount of heat required to change 1 kg of substance from liquid to ml = 68.67
gaseous at constant temperature. m × 3.34 × 105 = 68.67

C m = 2.056 × 10–4 kg
= 0.2056 g
(a) (i) pepejal / solid
Jisim ais apabila sampai ke tanah
(ii) diserap , meningkatkan Mass of ice when reaching the ground
absorbed, increase
= 3.50 – (0.2056)
(iii) meningkat / increases
= 3.2944 g
(b) (i) pepejal dan cecair
solid and liquid 4.4
(ii) diserap / absorbed A
(iii) tetap / constant
1. laju yang tinggi / high speed
(c) (i) cecair / liquid
2. mengembang, meningkat
(ii) diserap, meningkatkan expands, increases
absorbed, increase
4. Tekanan / Pressure
(iii) meningkat / increases
15
 6. (a) (i) m3, mm3, cm3 Graf Hukum Charles / Graphs of Charles’s Law
(ii) bebas, memenuhi
freely, fill Graf V melawan q Graf V melawan T
(dalam unit °C) Graph of V against T
(iii) sama dengan / equal
(b) (i) K Graph of V against θ
(in unit °C) V
(ii) rawak, tenaga kinetik, berkadar terus V / cm3
random, kinetic energy, directly
(c) (i) Pa, N cm–2, cm Hg
(iii) berlanggar, momentum
collides, momentum
0 T/K
(iv) tekanan / pressure
θ/ °C
–273 0
B tetap / constant:
• lebih kecil / smaller (a)
• meningkat / increases
• meningkat / increases Suhu mutlak suhu yang
dan skala diukur dalam
suhu terendah
bagi jisim gas yang the lowest possible kelvin skala kelvin.
temperature Absolute the temperatures
tetap, tekanan gas measured in the
temperature and
berkadar songsang kelvin scale kelvin scale.
dengan isi padunya 1
Hukum P∝—
apabila suhu malar. V
Boyle
for a fixed mass of gas, PV = tetap/constant kelvin
Boyle’s
the pressure of the gas is P1V1 = P2V2 kelvin
Law
inversely proportional
to its volume when the
temperature is kept Skala Celcius Skala kelvin
constant. Celcius scale (°C) Kelvin scale (K)

–273 0
Graf Hukum Boyle / Graphs of Boyle’s Law
Graf P melawan V Graf P melawan PV 0 273
Graph of P against V Graph of P against PV 100 373
P P
q (q + 273)
(T – 273) T

D
V PV
malar / constant:
Graf PV melawan V 1 • lebih cepat / faster
Graph of PV against V Graf P melawan — • meningkat / increases
V
1 • meningkat / increases
PV Graph of P against —
V • meningkat / increases
P

untuk jisim gas

yang tetap, tekanan
gas berkadar terus Hukum
V dengan suhu mutlak Gay- P ∝T
1 apabila isi padu Lussac
–
(Hukum P
V malar. — = tetap/constant
for a fixed mass of Tekanan) T
gas, the pressure of Gay-Lussac P1 P2
C malar / constant: the gas is directly Law —– = —–
(Pressure
T1 T2
• lebih cepat / faster proportional to its
• meningkat / increases absolute temperature Law)
• meningkat / increases when the volume is kept
constant.
• meningkat / increases

Graf Hukum Gay-Lussac (Graf Hukum Tekanan)

untuk jisim gas
Gay-Lussac Graphs (Graphs of Pressure Law)
yang tetap, isi
padu gas berkadar Graf P melawan q Graf P melawan T
terus dengan suhu V ∝T (dalam unit °C) (dalam unit K)
mutlaknya apabila Hukum Graph of P against q (in unit °C) Graph of P against T (in unit K)
V
Charles — = tetap/constant
tekanan malar. T P / Pa
for a fixed mass of Charles’ P

gas, the volume of Law V1 V2

—– = —–
the gas is directly T1 T2
proportional to its
absolute temperature
when the pressure is θ / °C 0 T/K
–273 0 100
kept constant.

16
 (c) (i) 10°C
Uji Kendiri 4.4
(ii) (a) Pt = ml
1. P1V1 = P2V2 (80) (9 × 60) = 0.2 lf
102 × 103 × 650 = P2 × 200 lf = 216 000 J kg–1
P2 = 3.32 × 105 Pa (b) Pt = mcq
2. P1V1 = P2V2 (80) (2 × 60) = 0.2 × c × (30)
(h + 10)(12) = (5 + 10)30 c = 1 600 J kg–1 °C–1
h = 27.5 m
3. (a) Jumlah haba yang diperlukan untuk menukarkan 1 kg
3. (a) 177 °C bahan daripada cecair kepada gas pada suhu tetap.
(b) 251 K The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of substance from
V1 V2 liquid to gaseous at constant temperature.
4. –— = –— (b) • Peluh menyerap haba dari badan dan menyejat.
T1 T2
V2 The sweats absorb heat from the body and evaporate.
2.5
————– = ————– • Haba dibebaskan dari badan. / The heat is released from
(30 + 273) (95 + 273)
the body.
V2 = 3.04 m3 • Kipas yang berputar menghasilkan udara bergerak
5. (a) Suhu belon dalam Rajah (a) adalah lebih rendah. berkelajuan tinggi. / The rotating fan produces high speed
The temperature of the balloon in Diagram (a) is lower. moving air.
Saiz belon dalam Rajah (a) adalah lebih kecil. • Maka, kadar penyejatan meningkat. / Thus, the rate of
The size of the balloon in Diagram (a) is smaller. evaporation increases.
Semakin rendah suhu, semakin kecil saiz belon. (c) (i) • Rendah / low
The lower the temperature, the smaller the size of the balloon.
• Masa lebih singkat untuk menyejat / Shorter time to
Semakin rendah suhu, semakin kecil isi padu udara evaporate
terperangkap. (ii) • Rendah / Low
The lower the temperature, the smaller the volume of air trapped.
• Lebih ringan / Lighter
10 V2 (iii) • Rendah / Low
(b) ————– = ————– • Mudah untuk menyejat / Easy to evaporate
(25 + 273) (65 + 273)
V2 = 11.34 cm3 (d) Cecair / Liquid Q
4. (a) Semakin gelembung udara bergerak ke atas, kedalaman
P1 P2
6. –— = –— berkurang dan tekanan yang bertindak ke atasnya
T1 T2 berkurang. Berdasarkan Hukum Boyle, apabila tekanan
1.3 × 105 P2 berkurang, isi padu gelembung udara meningkat.
————– = ————– As the bubble moves upward, depth decreases and the pressure
(40 + 273) (75 + 273)
acting on it decreases. According to Boyle’s Law, when pressure
P2 = 1.45 × 10 N m
5 –2
decreases, the volume of air bubble increases.
(b) (i) Berkurang / Decreases
7. • Kenaikan suhu akan meningkatkan tenaga kinetik molekul.
The rise in temperature will increase the kinetic energy of the (ii) Ketumpatan meningkat/Tekanan meningkat
molecules. Density increases/Pressure increases
• Kadar perlanggaran antara molekul dan dinding meningkat. (c) 10 (1.05V) = (10 + h) V
The rate of collision between the molecules and the wall increases. h = 0.5 m
• Jadi, tekanan meningkat. / Hence, the pressure increases. 5. (a) (i) Isi padu udara terperangkap dalam Rajah 5.1(a) lebih
• Tin aerosol akan meletup. / Aerosol can will explode. tinggi.
The volume of trapped air in Diagram 5.1(a) is higher.
Soalan Berformat SPM (ii) Bacaan tolok tekanan dalam Rajah 5.1(a) lebih
rendah.
Kertas / Paper 1 The reading of the pressure gauge in Diagram 5.1(a) is
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B lower.
6. B 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B (iii) Sama / Same
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. D
(b) (i) Apabila tekanan meningkat, isi padu menurun.
Kertas / Paper 2 When the pressure increases, the volume decreases.
(ii) Hukum Boyle / Boyle’s Law
Bahagian / Section A
(c) • Apabila pam vakum dihidupkan, udara di dalam balang
1. (a) (i) Pengaliran haba bersih sifar. / Net heat transfer is zero.
loceng berkurang.
(ii) 100°C (iii) 37°C When the vacuum pump is switched on, the air inside the bell
(b) Q = mcΔθ jar decreases.
= 0.1 × 4 200 × 7 • Tekanan yang bertindak ke atas belon berkurang.
= 2 940 J The pressure acting on the balloon decreases.
(c) Q = mc∆q • Saiz belon menjadi besar/belon menjadi lebih besar
2 940 = 0.25 × c × 63 dan meletup.
c = 186.67 J kg–1 °C–1 The size of the balloon becomes bigger/the balloon becomes
(d) Tiada haba yang hilang ke persekitaran. bigger and burst.
No heat is lost to the surrounding
2. (a) (i) PQ: Pepejal/Solid Bahagian / Section B
(ii) QR: Pepejal dan cecair / Solid and liquid 6. (a) Suhu apabila pepejal berubah/melebur kepada cecair.
(iii) RS: Cecair/Liquid Temperature when a solid changes/melts into liquid.
(b) • Haba digunakan untuk memutuskan ikatan antara (b) • Terdapat atom hilang di kawasan retak.
molekul. There is a missing atom at the cracked region.
Heat is used to break the bond between molecules. • Oleh itu, kekuatan gelas dikurangkan di kawasan itu.
• Tenaga kinetik antara molekul tetap. So, the strength of glass is reduced at the region.
The kinetic energy between molecules is kept constant.

17
 • Gelas mengembang apabila dipanaskan, maka
Gunakan kaca untuk tiub Muatan haba tentu yang
perpisahan antara atom akan meningkat.
dinding berganda. lebih tinggi.
Glass expands when heated, so the separation between the
Use glass for the double walled Higher specific heat capacity.
atoms will increase.
tube.
(c)
Tiub dinding berganda harus Memantulkan cahaya
Aspek Ciri-ciri Sebab berkilat atau dicat perak. Reflect heat
Aspect Characteristics Reason Double walled tube should be
shiny or silver painted.
Kadar pengaratan Rendah Tidak mudah berkarat
Rate of rusting Low Does not rust Alas luar yang Ringan
berketumpatan rendah Lighter
Ketumpatan Rendah Lebih ringan/Mudah
Lower density of outer cover
Density Low dibawa
Lighter/Easy to carry

Takat lebur Tinggi Tidak mudah lebur BAB 5

Melting point High Not easily melt
5.1
Muatan haba tentu Rendah Lebih cepat panas
Specific heat capacity Low Heat up faster A
Logam K dipilih kerana mempunyai kadar pengaratan yang 1. (a)
rendah, ketumpatan rendah, takat lebur tinggi dan muatan Jenis gelombang / Types of wave
haba tentu rendah.
Metal K is chosen because it has low rate of rusting, low density,
high melting point and low specific heat capacity.

Takrif / Define: Takrif / Define:

Bahagian / Section C
7. (a) 1. Pengaliran haba bersih sifar. / Net heat transfer is zero. Profil gelombang merambat Profil gelombang tidak
2. Dua objek mempunyai suhu yang sama. dengan masa. merambat dengan masa.
Two objects have the same temperature. The profile of wave propagate Profile of the wave does not
with time. propagate with time.
(b) (i) • Haba mengalir daripada air panas kepada
termometer.
Heat flows from the hot water to the thermometer.
• Selepas beberapa ketika, keseimbangan terma Gelombang yang
dicapai antara air panas dan termometer. Gelombang Gelombang dihasilkan oleh alat
After some time, thermal equilibrium is achieved melintang membujur muzik
between the hot water and thermometer. Transverse Longitudinal Waves produced by
• Tiada lagi pengaliran haba bersih. wave wave musical instruments
There is no more heat transfer.
• Suhu termometer dan air adalah sama. (b)
The temperature of the thermometer and water are the
same. Kelas gelombang / Classes of wave
(ii)
Suhu/Temperature/°C

95 Takrif / Define: Takrif / Define:

30
(iii) Q = mcΔq
= 0.35 × 4 200 × 65
= 95 550 J
(c)
Ciri-ciri /Characteristics
Penyumbat diperbuat
daripada plastik/gabus
lopong.
Stopper made up from hollow
plastics/cork.
Ruang di antara dinding
berganda, R mestilah
vakum.
Space between the double wall,
R, must be vacuum.
Gelombang yang Gelombang yang tidak
memerlukan medium untuk memerlukan medium untuk
merambat dari satu titik ke merambat dari satu titik ke
titik yang lain. titik yang lain.
Waves that need medium to Waves that does not need
propagate from one point to medium to propagate from one
another point. point to another point.
Masa/Time/s
2.
Gelombang melintang Gelombang membujur
Transverse wave Longitudinal wave
Sebab/Reason berserenjang
perpendicular selari / parallel
Penebat haba yang bagus.
Good heat insulator.
(i) Gelombang radio (i) Gelombang bunyi
Radio wave Sound wave
(ii) Gelombang cahaya
Mengelakkan haba hilang ke Light wave
persekitaran/Mengelakkan (iii) Gelombang air
haba hilang melalui konduksi. Water wave
Prevent heat lost to the
surrounding/Prevent heat lost by
conduction.

18
3. (c) (i) a = 5 m
(ii) T = 20 s
Gelombang mekanik Gelombang elektromagnet 1
Mechanical wave Electromagnetic wave (iii) f = —– = 0.05 Hz
20
2. (a) Amplitud, panjang gelombang / Amplitude, wavelength
(i) Merupakan gelombang (i) Merupakan gelombang (b) Sesaran/m
yang memerlukan yang tidak memerlukan Displacement/m
medium untuk medium untuk
merambat. merambat. (i)
Waves that need medium to Waves that does not need λ
5
propagate. medium to propagate.
(ii) Terdiri daripada getaran (ii) Terdiri daripada a
Jarak/m
zarah-zarah medium. ayunan elektrik dan 0
5 10 15 20 Distance/m
Consists of the vibration of medan magnet yang (ii)
medium particles. berserenjang antara satu –5
sama lain.
Consists of the oscillation (c) Tentukan / Determine:
of electric and magnetic (i) a = 5 m
field which is perpendicular
(ii) λ = 10 m
to each other.

Uji Kendiri 5.1

(i) Gelombang bunyi (i) Gelombang radio
Sound wave Radio wave 1. (a) a = 15 cm
(ii) Gelombang seismik (ii) Gelombang cahaya (b) λ = 20 cm
Seismic wave Light wave (c) v = f λ
(iii) Gelombang air (iii) Sinar gama = 10 × 20
Water wave Gamma ray = 200 cm s–1
2. (a) Gelombang membujur
B Longitudinal wave
1.5
(b) λ = 2
Simbol Unit S.I.
Takrif / Definition = 0.75 m
Symbol S.I. unit
v =fλ
Jarak di antara dua titik berturutan dalam = 500 × 0.75
fasa yang sama. λ meter (m) = 375 m s–1
Distance between two successive points that
are in phase. 3. (a) a = 2 cm
(b) T = 2.0 s
Sesaran maksimum dari kedudukan 1
(c) f = —
keseimbangan. a meter (m) T
Maximum displacement from equilibrium 1
position. = —
2
= 0.5 Hz
Masa yang diambil untuk satu ayunan
saat / 4. (a) a = 20 cm
lengkap. T
second (s) (b) 2.5 λ = 30
Time taken for one complete oscillation
λ = 12 cm
Bilangan ayunan lengkap dalam satu saat. (c) v = f λ
Number of complete oscillation in one second. = 5 × 12
f hertz (Hz)
1 = 60 cm s–1
Formula: f = —
T 5.2
Jarak yang dirambat oleh gelombang meter per A
dalam satu saat. saat
Distance propagated by a wave in one second. v meter per 1. amplitud, tenaga
second amplitude, energy
Formula: v = f λ (m s ) –1
2. berkurang / decreases
3. Tempoh / Period
4.
C
Pelembapan / Damping
1. (a) Amplitud, tempoh, frekuensi / Amplitude, period, frequency
(b) Sesaran/m Pelembapan luar Pelembapan dalaman
Displacement/m External damping Internal damping

(i)
T Sebab / Cause: Sebab / Cause:
5
Kehilangan tenaga untuk Kehilangan tenaga untuk
a
Masa/s mengatasi daya geseran. mengatasi regangan dan
0 Loss of energy to overcome
(ii) 10 20 30 40 Time/s mampatan molekul-
frictional force. molekul.
–5 Loss of energy to overcome the
rarefaction and compression of
the molecules.

19
 B (e)

1. (a) sama, luar

equivalent, external
(b) maksimum / maximum F
(c) maksimum / maximum
2. (a) B, D
(c) frekuensi asli / natural frequency
(d) resonans, maksimum B
resonate, maximum (a) pantulan / reflection
(b) sama / same
Uji Kendiri 5.2 (c) pantulan / reflection
(d) keras, rata
(a) Pelembapan ialah situasi pengurangan amplitud bagi sistem hard, smooth
yang berayun akibat daripada kehilangan tenaga. (e) gema / echo
Damping is a situation in decreasing of amplitude to a oscillating
system due to loss of energy. C
(b) Tenaga hilang dalam bentuk haba / Loss of energy as heat. 1. • radio, mikro
(c) Berdasarkan Rajah (b), / Based on Diagram (b), radio, micro
• dipantulkan / reflected
(i) T = 0.4 s
• titik fokus / focal point
1
(ii) f = —— = 2.5 Hz • besar / bigger
0.4
2. • ultrasonik / ultrasonic
(d) Bertambah / Increases.
• Gelombang / wave
5.3 3. • ultrasonik / ultrasonic
• ultrasonik / ultrasonic
A • dipantulkan / reflected
1. (b) Stroboskop / Stroboscope • menerima / receives
(c) Muka gelombang / wavefront
(d) berserenjang / perpendicular Uji Kendiri 5.3.2
(e) (i) Gelombang membulat / Circular waves
1. (a) Arah perambatan gelombang
(ii) Gelombang satah / Plane waves Direction of propagation of waves
(f) cerah, gelap
Halaju gelombang bunyi / Velocity of sound waves
dark, bright
(b) Frekuensi, panjang gelombang dan laju gelombang
(g) (i) cembung / convex Frequency, wavelength and wave speed
(ii) menumpu / converge s
(iii) cekung / concave 2. v = —t
(iv) mencapah / diverge v × t 1 560 × 0.08
s= 2 = 2 = 62.4 m
2. Perubahan Sebab
Changes Reason 1 500 × 0.8
3. (a) d = 2 = 600 m
Tidak berubah Kedalaman sama
Unchanged Same depth 1 500
(b) λ = 50 000 = 0.03 m
Tidak berubah Sumber yang sama
Unchanged Same source 5.4
Tidak berubah Kedalaman sama A
Unchanged Same depth
1. berkurang / decreases
Berubah Dipantulkan 2. mendekati / towards
Changed Reflected
3. lebih besar / greater
Berubah Arah berubah
Changed Change in direction 4. Perubahan / Changes Sebab / Reason
Berubah Berlainan kedalaman
Uji Kendiri 5.3.1 Changed Different depth

(a) (b) Tidak berubah Sumber yang sama

Unchanged Same source

Berubah Berubah dalam kelajuan

Changed Change in speed

Berubah Berlainan kedalaman

Changed Different depth

(c) (d) Uji Kendiri 5.4.1

(a) Dalam Cetek Dalam

Deep Shallow Deep

20
(b) Dalam Cetek
Deep Shallow Uji Kendiri 5.4.2
1. (a) Kedalaman air hampir sama
The depth of water almost the same.
(b) Bertambah / Increases
(c) Kedalaman berkurang, laju berkurang, maka panjang
gelombang berkurang
Depth decreases, speed decreases, so wavelength decreases
(d) Tenaga gelombang air mencapah di teluk dan tersebar
(c) Dalam Cetek Dalam
Deep Shallow Deep keluar pada kawasan yang lebih luas.
Water wave energy diverges at bay and spreads out to a wider
region.
Amplitud gelombang di teluk adalah lebih kecil
The amplitude of waves at the bay is smaller.
Gelombang di teluk adalah lebih tenang
The waves at the bay are calmer.
2. • Pada waktu malam, lapisan udara yang lebih rendah adalah
(d) Dalam lebih sejuk.
Deep At night, the lower air layer is colder.
Dalam • Udara tersebut lebih tumpat dari lapisan udara di atasnya.
Deep
The air is denser than the air layer above it.
• Laju gelombang bunyi berkurang apabila merambat dari
lapisan udara panas ke lapisan udara sejuk.
Speed of sound wave decreases when travels from hot air layer to
cold air layer.
• Gelombang bunyi dibiaskan ke arah pemerhati /
Cetek membengkok mendekati garis normal.
Shallow The sound waves refracted towards the observer / bent toward from
the normal line
(e) Dalam Cetek
Deep Shallow
Dalam Uji Kendiri 5.4.3
Deep
v1 λ
1. (a) v = 1
2 λ2
λ1 v2
λ2 = ——–
v1
2×6
= ——–
12
= 1.0 cm
(f) (b) v = f λ
Dalam Cetek Dalam
Deep Shallow Deep 6
f = ––
1
= 6 Hz
2. (a) P : Dalam / Deep
Q : Cetek / Shallow
v1 v
(b) = 2
λ1 λ2
20 v2
3 = 1.5
v2 = 10 cm s–1
B
1. (a) lurus, selari, kelajuan, sekata
straight, parallel, speed, uniform
5.5
(c) rapat / closer A
2. (a) menumpu / converge 2. (a) kecil / small
(c) mencapah, tersebar / diverges, spreads (b) besar / large
(d) rendah / smaller 3. lebih kecil, panjang gelombang
less, wavelength
C
4. lebih besar, panjang gelombang
I (a) sejuk / cold greater, wavelength
(b) panas / warmer
5. Perubahan / Changes Sebab / Reason
(c) berkurang / decreases
(d) menghampiri / towards Sama kedalaman/ Laju tidak
Tidak berubah
(e) dibiaskan / refracted Unchanged
berubah
Same depth/ Speed unchanged
II (a) sejuk / colder
(b) lebih tumpat / denser Tidak berubah Sama sumber
(c) bertambah / increases Unchanged Same source
(d) menjauhi / away from Tidak berubah Sama kedalaman
(e) dibiaskan / refracted Unchanged Same depth

21
 Muka gelombang tersebar/bergerak 3. Interferens membina Interferens memusnah
Berubah mengelilingi halangan Constructive interference Destructive interference
Changed Wavefronts spread out/ move around
obstacle puncak bertemu puncak, puncak bertemu lembangan,
Berkurang Tenaga disebarkan lembangan bertemu amplitud sifar
lembangan, amplitud crest meet trough, amplitude
Decreases Energy spread
maksimum
Gelombang tersebar ke kawasan crest meet crest, trough meet
Berkurang
Decreases
yang lebih luas trough, maximum amplitude
Waves spread out to a larger region

B Uji Kendiri 5.6.1

3. kurang / less
1. Semasa superposisi Selepas superposisi
During superposition After superposition
C
3. tersebar, pembelauan
spreads, diffraction
a
Uji Kendiri 5.5

1. (a) (b) 2a

(c) (d)
2a

3a

a
(a) kecil / narrower
(b) kurang / less
2. (a) Pembelauan / Diffraction
(b)
a

–a

(c) v = f λ
30 2. (a) membina / constructive
λ = —– (b) membina / constructive
20
= 1.5 cm (c) memusnah / destructive
3. (a) (i) Gelombang dibelau / tersebar ke kawasan yang lebih C
luas
(a) besar / large
Wave diffracts / spreads to a bigger area
(b) antinod / antinodes
(ii) Amplitud gelombang berkurang
Amplitude of the waves decreases (c) nod / nodes
Tenaga berkurang / Energy decreases (d) antinod / antinodal
(iii) Pembelauan / Diffraction (e) nod / nodal
(iv) Tidak berubah/sama / Unchanged/same
(b) (i) Bergetar/berayun / Vibrates/Oscillates Uji Kendiri 5.6.2
(ii) Pegun / Stationary
1.
(c) Pantulan / Reflection

5.6
A S1 x
3. amplitud / amplitude

B a S2

1. koheren / coherent
2. frekuensi, beza fasa
frequency, phase difference
D

22
 2. (a) 6. a = jarak di antara dua pembesar suara / distance between two
loudspeakers
puncak
x crest x = jarak di antara dua bunyi kuat/lemah berturutan
distance between two consecutive loud/soft sound
lembangan
trough D = jarak berserenjang dari pembesar suara ke kedudukan
pendengar / perpendicular distance from the loudspeakers to
D
the position of the listener.

S1 a S2 Uji Kendiri 5.6.4

ax 1. (a) x = 1.2 × 2 = 2.4 m
(b) λ = —–
D 2 × 2.4
2×5 λ = —–—— 4 = 1.2 m
= ——–
10 (b) v = 550 × 1.2
= 1 cm = 660 m s–1

D 2. (a) Membujur / Longitudinal

2. warna, panjang, gelombang (b) Interferens membina berlaku
Constructive interference occurs
color, wavelength
ax
3. (a) Interferens membina / Constructive interference (c) λ = —–
D
(b) Interferens memusnah / Destructive interference
1.5 × 4
4. cerah / bright = —–—— 10
5. gelap / dark = 0.6 m

6. a = jarak di antara dwicelah / distance between two double slit (d) (i) Berkurang / Decreases
x = jarak di antara dua pinggir cerah/gelap yang berturutan (ii) Panjang gelombang berkurang / Wavelength decreases.
distance between two consecutive dark/bright fringe
5.7
D = jarak di antara skrin dan dwicelah
distance between screen and double slit A
1. berserenjang / perpendicular
Uji Kendiri 5.6.3 2. melintang / transverse
λD B
1. (a) (i) x = —––
a
780 × 10–9 × 4 2. panjang, rendah, rendah
= —————— 0.5 × 10–3
longest, low, low

= 6.240 × 10–3 m 3. pendek, tinggi, tinggi

shortest, high, high
(ii) Berkurang / Decreases
C
2. Pinggir biru Pinggir gelap
Blue fringe Dark fringe
Sumber Aplikasi
Source Application
Litar ayunan elektrik (a) Telekomunikasi /
Electrical oscillating Telecommunications
circuit (b) Penyiaran siaran TV dan radio
Broadcasting tv and radio transmission

3. (a) Cahaya yang mempunyai satu warna / panjang gelombang Ayunan cas elektrik (a) Pemancaran satelit / Satellite
Light that consists of one colour / wavelength dalam pemancar transmissions
(b) • Jarak di antara dua pinggir berturutan bagi cahaya gelombang mikro (b) Pengesan radar / Radar detector
yang sama warna adalah sama. Oscillating electrical (c) Memasak / Cooking
Distance between consecutive fringes for same colour of light charge in a microwave
are equal. transmitter
• Jarak di antara dua pinggir berturutan bagi cahaya Objek panas, matahari (a) Melihat dalam gelap / Night vision
merah adalah lebih besar berbanding cahaya biru. dan api (b) Rawatan sakit otot / Physiotherapy
Distance between consecutive fringes for red light is more Hot bodies, the sun and (c) Alat kawalan jauh / Remote controls
than blue light. fires
(c) Cahaya merah lebih panjang / Red light is longer
(d) Semakin besar panjang gelombang, semakin jauh jarak di Matahari, objek panas, (a) Penglihatan / Sight
antara pinggir-pinggir yang berturutan. mentol lampu, tiub (b) Fotosintesis dalam tumbuhan
The higher the wavelength, the greater the distance between two pendarfluor Photosynthesis in plants
consecutive fringes. The sun, hot objects, light (c) Fotografi / Photography
(e) Interferens / Interference bulbs, fluorescent tubes

Objek yang sangat (a) Mengesan wang palsu

E Identification of counterfeit notes
panas, matahari, lampu
2. koheren / coherent wap merkuri (b) Penghasilan vitamin D
3. (a) Interferens membina / Constructive interference Very hot objects, the sun, Production of vit-D
(b) Interferens memusnah / Destructive interference mercury vapor lamps (c) Pensterilan untuk membunuh
4. kuat / loud kuman.
Sterilisation to destroy germs
5. lemah / soft

23
 (ii) • Tenaga disebarkan/tenaga berkurang
Sumber Aplikasi
Energy spread out/energy decreases
Source Application
• Amplitud berkurang/gelombang lebih tenang
Tiub sinar X (a) Terapi radio / Radiotherapy Amplitude decreases/waves more calm
X-ray tubes (b) Mengesan retak pada struktur v
(d) (i) f =
bangunan l
Detection of cracks in building 2.5
structures =
1.2
Bahan radioaktif (a) Rawatan kanser / Cancer treatment = 2.083 Hz / 2.083 s–1
Radioactive subtances (b) Pensterilan peralatan pembedahan v
(ii) l =
Sterilisation of operational equipment f
(c) Mengawal serangga perosak 1.8
dalam pertanian. =
2.083
Pest control in agriculture = 0.864 m
4. (a) (i) Pembelauan / Diffraction
Uji Kendiri 5.7 (ii)
(a) Sinar gama / Gamma ray
(b) Panjang gelombang panjang, mudah untuk dibelau Gelombang
dari stesen radio
Wavelength is high, easily diffracted Waves from
radio station
(c) (i) 1 × 108 Hz
(ii) v = f λ λ

3 × 10 8
———–
λ =1 × 108 = 3 m

Soalan Berformat SPM v

(b) (i) l =
f
Kertas/Paper 1 3.3 × 102
=
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. A 4 × 104
6. D 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C = 8.25 × 10–3 m
11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B v
(ii) l =
f
Kertas/Paper 2 3.0 × 108
=
4 × 108
Bahagian / Section A
= 0.75 m/ 75 cm
1. (a) melintang / transverse v
(b) (i) P: puncak / crest (iii) l =
f
Q: lembangan / trough 3.0 × 108
(ii) =
4 × 1014
Arah perambatan gelombang
Direction of propagation = 7.5 × 10–7 m
X
(c) (i) Gelombang Q / Wave Q
A
P (ii) Panjang gelombang panjang / Frekuensi rendah /
C
B Halaju cahaya
D Long wavelength / Low frequency / Speed of light
Q Air
Water (d) (i) Gelombang ultrasonik / Ultrasonic wave
(ii) Mengesan rekahan dalam struktur logam/Melihat
(c) Berkurang / Decreases kedudukan bayi dalam rahim ibu.
To detect cracks in metal structure/To see the position of
2. (a) (i) Bandul B / Pendulum B
unborn baby inside the mother’s womb
(ii) Sama panjang/sama frekuensi asli
Same length/same natural frequency 5. (a) Cahaya yang mempunyai frekuensi yang sama, panjang
(iii) Resonans / Resonance gelombang sama dan beza fasa yang sama.
1 Light with same frequency, same wavelength and same phase
(b) T = different.
4
(b) (i) D2  D1
= 0.25 s
(ii) x2  x1
(c) Sesaran (c) (i) D bertambah, x bertambah / D increases, x increases
Displacement (ii) Panjang gelombang, λ / jarak di antara dwicelah, a
Wavelength, λ / distance between double-slit, a
(d) Interferens / Interference
Masa (e) • Interferens membina menghasilkan pinggir cerah
0 Time Constructive interference produces bright fringe
• Interferens memusnah menghasilkan pinggir gelap
Destructive interference produces dark fringe

3. (a) Pembiasan / Refraction Bahagian / Section B

(b) Halaju gelombang berkurang/panjang gelombang
berkurang 6. (a) Gelombang bunyi yang berfrekuensi melebihi 20 000 Hz
Velocity of waves decreases / wavelength decreases Sound wave with frequency greater than 20 000 Hz
(b) • Ikan lumba-lumba itu menghantar gelombang ultrasonik.
(c) (i) Teluk / Bay
The dolphin emits ultrasonic waves.

24
 • Gelombang ultrasonik yang terkena pada objek/mangsa (c) (i) Semakin bertambah kedalaman air, semakin
akan dipantulkan semula. bertambah panjang gelombang.
The ultrasonic wave which hit the object/victim will be The deeper the water, the longer the wavelength.
reflected back. (ii) Frekuensi / Frequency
• Masa antara gelombang yang dihantar dan dipantul (iii) Pembiasan / Refraction
balik dikesan. (d) • Kedalaman laut berkurang apabila menghampiri pantai
The time between the emission and reception of the reflected
The depth of the sea is decreasing at the shore.
waves is detected.
• Laju gelombang akan berkurang
• Jika sela masa pantulan panjang, bermakna kedudukan The speed of wave will decrease.
objek/mangsa adalah jauh. • Gelombang akan dibengkokkan dan pembiasan berlaku
If the reflected time is long, it means the position of the object/
The waves bend and refraction occur.
victim is far.
(c) (e)
Aspek Ciri Sebab Modifikasi Penerangan
Aspect Characteristics Reason Modification Explanation

Diameter piring Besar Mampu menerima Jarak di antara dua Mengurangkan jarak di
parabola Bigger lebih banyak isyarat/ pembesar suara lebih antara dua bunyi kuat yang
Diameter of the gelombang jauh berturutan/ lebih banyak
parabolic disc Able to receive more Bigger distance between tempat bunyi kuat berlaku
signal/waves two speakers Produce low distance between
Jarak penerima Sama dengan Isyarat akan two consecutive loud sound/ more
places of loud sound
isyarat dari panjang ditumpukan
piring parabola fokus ke penerima/ Pasangkan permaidani Menyerap/menghalang
Distance of the Same as focal menghasilkan alur tebal / langsir pantulan gelombang bunyi /
signal receiver length yang selari Place (thick) carpet / mengelakkan gema
from parabolic The signal will converge curtain Absorb/prevent reflection of sound
disc to the receiver/ produce wave / avoid echo
parallel ray

Jenis gelombang Gelombang Mempunyai frekuensi Letakkan kerusi Jarak di antara dua bunyi kuat
Type of wave mikro yang tinggi/tenaga berhampiran dengan berturutan kecil / berkurang
Microwave pentas Distance between two consecutive
yang tinggi
Seat place near to the stage loud sound decrease
Have higher frequency/
Have higher energy
Dinding diperbuat Menyerap pantulan bunyi/
Ketinggian Tinggi Isyarat tidak akan daripada bahan yang kurangkan bunyi bising/
piring parabola High terhalang/mudah lembut kurangkan gema
Height of the untuk mengesan Wall made of soft material Absorb reflection of sound wave/
parabolic disc isyarat/kurang reduce noise/reduce echo
gangguan isyarat
The signal not blocked/ Dinding yang kasar / Menyerap pantulan bunyi/
Easy to detect the tidak rata kurangkan bunyi bising/
signal/Less disturbance Rough wall/ uneven wall kurangkan gema
of signal Absorb reflection of sound wave/
reduce noise/reduce echo
Radar R3 dipilih kerana diameter piring yang besar,
jarak penerima isyarat sama dengan panjang fokus, guna Gunakan pembesar suara Untuk menghasilkan bunyi
gelombang mikro dan kedudukan piring yang tinggi yang berkuasa tinggi yang lebih kuat
R3 is selected because has bigger disc diameter, distance signal Assemble a higher power To produce a louder sound.
receiver same as focal length, use microwave and the position of speaker system
disc is higher.

1 400 × 100 × 10–3 BAB 6

(d) (i) d = ————————
2
= 70 m 6.1
1 400 A
(ii) λ = ———
45 000
1.
= 0.0311 m
Sudut tuju
Bahagian / Section C Angle of incident
Sinar tuju
7. (a) • Jarak di antara dua puncak yang berturutan Incident ray
Distance between two consecutive crests Garisan normal
• Jarak di antara dua titik berturutan dalam fasa yang Normal line
i
sama
Medium 1
Distance between two successive points that are in phase Medium 2
(b) • Ketinggian blok perspeks dalam Rajah 7.2 kurang
daripada Rajah 7.3. Sudut biasan Sinar biasan
r
The height of perspex block in Diagram 7.2 less than in Angle of refraction refracted ray
Diagram 7.3
• Kedalaman air di kawasan P lebih dalam
Depth of water in region P is deeper
• Panjang gelombang di kawasan P lebih panjang
The wavelength in region P is longer

25
 Penjelasan / Explanation sin r
3. (a) 1.51 = ———
sin 25
Garis berserenjang dengan sempadan medium r = 39.7°
Line perpendicular to the boundary of medium
3 × 108
Sinar pada medium pertama (b) 1.51 = ———–v
The ray in the first medium v = 1.99 × 108 m s–1
Sudut antara sinar tuju dan garis normal 4. (a)
Angle between incident ray and the normal line
40°
Sinar pada medium kedua
The ray in the second medium

Sudut antara sinar biasan dan garis normal

Angle between the refracted ray and the normal line

2. • tidak / does not • mendekati • menjauhi / away 50°

• menurun towards • meningkat
decreases • menurun increases (b) Sudut tuju / Incident angle = 40°
decreases sin r
1.52 = ———
sin 40°
B r = 77.7°
laju cahaya dalam vakum 4
mengurangkan, 5. n = ——
speed of light in vaccum 2.5
n= mendekati n = 1.6
laju cahaya dalam medium decrease, towards
speed of light in medium
6. (a)

Tiada unit Indeks biasan, n c

no unit Refractive index, n n= —
v

C
• Sinar tuju, sinar biasan dan normal bertemu pada satu titik tuju X
dan berada pada satah yang sama.
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal meet at one point of
incidence and all lie in the same plane. 3 × 108
(i) n = ———–—8
• Hukum Snell / Snell’s law: 2.25 × 10
sin i (dalam vakum / in vaccum) = 1.33
n=
sin r (medium) (ii) H = 1.33 × 2.3
D = 3.06 m
1. 6.2
A
• menjauhi / away
• dipantulkan / reflected
• lebih kecil / smaller
• meningkat / increases
• 90° / 90°
P • sudut genting, c / critical angle, c
• dibiaskan, dipantulkan / refracted, reflected
2. Normal • pantulan dalam penuh / total internal reflection
Normal
B
1. • lebih panas / hotter
Blok kaca Sinar • lebih sejuk, lebih tumpat / cooler, denser
Glass block cahaya
Imej • terbias / refracted
Light ray
Image • Pantulan dalam penuh, lebih besar
Total internal reflection, larger
Syiling
2. • pembiasan, pantulan dalam penuh
Coin refraction, total internal reflection
• terbias / refracted
Uji Kendiri 6.1 • pantulan dalam penuh / total internal reflection
C
3.0 × 108
1. 1.33 = ————– v
1. • Periskop berprisma / Prism periscope
lebih besar / greater
v = 2.26 × 108 m s–1
Pantulan dalam penuh / Total internal reflection
2. (a) i = 45° • Ciri-ciri imej / Characteristics of image
(b) r = 17° Tegak / Upright
sin 45° Maya / Virtual
(c) n = ———
sin 17° Sama saiz dengan objek / Same size as the object
= 2.42
26
 • Kelebihan periskop / Advantages of the periscope Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
(b)
lebih terang / brighter
berganda / multiple • Nyata / Real
2. • dua / twice • Songsang / Inverted
• tegak / upright • Sama saiz dengan objek /
• tegak, dibesarkan / upright, magnified 2F F O F 2F
Same size as object
3. • Gentian optik / Optical fibre Kedudukan / Position:
telekomunikasi / telecommunication • Imej di 2F / Image at 2F
lebih tinggi / higher • v = 2F
lebih tinggi / higher Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
(c)
melebihi, pantulan dalam penuh / exceeds, total internal
reflection • Nyata / Real
• Kelebihan / Advantages • Songsang / Inverted
Murah / Cheap • Membesar / Magnified
Mudah dikendalikan / Easily handled 2F F O F 2F Kedudukan / Position:
Lebih banyak maklumat boleh dipindahkan / More • Imej lebih jauh dari 2F
information can be transmitted Image further than 2F
4. • lebih tinggi, terpantul / greater, reflected • v . 2f
• Cahaya yang terpantul / Reflected light
(d) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
Uji Kendiri 6.2 • Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
(c) (i) • Membesar / Magnified
Sinar cahaya F F
dari objek
O Kedudukan / Position:
Prisma bersudut tegak
Light ray from
Right-angled prism • Imej terbentuk di infiniti
object Image is formed at infinity

(e) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:

• Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
• Membesar / Magnified
F O F
Petak P Kedudukan / Position:
Box P (b) (i) Pemerhati
Observer • v.u
(a) Periskop / Periscope (f) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
(b) (ii) Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku. • Nyata / Real
Total internal reflection occurs. • Songsang / Inverted
(c) (ii) Maya / Tegak / Sama saiz/ Virtual / Upright / Same size • Mengecil / Diminished
1 F O F
(d) sin c = ——– Kedudukan / Position:
1.52 • Imej di F . Image at F
c = 41.14° • v=F
6.3
3.
A
Gambar rajah sinar Ciri-ciri dan kedudukan
Simbol / Symbol: O, –, –, F, f, u, v Ray diagram imej
Characteristics and position of
B
image
1.
(a) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
tegak / upright mengecil, sama saiz • Maya / Virtual
Nyata / Real diminished, same size
• Tegak / Upright
• Mengecil / Diminished
C
boleh terbentuk pada skrin. tidak boleh terbentuk F O I F Kedudukan / Position:
that can be formed on screen. pada skrin. • Antara pusat optik dan titik
cannot be formed on screen. fokus / Between optical centre
and focal point
2. • v,f
Ciri-ciri dan kedudukan imej (b) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics:
Gambar rajah sinar
Characteristics and position of
Ray diagram
image
• Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
(a) Ciri-ciri • Mengecil / Diminished
Characteristics:
• Nyata / Real F O Kedudukan / Position:
• Songsang / Inverted • Antara pusat optik dan titik
• Mengecil / Diminished fokus / Between optical centre
2F F O F 2F Kedudukan / Position: and focal point
• Imej di antara F dan 2F • v,f
Image between F and 2F
• f , v , 2f

27
 C (b) Maya, tegak dan mengecil
Virtual, upright and diminished
(a) • ketinggian objek / height of the object
• ketinggian imej / height of the image 1 1 1
4. (a) (i) f = u + v
• jarak objek / object distance
• jarak imej / image distance 1 1 1
10 = 15 + v
(b) • Definisi/ Definition:
Nisbah saiz imej kepada saiz objek. v = 30 cm
Ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object. v
(ii) m = u
• Formula:
30
tinggi imej / height of image = 15
m =
tinggi objek / height of object
= 2
hi
m = —– (b) Sahih, songsang dan membesar
ho Real, inverted and magnified
jarak imej / image distance
m =
jarak objek / object distance Uji Kendiri 6.5
v
m = —
u 1.
• Unit:
Tiada unit / No unit
• Pembesaran dan saiz imej / Magnification and size image Imej F Objek O F
sama saiz / same size Image Object

membesar / Magnified
mengecil / Diminished Mata
Eyes

Uji Kendiri 6.3 2. Kanta mata, Lm

Eyepiece lens, Le
1. (a) Pembiasan / Refraction
Kanta objek, Lo
(b) Objective lens, Lo

Objek LoLm > fo + fm

Object
fo fm fm

fo I1

I2

Imej Objek
F F
Image Object

3.
Kanta mata, Lm
Eyepiece lens, Le

(c) Maya, tegak dan dibesarkan / Virtual, upright and magnified Sinar selari dari Kanta objek, Lo
Objective lens, Lo
objek jauh
Parallel rays from
hi 18 distant object LoLm = fo + fm
2. –– = —–
2 34
fo fo / fm fm
hi = 1.06 cm
O Imej
Image
Uji Kendiri 6.4
1 1 1
1. (a) (i) –15 = 25 + v
v = –9.38 cm
9.38
(ii) m = 25 = 0.38 6.6
A
(b) Maya, tegak dan mengecil
Virtual, upright and diminished Ciri-ciri imej
Gambar rajah sinar
1 Ray diagram
Characteristics of
2. f = 0.06 image
f = 16.67 cm 1. (a)
1 1 1 • Maya/ Virtual
3. (a) (i) –10 = 20 + v
• Tegak/ Upright
v = –6.67 cm • Mengecil/
2F F P F C
hi Diminished
v
(ii) u = —–
ho
6.67 hi
—–
20 = 6
hi = 2 cm
28
 Cermin doktor gigi / Dentist mirror
(b)
• kurang daripada / less
• Maya/ Virtual • membesar, tegak / magnified, upright
• Tegak/ Upright Perbandingan medan pandangan antara cermin satah dan cermin
2F F P F C • Mengecil/ cembung
Diminished Comparison of the field of view between plane mirror and convex mirror
• lebih sempit / narrower
• lebih luas / wider
TP 3

Ciri-ciri imej Uji Kendiri 6.6

Gambar rajah sinar
Characteristics of 1. (a) r = 2f         u = f = 10 cm
Ray diagram
image 20 = 2f
f = 10 cm
2. (a)
(b) u = 2f
• Nyata/ Real = 2 × 20
• Songsang/ Inverted = 40 cm
C F P • Mengecil/
2. (a) Titik pada paksi utama di mana semua pantulan sinaran
Diminished
selari menumpu/bertemu.
Point on the principal axis where all the reflected parallel rays
converge/meet.
(b)
(b) (i) Cermin K lebih lengkung. / Mirror K is curvier.
• Nyata/ Real (ii) Kedua-dua rajah menunjukkan semua sinaran selari
• Songsang/ Inverted menumpu pada satu titik, F.
C F P • Membesar/ Both diagrams show all the parallel rays converge at one
Magnified point, F.
(iii) Panjang fokus cermin K lebih pendek.
The focal length of mirror K is shorter.
(c) (iv) Apabila kelengkungan meningkat, panjang fokus
• Maya/ Virtual menurun.
As the curvature increases, the focal length decreases.
• Tegak/ Upright
C F P • Membesar/ 3. (a) (i) Maya, tegak, sama saiz / Virtual, upright, same size
Magnified (ii) Maya, tegak, membesar / Virtual, upright, magnified
(b) (i) Cermin satah / Plane mirror
Imej sama saiz dengan objek / Image is same size with
(d) • Nyata/ Real object
• Songsang/ Inverted (ii) Cermin cekung / Concave mirror
• Sama saiz dengan Imej membesar / Image is magnified
C F P
objek di C
Same size as the Soalan Berformat SPM
object at C
Kertas / Paper 1
(e) 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C
• Maya/ Virtual 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. A
• Tegak/ Upright 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. C
• Sangat besar di
C F P infiniti Kertas / Paper 2
Very large at infinity Bahagian / Section A
1. (a) Pantulan / Reflection
(b) Maya / Virtual
(f)
(c)
• Nyata/ Real
F • Songsang/ Inverted
C P
• Lebih kecil di F
Smaller at F
Imej O F C
Image
Cermin cekung
Concave mirror

B
Cermin cembung / Convex mirror (d) (i) Sinar cahaya dipantulkan ke bawah. Hal ini
Cermin selekoh tajam/ Sharp corner mirror membolehkan objek berdekatan dapat dilihat dengan
• kereta yang datang / oncoming car jelas.
Light ray is reflected downwards. This enables any object
• keselamatan / security
which is nearby to be seen clearly.
Cermin pandang sisi/ Wide side view mirror (ii) Sinar cahaya dipantulkan sebagai sinar selari. Hal ini
• melebarkan medan pandangan / widen field of vision membolehkan objek jauh dilihat dengan jelas.
Light ray is reflected as parallel rays. This enables distant
Cermin cekung / Concave mirror
object to be seen clearly.
Pemantul lampu suluh / Reflector of torchlight
2. (a) (i) Darjah pembengkokan sinar cahaya dalam berlian
• titik fokus, selari / focal point, parallel lebih besar.
The degree of bending of light ray in diamond is greater.

29
 (ii) Indeks biasan berlian lebih tinggi. (ii) Meningkatkan kuasa kanta objek
The refractive index of diamond is higher. Increases the power of objective lens
(iii) Laju cahaya dalam berlian lebih rendah. / The speed fo
of light in diamond is lower. M= f
m
(iv) Apabila darjah pembengkokan meningkat, laju Pembesaran berkadar terus dengan panjang fokus
cahaya berkurang. kanta objek, fo
When the degree of bending increases, the speed of light Magnification is directly proportional to the focal length of
decreases. the objective lens, fo
(v) Apabila laju cahaya meningkat, indeks biasan
5. (a) (i)
menurun. S
When the speed of light increases, the refractive index R
decreases.
(b) Pembiasan / Refraction Kaca
Glass
(c) (i) Beliau menombak pada imej ikan
He is shooting at the image of the fish.
(ii) Pemantul
Reflector

(ii) Pantulan / Reflection

(b) (i) • Bentuk parabola/Bentuk cekung
Parabolic shape/Concave shape
• Menumpukan tenaga haba
Converge the heat energy
(ii) • Menggunakan piring dengan saiz diameter yang
lebih besar.
Use dish with bigger diameter size.
• Dapat mengumpul lebih banyak tenaga haba
3. (a) (i) 45° Able to collect more heat energy
1 (iii) • Letakkan cerek di titik fokus lengkung
(ii) = 1.52 Place the kettle at the focal point of the curvature.
sin c
c = 41.14° • Tenaga haba akan menumpu ke arah cerek
The heat energy will converge to the kettle.
(iii) B
Bahagian / Section B

P
6. (a) Pantulan / Reflection
(b) • Lampu depan mempunyai dua mentol. Salah satu
mentol diletakkan di titik fokus pemantul dan satu lagi
45° mentol diletakkan di atasnya.
A C
Headlamps have two bulbs. One of the bulbs is placed at the
focal point of the reflector and the other bulb is placed on top
(b) (i) of it.
• Apabila mentol di titik fokus dihidupkan, mentol
menghasilkan sinar pantulan selari. Jadi, objek jauh
boleh dilihat.
Ikan
When the bulb at the focal point is switched on, it will produce
Cacing fish
parallel reflected ray. Thus distant objects can be seen.
Worm
• Apabila satu lagi mentol dihidupkan, cahaya akan
Batu terpantul ke bawah. Jadi, objek yang dekat dapat dilihat.
Rock When the other bulb is switched on, the light will reflect
downward. Thus near objects can be seen.
(c)
(ii) Cahaya bergerak dari medium lebih tumpat kepada Ciri-ciri Penjelasan
medium kurang tumpat. Sudut tuju lebih besar Characteristics Explanation
daripada sudut genting. Cermin cembung Medan pandangan lebih luas / Cahaya
Light travels from denser medium to less dense medium. The Convex mirror boleh dipantulkan pada sudut yang
incident angle is greater than the critical angle of water. lebih besar ke dalam mata pemerhati.
(iii) Pantulan dalam penuh / Total internal reflection Wider field of view/ Light can be reflected
4. (a) Pembiasan / Refraction at larger angle into the observer’s eye.
(b) Kanta / Lens P Berat yang rendah Lebih ringan dan mudah dilekatkan
Low weight pada dinding.
Lighter and easier to be fixed to the wall.
Diameter besar Memberikan medan pandangan yang
Large diameter lebih luas.
Provides wider field of view.
F Objek O F
Object Jejari kelengkungan Diameter lebih besar/Medan
besar penglihatan lebih luas
Large radius of Bigger diameter/Wider field of view
curvature
(c) (i) Q (ii) P Kanta L dipilih kerana merupakan cermin cembung,
(d) (i) • Diameter kanta objek yang lebih besar berat yang rendah, mempunyai diameter besar dan jejari
Bigger diameter of objective lens kelengkungan yang besar.
• Lebih banyak cahaya yang dibenarkan masuk Lens L is chosen because it is a convex mirror, has low weight, large
More light is allowed to enter diameter and large radius of curvature.

30
 (d) (i)
Amali Wajib Fizik KSSM Tingkatan 4

BAB 1
Eksperimen 1.1

C F P
Inferens / Inference:
Tempoh ayunan bergantung pada panjang tali bandul.
Period of oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum.

Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Semakin bertambah panjang tali bandul, semakin bertambah
tempoh ayunan.
(ii) Nyata, songsang dan membesar. The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer period of oscillation.
Real, inverted, magnified.
Tujuan / Aim:
Bahagian / Section C
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara tempoh ayunan bandul
7. (a) (i) Jarak objek kanta X lebih jauh daripada kanta Y dengan panjangnya.
Object distance of lens X is further than lens Y. To investigate the relationship between period of oscillation of
(ii) Jarak imej kanta X lebih dekat daripada kanta Y. pendulum and its length.
Image distance of lens X is nearer than lens Y.
(iii) Saiz imej kanta X lebih kecil daripada kanta Y Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
Size of image of lens X is smaller than lens Y. Panjang bandul/ Length of pendulum
(iv) Semakin bertambah jarak objek, semakin berkurang Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
jarak imej. Tempoh ayunan/ Period of oscillation
When the object distance increases, the image distance Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
decreases. Jisim ladung bandul/ Mass of pendulum bob
(v) Semakin bertambah jarak imej, semakin bertambah
saiz imej. Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
When the image distance increases, the size of image Kaki retort, jam randik, pembaris meter, jangka sudut, benang
increases. 70 cm, gabus terbelah, pemberat
(b) Sinar cahaya yang selari dari Matahari memasuki kanta Retort stand, stopwatch, meter rule, protractor, 70 cm length of thread,
pembesar dan fokus kepada satu kawasan kecil yang split cork, pendulum bob
dipanggil titik fokus. Tenaga cahaya akan ditumpukan
kepada kawasan tersebut dan bertukar kepada tenaga Keputusan / Results:
haba. Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Parallel light ray from the Sun enter the magnifying glass and
will focus at one small area called the focal point. Light energy Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
will focus at that point and change to heat energy. Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
(c)
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Ciri-ciri Sebab Kedudukan mata mesti berserenjang dengan bacaan pada
Characteristics Reason
pembaris meter untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
M ialah kanta objek dan N Untuk menjadikan imej Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading on the meter
ialah kanta mata. pertama membesar. rule to avoid parallax error.
M is objective lens and N is To make the first image
eyepiece lens. magnified. Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Jawapan murid/Student’s answer
Objek mestilah di antara f Untuk membentuk imej 2. Jawapan murid/Student’s answer
dan 2f kanta objek. yang nyata, songsang dan 3. Nilai g yang diperoleh adalah lebih besar kerana terdapat
/ fo < u < 2fo membesar. geseran udara pada ayunan bandul.
Object must be between f and 2f To form a real, inverted and The value of g obtained is greater because there is air resistance to
of objective lens. magnified image. the pendulum’s oscillation.
/ fo < u < 2fo

Imej pertama mestilah Untuk menjadikan imej BAB 2

kurang daripada panjang
fokus kanta mata.
First image must be less than
the focal length of eyepiece lens.
Jarak di antara kanta lebih
besar daripada (fo + fm).
Distance between the lenses is
greater than (fo + fm).
Tempatkan di dalam kabinet
yang dilengkapi lampu /
tempat kering.
Store in a cabinet which is fitted
with lamp/ dry place
terakhir membesar.
To make the final image
magnified.
Untuk menghasilkan
imej terakhir yang maya,
songsang dan membesar.
To produce virtual, inverted and
magnified final image.
Mengelakkan kanta
daripada kulat.
Prevent the lenses from fungus.
Eksperimen 2.1
Tujuan / Aim:
Menentukan nilai pecutan graviti Bumi.
Determine gravitational acceleration of the Earth.
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Pemberat berslot (50 g – 250 g), jangka masa detik, bekalan kuasa
a.u., pembaris meter, pengapit-G, bangku, pita detik, kepingan
plastik, pita selofan
Slotted weight (50 g – 250 g), ticker timer, a.c. power supply, meter rule,
G-clamp, stool, ticker tape, plastic board, cellophane tape
Keputusan / Results:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer

Analisis data / Data analysis:

Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer

31
 Kesimpulan / Conclusion: BAB 4
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Eksperimen 4.1
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions: Tujuan / Aim:
1. Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan bacaan Menentukan muatan haba tentu air.
pembaris untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. Determine specific heat capacity of water.
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading of the
meter ruler to avoid parallax error. Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
2. Kedudukan pemberat berslot mesti berada sekurang- Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, jam randik, termometer,
kurangnya 1.5 m dari lantai. pengacau, neraca elektronik, air, cawan plastik, tuala dan papan
Position of the slotted weight must be at least 1.5 m from the floor. asbestos
3. Jangka masa detik dihidupkan terlebih dahulu sebelum Power supply, immersion heater, stopwatch, thermometer, stirrer,
pemberat berslot dilepaskan. electronic balance, water, plastic cup, towel and asbestos
Switch the ticker timer first, before the slotted weight is released.
Keputusan / Results:
Perbincangan / Discussion: Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer
Nilai g yang diperoleh lebih besar berbanding dengan nilai piawai Analisis data / Data analysis:
kerana terdapat rintangan udara dan geseran di antara pita detik Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
dan jangka masa detik. 1. Q = Pt
The value of g obtained is greater than from the standard value because
there is air resistance and friction between ticker tape and the ticker = J
timer. 2. Haba dibekal / Heat supplied = Haba diserap / Heat absorbed
Pt = mcΔθ
Eksperimen 2.2
Pt
c = m∆θ
Inferens / Inferences:
Tempoh ayunan bergantung pada jisim/Inersia suatu objek =
bergantung pada jisim. Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Period of oscillation depends on mass/Inertia of an object depends on Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
mass.
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: Balut cawan plastik dengan tuala dengan kemas untuk
Semakin bertambah jisim, semakin bertambah tempoh ayunan. / mengelakkan haba hilang ke persekitaran.
Semakin bertambah jisim, semakin bertambah inersia. Wrap plastic cup with towel neatly to avoid heat lost to the surrounding.
The greater the mass, the higher period of oscillation. / The greater the
mass, the higher the inertia. Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
Tujuan / Aim: No heat lost to the surrounding.
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara tempoh ayunan dan jisim. 2. Jawapan yang diperoleh lebih tinggi kerana terdapat haba
To investigate the relationship between period of oscillation and mass. hilang ke persekitaran.
The answer is higher due to heat lost to the surrounding.
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
Jisim plastisin / Mass of plasticine Eksperimen 4.2
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable: Tujuan / Aim:
Tempoh ayunan mewakili inersia / Period of oscillation represents Menentukan muatan haba tentu aluminium
inertia Determine specific heat capacity of aluminium
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Panjang bilah gergaji / Length of the saw blade
Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, jam randik, termometer, neraca
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials: tiga alur, silinder aluminium, tuala, asbestos dan minyak
Power supply, immersion heater, stopwatch, thermometer, triple beam
Bilah gergaji, kaki retort, jam randik, pembaris meter, protraktor,
balance, aluminium cylinder, towel, asbestos sheet and oil
plastisin, gabus
Hacksaw blade, retort stand, stopwatch, meter rule, protractor, plasticine, Keputusan / Results:
cork Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Keputusan / Results: Analisis / Data analysis:
Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer Jawapan murid/Student’s answer
1. Q = Pt
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: = J
Jawapan murid/Student’s answer 2. Pt = mcΔθ
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions: Pt
c = m∆θ
Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan jam
randik untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. =
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of
stopwatch to avoid parallax error. Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Perbincangan / Discussions: Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Jawapan murid/Student’s answer 1. Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
2. (i) T  2 = kecerunan / gradient × 50 No heat lost to the surrounding.
(ii) T 2 = kecerunan / gradient × m 2. Menghasilkan sentuhan terma yang lebih baik
(2)2 = kecerunan / gradient × m To produce better thermal contact
3. Ayunan plastisin pada bilah gergaji adalah secara mengufuk. 3. Jawapan yang diperoleh lebih tinggi kerana terdapat haba
Oscillation of the plasticine at the saw blade is horizontal. hilang ke persekitaran.
The answer is higher due to heat lost to the surrounding.
32
Eksperimen 4.3
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Pemanas rendam mestilah terendam sepenuhnya dalam air untuk
Keputusan / Results:
mengelakkan haba hilang ke persekitaran.
Jawapan murid/Student’s answer The immersion heater must be fully immersed in the water to avoid heat
loss to the surrounding.
Analisis data / Data analysis:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer: Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Q = Pt 1. Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
= J No heat lost to the surrounding.
2. Nilai lv yang diperoleh lebih besar daripada nilai piawai
2. m = m1 – m2 kerana terdapat sebahagian haba yang dibekalkan oleh
= kg pemanas rendam hilang ke persekitaran.
The value lv obtained is higher than the standard value because
3. Haba dibekal / Heat supplied = Haba diserap / Heat absorbed there is some heat produced by the immersion heater loss to the
Pt = ml surrounding.
Pt
lf = m Eksperimen 4.5
=
Inferens / Inference:
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: Tekanan udara yang terperangkap dipengaruhi oleh isi padu
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer udara terperangkap.
Pressure of trapped air depends on the volume of air trapped.
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Pemanas rendam mestilah terendam sepenuhnya di dalam ais Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
untuk mengelakkan haba hilang ke persekitaran. Semakin bertambah isi padu udara, semakin berkurang tekanan
The immersion heater must be fully immersed in the ice to avoid heat udara.
loss to the surrounding. The higher the volume of air, the lesser the pressure of air.

Perbincangan / Discussions: Tujuan / Aim:

1. Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran / No heat lost to the Mengkaji hubungan antara tekanan udara terperangkap dengan
surrounding. isi padunya.
2. Untuk menentukan ais yang dileburkan oleh haba persekitaran Investigate the relationship between the pressure of trapped air with its
To determine the mass of ice melt by heat from surrounding volume.
3. Nilai l f yang diperoleh lebih besar daripada nilai piawai
kerana terdapat sebahagian haba yang dibekalkan oleh Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
pemanas rendam hilang ke persekitaran. Isi padu udara terperangkap / Volume of trapped air, V
The value l f obtained is higher than the standard value because Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
there is some heat produced by the immersion heater loss to the Tekanan udara terperangkap / Pressure of trapped air, P
surrounding. Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
Suhu udara terperangkap / Temperature of trapped air, T
Eksperimen 4.4
Senarai radas / List of apparatus:
Picagari, tolok Bourdon, tiub getah
Tujuan / Aim:
Syringe, Bourdon gauge, rubber tube
Menentukan haba pendam tentu pengewapan air, lv
Determine specific latent heat of vaporisation of water, lv
Keputusan / Results:
Jawapan murid/Student’s answer
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, jam randik, kaki retort, neraca
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
elektronik, cawan plastik, air
Power supply, immersion heater, stopwatch, retort stand, electronic Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
balance, plastic cup, water
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Keputusan / Results: Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer tolok Bourdon untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of
Bourdon gauge to avoid parallax error.
Analisis data / Data analysis:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Eksperimen 4.6
1. Q = Pt
= J Inferens / Inference:
2. Haba dibekal / Heat supplied = Haba diserap / Heat absorbed Isi padu udara yang terperangkap dipengaruhi oleh suhu udara
terperangkap.
Pt = ml The volume of trapped air depends on the temperature of air trapped.
Pt
lv = m
Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
= Semakin bertambah suhu udara terperangkap, semakin bertambah
isi padu.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: The temperature of trapped air increases, the volume increases.
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer

33
 Tujuan / Aim: BAB 6
Mengkaji hubungan antara isi padu udara terperangkap dengan
suhu. Eksperimen 6.1
Investigate the relationship between the volume of trapped air with its
temperature Inferens / Inference:
Sudut pembiasan, r, bergantung pada sudut tuju, i.
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable: Angle of refraction, r, depends on angle of incident, i.
Suhu udara terperangkap / Temperature of trapped air, T
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable: Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Panjang udara terperangkap untuk mewakili isi padu udara Semakin bertambah sudut tuju, semakin bertambah sudut
terperangkap, h pembiasan.
Length of trapped air to represent volume of trapped air, h. As incident angle increases, refractive angle also increases.
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
Tujuan / Aim:
Tekanan udara terperangkap / Pressure of trapped air
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut pembiasan,
seterusnya menentukan indeks biasan blok kaca.
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
To investigate the relationship between incident angle and refracted
Termometer, tiub kapilari, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort, asid angle, thus determine the refractive index of glass block.
sulfurik pekat, pembaris, bikar, air, pengacau
Thermometer, capillary tube, Bunsen burner, retort stand, concentrated of Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
sulfuric acid, ruler, beaker, water, stirrer Sudut tuju, i / Incident angle, i
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Keputusan / Results:
Sudut pembiasan, r / Refractive angle, r
Jawapan murid/Student’s answer
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: Indeks biasan / Refractive index
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions: Kotak sinar dengan plat celah tunggal, bekalan kuasa, jangka
Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan sudut, pembaris, blok kaca, kertas putih dan pensel
Ray box with single slit, power supply, protractor, ruler, glass block,
pembaris untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
white paper and pencil
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of ruler to
avoid parallax error.
Keputusan / Results:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Eksperimen 4.7
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Inferens / Inference: Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
Tekanan udara yang terperangkap dipengaruhi oleh suhu udara
terperangkap. Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Pressure of trapped air depends on the temperature of air trapped. Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan
protraktor untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of the
Semakin bertambah suhu udara terperangkap, semakin bertambah protractor to avoid parallax error.
tekanan udara.
The temperature of trapped air increases, the pressure of air increases. Perbincangan / Discussions:
(i) Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer
Tujuan / Aim: (ii) Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer
Mengkaji hubungan antara tekanan udara terperangkap dan suhu. (iii) Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer
Investigate the relationship between the pressure of trapped air with its
temperature Eksperimen 6.2
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
Suhu udara terperangkap, θ / Temperature of trapped air, θ Inferens / Inference:
Dalam ketara bergantung pada dalam nyata.
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Apparent depth depends on real depth.
Tekanan udara terperangkap, P / Pressure of trapped air, P
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable: Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Isi padu udara terperangkap, V / Volume of trapped air, V Semakin bertambah dalam nyata, semakin bertambah dalam
ketara.
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Real depth increases, apparent depth increases.
Tolok Bourdon, termometer, bikar, kelalang tapak bulat, air,
penunu Bunsen, pengacau, kaki retort
Tujuan / Aim:
Bourdon gauge, thermometer, beaker, round-bottom flask, water, Bunsen
burner, stirrer, retort stand Mengkaji hubungan antara dalam nyata dan dalam ketara dan
menentukan indeks biasan air.
Keputusan / Results: Investigate the relationship between real depth and apparent depth and
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer to determine the refractive index of water.

Kesimpulan / Conclusion: Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:

Jawapan murid / Student’s answer Dalam nyata / Real depth, H
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions: Dalam ketara / Apparent depth, h
Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:
tolok Bourdon untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks.
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of
Indeks biasan / Refractive index
Bourdon gauge to avoid parallax error.

34
 (b) l0 = 19.4 cm
Senarai radas dan bahan / List of apparatus and materials:
Bikar tinggi, pembaris, air, pin, kaki retort l/ cm (l – l0)/ cm t/ s T/ s T 2 / s2
Tall beaker, ruler, water, pin, retort stand
21.1 1.7 7.8 0.39 0.152
Keputusan / Results:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer 22.9 3.5 9.4 0.47 0.221

24.6 5.2 10.8 0.54 0.292

Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer 26.4 7.0 12.0 0.60 0.360

Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions: 28.2 8.8 13.2 0.66 0.436

Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan skala bacaan
pembaris untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. (c)
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the reading scale of ruler
to avoid parallax error.

Perbincangan / Discussions: T 2 / s2
Graf T 2 melawan l – l0
Graph T 2 against l – l0

1. (a) Jawapan murid/Student’s answer

(b) Jawapan murid / Student’s answer 0.5

2. (a) Bertambah / Increases

(b) Ketumpatan air garam lebih tinggi
Density of salt solution is greater.
0.4

Eksperimen 6.3

Inferens / Inference: 0.3

Jarak imej bergantung pada jarak objek

Image distance depends on object distance
0.2
Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Semakin bertambah jarak objek, semakin berkurang jarak imej.
The further the object distance, the nearer the image distance.
0.1

Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:

Jarak objek/ Object distance
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Jarak imej/ Image distance 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
l – I0 / cm

Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant variable:

Panjang fokus/ Focal length

Keputusan / Results:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer 0.4 – 0.1
(d) k =
8 – 0.4
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
= 0.03947 s2 cm-1
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
0.3948
(e) g = 0.03947
Langkah berjaga-jaga / Precautions:
Kedudukan mata mestilah berserenjang dengan pembaris meter g = 10.08 m s–2
untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. (f) Kecerunan akan bertambah kerana pecutan graviti di
Position of the eyes must be perpendicular to the meter rule to avoid Bulan lebih rendah.
parallax error. The gradient will increase because the gravitational acceleration
of Moon is lower.
Perbincangan / Discussions:
1. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer Soalan/ Question 2
2. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer
3. Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer 6. (a) (i) Ketinggian objek jatuh, h /Height of falling object, h
(ii) Daya impuls / impulsive force // diameter lekuk /
diameter of dent

Amali Sains Bersepadu (Kertas 3) (b) h/ cm D/ cm D2/ cm2 h

D2 / cm
–1

Soalan/ Question 1 10.0 1.3 1.69 5.92

12. (a) (i) Jisim / Mass 20.0 1.4 1.96 10.20

(ii) Tempoh ayunan // masa untuk 20 ayunan lengkap
Period of oscillation// time for 20 complete oscillations
40.0 1.6 2.56 15.63
60.0 1.7 2.89 20.76
80.0 1.9 3.61 22.16

35
 (c) (a) kuantiti skalar, kuantiti asas
scalar quantity, base quantity
(b) (ii) Intrapolasi graf memotong asalan
intrapolation of the graph cuts the origin
h / cm–1
––
D2
h melawan h
Graf ––
D2
uv berkadar langsung dengan u + v
h against h
Graph ––
D2
uv directly proportional to u + v.
25
(ii) Tunjukkan garisan tegak dari uv = 75 cm hingga
sentuh graf dan garisan melintang hingga sentuh
paksi-u + v.
Show the vertical line from uv =75 cm until touches the
20
graph then horizontal line until it touches u + v axis.
u + v = 7.5 cm
(iii) Tunjukkan segi tiga dengan saiz yang diterima/
minimum 8 cm × 8 cm
15
Shows the triangle with an acceptable/ minimum size
8 cm× 8 cm
35 – 0
k = 350 – 0
10
k = 0.1 cm–1
1
(c) f = 0.1

5 f = 10 cm
20
(d) 10 = m + 1
m=1
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
h / cm
(e) Pastikan mata adalah berserenjang kepada skala bacaan
untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks // Lakukan eksperimen
ini di dalam bilik gelap// Pemegang kanta, kadbod dan
skrin mestilah selari antara satu sama lain.
Make sure the eye is perpendicular to the scale reading to
(d) (i) Semakin bertambah ketinggian objek jatuh, semakin avoid parallax error // Do this experiment in the dark room//
bertambah daya impuls The planes of the lens, cardboard and screen must be parallel
The higher the falling height, the bigger the impulsive force. to each other.
70
(ii) D2 = 21.5 BAB 2

70
D = 21.5  2. (a) Kadar perubahan momentum/ Rate of change of momentum
(b) Daya impuls yang bertindak pada kereta B adalah lebih
D = 1.804 cm
rendah./ Impulsive force that acts on car B is smaller.
(e) Kedudukan mata berserenjang dengan skala bacaan Timbunan pasir menambahkan masa impak./ The pile of
pembaris meter untuk mengelakkan ralat paralaks. sand increased the time of impact.
Position of eyes perpendicular to the reading scale of the meter mv – mu
ruler to avoid parallax error. (c) F = t
600(25 – 20)
= 3
= 1000 N
Lembaran Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah (PBD) (d) (i) • Gentian kaca / Fibreglass
• Gentian kaca lebih kuat / Fibreglass is stronger//
Gentian kaca akan memanjangkan masa impak,
BAB 1 maka mengurangkan daya impuls / Fiberglass
will increase the time of impact, therefore reduces the
1. Graf u + v melawan uv impulsive force.
u + v / cm Graph u + v against uv
(ii) Topi keledar muka penuh dengan pelitup / Full face
helmet with visor
40 Lebih banyak bahagian muka dan kepala yang
dilindungi / Provide more protection for the face and head.
35 (iii) Jisim rendah / Low mass
Ringan / Light // Kurang memberikan tekanan pada
30 kepala / Less pressure exert to the head.
(e) N
25

BAB 3
20

3. (a) Daya yang membolehkan suatu objek bergerak mengikut

15
laluan membulat dengan arah sentiasa menuju ke pusat
bulatan.
10 A force that make an object to follow a circular path with
direction always towards the center of curvature.
5 (b) (i) Bertambah /Increases
(ii) Laju linear, v dan jejari orbit, r / Linear speed, v and
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
uv / cm2 orbit radius, r.

36
 (c) F = ma …… 1 (c) Bunyi kuat didengari kerana murid itu berada di titik
mv 2 interferens membina.
F= …… 2 Bunyi lemah kerana murid itu berada di titik interferens
r
1=2 memusnah.
Loud sound heard because the pupil is at the constructive
mv2 interference point.
ma =
r Soft sound heard because the pupil is at the destructive
v2 interference point.
a=
r ax
(d) (i) r = 4 500 + 6 370 (d) l = D
= 10 870 km
0.5 × 2.25
v2 l= 3.5
(ii) a =
r
(4 × 103)2 = 0.3214 m
a= (e) (i) • Diletak di tempat yang tinggi/ Put at high place
(10 870 × 103)

= 1.47 m s–2 • Bunyi tidak dihalang/ Sound will not be block
(ii) • Pembesar suara diletakkan berjauhan antara satu
sama lain
BAB 4 The loudspeaker put further apart each other
• Jarak di antara dua bunyi kuat berturutan akan
4. (a) Tekanan / Pressure kurang
(b) (i) Berkurang / Decrease Distance between two consecutive loud sound smaller
(ii) Suhu sifar mutlak / Absolute zero temperature (iii) • Mikrofon diletakkan di belakang pembesar suara
(iii) −273°C Microphone is placed behind the speaker
(iv) Gay Lusaac // Hukum tekanan/ Pressure Law • Mengelakkan bunyi bising/ to avoid noise //
(c) Apabila suhu bertambah, molekul udara akan bergerak Mengelakkan bunyi disuapbalik ke mikrofon//
lebih laju dan seterusnya tenaga kinetik bertambah. Avoid sound to reenter to the microphone
When temperature increase, air molecule move with high speed,
thus the kinetic energy increase
BAB 6
Oleh itu, kadar perlanggaran molekul udara dengan
dinding bekas akan bertambah 6. (a) Titik di mana semua sinar selari menumpu// Point where
Rate of collision between air molecules and the container
all the parallel rays converge
increase.
(b)
Tekanan akan bertambah / Pressure increase
P1 P
(d) = 2
T1 T2
3.2 × 105 P2
=
5 + 273 30 + 273
F O C
P2 = 3.488 × 105 Pa
(e)

Cadangan Sebab
Imej
Suggestion Reason Image

Periuk diperbuat daripada Muatan haba tentu rendah //

keluli kuat
Pot made of steel Low specific heat capacity // strong

Periuk diperbuat dari bahan Cepat panas // suhu naik

yang muatan haba tentu rendah dengan cepat F C O
Pot made from low specific heat Heat up faster// faster temperature
capacity material rise Imej
Image

Dinding periuk hendaklah tebal Menahan tekanan tinggi // kuat

Thicker wall of pot Withstand high pressure // strong

Letakkan kekunci atau klip Mengekalkan tekanan tinggi di (c) (i) Jarak objek Rajah 6.1 adalah kurang daripada Rajah
pada penutup periuk. dalam periuk 6.2
Put lock or clip on the lid Maintain high pressure in the pot Object distance Diagram 6.1 is less than Diagram 6.2
Memasang injap pelepas pada Mengurangkan tekanan // (ii) Saiz imej Rajah 6.1 adalah lebih besar daripada
penutup membebaskan stim Rajah 6.2
Put release valve on the lid Reduce pressure // release steam Size of the image Diagram 6.1 is greater than Diagram 6.2
(iii) Kelengkungan cermin kedua-dua rajah adalah sama
The curvature of the mirror in both diagram are the same
BAB 5
(iv) Jarak objek bertambah, saiz imej terbentuk berkurang
5. (a) Gelombang membujur Object distance increase, the size of the image produced
Longitudinal wave decrease
(b) Gelombang yang mempunyai frekuensi yang sama dan (d) (i) Kurang dari jarak fokus / Less than focal length
beza fasa yang tetap. (ii) Imej lebih besar terbentuk // imej tegak terbentuk
Wave that have same frequency and constant phase difference. Produce bigger image // upright image produce

37