JERMIKES STROBILOMHQANES

5o Exˆmhno Tm matoc Mhqanolìgwn Mhqanik¸n E.M.P.

Tupolìgio gia th qr sh katˆ tic Exetˆseic tou Maj matoc

∗
Epimèleia: K.Q. Giannˆkoglou, Kajhght c EMP

30 IoulÐou 2013

H
1 Arqèc Jermodunamik c dq
T
≤ 0, gia kleist pragmatik metabol

(kÔklo).
• Pr¸to Jermodunamikì AxÐwma:
DiatÔpwsh gia kinoÔmeno kleistì sÔsthma: • Qr simec Sqèseic:
2
dq + dw = du + d(V /2), ìpou q h jermìth- ∫ T2
ta,w to èrgo kai u h eswterik enèrgeia anˆ
du = Cv dT ⇒ u2 −u1 = Cv dT,
monˆda mˆzac. Katˆ sÔmbash, jetikˆ ta q ,
T1
w ta opoÐa lambˆnei to sÔsthma (reustì). ∫ T2
dh = Cp dT ⇒ h2 −h1 = Cp dT
• Energeiakìc Isologismìc se T1
Sust mata Mìnimhc Ro c: ( ∂u ) ( ∂h )
me Cv = ∂T v=const.
, Cp =
∂T p=const.
, en¸
2
dq + dw = du + d(V /2) + vdp + pdv R = Cp −Cv , Cp = γ−1 R kai Cv = γ−1 R.
γ 1

V2
dq + dw = d(h +
2
) = dht • ExÐswsh Gibbs:

ìpouv = 1/ρ eÐnai o eidikìc ìgkoc kai ht = T dS = du + pdv = dh − vdp

2
h+V /2 eÐnai h olik enjalpÐa. dT dp
dS = Cp −R
Gia asumpÐesth ro : dq + dw = d(pt /ρ) + du T p
1
ìpou pt = p + ρV 2 eÐnai h olik pÐesh.
2 kai gia mh-stoiqei¸dh metabol 1 −→ 2:
• DeÔtero Jermodunamikì AxÐwma:
Orismìc metabol c entropÐac se anastrèy-
S2 − S1 = Cp ln(T2 /T1 ) − Rln(p2 /p1 )
imh (deÐkthc R) metabol : dS = dqTR .
H • Isentropik Metabol (1 −→ 2):
Isìthta Clausius: dS = 0, gia kleist

anastrèyimh metabol . Anisìthta Clausius: ( ) γ−1

γ ( )γ
p2 T2 ρ2
∗
Το τυπολόγιο αυτό δημιουργήθηκε για να χρησιμοποι- = =
p1 T1 ρ1
ηθεί ως μοναδικό βοήθημα των ϕοιτητών κατά τις εξετά- ( ) γ−1
γ
σεις του Μαθήματος. Παρόλο που ορισμένα τυπογραϕικά pt γ−1 2
λάθη της πρώτης έκδοσης έχουν διορθωθεί, είναι ακό- = 1+ M
p 2
μα πιθανό να υπάρχουν κάποια λάθη. Είναι ευθύνη του
κάθε ϕοιτητή να το ελέγξει με βάση το βιβλίο και τις Tt γ−1 2
= 1+ M
σημειώσεις του. Ο διδάσκων παρακαλεί να του δοθούν T 2
οι οποιεσδήποτε διορθώσεις. Είναι προϕανώς ευπρόσδεκ-
τες γενικότερες παρατηρήσεις και ιδέες για βελτίωση του
τυπολόγιου. Επισημαίνεται η βοήθεια ομάδας ϕοιτητών
• Arijmìc Mach: thc apìluthc
V
M= √γRT
W
του 4oυ έτους (2000-01) για την προετοιμασία του. kai thc sqetik c ro c MR = √γRT .

1
 • Paroq Mˆzac se Diatom : Se • ExÐswsh thc Sunèqeiac: (sqetikì

diatom A ìpou h ro enìc tèleiou aèri- sÔsthma)

ou (γ, R) dièrqetai upì gwnÐa a wc proc

∂ρ ( −
→)
thn kˆjeto sth diatom , se olikèc sunj kec + ∇ · ρW = 0
∂t
(pt , Tt ), h paroq mˆzac ekfrˆzetai wc:

• ExÐswsh thc Orm c: (sqetikì sÔsth-

√ ( )− 2(γ−1)
γ+1
γ γ −1 2 ma)
ṁ = Apt cosaM 1+ M −
→
RTt 2 ∂(ρW ) ( −→−→)
+ ∇ · ρW W =
∂t
( ) γ−1 −
→
1
∂W −
→ −
→
pt V2 ρ + ρW · ∇ W =
ṁ = AV cosa 1− ∂t
RTt 2Cp Tt −
→
−2ρ ω × W − ρ ω × ( ω × −
→
− −
→ −
→ →
r ) − ∇p + ∇· τ

Trìpoi epanalhptik c epÐlushc wc proc M: ìpou τ o tanust c twn tˆsewn.

( ) γ+1 • ExÐswsh thc Orm c(Lamb):

γ −1 2 2(γ−1) −
→
M = F 1+ M ∂W
2 + ∇htR =
v (( ) 2(γ−1) ) ∂t
u
u 2 → (
− −
→ ) ∇· τ
W × ∇ × W + 2−
→
M
M = t
γ+1
−1 ω + T ∇S +
γ −1 F ρ
ìpou htR = h + 12 W 2 − 12 U 2 eÐnai h sqetik
ìpou olik enjalpÐa, gia asumpÐesto reustì:
√ −
→
ṁ RTt ∂W ptR
F = +∇ =
Apt cosa γ ∂t ρ
→ (
− −
→ ) ∇· τ
Trìpoi epÐlushc wc proc V: W × ∇ × W + 2−→
ω +
ρ
( )− γ−1
1 ìpou ptR = p+ 12 ρW 2 − 12 ρU 2 eÐnai h sqetik
1
V = G 1− V 2
olik pÐesh. H peristrefìmenh olik en-
2Cp Tt
v jalpÐa orÐzetai wc htr = h + 12 W 2 kai, gia
u ( ( )1−γ )
u V asumpÐesto reustì, h peristrefìmenh olik
V = t2Cp Tt 1 − pÐesh orÐzetai wc ptr = p+ 21 ρW 2 .
G
• Energeiak ExÐswsh se Troqiˆ
ìpou ReustostoiqeÐou:

ṁRTt / / ∂(W 2 /2)

G= dR htR = dR q − dt
pt Acosa ∂t
gia asumpÐesto reustì:

2 Basikèc Exis¸seic thc /

dR ptR = −
∂(W 2 /2) −
→ ∇· τ
dt + W · dt
Ro c ∂t ρ
• Je¸rhma Rop c thc Orm c:
• Sqetikì kai Apìluto SÔsthma:
−
→ −
→ ht1 −ht2 = U1 Vu1 − U2 Vu2
Apìluth taqÔthta V, sqetik W , gram-
−
→ −
mik taqÔthta peristrof c U =→
ω ×−→
r me isodÔnamo thc diat rhshc thc sqetik c o-
−
→ −→ −→ lik c enjalpÐac ( htR1 = htR2 ).
V =W + U .

2
3 Polutropik Metabol • DiaqÔtec: Isentropikìc bajmìc apì-

doshc statikèc-proc-statikèc sunj kec:

• Se Sumpiest (1 −→ 2): /
( ) n−1 h − h1
Tt Tt2 pt2 n ηs−s,D = 2
= const. ⇒ = h2 − h1
γ−1
γηp,C Tt1 pt1 Gia asumpÐesto reustì, apodeiknÔetai ìti:
pt
Gia ton polutropikì ekjèth n isqÔei: 1
ηs−s,D = pt1 −pt2
n−1 γ−1 1 1+ p2 −p1
= ⇒n=
n γηpC 1 − γη
γ−1
p,C
Isentropikìc bajmìc apìdoshc statikèc-

proc-olikèc sunj kec:

Gia ton polutropikì bajmì apìdoshc ηp,C
sumpiest isqÔei ìti ηp,C ≥ ηis,C me: h − h1
/
ηs−t,D = t2
/ γ−1 ht2 − h1
Tt2− Tt1 πC −1 γ
ηis,C = ηt−t,C = = n−1
Tt2 − Tt1 • Suntelest c Anˆkthshc PÐeshc se
πC n − 1
( ( )) γ−1
γ DiaqÔth: O Suntelest c Anˆkthsh-
pt2 Tt2 p2 −p1
⇒ πC = = 1 + ηis,C −1 c PÐeshc orÐzetai wc Cpr = pt1 −p1
kai gi-

pt1 Tt1 a asumpÐesth-atrib ro grˆfetai kai wc

Cpr = 1 − (V2 /V1 ) 2

. O Jewrhtikìc Sun-
• Se Strìbilo (1 −→ 2): telest c Anˆkthshc PÐeshc orÐzetai wc
( ) n−1 Cpr,th=1−(V2 /V1 )2 qwrÐc proôpojèseic. Stic
Tt Tt2 pt2 n

γ−1 = const. ⇒ = asumpÐestec roèc eÐnai ηs−s,D = Cpr /Cpr,th .

γ
ηp,T Tt1 pt1
pt
• Krit rio de Haller: UpodeiknÔei mègis-
Gia ton polutropikì ekjèth n isqÔei:
to epitrepìmeno ìrio epibrˆdunshc. Prèpei

n−1 γ−1 1 V2 /V1 (katˆ perÐptwsh) W2 /W1 ≥ 0, 72.

= ηpT ⇒ n =
n γ 1 − γ ηp,T
γ−1

Gia ton polutropikì bajmì apìdoshc ηp,T 5 Anˆlush Pterug¸sewn

strobÐlou isqÔei ìti ηp,T ≤ ηis,T me:

n−1
Oi sqèseic thc Enìthtac Anˆlush
Tt1 −Tt2 1−(1/πT ) n
Pterug¸sewn èqoun prokÔyei me thn paradoq
ηis,T = ηt−t,T = /
= γ−1
Tt1 −Tt2 1−(1/πT ) γ ASUMPIESTHS ROHS:
( ( ))− γ−1
γ
pt1 1 Tt2 • Suntelest c Apwlei¸n Olik c
⇒ πT = = 1− 1− PÐeshc: EÐnai to ω1, me:
pt2 ηis,T Tt1
p2 − p1 V22 ∆pt
4 AgwgoÐ 2
ρV1 /2
= 1 −
V12
− ω1 , ω1 =
ρV12 /2
• AkrofÔsia: Isentropikìc bajmìc apì- ìpou ∆pt eÐnai h ap¸leia olik c pÐeshc sthn

doshc statikèc-proc-statikèc sunj kec: pterÔgwsh ( ∆pt = pt1 −pt2 ).

h1 − h2 • Dunˆmeic se PterÔgwsh: H axonik
ηs−s,N = /
h1 − h2 kai h perifereiak dÔnamh (anˆ monˆda Ôy-

ouc) se kˆje pterÔgio epÐpedhc pterÔgwshc

Isentropikìc bajmìc apìdoshc olikèc-proc-
me b ma s eÐnai:
statikèc sunj kec:
1 2
ht1 − h2 Fa = ρV (tan2 a1 −tan2 a2 )s−∆pt s
ηt−s,N = /
2 a1
ht1 − h2 2
Fu = ρVa1 (tana1 −tana2 )s

3
 AnalÔontac th sunolik dÔnamh katˆ th kai 6 Axonikìc Sumpiest c
kˆjeta sth dieÔjunsh thc mèshc gwnÐac am ,
metanam = 1
2
(tana1 +tana2 ) prokÔptei h ˆn- • Suntelest c Paroq c: Φ= Va
U
wsh L kai h D,
èlkousa wc:
An U =staj. kai Va =staj. ⇒
cos2 a1 Va,i Va,i 1
L = ρV12 (tana1−tana2 )s −s∆pt sinam Φ= = =
cosam Ui Vu,i − Wu,i tanαi − tanβi
D = s∆pt cosam
gia i = 1, 2, 3
• Suntelestèc 'Anwshc, 'Elkousac: • Suntelest c Fìrtishc:

2 cos2 a1 ω1 ∆ht ht2 − ht1

CL = (tana1 −tana2 ) − sinam Ψ= =
σ cosam σ U 2 U2
ω1
CD = cosam
σ An U =staj. kai Va =staj. ⇒

Ψ = 1 + Φ(tanβ2 − tanα1 ) = Φ(tanβ2 − tanβ1 )

ìpou σ = c/s h stereìthta ( =qord ). c

• Anˆlush PterÔgwshc Sumpiest : • Isentropikìc Suntelest c Fìr-

∆ht,is
Isentropikìc bajmìc apìdoshc statikèc- tishc: Ψis = U 2 = ηis,C Ψ
proc-statikèc sunj kec:
• Bajmìc AntÐdrashc:
/
h2 − h1
ηs−s,C = h2 − h1 T2 − T1
h2 − h1 r= , r= (Cp = const.)
h3 − h1 T3 − T1
pou gia asumpÐesth ro grˆfetai:
An U =staj. kai Va =staj. kai epanalhp-
∆pt tik bajmÐda⇒
ηs−s,C =1− 1 2
2
ρVa (tan2 a1 − tan2 a2 )
W12 − W22 Vu1 + Vu2
r = =1−
Lìgoc èlkousac proc ˆnwsh: 2U (Vu2 − Vu1 ) 2U
Φ
D ∆pt cos2 am = 1 − (tanα1 + tanα2 )
ϵ= = 2
L ρVa2 (tana1 − tana2 ) 1 Φ
= − (tanα1 + tanβ2 )
ηs−s,C ≈ 1 − 2ϵ
sin(2am )
2 2

• Anˆlush PterÔgwshc StrobÐlou: • Jewrhtikìc Bajmìc AntÐdrashc:

Isentropikìc bajmìc apìdoshc statikèc-
Vu1 + Vu2
proc-statikèc sunj kec: rth = 1 −
2U
h1 − h2
ηs−s,T = / • EpÐlush Trig¸nwn Taqut twn Ax-
h1 − h2
onikoÔ Sumpiest :
pou gia asumpÐesth ro grˆfetai:
An U =staj. kai Va =staj. kai epanalhp-

1 tik bajmÐda⇒
ηs−s,T = 2∆pt
1+ ρVa2 (tan2 a2 −tan2 a1 ) Vu1 Ψ Vu2 Ψ
=1−r− , =1−r+ ,
1 U 2 U 2
≈ 2ϵ Wu1 Ψ Wu2 Ψ
1+ sin(2am ) = −r − , = −r +
U 2 U 2
4
 √
V1 V3 Ψ 2 • Krit rio EustajoÔc LeitourgÐac
= = Φ2 + (1 − r −
) ,
U U 2 Sumpiest : Parˆmetroc tou
√ Greitzer
√
U
V2 Ψ B= ìpou ωH = a LCAV ( U = per-
= Φ2 + (1 − r + )2 , 2ωH LC
U √ 2 ifereiak a=
taqÔthta sth mèsh gramm ,

W1 Ψ taqÔthta A = diatom agwgoÔ, LC =

qou,
= Φ2 + (−r − )2 , m koc agwgoÔ, V = ìgkoc trofodotoÔmenou
U √ 2
jalˆmou). An B > 0, 7 tìte èqoume pˆlmw-
W2 Ψ
= Φ2 + (−r + )2 sh, alloi¸c peristrofik apokìllhsh.
U 2
• LeitourgÐa se Sunj kec
1 Ψ Anaforˆc:
tanα1 = tanα3 = (1 − r − ) , Ergazìmeno mèso o aèrac,
Φ 2 γ = 1, 4 , Cp = 1004, 6m2 /s2 K
tèleio aèrio,
1 Ψ /s K , pt1 = 1, 0332 × 105 P a,
2 2
tanα2 = (1 − r + ) , R = 287, 03m√
Φ 2 Tt1 = 288K , γRTt1 = 340m/s.
1 Ψ
tanβ1 = (−r − ) ,
Φ 2 • Basikèc Sqèseic:
1 Ψ
tanβ2 = (−r + ) √
Φ 2 γRTt1 U1
ṁ = γΦ1 A1 √
pt1 γRTt1
• GwnÐec Apìklishc thc Ro c:
( ) (prìkeitai gia proseggistik sqèsh pou
−ΨΦ
β1 − β2 = tan−1 qrhsimopoieÐ ìti ρ1 = ρt1 ).
Φ2 + r 2 − Ψ2
( 4
) ( ) γ−1
γ
ΨΦ pt3 (γ − 1)U12
α2 − α3 = tan−1 = 1 + Ψis,1
Φ2 + (1 − r)2 − Ψ2 pt1 a2t1
4
√ ∆h
• Jewrhtik Adiˆstath Qarakthris- ìpou at1 = γRTt1 , Ψis,1 = Ut,is
2 .
1
tik AxonikoÔ Sumpiest : √ √
γRTt1 pt1
OrismoÐ: ϑ = 340m/s , δ=
1,0332×105 P a
.
An (d) sumbolÐzei leitourgÐa sto shmeÐo

sqediasmoÔ, isqÔei
Ψ
Ψd
= + − Ψ1d ),
1
Ψd
Φ
Φd
(1 • LeitourgÐa se TuqaÐo ShmeÐo kai
an kai mìno an tanα1 − tanβ2 = stajerì gia stic Sunj kec Anaforˆc me Ðdio
logikèc allagèc tou shmeÐou leitourgÐac. Isentropikì Bajmì Apìdoshc:

• Bajmìc Apìdoshc Statikèc-proc- Proôpojètei diat rhsh tou Φ, dhlad

Statikèc Sunj kec: √ √

ṁ ϑ 1 ϑ 1 1
· · = ṁref · ·
( ) δ γ N 1, 4 Nref
r∗ − ΦϵR 1 − r∗ − ΦϵS
ηs−s,C = Φ +
Φ + ϵR r∗ Φ + ϵS (1 − r∗ )
kai diat rhsh tou Ψ, dhlad

ìpou ϵS kai ϵR eÐnai o lìgoc èlkousac prìc (( )−1

ˆnwsh (D/L) sth stajer kai thn kinht )2
N γ−1

pterÔgwsh antÐstoiqa.
√ (γ − 1) (πCγ − 1) =
ϑ
Mègisto ηs−s,C gia ( 2 )−1 3,51

( √ ) Nref (1, 4 − 1) (πC,ref − 1)

1+ϵ2S
1+ Φ
ϵS
1− 1+ϵ2R
∗
ropt = √ • AntÐstoiqa ShmeÐa LeitourgÐac:
1+ ϵR 1+ϵ2S √
ϵS 1+ϵ2R IsqÔei Nref = N/ ϑ kai

5
 √
V1 V3 Ψ
= = Φ2 + (1 − r − )2 ,
√ U U 2
ṁ ϑ 1, 4 √
ṁref = · V2 Ψ
δ γ = Φ2 + (1 − r + )2 ,
U √ 2
kai W3 Ψ
= Φ2 + (r + )2 ,
( )3,5 U 2
0, 4 γ−1 √
πC,ref = 1+ (π γ
− 1) W2 Ψ
γ−1 C = Φ2 + (r − )2
U 2

7 Axonikìc Strìbiloc 1 Ψ
tanα1 = tanα3 = (1 − r − ) ,
Φ 2
• Suntelest c Paroq c: Φ = Va
U 1 Ψ
(anˆptuxh sqèsewn ìpwc sto sumpiest ). tanα2 = (1 − r + ) ,
Φ 2
1 Ψ
• Suntelest c Fìrtishc: tanβ2 = (−r + ) ,
Φ 2
1 Ψ
∆ht ht2 − ht3 tanβ3 = (−r − )
Ψ= 2
= Φ 2
U U2
• GwnÐec Apìklishc thc Ro c:
An U =staj. kai Va=staj. ⇒
( )
Ψ = Φ(tanα2 −tanβ3 )−1
−ΨΦ
α1 −α2 = tan−1
Φ + (1 − r)2 −
2 Ψ2
• Bajmìc AntÐdrashc: ( ) 4

−1 ΨΦ
β2 −β3 = tan
h3 − h2 T3 − T2 Φ2 + r2 − Ψ4
2

r= , r= (Cp = const.)
h3 − h1 T3 − T1
• Jewrhtik Adiˆstath Qarakthris-
An U =staj., Va =staj. kai epanalhptik tik AxonikoÔ Strìbilou:
bajmÐda⇒
An (d) sumbolÐzei leitourgÐa sto shmeÐo
Ψ Φ 1
sqediasmoÔ, isqÔei = + (1 )− Ψ1d an
Φ Ψd Φd Ψd
r = − (tanβ3 + tanβ2 ) kai mìno an tanα2 − tanβ3 = stajerì gia
2
logikèc allagèc tou shmeÐou leitourgÐac.
1 Φ
= − (tanβ3 + tanα2 )
2 2 • Anhgmènec Parˆmetroi Paroq c
Vu2 + Vu3 kai Fìrtishc:
= 1−
2U
Anhgmènh Parˆmetroc Paroq c = √VTαt1 , me

• EpÐlush Trig¸nwn Taqut twn Ax-

1 Vα 1
onikoÔ Strìbilou: Φ= √ ·√ ·
γR Tt1 Mu
An U =staj., Va =staj. kai epanalhptik
2
U
bajmÐda⇒ ìpou Mu2 = γRT t1

Vu2 Ψ Vu3 Ψ Anhgmènh Parˆmetroc Fìrtishc = ∆T

Tt1
t
, me

=1−r+ , =1−r− ,
U 2 U 2 ∆Tt 1 γRTt1
Wu2 Ψ Wu3 Ψ Ψ= · ·
= −r + , = −r − Tt1 γ − 1 U2
U 2 U 2
6
 • Anhgmènh Qarakthristik : 9 Aktinikìc Strìbiloc
• Je¸rhma Rop c thc Orm c: An 1
( ) h eÐsodoc sta akrofÔsia, 2 h eÐsodoc sthn
∆Tt γ−1 Ψd 1 Vα
= √ Mu (1 + ) √ pterwt kai 3 h èxodoc thc pterwt c, eÐnai
Tt1 γR Φd Ψd Tt1 ∆ht = ht1 −ht3 = ω(R2 Vu2 − R3 Vu3 ).
−(γ − 1)Mu
2
Ston aktinikì strìbilo, isqÔei ìti

• Qarakthristik Polubˆjmiou
ht1 −ht3 =
1 ( )
Strìbilou: (U22 −U32 ) + (W32 −W22 ) + (V22 −V32 )
2
H èlleiyh tou Stodola:
• Isentropik TaqÔthta:
√ ( ( )2 )1/2
ṁ Tt1 Pt,out ( ( ) γ−1 )
=k 1− 1 2 / p3 γ
pt1 Pt,in Vis = ht1 −h3 = Cp Tt1 1−
2 pt1

8 Aktinikìc Sumpiest c • Suntelestèc Apwlei¸n AkrofusÐ-

wn - Pterwt c:

• Je¸rhma Rop c thc Orm c: An

/ //
1 2 h2 − h h3 − h
eÐsodoc sthn pterwt , h èxodoc thc
ζN = 1 2 2 , ζR = 1 2 3
pterwt c kai 3 h èxodoc tou diaqÔth, eÐnai V
2 2 2
W3
∆ht = ht3 −ht1 = ω(R2 Vu2 − R1 Vu1 ).
Isentropikìc bajmìc apìdoshc olikèc-proc-

statikèc sunj kec:

• OlÐsjhsh: H taqÔthta olÐsjhshc Vus
/ /
orÐzetai wc: Vus = Vu2 − Vu2 , ìpou Vu2 = 1
/ ηt−s,T = ( )
Vr2 tana2 , Vu2 = Vr2 tana2 . O parˆgontac 1+ 2(ht11−ht3 ) V32 + ζR W32 + ζN TT32 V22
olÐsjhshc orÐzetai wc

Vu2 Vus • Qr simec Sqèseic : O suntelest c

σ= =1− paroq c orÐzetai wc Φ =
Va3
. O suntelest c
Vu2
/
Vu2
/ U2 ( )
fìrtishc wc Ψ =
∆ht
2
U2
= Vu2
U2
− R3
R2
Vu3
U2

• Empeirik Sqèsh Stanitz: An n o Gia β2 = 0o kai α3 = 0o , isqÔei:

arijmìc twn pterugÐwn, eÐnai:

T3 γ−1 2
=1− Mu2 ·
T2 2
σ =1−
0, 63π 1 ( ( )2 )
n 1 + Φ2 tanβ2/ 1 R3 1
· 1− +
tan2 a2 R2 tan2 β3
ìpou Φ2 = VUr22 o suntelest c paroq c.
√
ìpou Mu2 = U2 /a2 kai a2 = γRT2 .
• Suntelest c Anˆkthshc PÐeshc
tou DiaqÔth tou aktinikoÔ sumpi-
est :

p3 − p2
Cpr =
pt2 − p2

7
 ΠΕΡΙΣΤΡΕΦΟΜΕΝΗ ΑΚΙΝΗΤΗ p t1 p t2
ΠΤΕΡΥΓΩΣΗ ΠΤΕΡΥΓΩΣΗ p1
h h t1 = h t2
/
1 2
h t2 V1
2
V3 1 h1
α
3 1 2
V
α V1 2 2
1
ΠΕΡΙΣΤΡΟΦΗ p2 1 2 1 2
β1
W2 U2
2 2
U1 V2 h2
W1 / 2
1 2 1 2
α h2 U3 W3
2 U2 ∆h t 2 2

β
2 p t3
W2 p3
h t3 h t R2 = h t R3
1 2
V3
3
2
ΘΕΣΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΘΕΣΗ h3
(1) (2) (3) h t3
/
//
h3 /
h3

Sq ma 1: PterÔgwsh AxonikoÔ Sumpiest . s

Sq ma 4: Jermodunamikì Diˆgramma BajmÐdac

Strìbilou.
p t2 p t3
h
h t2 = h t3
1 2
p3
/ V3
h t2 2 ΣΠΕΙΡΟΕΙ∆ΕΣ
// h3 ΚΕΛΥΦΟΣ
/ h3 3
h t3
1 2 (3)
/
1 2 W2
h3 V2 2 ∆ΙΑΧΥΤΗΣ
p2
2 ΜΕ ΠΤΕΡΥΓΙΑ
(2)
h2 ΠΤΕΡΩΤΗ
/ 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
h2 ∆h t W1 U1 U2
2 2 2
p t1
ΡΟΗ R2
(1)
1 2 p1 h t1
V1 1 h t R2 = h t R3
2
h1

Sq ma 2: Jermodunamikì Diˆgramma BajmÐdac

Sq ma 5: SkarÐfhma AktinikoÔ Sumpiest .
Sumpiest .

ΑΚΙΝΗΤΗ ΠΕΡΙΣΤΡΕΦΟΜΕΝΗ
ΠΤΕΡΥΓΩΣΗ ΠΤΕΡΥΓΩΣΗ
β2

W2 β2 V2

V2 V2
U2 α Vr
3 2
α ΠΕΡΙΣΤΡΟΦΗ W2
2
V1 V3
W2 β
3

β
2
W3
U3 U2
Vu
2
Vus
Vu
2
ΘΕΣΗ ΘΕΣΗ ΘΕΣΗ
(1) (2) (3)

Sq ma 6: TrÐgwna sthn 'Exodo thc Pterwt c

Sq ma 3: PterÔgwsh AxonikoÔ Strìbilou. AktinikoÔ Sumpiest .