EVreporter Nov 2023 Issue

EVreporter
NOVEMBER 2023 | MAGAZINE

Issue No. 34
The most extensive Motor Control Unit (MCU) portfolio in

the country - backed by the best Application Support
What's
INSIDE
04 FY 2023-24 | Q2 - India EV sales
08 India EV sales trends for Sep 2023
16 Electrification opportunity for agricultural applications
20 What's next for light electric vehicle charging standards?
23 DC Charger manufacturing in India - Tirex Chargers
26 Lead acid to Lithium-ion battery transition for e-rickshaws
30 Know Your Cell – ways to understanding cell quality
How major OEMs are attempting to secure the EV battery

32 supply chain
35 News and updates

Disclaimer
The information contained in this magazine is for general information purposes only. While we endeavour to keep
the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind about the
completeness, accuracy, reliability or suitability of the information, products, services, or related graphics for any
purpose. Any reliance you place on the information is strictly at your own risk.
Accelerated by
Nov 2023 Page 4
FY 2023-24 | Q2 - INDIA EV SALES

Trend from last 5 quarters - Q2 FY 22-23 to Q2 FY 23-24 (EV sales - Jul 2022 to Sep 2023)
Source: Vahan and Telengana Open data portal. Low-speed 2W data not included.
The total number of Electric vehicles sold in the last four quarters from Q3 FY 22-23 to Q2 FY
23-24 in India is 15,15,757 units.
EV sales registered a Y-o-Y growth rate of 38.3% between the second quarter of FY 22-23
(2,82,666 units) and the second quarter of FY 23-24 (3,91,038 units).
Electric vehicle sales are dominated by 2Ws and 3Ws, with a combined volume share of almost
93.7% for Q2 FY 23-24.
Electric 2W sales for Q2 FY 23-24 witnessed a Q-o-Q decline of 19.8% with 1,97,704 units sold,
whereas the Electric 3W sales registered a Q-o-Q growth of 28.6% with 1,68,928 units.
For 3W, L3 Category EVs dominate compared to high-spec L5 Category.
The trend for Electric 4W has also seen a decrease in the number of units sold, and the
category-wise share is 5.8%.
Copyright © 2023 EVreporter. All rights reserved. EVreporter | Intelligence. Research. Consulting.
Nov 2023 Page 5
ELECTRIC VEHICLES REGION-WISE SALES TREND

Category-wise Trend in Top 10 Indian States for Q2 FY 23-24
76562
40714
35113
24802
22586
21105
20895
19788
18661
17511
Source: Vahan and Telengana Open data portal. Low-speed 2W data not included.
Uttar Pradesh has the highest share (19.6%) of EVs sold, with 76,562 units in Q2 FY 23-24.
Of the total EVs sold in Uttar Pradesh, 82.4% (63,157 units) are passenger 3W (L3+L5).
E-2W sales are maximum for the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and
Telangana, with a combined share of 59% in India's high-speed 2W sales.
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam have the maximum sales in the 3W category with a sales
share of 39.5%, 13.2% and 10%, respectively, of all electric 3Ws sold in India.
Karnataka has the highest sales of E-4W with 3,429 units for Q2 FY 23-24, followed by
Maharashtra and Telangana with 3,052 and 2,065 units, respectively.
Maharashtra has the highest e-Bus sales, with 112 units sold for Q2 FY 23-24.
The full report with OEM-wise quarterly sales performance is available at the EVreporter
Data Portal.
AMPACE PRESENTS THE BP
SYSTEM AND ‘KUN-ERA’ BATTERY
FOR ELECTRIC TWO WHEELERS
Ampace Technology is a subsidiary of ATL, the
world's leading producer and innovator of lithium-
ion batteries.
Ampace provides the whole range of products and

services spanning from battery cells to battery
packs and BMS, tailored to meet the diverse
needs of various usage scenarios.
At the 21st China International Motorcycle Trade Exhibition (CIMAMotor 2023), Ampace
unveiled two revolutionary offerings for the electric two-wheeler (2W) industry:
BP (Boost Power) system battery materials - Proprietary

materials designed to seamlessly harmonize high energy
density, stability, and dynamic performance.
"Kun-Era" series lithium-ion batteries for electric 2Ws - Built

for ultimate power, safety, super-fast charging and allow
multi-pack parallel connections.
"Kun-Era" series lithium-ion batteries
Kun-Era batteries
In the realm of electric 2W applications, Ampace distinguishes itself in three key domains:
E-motorcycle solution is synonymous with

"excellence," offering super power
performance comparable to sports cars.
E-scooter solution prioritizes "durability,"

providing dependable support for short-
distance commuting needs of the populace.
Urban battery-swapping solution places a

strong emphasis on "efficiency," delivering
potent, ultra-safe, and enduring battery
products to global batteryswapping operators.
BP system
The BP System, known as "Boost Power," signifies a pivotal advancement in Ampace's
upstream battery materials. It acts as the central driving force propelling the ongoing
enhancements in the specialized "Kun-Era" battery's performance for electric 2Ws. BP system
materials harmonize the three critical challenges of achieving high energy density, stability, and
dynamic performance.
BP system materials,
integrate the five
fundamental technology
pillars.
This integration facilitates

the efficient extension of the
range, enhances the
exhilarating experience of
high-powered driving, and
guarantees a lightweight
design for both the battery
and the vehicle, ultimately
crafting superior automotive-
grade lithium batteries.
Deep industry collaborations

Ampace has entered into strategic cooperation
agreements with prominent global electric vehicle
companies. These collaborations aim to harness
each other's strengths to jointly develop products
and solutions that are closely aligned with each
market's demands.
Contact http://www.ampacetech.com/
Rajeev Prasad Eric Liu

rajeevprasad@ampacetech.com LiuCX@ampacetech.com
+91 9312768621 +86 13802452096
Nov 2023 Page 8
Category wise Electric Vehicle sales, Oct 2023 | India

Total Registered EV Sales - Oct'23 - 1,39,232 I Sep'23 - 1,28,257
Category wise-Sales Trend from Oct 2022 to Oct 2023

14,60,846 EVs sold in last 12 months from Nov 2022 to Oct 2023
P - Passenger, C - Cargo | Source: Vahan Dashboard. Data as per 1354 out of 1441 RTOs across 34 out of 36 state/UTs
Nov 2023 Page 9
Fuel wise 2W Sales Trend, Jan 2023 - Oct 2023
High Speed E-2W Sales Trend by OEM
Source: Vahan Dashboard. Data as per 1354 out of 1441 RTOs across 34 out of 36 state/UTs
Note: Low speed Electric 2 Wheelers data is not included
Nov 2023 Page 10
Fuel-wise 3W Passenger L5 Sales Trend
E-3W Passenger L5 Sales Trend by OEM
Source: Vahan Dashboard. Data as per 1354 out of 1441 RTOs across 34 out of 36 state/UTs.
Nov 2023 Page 11
Fuel wise 3W Cargo L5 Sales Trend
E-3W Cargo L5 Sales Trend by OEM
Nov 2023 Page 14
E-3W Passenger L3 (Low-speed) Sales by OEM
E-3W Cargo L3 (Low-speed) Sales by OEM
Oct 2023 Page 15
OEM wise E-4W sales, Oct 2023
Others include Audi, Porsche, Renault, etc.

OEM wise Electric Bus Sales, Oct 2023
For deeper insights into India EV sales trends - city-wise, state-wise, segment-
wise and OEM wise, check out the EVreporter Data Portal here.
Nov 2023 Page 16
ELECTRIFICATION OPPORTUNITY FOR

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
Bangalore-based Bullwork Mobility is on a mission to harness technology for the
benefit of India’s agricultural sector. To that end, the company has developed two
products - an electric tractor and an electric sprayer. This Q&A with Hemanth
Kumar - CEO, Bullwork Mobility, helps understand the challenges in India’s
agricultural sector that Bullwork has identified and their approach to product
development that helps solve those challenges.
What are the fundamental issues faced by India’s farmers that you are looking to
provide solutions for?
The agricultural industry faces an array of challenges. High operation costs of machinery, low
mechanization, and availability of labour are some of them. Here, we explain the challenges
related to tractors and sprayers - two of the most commonly used machines for agriculture.
Tractors
Tractors come with a significant upfront cost, which can be a daunting barrier for small-scale
farmers. The initial expenditure includes not only the cost of the tractor but also implements and
accessories. Beyond the purchase price, tractors demand regular maintenance, fuel, and periodic
replacement of parts. The vehicle demands three to four litres of diesel to operate every hour. A
farmer has to invest INR 8-9 Lakhs to purchase the tractor. Every year, they will have to
spend another INR 3-4 Lakhs for diesel to run the machine.
Moreover, the vehicle is inherently offline. There is no data on deployment, utilization, area
covered, etc. Although the recent trend has been to add IoT modules to existing tractors, it has
limited capabilities due to the nature of the machine.
How does electrification help?
Electric tractors have the potential to disrupt the conventional farming landscape. The biggest
advantage of an electric tractor is that it is cheap to operate. The cost of running an electric
tractor can be 3 times less than a traditional diesel tractor. Additionally, for every hour of
running, they will offset up to 10 Kgs of CO2.
What this system needs to be successful is a ground-up redesign of a tractor to have an electric
powertrain which is efficient. These vehicles need to extract every drop of juice from the battery
when dealing with limited energy on board. Retrofits built on existing platforms are not the
answer.
How is your solution different from other electric tractor companies?
We take a comprehensive approach to solving the problems faced by Indian farmers. We are not
merely retrofitting existing machines but developing ground-up designs that cater specifically to
the needs of Indian agriculture. We focus on autonomous technology, electric power, and data-
driven precision farming.
Nov 2023 Page 17
What do you mean by Precision Farming?
We create electric and smart farming equipment and take it a step further with data collection and
analysis. Our machines are equipped with sensors that gather valuable data on soil health,
crop conditions, and more. This data is then harnessed for precision agriculture.
Farmers can access real-time insights into their crops, enabling them to make informed
decisions on everything from irrigation to pest control. Our vehicles offer plant
identification, yield prediction, and smart health monitoring. This level of data-driven
precision empowers farmers to optimize their practices, reduce resource wastage, and increase
their yields.
Specifications of Bullwork Mobility electric tractor
Our tractors come in the 35-50 HP range,

making them powerful enough to handle a
wide range of agricultural tasks. The
operational costs are reduced to a fraction of
what traditional diesel tractors demand. While
traditional tractors cost around INR 400
per hour of operation, our electric tractors
operate at just INR 50-70 per hour. This
cost-saving is crucial for farmers, especially
smallholders.
The tractor is built with innovative ADDC (Automatic Depth and Draft Control) technology,
which helps the farmer to use the implements with precision and ease. The machine also features
a PTO (Power Take-off) to run existing implements that attach to a tractor.
At present, our prototype is ready. We plan to soft launch the tractor by the end of this year and
expect to complete the homologation process soon after. Deliveries to start mid-2024. Though our
pricing will evolve with the scale, a ballpark figure for the price would be INR 12 Lakhs.
Sprayers
What challenges do the farmers face when it comes to their spraying requirements?
Spraying in agriculture is a crucial yet often resource-intensive task. However, when people think
of mechanization in the agriculture sector, they think only of deploying tractors. The biggest
bottleneck for plant growth is the spraying activity. Traditional plant spraying in India is
predominantly labour-intensive. Many smallholder farmers resort to manual spraying methods,
which are physically demanding, time-consuming, and less precise. Moreover, finding skilled
labour, especially during peak spraying seasons, is a constant struggle. It is a slow process and
also affects the health of the person who is doing the spraying.
India is one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. However, the excessive and often
indiscriminate use of pesticides is a significant issue. Many farmers lack proper training and
awareness about the judicious use of these chemicals, leading to overuse, incorrect application,
and subsequent crop damage.
Nov 2023 Page 18
Access to modern spraying equipment, such as mechanized sprayers, drones, and precision
agriculture tools, remains limited, especially in remote and economically disadvantaged regions. The
high cost of such technology is a significant barrier for small-scale farmers. The excessive use of
pesticides, along with the mismanagement of their residues, contributes to environmental
degradation. Soil and water sources become contaminated, and the development of pesticide-
resistant pests further compounds the problem.
The solution to this problem is a mechanised vehicle which can deliver the proper amount of
pesticides, Herbicides, nutrients and fertilisers quickly and cheaply. Electric Boom sprayers are the
answer, as they can complete this activity at a fraction of the cost and keep humans much safer by
removing them from the immediate area of sprays.
What is Bullwork’s solution for spraying?
We have developed the world's first fully electric high-clearance boom sprayer - Warrior. This
machine offers farmers a way to significantly reduce their environmental impact while still effectively
caring for their crops.
Bullwork Warrior - Electric Sprayer
The Warrior is a versatile solution with 600/900 litres of tank capacity, and it can spray 4-5
acres of land in one hour.
The lithium-ion battery ensures reliability, and the hybrid charging system (battery +
generator) means one charge can cover 20-25 acres.
We are already in production mode for the sprayer and expect to start deliveries around Feb 2024.
The ballpark price for the sprayer would be INR 15 lakhs.
Oct 2023 Page 20
WHAT'S NEXT FOR LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLE

CHARGING STANDARDS?
Near-term convergence to standardized connectors & protocol
In a positive development for the Indian EV industry, BIS recently approved IS

17017 (Part 2 / Section 7) as the standard for a new AC and DC Combined
Charging connector standard for LEVs (light electric vehicles). The
accompanying BIS standard IS 17017 (Part 25) specifies the communication
protocol for LEV charging. Then, there is also BIS standard IS 17017 (Part 2 /
Section 6), a standard for DC fast charging connectors for light electric vehicles.
Fig 1. provides a visualization of the evolution of charging in the context of electric two-wheelers in
India. Altogether, convergence towards a few key standards for charging connectors and, perhaps
even more critical, a standard communication protocol will open the doors to greater interoperability
and investment in EVSE (electric vehicle supply equipment) infrastructure.
Figure 1: Summary of convergence of LEV charging connectors & communication protocol | Image by author
What next?
While the prospect of a more widespread infrastructure of DC fast chargers for electric two and
three-wheelers is excellent for boosting consumer confidence in EVs, careful consideration must
be made for battery health, protecting against hacking, and user convenience.
Protecting battery health
While standardization drives interoperability and hence greater scope for 3rd party DC fast charger
networks, OEMs will still want to ensure that their electric two-wheelers, e.g., can draw power only
from reputed DC fast chargers certified to relevant safety and quality standards. This is important
because battery health can depend a lot on charging profiles and the quality of power supplied to
the vehicle. At the end of the day, it is the OEMs who will need to bear the cost of warranty even if
the fault is attributed to the regular use of a spurious, sub-standard DC fast charger.
Oct 2023 Page 21
Resisting malicious attacks

OEMs will be wary of users plugging in their vehicles to a spurious, sub-standard charging point
only to find that their vehicle has been hacked or an unauthorized party has accessed sensitive
data. The current standards do not fully address the potential risk of hacking. However, as volumes
scale up, LEV charging stations & vehicle charging ports will inevitably come on the radar of
malicious hackers.
Enhancing user convenience

Today, one of the critical barriers to the adoption of EVs is the cumbersome payment mechanisms
associated with chargers. Different CPOs (charge point operators) have different mobile apps and
wallets, and ‘roaming’ is usually a challenge, with the user being compelled to register and sign up
before being able to pay for charging service at each new charging network. Here, wouldn’t it be
great if all the user needed to do was plug in their vehicle to the charging point, and everything else
– from authentication to billing to payment- was taken care of by itself?
Key next step in LEV charger evolution – Cybersecurity

As we think about the key considerations discussed in the previous section, a cybersecurity
foundation will soon become essential at the hardware level. For instance, a secure element
attached to the SECC (EVSE communications controller), as well as the EVCC (EV
communications controller), will provide a platform for enabling the exchange of signed certificates
that, in turn, can allow plug-and-charge as one possible future extension to IS 17017 (Part 25).
Similarly, a secure CAN transceiver will provide resilience to hacking the vehicle and unauthorized
communication at spurious charging points.
Figure 2: Cybersecurity - at a core hardware level, is a key next step for building &
retaining trust in public charging infrastructure | Image by author
Building the foundation of cybersecurity in EVSE and vehicle hardware can unlock disproportional
value for all stakeholders. OEMs can benefit from checks & balances on which EVSE their vehicles
can draw DC fast charge from. Users will benefit from a seamless plug-and-charge experience.
The consequent increase in underlying trust and convenience associated with 3rd party charging
points will boost consumer adoption of EVs and eventually benefit CPOs as well.
About the author

Narsimh Kamath is the business development manager - electrification for India, Southeast Asia,
and ANZ regions at NXP, a global leader in automotive and industrial semiconductors. He has
previously served as lead systems architect on a battery management system solution and holds
multiple US patents. He can be reached at narsimh.kamath@nxp.com.
Nov 2023 Page 23
DC CHARGER MANUFACTURING IN INDIA -

GULF OIL ACQUIRES MAJORITY STAKE IN
TIREX CHARGERS
Tirex Chargers is an EVSE manufacturer based out of Ahmedabad. Gulf
Oil India is set to acquire a 51% stake in Tirex Chargers for INR 103
crores. This interaction with Arth Patel - Founder and CEO at Tirex
Chargers, focuses on their work and the overall outlook for the EV
charger manufacturing space.
Please tell us about Tirex Chargers’ current scale of operations.

We are a DC charger manufacturing company and can manufacture between 1500 to 2000 DC
fast chargers a year at the moment. We started in 2016 and have supplied nearly 700 DC chargers
across India, with a combined capacity of around 30,000 kilowatts. Our primary focus is on high-
power charging - so most of our deployments cater to electric buses and electric car fleets.
Can you please share about the revenue and profitability of Tirex Chargers?
Since the last two to three years, we have been growing almost at a hundred per cent rate. Two
years ago, we generated a revenue of around INR 7 crores. Last year, we did INR 13 crores,
and this year, we are targeting a top line of over INR 40 crores.
Also, last year we registered a minor profit. This year, we might incur a small loss due to heavier
investments in R&D and scaling up our manufacturing capacity. As the majority of the capital
investments are done in initial years, we expect at least 20-25% profits in five years down the line.
You have been manufacturing chargers since 2016. What were the main challenges
you faced during this time?
When it comes to electronics, India still lacks competence as compared to other Asian countries. As
an original equipment manufacturer, we rely on partners to supply certain electronic components.
Finding local vendors for components such as PCBs, energy meters, or displays was a
hurdle in India. So we had to go to China, Korea or Malaysia to source these components.
However, we are gradually seeing a shift. It will still take some time to reach the desired level of
localization.
What are some of the products in the BOM of a charger easily available in India?
Components like switch gears, charger enclosures, wiring harnesses etc, are easily available in
India. If you have a certain level of control over PCB design, then you can get them manufactured
from multiple vendors in Pune or Bangalore.
Nov 2023 Page 24
Gulf Oil India is acquiring a 51% stake in Tirex. What kind of synergies do you think
will emerge from this?
With this development, we are now a part of Hinduja Group and Gulf Oil India. They are a global
group, present in more than 100 countries. Being a lubricant company, they have a very strong
automotive background that we can leverage to connect with automotive manufacturers.
Secondly, their financial might will allow us to invest heavily in R&D. Currently, European and
American markets are more evolved than the Indian market when it comes to having a stable
charging product. With extensive R&D, we aim to achieve the product quality that is available
overseas.
Do you have an expert export focus as well?
Yes. Till now, we have been a domestic supplier - selling to PSUs, e-bus OEMs, CPOs, etc, in
India. Starting next financial year, we will start exporting to the Southeast Asian market and the
European market to begin with. By mid of next year, we aim to start exporting to the US market as
well. This is another area where the network of Gulf Oil will benefit us.
What kind of market size do you think exists for DC chargers in India?
I think the current market size is around 3,000 to 4,000 DC charging points in India. We feel that in
the next 5 to 10 years, the DC charger market will reach 20,000 to 30,000 chargers. If you consider
AC chargers as well, it is a much larger market. AC charger is an easier market to get into as low
power is easily available everywhere.
The global electric vehicle charging infrastructure market size is expected to reach USD 121.09
billion by 2030, expanding at a CAGR of 25.5% from 2023 to 2030, according to a study conducted
by Grand View Research, Inc. The only thing that we need to focus on is scaling up the
manufacturing processes and creating better technology.
Cybersecurity is a critical aspect related to electric vehicles and EV charging. What

kind of mechanisms need to be put in place to enable safe operation?
In terms of cybersecurity, we are doing a lot of work on the operating system (OS) side. The
operating system of our chargers is Linux-based and highly secure. The OS cannot be open
source or some random stuff taken from off the internet. It has to be highly secured and verified by
certain entities on a global level.
One aspect of ensuring cybersecurity is the SIL or Safety Integrity Level, which implies how safe
and robust a certain software is. Medical devices, air force and military application devices are at
the highest level of SIL. The levels go down as you move towards a consumer product. Investing in
an operating system at a higher SIL level helps to ensure that no one can hack it.
Secondly, working closely with the CPOs also helps. In the case of an EV charger, the only open
point for a hacker to get into is a CPO server. If the CPO server is robust, then the chances of
the charger getting hacked become considerably less. The charger OEMs and CPOs have to
collectively work to ensure that the channel of communication between the charger and the CMS is
very secure so that a third party cannot access it.
Nov 2023 Page 25
What are the main areas the industry needs to focus on to build reliable products,
and how Tirex is addressing those aspects?
Close collaboration between automotive OEMs and EV charger manufacturers - The

industry is at a growing stage, and everyone is experimenting and learning. Automotive OEMs
and EV charger manufacturers need to work together to build reliable products. There have
been cases where cars that have been charged in the morning are not charged in the evening,
despite nothing being changed in the charger. This occurs because the OEM has changed
some software in their vehicle, which causes the car not to get charged. A lot of support
from OEMs is required. We have installed chargers at almost all the automotive OEMs for end-
of-line testing, so we are aware of whatever changes they are making to their vehicles and
whether all the vehicles are being charged or not.
Strong focus on end-of-line testing - An EV charger has components sourced and

assembled together - not everything gets manufactured 100 per cent in-house. Hence, a strong
focus on end-of-the-line testing is required to ensure that whatever product goes out of your
manufacturing line is robust enough to cater to the conditions the market has to offer. We are
also investing heavily in simulators and certain test cases that test all the production changes
on the required confidence level. This investment in testing is necessary for all the OEMs in the
industry.
Efforts towards localization - Almost 40 per cent of our product is already localized. Now, we
are focussed on the remaining components, for example, the power converters, which make an
essential part of a DC charger. We are working with some companies from Europe and
designing these components. While a prototype stage can be reached in a six-month or a year's
time, getting the design validated as per the industry standards and making it feasible for
manufacturing takes time. One cannot sell something at double the price just because it is
made in India. We also have to look at volumes for the economies of scale to kick in. I can
confidently say that 70-80% of the components of our product would be made in India
within a time frame of two to three years, including the controllers and power converters.
Nov 2023 Page 26
ENABLING LEAD ACID TO LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

TRANSITION FOR E-RICKSHAW DRIVERS
A significant number of e-rickshaws in India rely on lead-acid batteries due to their cost-
effectiveness in comparison to Lithium-ion batteries. New industry solutions are emerging that aim
to make it easier for drivers to opt for Lithium-ion batteries. In a previous edition, we highlighted a
business model where lead acid rickshaw drivers opted to retrofit their vehicles to enable swapping
instead of buying a new battery at the end of battery life.
Gurugram-based Pointo offers an alternative model, where drivers can lease

Lithium-ion batteries for a monthly rental and use it as a fixed battery for their
EV. We have invited Gaurav Jindal, Co-founder of Pointo, to explain the business
they are building and how the model works.
E-rickshaws are at the forefront of India's EV industry. With a staggering fleet of 2.5 million vehicles
and an annual addition of 0.4 million, they have played a pivotal role in driving the shift towards
electric mobility. However, the majority of e-rickshaws in the country are purchased with lead-acid
batteries as those are significantly cheaper. The additional financial burden of a Li-ion battery is
often insurmountable for E-rickshaw drivers who already struggle to pay monthly instalments (EMIs)
of INR 8,000 against their monthly income of INR 20,000.
However, there's a window of opportunity here: lead acid batteries used in E-rickshaws
typically need replacement annually. When evaluating the journey of rickshaw ownership over a
six-year period (the typical time frame for E-rickshaw operations), the possibility becomes evident.
At the point of lead-acid battery replacement, it becomes a more viable option to use a lithium-
ion pack once the vehicle EMI is paid off in the first 2 years. In the case of a lead-acid battery
vehicle - The driver needs to replace the lead-acid battery every year for INR 30,000 (A total of
INR 1.2 Lakhs for 4 Years). In contrast, the cost of a lithium-ion battery, while higher
upfront (INR 90,000), presents a more economical choice over the long term.
Battery-as-a-Service model and swapping
To address the challenge of lead acid battery

replacements, Indian entrepreneurs introduced the
Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) model, offering battery
swapping services. Prominent names in this sector,
such as Battery Smart, Sun Mobility, Moving, and
Charge Up, have entered the market.
However, we feel that the BaaS model is not without

its challenges. While it provides flexibility and cost
savings, it necessitates frequent station visits,
waiting times, and lead to higher battery
degradation. During our market research, some
drivers reported waiting up to 40-50 minutes during
peak hours.
Nov 2023 Page 27
Not all e-rickshaws need swapping

A closer look at the needs of E-rickshaw drivers revealed that not all of them require battery
swapping. With higher-capacity batteries (100+ Ampere) available, E-rickshaws can comfortably
cover daily distances of 110 kilometres. This is significantly more compared to the average daily run
requirement of 70-80 kilometres, eliminating the need for swapping.
The concept of battery swapping originally began with two-wheelers, which faced space constraints
necessitating frequent battery changes. In contrast, E-rickshaws have ample boot space, making it
possible to install larger batteries that can power their daily operations without the need for swaps.
Business model adopted by Pointo
We provide battery leasing with a fixed 100+ Ampere battery for the e-rickshaw on a
monthly payment plan. This approach eliminates the need for middlemen, reducing costs by
40% for end customers.
We feel a crucial point of our model is that it requires no change in customer behaviour and leads
to easy adaptability. Drivers still charge their vehicles themselves as they have been
traditionally doing with lead-acid batteries. But instead of charging the vehicle for 8 hours, now
they do it in 3 hours. Drivers also benefit from an increase in vehicle range and efficiency.
Here's a breakdown of how this business model operates:
Battery Procurement - We partner with Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) to acquire

high-capacity lithium-ion batteries from Battery Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).
Battery Leasing to End Customers - We offer lithium-ion batteries on a leasing basis to our
primary customer base, which consists mainly of E-rickshaw drivers. The leasing arrangement
is for 36 months and involves a fixed monthly rental fee of INR 3,600 for each battery.
This allows E-rickshaw drivers to access better batteries without the substantial upfront cost.
Profit Margin - We generate revenue by charging end customers a leasing fee. The company
maintains a profit margin of around 20-30% on the monthly rental fees. As the business
scales and the cost of capital and battery prices decrease, this margin is expected to improve.
We are on track to become Profit and Loss (P&L) positive in the coming year.
Additionally, we are in the process of tying up with players in the charging infrastructure space and
local garages (50+ onboarded) to provide a charging network and transaction ease through our
mobile app. To reduce downtime, we are partnering with vehicle service players that can provide
both e-rickshaw and battery repairs.
Future outlook
We aim to deploy 3,000 batteries and extend our services to 12 different cities, intending to reach a
broader customer base and take advantage of economies of scale. With advancements in battery
technology and projected price reductions of 50% over the next six years, battery financing is set
to become an increasingly viable and sustainable model. This empowers customers to own
their batteries, aligning with traditional Indian ownership practices. As the industry shifts from a
BaaS swapping model to battery financing, we believe battery financing promises both cost savings
and convenience for drivers, contributing to the continued growth of the Indian EV market.
Nov 2023 Page 30
KYC (KNOW YOUR CELL) – VARIOUS WAYS

TO UNDERSTANDING CELL QUALITY
In this article, Rahul Bollini talks about how to understand the quality of the cells.
Determining Lithium-ion cell quality

As a battery pack or an electric vehicle company, it is common to work with various types of cells
procured from different vendors. It leaves us questioning which supplier is providing better quality
cells. The answer lies in how much voltage is dropped in unit time. Also known as the “K” value,
it is the main factor used while grading cells during manufacturing. Low K-value cells are considered
A-grade cells. Higher K-value cells are labelled under A (minus) and B grades accordingly.
An excellent way to determine the cell quality is by measuring its self-discharge in terms of
voltage drop at high temperatures. It is a known fact that a Lithium-ion cell will discharge by itself
faster at high temperatures. Hence, various cells from different suppliers with similar characteristics
in terms of form factor (cylindrical, pouch or prismatic), capacity (Ah) and cathode material type (for
similar voltage) can be put under observation to measure the drop in voltage for a few weeks.
Comparing cells from different sample sets for voltage drop
On the next page, I provide the data of the cell test conducted for two types of similar LFP cells
having the same form factor and capacity. The cells were observed at 60°C (environmental
chamber), and their voltage was measured after every week. Samples of 7 cells were observed for
each type.
The first set of cells registered a voltage drop of up to 4mV (0.004V) after the first week, and the
voltage dropped by 1mV (0.001V) in the second week. Most of the cells in this set did not lose
any voltage in the second week. This is considered a very good cell.
The second set of cells registered a voltage drop of up to 8mV (0.008V) after the first week, and
the voltage dropped by 3mV (0.003V) in the second week.
Nov 2023 Page 31
Reading the reference table, we can observe that the first type of cells has a lower voltage drop than
the second type of cells.
Additional factors
In addition to voltage drop, the following factors help to identify good-quality cell characteristics:
Good LFP cells must deliver an average voltage of a minimum 3.2V at a 0.5C discharge rate.
I have seen many cases of B-grade cells that can provide similar capacity (Ah) but deliver a
lower average voltage. This translates to lower energy storage capacity. Average voltage is one
common factor overlooked when analysing the quality of cells.
Wh efficiency [(Wh energy discharged/Wh energy charged)*100] of LFP cells must be over 91%
when charged and discharged at a 0.5C rate.
Ah efficiency [(Ah capacity discharged/Ah capacity charged)*100] of LFP cells must be over
95% when charged and discharged at a 0.5C rate.
Wh efficiency and Ah efficiency of the cell have to be up to the mark, which is not the case in old
(due to calendar ageing) or used cells because the cell's internal resistance (IR) would have gone up
from its original value and thereby making the cells heat up more than usual during charge and
discharge. Cell manufacturers suggest that the end-of-life of the cell is considered when its
internal resistance value reaches 1.5x of its original value (when it was brand new). It is not
considered safe to operate such cells for electric vehicle applications.
Rahul Bollini is an R&D expert in Lithium-ion cells with 8 years of experience. He

founded Bollini Energy to assist in deep understanding of the characteristics of
Lithium-ion cells to EV, BESS, BMS and battery data analytics companies across
the globe. Rahul can be reached at +91-7204957389 and bollinienergy@gmail.com.
Nov 2023 Page 32
HOW MAJOR OEMS ARE ATTEMPTING TO

SECURE THE EV BATTERY SUPPLY CHAIN
The automotive industry is well-acquainted with manufacturers aiming to integrate their supply chain
vertically. A prime example of this is Henry Ford's River Rouge complex, which, in the 1920s and
1930s, was the only place in the world where the entire process of producing automobiles
could be witnessed in a single day. Although no automaker has achieved the same level of
extensive vertical integration as River Rouge, automakers have always preferred to develop their
engine manufacturing (for ICE vehicles) in-house as a significant differentiator in performance. Auto
OEMs have been designing, building and managing their engine manufacturing factories, producing
cylinder heads, cylinder blocks, crankshafts, camshafts and connecting rods (“5C”).
Drawing a parallel for the EV industry -

Globally, automakers are increasingly
committing to expanding their electric
vehicle portfolio and striving to establish
control over arguably the supply of the
most critical component of an electric
vehicle, i.e. lithium-ion batteries.
In this article, Gurusharan Dhillon

explores how some of the leading
automakers are preparing to secure
the EV battery supply chain.
How EV OEMs are trying to secure their battery supply chain
In April of 2023, Jaguar Land Rover announced its plans to speed up its shift towards electric
mobility. The company shared that its UK factory will exclusively produce all-electric vehicles and
that its next medium-sized SUV architecture, EMA, will be completely electric. It's worth noting
that Jaguar Land Rover is a subsidiary of Tata Motors, with Tata Sons being the biggest
shareholder. Soon after (in Jul 2023), Tata Group made an announcement about constructing
a 40 GWh electric vehicle battery plant in Britain. This plant will serve Jaguar Land Rover
and Tata Motors factories and is significant for three reasons. Firstly, it is a major investment in
the UK's automotive industry. Secondly, it will significantly boost the UK's auto industry, which
requires local battery production. Third, it will support the UK's net-zero goals, as the UK aims to
ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035. Additionally, it will help automakers
comply with post-Brexit rules, which mandate sourcing more EV components locally to avoid
tariffs on UK-EU trade, starting from 2024.
In addition, Tata has signed an MOU with the Gujarat Government to establish a 20GWh
Battery plant in Sanand. This move demonstrates the strong commitment of the original
equipment manufacturer (OEM) to ensure a reliable supply chain for electric vehicle batteries. It
is worth mentioning that Tata Motors already has a plant in Sanand and has acquired the
adjacent Ford Motors plant. Currently, they are working on integrating the two plants.
Nov 2023 Page 33
Tesla has taken an early lead in securing the EV Battery Supply Chain with plants in North
America, Asia and Europe and plans for future plants in Mexico.
General Motors has planned for 4 EV Battery plants (~160 GWh) in North America, three under
its partnership with LG (Ultium Cells LLC) and one with Samsung SDi. Additionally, General
Motors is forging strong alliances in EV components, raw material recovery and processing. The
company has also recently announced a USD 60M investment in Mitra Chem, which is
developing a portfolio of Iron-Based Cathodes.
Ford is planning 3 Battery plants (~129 GWh) in the US as part of its Joint venture with SK
Innovation (Blue Oval SK).
Moving focus to Europe - the Automotive Cells Company (ACC), involving joint venture members
Total Energies/Saft, Stellantis and Mercedes Benz, could see two gigafactories built in France
and Germany.
Luxury car maker Mercedes Benz has announced its intention to set up 8 battery factories with
existing partner CATL across Europe, the US and China and one with a new partner.
BMW has also planned for Giga factories with partners like CATL, Northvolt and Samsung SDi.
Volkswagen has announced its intention to acquire a 26% stake in Gotion High-Tech Co.
(China’s fourth largest battery producer) to become the battery maker’s largest shareholder,
along with investment in a new battery plant in Germany in partnership with Northvolt AB of
Sweden and in Solid State batteries through investment in QuantumScape Corporation.
Along with Great Wall Motors' example of backward integration into the battery business
(SVOLT), China also has an interesting reference of a Battery maker (BYD) forward
integrating into car assembly to sell more batteries.
In Conclusion
While securing the EV battery supply chain could be one of the primary considerations for
investments in Battery makers by OEMs, another viewpoint could be to help provide them with a
ringside view and closer integration with rapidly developing battery technology.
While backward integration to secure the EV battery supply chain is definitely needed to help
achieve cost parity for EVs, it remains to be seen how the automotive world will navigate complex
cross-cultural business relationships while closely keeping pace with technology in the race to global
EV leadership.
Gurusharan Dhillon is an automotive professional with 30+ years of experience.

He currently serves as a Director of eMobility at Customised Energy
Solutions. With a focus on the electric mobility sector, Dhillon specializes in
Powertrain, Battery Technology, Charging Infrastructure, and emerging
technologies. He has worked with leading automotive OEMs like Toyota, Nissan,
Honda and Hyundai.
NEWS BYTES Nov 2023 Page 35
Ola Electric has announced the closure of INR ~3,200 Crores funding as a
part of an equity and debt round raised from Temasek-led marquee
investors and project debt from the State Bank of India, respectively. The
funds raised would be utilized towards expanding Ola’s EV business and
setting up its lithium-ion cell manufacturing facility in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu.
International Finance Corporation has invested an

initial tranche of ₹300 Crore out of a total commitment
of ₹600 Crore towards Mahindra Last Mile Mobility,
valuing the company at ₹6020 Crore. Mahindra Last Mile
Mobility's product portfolio includes vehicles like Treo, Zor
Grand, Alfa (3-wheelers), and Jeeto (4-wheeler SCV).
Electric bus manufacturer PMI Electro Mobility has received an

investment of INR 250 crore from Piramal Performing Credit Fund,
a part of Piramal Alternatives. The influx will help PMI bring
technological advancements to their production capabilities and
scale up our operations.
EV Charging Solutions company Bolt.Earth has secured an investment of $20

million in a round led by a consortium of investors, including Union Square Ventures,
Prime Venture Partners, and ITIGO Funds.
Bolt.Earth also announced a partnership with Forest Capital. Together, the

companies will invest over INR 200 Crore to accelerate the adoption of 15,000
electric vehicles, both two-wheelers and three-wheelers, with 500 DC fast chargers.
Bengaluru-based tech startup oorja has raised $1.5 million in seed funding,
led by Micelio Fund and co-led by Capital-A. Java Capital, Anicut Capital and
Lead Angels also participated in the funding round. The company will utilise the
funds to build its product and expand into European and North American
markets. oorja’s software enables automotive OEMs to make informed decisions
to optimize battery packs by reducing time to market and costs.
Bengaluru-based inter-state electric bus service provider

Fresh Bus has raised INR 7.5 Cr in its second seed
funding round from investors like CRED founder and
CEO Kunal Shah, TVS Motors MD Sudarshan Venu, and
Rivigo CEO and founder Deepak Garg.
EV finance platform Perpetuity Capital has secured ₹5 crore in debt from

Clime Finance. Perpetuity Capital is an online platform that helps delivery
drivers and autorickshaw drivers avail finance to purchase EVs for commercial
use. Clime Finance is an RBI-registered NBFC focused on providing debt to
founder-led small and medium enterprises engaged in climate action.
Perpetuity Capital plans to use the debt for financing e-2Ws and 3Ws in new
geographies that it has expanded into in the last six months.
Delhi-based Jumppers, an EV-based last-mile delivery start-up, has secured an

undisclosed amount from Lipi Data Systems and Velocity Cap Investment LLC
Fund, a Dubai-based Investment Firm. The company will use the funds to onboard
1000 vehicles for e-commerce, pharmaceuticals, FMCG and food delivery. In FY
2022-2023, Jumppers secured INR 2.5 crore in revenue.
Production of Electric motorcycle BMW CE 02 begins at TVS Motor

Company Hosur Plant. Together, the two companies have
developed and launched five motorcycles so far, including the BMW
G 310 R, BMW 310 GS, BMW G310 RR, along with TVS Motor
Company’s flagship motorcycles, TVS Apache RR 310 and the
recently launched TVS Apache RTR 310.
Ather Energy is partnering with Vaidya Energy, a subsidiary

of Vaidya’s Organization of Industries and Trading Houses
(VOITH), to launch its electric scooters in Nepal.
Electric 2W manufacturer River handed over the

first batch of its electric scooter Indie to its pre-
ordered customers from Bengaluru on 15 October
2023. The vehicles are manufactured at their plant
in Hoskote, Karnataka.
The company had launched Indie in Feb 2023 at a

starting price of INR 1.25 lakh.
Raptee, Premium EV motorcycle Startup, appoints former Ather and Ola

Electric Veteran C Suresh as Head of Operations. One of his pivotal roles
will be to plan and roll out the products in the near future. Suresh will focus
on constructing additional facilities to cater to the projected demand for
Raptee Motorcycle.
Vivekananda Hallekere, CEO of Bound Infinity, shared that they have started exporting their
electric 2Ws to Kuwait.
The Bureau of Indian Standards recently approved IS 17017 (Part 2/Section

7) as the standard for a new AC and DC Combined Charging Connector for
light electric vehicles. The connector was designed by Ather Energy. The
accompanying BIS standard IS 17017 (Part 25) specifies the communication
protocol for Light EV charging.
Okaya Electric Vehicles has introduced the Motofaast with a

'Scoobike' design, priced at INR 1,36,999 (ex-showroom).
Deliveries are to start in Delhi and Jaipur in Nov 2023. Peak
power of 2300W, 3.5 kWh dual batteries, range of 110 - 130 km
per charge, a top speed of 70 km/hr, 4-5 hours for a full charge.
RIVOT Motors has introduced the RIVOT NX100, an electric

scooter series. Prices start from INR 89,000. The range
starts at 100 kilometres and can be expanded to 300
kilometres. The EVs are manufactured in Belagavi,
Karnataka. The vehicle comes with a LiMFP battery. Its motor
combines IPMSM and SynRM technology.
Manesar, Gurgaon-based Zen Mobility is set to begin

delivering its Zen Micro Pod (cargo 3-wheeler Light
Electric Vehicle). The company said it has secured pre-
orders for over 5,000 units. Zen has chosen a B2B
business model, collaborating with fleet companies that
serve e-commerce and grocery companies.
Montra Electric, the EV Brand from Murugappa Group, signed an MoU with Telangana Grameena
Bank, a Regional Rural Bank sponsored by the State Bank of India, to enter into a vehicle financing
arrangement. This MoU will make it easier for customers to own a Montra Electric Super Auto.
Additionally, Green-only NBFC Ecofy will also offer financing

solutions for Montra Electric's passenger and cargo electric
three-wheelers. Ecofy is promoted by Eversource Capital. Tl
Clean Mobility Pvt Ltd, the owner of Montra Electric Brand is
working on electrifying Small Commercial, Heavy Commercial
and Tractors.
Omega Seiki Mobility signed a Memorandum of

Understanding with Honda Power Pack to focus on
swappable battery technology.
Epsilon Advanced Materials will build a $650 million graphite anode

manufacturing facility in Brunswick County, North Carolina. The company
plans to break ground in 2024 and begin manufacturing in 2026, reaching full
capacity by 2031. When fully operational, the EAM facility will produce 50,000
tons per annum (TPA) of graphite anode.
Chennai-based Ramcharan Company has been granted a patent for its solid-
state sodium battery, employing sodium silicate as cathode active material
and Na-enriched phyllosilicates (in-house developed speciality compound) as
solid electrolyte. It possesses a power of 1.73 kW/kg, and solid electrolyte ionic
conductivity of 1.4 milli-Siemens per centimetre@RT. The company anticipates to
scale and test the batteries in real-time applications by the end of 2024.
Recyclekaro will recycle end-of-life batteries from Bajaj

vehicles using Hydrometallurgy. The technology allows for
the recovery of 95% of high-purity battery raw materials like
cobalt, lithium, nickel and manganese, according to a release.
The partnership is expected to recycle 500 metric tonnes of
end-of-life batteries per annum.
Li-Circle starts a pilot plant for Lithium-ion battery

recycling in Karnataka with a capacity of 1000MTPA.
The team said they are the first LIB recycler in the state
and have the supply chain capabilities to execute both in-
house battery refurbishing as well as recovery of metals.
Understanding the current end-of-life LIB management landscape
TUESDAY
November 28, 2023
TIME
03:00 pm - 5:45 pm
GAURAV DOLWANI A L N RAO DEBARAJ MISHRA RAHUL BOLLINI
CEO CEO Director R&D expert
LICO MATERIALS EXIGO RECYCLING SUNGEEL INDIA BOLLINI ENERGY
VENKAT RAJARAMAN RANDHEER SINGH PREETESH SINGH ROHAN SINGH BAIS

REGISTER NOW CEO CEO Specialist - CASE and Alternate Powertrains Founder
CYGNI ENERGY FORESEE ADVISORS NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE ZIPTRAX
Kolkata-based electric car fleet company Snap-E Cabs has

announced collaborations with Mufin Green Finance, Mahindra &
Mahindra Finance, ICICI and HDFC Finance to expand its fleet in
the city to 600 from the previous 400 cabs.
BYD India has partnered with OHM E Logistics, an electric cab aggregator
and cargo leasing App platform to deliver 300 All-New e6 electric
passenger vehicles across India in the next six months.
Mumbai-based early-stage microVC Artha Venture Fund has announced a partial

exit from fleet management company Everest Fleet, resulting in an RoI of 19
times. Everest provides CNG and Electric cars for ridesharing platforms like Uber
and Ola. The fund initially invested Rs 10 crore in Everest Fleet in 2019. Everest
recently secured $20 million in a Series B round led by Uber and Paragon Partners.
MOVIN Express, a logistics brand (JV between UPS and

InterGlobe Enterprises), launched its EV fleet for first and last-mile
deliveries in Bengaluru. The first fleet was rolled out in Delhi
NCR earlier this year. Each SCV is capable of towing up to 850
kg, and it can go 120 kilometres on a single charge.
Electric fleet operator Magenta Mobility will deploy 500 units of Tata Motors
Ace EVs in its fleet. Magenta Mobility operates in multiple cities, managing a fleet
of over 1,200 EVs for last-mile deliveries.
Tata Motors supplied the first batch of Ultra EV e-buses to

Srinagar Smart City via TML Smart City Mobility Solutions (J&K), a
Tata Motors Group company. This delivery for intra-city commute is
part of its larger order to supply, maintain and operate 100 e-buses
in Srinagar and 100 in Jammu for 12 years. To date, Tata Motors
has supplied more than 1,000 e-buses across India.
Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi flagged off 30 JBM Electric buses at
the iconic ‘Statue of Unity’ near Kevadia in Gujarat.
Sona Comstar shared its revamped technology

roadmap to serve the broader E.P.I.C. - Electric,
Personalized, Intelligent and Connected mobility
landscape. During the first half of FY24, Sona
Comstar’s EV business experienced a 33% YoY
growth, generating revenue of Rs. 3,913 million.
BEV segment constitutes 78% of their net order
book and involves 48 programs for 28 customers.
The Public Investment Fund (PIF) and Hyundai have signed a

joint venture agreement to establish a highly automated vehicle
manufacturing plant in Saudi Arabia. PIF will hold a 70%
stake in the new joint venture, with Hyundai holding the
remaining 30%. The total investment for the project is estimated
to exceed $500 million.
China to mandate export permits for some graphite products. According to Benchmark Minerals
Intelligence, the exports of three types of graphite would not be allowed without permits to protect
the country’s “security and interests. This includes high-purity synthetic graphite and its products and
natural flake graphite and its products, which includes spherical and expanded graphite. The primary
end-use market for spherical graphite is lithium-ion batteries. The policy will take effect starting in
December 2023. Once in effect, the policy could make it more difficult for overseas companies to
buy Chinese graphite feedstock products.
AMP, an LA-based energy management solution provider for e-

mobility, has been acquired by Ford Motor Company. AMP’s
team integrate their energy management technologies into Ford’s
EV portfolio.
Subaru becomes the latest OEM to announce the adoption of North American
Charging Standard (NACS) ports for its battery electric vehicles to be launched
in North America starting 2025.
Idemitsu Kosan and Toyota will work together to develop mass-production

technology of solid electrolytes to achieve successful commercialisation
of all-solid-state batteries for battery electric vehicles in 2027-28.
EVREPORTER DATA PORTAL
Quarterly India EV report for Q2 - FY 2023-24

City-wise OEM sales for leading 21 Indian
cities for electric 2W, 3W, 4W, buses
India's leading Electric 2W Companies list
EV companies Investment Tracker
EV charger manufacturers list
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NOVEMBER 2023 | MAGAZINE

The most extensive Motor Control Unit (MCU) portfolio in

08 India EV sales trends for Sep 2023

16 Electrification opportunity for agricultural applications

20 What's next for light electric vehicle charging standards?

23 DC Charger manufacturing in India - Tirex Chargers

26 Lead acid to Lithium-ion battery transition for e-rickshaws

30 Know Your Cell – ways to understanding cell quality

How major OEMs are attempting to secure the EV battery

35 News and updates

FY 2023-24 | Q2 - INDIA EV SALES

For 3W, L3 Category EVs dominate compared to high-spec L5 Category.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES REGION-WISE SALES TREND

Ampace provides the whole range of products and

BP (Boost Power) system battery materials - Proprietary

"Kun-Era" series lithium-ion batteries for electric 2Ws - Built

"Kun-Era" series lithium-ion batteries

E-motorcycle solution is synonymous with

E-scooter solution prioritizes "durability,"

Urban battery-swapping solution places a

This integration facilitates

Deep industry collaborations

Rajeev Prasad Eric Liu

Category wise Electric Vehicle sales, Oct 2023 | India

Category wise-Sales Trend from Oct 2022 to Oct 2023

Fuel wise 2W Sales Trend, Jan 2023 - Oct 2023

High Speed E-2W Sales Trend by OEM

Fuel-wise 3W Passenger L5 Sales Trend

E-3W Passenger L5 Sales Trend by OEM

Fuel wise 3W Cargo L5 Sales Trend

E-3W Cargo L5 Sales Trend by OEM

E-3W Passenger L3 (Low-speed) Sales by OEM

E-3W Cargo L3 (Low-speed) Sales by OEM

OEM wise E-4W sales, Oct 2023

Others include Audi, Porsche, Renault, etc.

OEM wise Electric Bus Sales, Oct 2023

ELECTRIFICATION OPPORTUNITY FOR

How does electrification help?

How is your solution different from other electric tractor companies?

What do you mean by Precision Farming?

Specifications of Bullwork Mobility electric tractor

Our tractors come in the 35-50 HP range,

What is Bullwork’s solution for spraying?

Bullwork Warrior - Electric Sprayer

WHAT'S NEXT FOR LIGHT ELECTRIC VEHICLE

In a positive development for the Indian EV industry, BIS recently approved IS

Resisting malicious attacks

Enhancing user convenience

Key next step in LEV charger evolution – Cybersecurity

About the author

DC CHARGER MANUFACTURING IN INDIA -

Please tell us about Tirex Chargers’ current scale of operations.

Do you have an expert export focus as well?

Cybersecurity is a critical aspect related to electric vehicles and EV charging. What

Close collaboration between automotive OEMs and EV charger manufacturers - The

Strong focus on end-of-line testing - An EV charger has components sourced and

ENABLING LEAD ACID TO LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

Gurugram-based Pointo offers an alternative model, where drivers can lease

Battery-as-a-Service model and swapping

To address the challenge of lead acid battery

However, we feel that the BaaS model is not without

Not all e-rickshaws need swapping