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(Download PDF) The Water Cycle Curtis Slepian Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) The Water Cycle Curtis Slepian Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) The Water Cycle Curtis Slepian Full Chapter PDF
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Nonfiction
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STRATEGIES & SKILLS
Comprehension Vocobulory
Strotegy: Summorize oquifer, ortesion well. condense,
Skill: Couse ond Effect evoporote, groundwoter, oosis,
porous, precipitolion, woter cycle,
Vocobulory Strotegy woter loble, wetlond
Context Clues
Content Stondords
Science
Eorth ond Spoce Science
ConnectED.mcgrow-hil!.com
Mc
Graw
Hiil
Education
All rights reserved. No port of this publicotion moy be reproduced or distributed in ony form or
by ony meons, or stored in o dqfobose or retrievol ryslem, without the prior writlen conlent ot
McGrow-Hill Educolion, including, but noi limited to, network storoge or lronsmitrion, or
broodcoJt for distonce leorning.
ISBN: 978-0-02-l37s7q-5
MHID: O-02-137574-7
34567891CR20 19 18 17
Nonfiction
Thel|!h**"Ss.le
Chapter 1 , ,,1
Liquid Gold .......2
Chapter 2
Underground Water.. .............6
Chapter 3
Wells.. ..........9
Chapter 4
II
Water on the Surface. .............11
Chapter 5
Keeping Water Clean . . l8
Respond to Reading. . . 20
PAINED
Not a Drop to Drink ..21
Glossary 23
lndex 24
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Chapter 1
liquid Gold
Turn on o foucet.
Fill o gloss with woter.
Drink it.
Woter is cleor. It does not hove o toste.
It does not smell. It is speciol, though.
Fresh woter is one of the most voluoble
resources on Eorth.
Fresh water is water that has only a little bit of salt in it.
It is valuable because there is not very much of it on Earth.
I
Only 3 percent of all the water on Earth is fresh water. The
rest is saltwater.
Fresh water has many forms. About 69 percent of fresh
water is frozen. Glaciers and icebergs are frozen water. Less
r
than l percent of all water is the liquid in rivers and lakes. *
The other 30 percent of fresh water is under the ground.
There is not a lot of fresh water in the world. The total
amount of it never changes.
Water is made of water molecules. A water molecule is
the smallest particle of water that can exist. One molecule
of water has two atoms of hydrogen. lt also has one atom b
of oxygen. That's why people often refer to water as HrO.
!|
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3
2
E
o
All Water on Earth All Fresh Water on Earth
Fresh Water Underground Rivers and Lakes
te.:
Water molecules that existed a million years ago still
exist today. Think about a glass of water. Someone long ago
drank the water in that glass. Someone in the future will
drink some of that water, too! How can this be? 7
Water molecules do not disappear. They change form
instead. Water can change from solid to liquid and from
liquid to gas. Gas is also called vapor. Water can also
change from gas to liquid or liquid to solid. Water always
moves around Earth. As it moves, it always changes form.
These changes make up the water cycle. How does the
water cycle work?
3
Heat from the Sun makes some water on the
surface evaporate into a gas. This gas is called water
vapor. As this gas rises in the sky, it cools. As it cools, the
vapor condenses into small drops of water. When these
drops collect in the sky, clouds form. When the drops
get too heavy, they fall from the clouds. They can fall as
rain, sleet, snow, or hail. Rain, sleet, snow, and hail are
called precipitation. Some precipitation runs off the ground
Some goes into rivers, lakes. or the ocean. Then the water
cycle continues.
( (
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Precipitation a
I (Rain, sleet, snow or hail) -
_:?
\._
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Run
Groundwater (Water that flows back into
(Water that soaks
rivers, I and oceans)
into the ground)
4
Oceans and seas cover most of the surface of Earth.
The water in oceans and seas is saltwater, not fresh water.
Saltwater contains dissolved minerals. When saltwater
evaporates, the salts stay behind. The vapor that rises into
the air is pure water. This gas slowly moves between the air
and the ground. lt changes form as it moves from place to
place. This is why someone in the past drank the water you
drink today. This is also why someone in the future will drink
the water you drink todaY!
Air moves
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Condensation (Clouds form)
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Water Vap or
Evaporation
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p Chapter 2
Groundwater
You read that most of Earth's fresh water is frozen in
glaciers and icebergs. You also read that a very small
amount of fresh water is in rivers and lakes. The rest of
Earth's fresh water is under the ground.
When rain falls to the ground or when snow melts,
some of this water slowly sinks into the soil. Gravity pulls
the water down into the ground. Some of this water enters
a the empty spaces in the soil. Some of it enters the empty
I
spaces in rocks. Because soil and rocks can hold water,
they are porous. This means that they can hold water
like a sponge does. The water that is under the ground
is groundwater.
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AMAZING AQUIFERS
There is a lot of groundwater under the Great plains. This water makes up
the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala is the biggest aquifer in the country.
The aquifer covers thousands of square kilometers. Much of the aquifer lies
beneath the states of Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado,
and Texas. People have been taking water from the aquifer since the 1970s.
They use much of the water is for the crops they grow. The amount of water
that has been taken from the aquifer equals the amount of water that flows
through 18 Colorado Rivers in one year! Scientists think that the aquifer will
run out of waler in 50 years. That will change only if people stop taking so
much water from it.
8
Chapter 3
Wells
You can't see groundwater, but it is still important. Many
towns and cities use groundwater. Almost half of the water
that people use in dry places such as parts of Texas and the
Southwest is groundwater. How do people get this water that
is in the ground?
Some people dig a well to reach groundwater' Some
groundwater is only about a meter (three feet) under the
ground. But people usually have to dig more than 150 meters
(almost 5OO feet) to reach the water table.
When people find groundwater, they can bring it to the
surface with buckets. Or they can use a Pump. They must
understand that they cannot take the water out too fast. Their
wells will run dry if they take the water faster than more water
can move back into the well.
.\
r-
This is a water
PUMP.
9
When groundwater is far from the surface, people
must drill for it. A narrow hole is drilled into the ground.
Sometimes these holes can be 610 meters (2,000 feet) deep!
An electrical or mechanical pump brings the water to the
surface.
Artesian wells are wells that can be used to get
groundwater to the surface. Water in an artesian well is
under pressure. lf the outlet for the water is lower than the
intake, the water flows naturally out of the well. Egyptians
long ago used these wells for the fresh water they needed.
Porous rock
!
Nonporous roct
!
flillll Saturation Artesian Well
Level
10
Chapter 4
11
Rivers
Some rivers are thousands of kilometers long. Others are
very short. All rivers start as small trickles of water that run
downhill. Rain, melting snow, or water coming out of the
ground can cause a trickle. As trickles flow over the ground,
they form rills, or channels. Channels get bigger as more
water flows through them.
Trickles can join to form small streams. Small streams
can join to form a river. Small rivers can join to form a larger
river. Small streams or rivers that flow into a bigger river are
called tributaries.
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Lakes
Most rivers flow into oceans. But some flow into lakes. A lake
is water that has land on all sides. Some seas are really just
very large lakes. The Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea are called
seas. But they are really lakes because they have land on all
sides. About 87 percent of the liquid fresh water on Earth is in
lakes.
Lakes form when water collects in a basin, or bowl, in
the ground. Basins can form after land moves during an
earthquake. Lakes can form in craters at the tops of volcanoes.
Lakes can even form when meteorites hit Earth. Craters form
where the meteorites land. When the craters fill with watec
lakes form.
Some lakes also form when glaciers melt. Glaciers press
down on the ground. This can cause basins to form. When the
glaciers melt, the water fills the basins and lakes form. There
were many glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere during the last
lce Age. They filled basins with fresh water when they melted.
The Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes both formed in this way.
6
13
2
GI.AC!ERS
Antarctica is a continent at the botlom of the world. lt is covered with ice.
The ice is almost five kilometers (three miles) thick. There is ice in the oceans
around Antarctica, too. lcebergs, or large pieces of ice, float in the ocean
near Antarctica.
The ice that covers Antarctica is called a continental glacier. Glaciers are very
big masses of ice that move slowly over the ground.
Glaciers store mosl of Earth's fresh water. The water rarely melts. This means
that much of it has long been frozen and kept out of the water cycle. Some
people do get the fresh water they need when glaciers melt during warm
seasons.
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14
Wetlands
Wetlands are natural water systems. A wetland is ground
that is very wet or covered by shallow water for at least a
part of the year. The water in wetlands can move slowly. Or,
it can be very still. The water in some wetlands is fresh. The
water in other wetlands is salty.
There are many types of wetlands. Some wetlands
are bogs, fens, marshes, wet prairies, and swamps. Each
is different. Bogs and fens are wet all year long. Swamps
are dry when there is no rain. The Florida Everglades is a
wetland. Thousands of different kinds of plants and animals
such as birds, reptiles, and insects live in the Everglades.
!
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!
Some wetlands are in warm climates.
z
15
Wetlands are homes to many living things. Wetlands also
take in a lot of water during wet seasons. This helps to stop
floods. Wetlands clean water, too. Plants filter dirt out of the
water. Plants also remove some types of pollution from the
water.
Sadly, wetlands are disappearing. Scientists know that
the United States has lost more than half of its wetlands
since the 17OOs. Some wetlands have disappeared naturally
because of changes in the water cycle. People have
destroyed other wetlands. They did this by draining them or
filling them with dirt. Then they built on the land or planted
crops on it.
.!
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16
TI{E FIG}IT FOR WAIER
People need fresh, clean water. But water is not always where peoPle need it
Los Angeles, California. has an arid, or dry, climate. The city keeps growing
and does not have enough water for its residents. Los Angeles has been
fighting for a long time with the county next to it for clean, fresh water.
ln 1898, Mayor Fred Eaton of Los Angeles knew that the city needed more
water. Eaton got the U.S. government to build a big aqueduct to bring water
to Los Angeles from Owens Lake in lnyo County. An aqueduct is a bridge
that carries water from place to place. By 1928. Owen Lake was almost dry
because Los Angeles had taken so much water from the lake. Farmers near
Owens Lake needed water from the lake, too. The farmers were so angry that
they destroyed part of the aqueduct.
Los Angeles made the aqueduct longer in the 1930s and 194Os. They used
it to take water from an area called Mono Basin. People in Los Angeles still
needed more water. ln the 1970s, Los Angeles built another aqueduct to take
even more water from Owens Valley.
People in Owens Valley and Mono Basin were angry that Los Angeles was taking
atl of its water. They went to court, andjudges made Los Angeles give some
water back. They also said that Los Angeles could not keep taking so much
water. Even today, Los Angeles and lnyo County still fight for fresh water
'17
Chapter 5
I
18
You Can Help
It is very important to have enough clean water. Many
countries have made laws to limit the waste that can be
put in rivers, lakes, and other water. You can do your part to
help save water. You can turn off the water while you brush
your teeth. You can fix a faucet that leaks. You can run the
dishwasher only when it is full. You can fill the sink with
water when you wash dishes. Do not let the water run while
you brush your teeth. You can take short showers
Do not take long showers or baths. They use a
lot of water. You can also sweep your sidewalk
to get it clean instead of using water.
Fresh water is a valuable resource.
We need to use it wisely and carefully.
Otherwise, there may not be enough
of this liquid gold for everyone.
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Summarize +
Summarize what you read in Ihe
-l
Water Cycle. Use the most important
information from the selection. Your +
graphic organizer will help you. +
+
Text Evidence
1 How can you tell that lhe Water Cycle is nonfiction?
What text features help you know? GENRE
20
Genre Fiction
2a Compore Texts
Read about how understanding science helps a girl
enjoy a fantastic adventure.
J a
Soon the boat was under the water. Looking out of a
water droplet, Maklayla felt like a fish inside a fishbowl.
It reminded her of a line in a poem, "Water, water
everywhere, but not a drop to drink." Sunlight shined
through the water. She could feel vibrations as the water
began moving back and forth. The water became warmer,
and the vibrations became faster. Makayla yelled to Dylan,
"We're all moving so far apartl". The water droplets shrank
even smaller. Makayla felt a sweeping pull up, up and into
the sky!
They landed on a cloud. As the water vapor began to
cool down, a winter parka kept Makayla warm. The water
vapor started to collect and clump together. The cloud
was heavy with water droplets that started falling down to
earth. Makayla floated down inside a raindrop and pulled
the ripcord on her parachute at just the right moment.
They landed on the pontoon boat where they had started.
Then a spectrum of colors appeared and they expanded to
normal size.
Makayla and the others raced
back to the park center
one minute before their
parents came. Makayla
said to Dylan, "See you
tomorrow!"
2o
Moke Connections
How does what happened to Makayla in
the story "Not a Drop to Drink" help her to
22 understand the water cycle? rrxr ro rEXr
Glossary
aquiler (AK-wuh-fu underground rock or soil that is filled with
waler (page 7)
23
lndex
Antarctica, /4 lnyo County, 77
earthquake, /3 precipitation,4
Egyptians, /O rill, 12
evaporation,4-5 saltwater,5
iceberg 2, 14
24
f oGus0n
a
Glenc
PUfpOSe To find out if temperature affects the water
cycle
Procedure
Step 1 How do you think temperature affects the water
cycle? Write your answer in the form of a hypothesis'
materials you will need and the steps you will follow'
Lexile 690
Mc
Graw
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5
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rihkamakuormalla, kääriytynyt Pollen loimeen ja etsinyt tuulensuojaa
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tavaravaunuillani, ylpeänä sudennahkaturkissa ajanut, ja tässä ajoin
minä nyt omissa äskenmaalatuissa vankkureissamme oma Hannani
vierelläni ja katselin hänen sinisiin silmiinsä, niin että olin unohtaa
sekä ohjakset että tien.
*****
Mikä on tarkotus?
"Etkö luule meidän käsittävän, ettei 'Nls J—ss—n' ole kukaan muu
kuin sinä!" sanoivat he kaikki.
Hanna näki heti, että olin hyvin iloinen ja tuli heti vastaani
ystävällisesti osaa ottaen kuten aina elämäni tärkeissä tapauksissa.
Minä vaan nauroin, mutta kuinka olikaan, oli tuo asia mielessäni
koko yön, ja minä tulin yhä enemmän ja enemmän tyytymättömäksi
patruuna-arvonimeen, joka vielä muutamia vuosia takaperin niin
suuresti oli sydäntäni riemastuttanut.
"Ei suinkaan; minä luulen aivan varmaan voivani sen toimittaa, jos
haluat; itse olen minä kenraalikonsuli."
Koettelemuksen päivinä.
Kyllä, totta tosiaan, siihen hän kyllä kelpasi. Vain sen kautta että
on kirkumatta ja itkemättä ja heittäytymättä sohvalle ja potkimatta
jaloillaan hermokohtauksissa, voi vaimo auttaa miestään koko
paljon.
Sen minä kyllä voin uskoa. Sinä kyllä kernaimmin tahdoit hieman
harjottaa koronkiskomista noilla rahoillasi, senkin vanha saituri!