CAUDILLA, Llancien Grace A.

THE PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE

HUMSS 12 - A SCIENCE

PHILO - is a systematized body of knowledge and it

make sure to back claims with valid and sound
explanation
Module 1
ULTIMATE REASON, CAUSE, & PRINCIPLE-
Introduction to the Philosophy of Human Person
- It seeks to find the answer to the question
"why?"

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? HUMAN REASON

GENERALLY: - Presentations are communication tools that can

be used.
- PHILOSOPHY IS THE STUDY THAT USES HUMAN
REASON TO INVESTIGATE THE ULTIMATE
CAUSES, REASONS, AND PRINCIPLES WHICH
Ultimate Reason, Cause, & Principle
GOVERN ALL THINGS.
- IT IS CONSIDERED AS REFLECTIVE AND CAUSE
MEDITATIVE WAY OF ANALYZING IDEAS AND
- is the goal of every philosophical inquiry.
FRAMEWORKS
 MATERIAL CAUSE ; "What is the object made
 PYTHAGORAS' - "LOVE OF WISDOM": THE
of?"
PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE
 FORMAL CAUSE ; "What makes this object
PHILOSOPHIA different from the others?"
 EFFICIENT CAUSE ; "Who made it?"
- LOVE OF WISDOM OR THE DESIRE TO LEARN,
 FINAL CAUSE ; "Why is it made?"
GAIN KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING TO
SEE BEYOND THE OBVIOUS
 PHILO- LOVE, DESIRE FOR, ATTRACTION TO,
PRINCIPLE
ENJOYMENT OF
 SOPHIA- WISDOM, INSIGHT, OR INTELLIGENCE  PRINCIPLES OF IDENTITY ; "It is what it is"
“ Wisdom is about practical knowledge or the  PRINCIPLES OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE ; No Middle
knowledge that is used in day to day living in view of a Group round
certain goal or end.“  PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON ; Reasons for
Everything
KNOWLEDGE

- GAIN FROM EXPERIENCE

Human Reason
WISDOM
REASON
- CORRECT, RIGHT, OR MORAL APPLICATION OF
KNOWLEDGE - capacity to make things sensibly and consciously
applying logic, establishing and verifying facts,
and changing/justifying practices. It is
associated with thinking, cognition, and
intellect.
 WELL-USED REASON = WELL-ORGANIZED LIFE
- REASON is the characteristic of human nature
- The highest form of human happiness or well-
being (eudaimonia) as a life is. to live
 consistently, excellently, and completely in
accordance with reason
Distinguishing mark between human and brutes
ULTIMATE GOAL of MAN
PHILOSOPHYACCORDING TO KARL JASPER
- “Philosophy is a discipline wherein questions
generate answers, as a matter of course, but
answers instead of clarifying things will become
questions themselves seeking for further
answers in a never ending inquiry.”

- practice and develop his intellectual capacity to IN DOING PHILOSOPHY

the fullest
WHAT DOES PHILOSOPHY ENTAIL?
- EAST-WEST SYNTHESIS
- THEORIA-PRAXIS CONTINUUM - Doing philosophy entails digging into the roots
 THEORIA: Theory - Doing Philosophy involves the marriage of
 PRAXIS: Practice theoria and praxis
- theoria served as a guide of praxis - Doing philosophy is primarily about questions
- However, when Technical Knowledge is applied, than it is about answers
praxis becomes the standard and theoria is only - Doing Philosophy involves the marriage of
tapped to justity practices. theoria and praxis
- Doing Philosophy leads to holistic perspective

THE SOCRATIC METHOD

TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY
- A DELIBERATE REFLECTION
- SPECULATIVE & APPLIED
Socrates' Maxims
SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
- "Know Thy Self"
- "Wisest is he who knows that he does not  COSMOLOGY
know"
Greek word: Cosmos
Accusations
-philosophical study of being in the non-living world.
- Impiety questioning the religion)
 THEODICY
- Corrupting the minds of the young
Greek word: God

-philosophical study of being in the its highest form

Doing philosophy is every man's vocation
 RATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Questioning is not for questioning's sake, rather
it is about looking into the foundation of the Greek word: Psyche (soul)
beliefs and practices.
-philosophical study of being with its soul
"Questioning is a sign of a reflecting mind.”
 ANTHROPOLOGY

Greek word: Anthropos (man)

LIFE OF DEEP REFLECTION
-philosophical study of being with its soul and body
- "To have our beliefs and practices be shaken of
all its impurities is better than just bilndly  LOGIC
obeying them." Greek word: Logos (thought)
- Finding fault must be taken as a constructive
process rather than a destructive one. -science and art of correct thinking
  EPISTEMOLOGY KNOWLEDGE

Greek word: Episteme (human knowledge) - Clear awareness and understanding of

something
-philosophical study of human knowledge with regard to
- It is the product of questions that allow for clear
value of thought
answers, provided by facts.
 ETHICS - Comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to
be true
Greek word: Ethos (man's will)
COMPLETE THE STATEMENTS:
-philosophical study of the morality of the human act
that distinguishes good from evil and right from wrong Iknow that...

I know why...

APPLIED PHILOSOPHY know how...

 PHILOSOPHY OF MAN "I know that fish live in water"

-the metaphysical dimension of man as a person

 AESTHETICS FACTS

-philosophical study of man's beauty and pertection - Propositions or statements which are observed
to be real or truthful
 AXIOLOGY - However, there are statements that are not
-philosophical study of man's value evidently or immediately known to be true

 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION "I know that my school is the best school in the city"

- The meta-personal study of man with God

CLAIM
 SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
- Statement that requires further examination to
- The study of interpersonal relationship between man
establish whether it is true or false.
and society
- There are statements that are not evidently or
 ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY immediately known to be true

- Philosophical study of Oriental ways of Life TRUTHFUL STATEMENTS

 PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION - Considered as based on facts.

- In Science, truth is considered as something
- Philosophical and methodological approach of
observable and empirical.
teaching and procedural learning process
- Therefore, claims can be proven by verification
and examination.

MODULE 2
How do we know if something is true?

Methods of Philosophizing - "We assume that everything we know about

this world is true. But philosophers who
What is trụth and why is it important? pondered upon the origins of knowledge
doubted everything that there is to know about
themselves and the world."
 - "We have to UNLEARN something so that we INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
may LEARN anew"
Let's try another one!

I am a Filipino
INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
Am I a Filipino?
State the obvious things we know about ourselves...
- We can use facts to guide us in our search for
I am alive. truth

I have a body.

I can breathe INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE

FILIPINO

As philosophers, we do not  A NATIVE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

 A CITIZEN OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
- As philosophers, we do not assume that every
PHILIPPINES|
statement is true...
 THE TAGALOG-BASED OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF
- Doubt has a very important purpose in
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
truth.
- Systematic Doubt is employed to help
determine the truth.  PERSPECTIVE OF TRUTH #2
- This means that every statement, claim,
evidence, and experience is scrutinized and - A belief or statement is true if it is based on
analyzed. facts.
- Nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
reason and evidence to prove that it is indeed
true. Are you now convinced that you can call yourself a
Filipino? If not...

• Ask your parents and relatives

INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
• Look for official documents that prove
- Using doubt, revise the statemenst to make you are a Filipino
them easier to scrutinize and analyze.

I am alive.
 PERSPECTIVE OF TRUTH # 3
Am I alive? - Getting a consensus or having people agree on a
I have a body. common belief is another way of determining
what is true.
Do I have a body?
However...
I can breathe
This approach has certain limitations.
Can I breathe?
- Getting everyone agree on something may not
make that belief true. Thus, documents can be
forged or falsified.
 PERSPECTIVE OF TRUTH #1
- A belief is true if it can be justified or proven INVESTIGATION ON THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
through the use on one's senses.
Let's try more!
I can play basketball.  The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his
knees and placed him in handcuffs.
I can fry an egg.
 The aggressive manner by which the policeman
understand the lesson. arrested the suspect is an example of the
brutality that characterizes our
Can I play basketball?
DO 8S NO 8S NO BAY H
Can I fry an egg?
Rearrange the statements:
Do I understand the lesson?
• It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my
home to school.
 PERSPECTIVE OF TRUTH # 4 • My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
- Determining the truth (in this case) requires a
person to prove a statement through an action • The policeman firmly pushed the
suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to
determine truth to prove their accuracy and validity. • Living near the school is better because
we don't have to spend much for transportation.
The inquiry would result in any of the following
realizations? • My sister is a selfish person because she
ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with
I can play basketball me.
I cannot play basketball • The aggressive manner by which the
I can fry an egg policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the
brutality that characterizes our police force.
I cannot fry an egg
It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
I understand the lesson
VERIFYING THE NUMBER OF MINUTES IT TAKES FOR
I do not understand the lesson ONE TO WALK FROM HOME TO SCHOOL IS POSSIBLE.
Methods of Philosophizing

How can My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.

Philosophy guide us in The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees
distinguishing truth from opinion? and placed him in handcuffs.

STATEMENTS THAT SPEAK OF ACTIONS CAN BE VERIFIED

Look at the following statements and determine which
one states fact or opinion:
• It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my
home to school.
• Living near the school is better because
we don't have to spend much for transportation.
• My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
• My sister is a selfish person because she
ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with
me.
BY RECALLING AN EXPERIENCE OR PROVIDING
EVIDENCES SUCH AS EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS
OPINIONS
• Living near the school is better because
we don't have to spend much for transportation.
• My sister is a selfish person because she
ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not share it with
me.
• The aggressive manner by which the
policeman arrested the suspect is an example of the
brutality that characterizes our police force.
OPINIONS
Statements that goes beyond facts.
Statements that provide conclusions or perspectives
regarding certain situations.
It sometimes advance a belief about certain thing or
person
Bases for making arguments and convincing people that
a certain claim is a fact.
CONCLUSION
Judgement based on certain facts.
Facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be
disputed but the conclusion itself could still be
contested or questioned
BELIEF
Statements that express convictions that are not easily
and clearly explained by facts.
To judge the truthfulness of a belief, one must consider
things such as a person's experiences and views.
One must be aware when statements go beyond the
facts and provide additional ideas and information.
My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last
piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me.
This statement provides details or explanation in order
to support the idea "my sister is selfish".
EXPLANATIONS
Statements that assume the claim to be true and
provide reason or justifications why the statement is
true.
My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last
piece of pizza pie and did not share it with me.
This statement also asks the readers to simply accept
the fact that, "the sister is selfish".
ARGUMENTS
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince
the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Made with the assumption that the truth of the claim or
opinion is still to be determined.
Essentially, arguments are used to convey ideas that
influence the thinking, actions, and behavior of people
which can lead people to either right or wrong decision
and/or action.
REMEMBER:
• One need to be careful when listening
to arguments since not all arguments are truthful.
• Not all arguments have the same merit
because some are better presented and substantiated
than others.
• Claims and arguments may be given by
persons who have ill intentions and wish to twist or
manipulate facts to suit their own purpose.
• In analyzing statements presented, one
must always keep in mind the standards of critical
thinking.
Methods of Philosophizing
What should we consider when looking at arguments or
opinions!
ARGUMENTS
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince
the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
It may take the form of statements that are either claims
of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem
reasonable.
Arguments may be based on faulty reasoning.
FALLACY
Faulty Reasoning
Erroneous reasoning that has the appearance of
soundness.
It may be intentional, as the person making the claim is
desperate to convinve people to accept his or her
arguments.
AD HOMINEM
Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of
the argument itself
Can be observed whenever a person turns away from
trying to settle a particular issue by rational argument
and turns rather toward an attack on the character of
the person who holds a different view on the issue at
stake
"Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should
go find one!"
APPEAL TO TRADITION
The idea ia acceptable because it has been true for a
long time.
"Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It
has been so for a long time in this country; it should
remain so today and in the future.'
BEGGING THE QUESTION

"Of course he believes that the government is flawed, Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also
known as "circular agument"
he is a rebel, a communist, and a terrorist!"
"assuming the conclusion."
XMXMC%
"I have a right of free speech, therefore you cannot stop
APPEAL TO FORCE
me from talking."
Using threat of force or an undesirable event to advance
an argument.
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
When a speaker or writer formulates an argument it is
usually with the intention of convincing some audience Assuming a
to accept its conclusion, usually through coercion.
"cause-and-effect"
"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the
government, then we will have no recourse but to go to relationship
war." between
8XM° unrelated events

Committed whenever some event is held to be the

APPEAL TO EMOTION
Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Usually this happens when people argue for special
treatment on the basis of their need.
"All these charges are baseless; this is just plain
harassment - can't you see how this is affecting my
family?"
APPEAL TO POPULARITY
cause of another when in fact the events are not
causally related at all.
"Ever since you bought that sweater, everything has
been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it."
HASTY
GENERALIZATION
An argument that arrives at its conclusion with too little
evidence to support it.

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of Usually false due to insufficient sample size.
people accept it. "Anytime I've gone to a Japanese restaurant, the food
The truth of a claim is established only on the basis of its was terrible. Japanese food is not good.'
popularity and familiarity. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the
whole.
Committed when one concludes that because the parts
have certain attributes that the whole has them as well.
"These cases of robbery in this district have convinced
me that the city has become a den of thieves and
criminals."
FALLACY OF DIVISION
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its
part.
Occurs when the inference is made that because the
whole or collection has a certain property, its parts or
members must also have it.
"You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals!
Surely you can do it better in this course!
BIAS
Tendencies or influences which affect the views of
people.
An action of supporting or opposing a particular person
or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal
opinions to influence your judgment
CORRESPONDENCE/ ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her
actions, without regard for external factors or influence.
"These soldiers who fought in the war are bloodthirsty
murderers!
CONFIRMATION BIAS
Tendency to look for and readily accept information
which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas
or views that go against it.
"How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a
Christian!
FRAMING
Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring
other aspects.
"Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the
actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are
currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error."
HINDSIGHT
The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to
ascribe a pattern of historical events.
"Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardy
venture, made by an overconfident, careless man, who
underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos"
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
A person or group is connected to or has a vested
interest in the issue being discussed.
"As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the
right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged
corrupt practices."
CULTURAL BIAS
Analyzing
an event or issue based on one's cultural
standards.
MODULE 3
HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
MAN
⁃ general term used to refer to the entire
human race.
HUMAN
⁃ refers to a man as a specie - Homo
Sapiens Sapiens or Modern human beings
PERSON
⁃ human being granted With recognition
of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.
HUMAN NATURE
 ⁃ refers to the characteristics that
distinguish human from all other creatures. It is
influenced by culture and society.
Traits that define a human person:
1. Self - Awareness - Refers to the person
having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions driven by
RATIONALITY.
"We are the STARS of our own MOVIES."
• SELF - the person Who is actively aware
that he or she is perceiving and experiencing reality.
ALTOGETHER:
"I exist"
"I am here. I am present"
"I am living at this very moment"
• INTERIORITY
⁃ The quality of being focused on one's
inner life and identity.
⁃ Enables a person to exercise creativity
⁃ Allows a person to create goals, dreams,
and plans.
"Self enables us to reach out and interact with things
outside of ourselves"
2. Self - Determination - capability of
persons to make decisions and choices based on their
own preferences, monitor and regulate actions, and be
goal-roiented and self-directed.
• FREE WILL
⁃ It is the capacity to choose a course of
action from various alternatives.
⁃ Enables a person to act willfully, control
his or her actions, and recognize himself or herself as
the source of action.
"Did you break the vase?
"I broke the vase"
"I bumped into the table and vase fell"
"No. I did not break the vase."
Carlo can choose to admit breaking the vase, or he can
choose to deny that he broke the vase.
• CONSEQUENCE
⁃ It is the result or effect of an action or
condition
⁃ A person ACTS FREELY and with due
regard for the CONSEQUENCES of his or her actions
• MORALITY
⁃ goodness or badness of an act.
⁃ Philosophers consider human action as
a way to reveal a person's true nature.
• ALTOGETHER:
"I am a person"
"My actions are my own and are made freely"
"I know that I am the cause of my actions"
"I know that my actions have consequences"
• EXTERNALITY
⁃ capability to reach out and interact
With others and the World
• REALIZATION:
⁃ We are not alone and there are other
persons around us enables us to reach out and establish
meaningful relationships With others.
 3. Man as a SOCIAL BEING EMBODIMENT

• ALTOGETHER: ⁃ the giving of human form to a spirit - to

make manifest or comprehensible idea or concept,
"I am a person"
through a physical presentation.
"I value others"

'I interact With others in meaningful Ways"

• Belief:
' value my relationships With others"
Heart is the center of feelings of love and affection, as
love seems to cause the heart at faster 05 beat faster.

4. DIGNITY • According to Science:

⁃ innate right to be valued and respected Love is result of a biological reactions associated With
an increase of hormones which have certain effects on
⁃ Human dignity also drives us to seek the body.
what is good.

⁃ Doing good actions upholds and

promotes the dignity of the human person ⁃ Human body stands as the MEDIATOR

• ALTOGETHER: between the Material World and the Spiritual World.

"I am a person"

"I am a person With dignity" • Being an embodied spirit:

"I recognize that others have dignity, as well” - the person is able to encounter the world of
objects in a manner that transcends the physical.
“I must uphold human dignity in my thoughts and
actions”
• With human embodiment:

SPIRIT ⁃ physical acts are no longer purely

physical acts, because the body conveys something from
⁃ Intangible element or aspect of a al person's inner World
human person Which enebles us to excercise thoughts,
possess awareness, interiority. and the capacity to reach
out to the outside World and other persons.
⁃ A human being is biologically deficient
being.

How are the body and spirit related? • Can you fly?

• Can you breathe underwater?

HUMAN PERSON • Do you haveSuper strength?

⁃ Union of body and spirit

⁃ An embodied spirit Despite these natural limitations, we used our intellect

to devise means to achieve several feats.

“Body and Spirit are united and integrated.”

Transcendence
 ⁃ Ability to surpass limits

• Have you ever Wondered about what is

beyond our World or universe?

• Have you ever wanted to become better

at something or to learn something new?

• Do you see yourself becoming a better

person over time?

• Have you ever imagined a life that

better than what you are living now?

⁃ Our mind is an important toll that

allows us to go beyond many of our physical limits

Imagination & Reflection

⁃ Being physically limited in our abilities

does not prevent us from hoping for or aspiring to
greater things.

⁃ Human persons have natural tendencies

and inclinations

⁃ Transcendence means overcoming

oneself or being in control even if the body reminds us
of certain tendencies.

⁃ Our personal limits often involve facing

a challenge or obstavle or overcoming a Weakness.

⁃ However, it can be overcome With

enough effort and perseverance.