CAUDILLA, Llancien Grace A.

POLITICS AS A SCIENCE

HUMSS 12 - A - It involves data gathering, research

poll surveys, analysis, strategies,
POLGOV
planning, evaluation schemes,
procedures, ordinances, and
knowledge.
1. GOVERNEMENT- a group of people who rule or
run the country or administration. POLITICAL SCIENCE
2. GOVERNANCE- referring to a leader
- Is an art/science that deals and
- the act of governing or ruling; set of rules
study state politics, its institutions,
or laws framed by the government that are
laws, and processes.
implemented through the representatives
of the state. JAY M. SHAFRITZ
- Is the exercise if the political, economic, and
- Study of mechanisms of
administrative authority in the management
government.
of a country’s affairs at all levels
- The behavior governed.
3. GOVERNING- having control or rule over
- The actions of those who govern.
oneself.
IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

- Aims to educate students for

ORIGIN OF POLITICS
1. POLITICS
-politics in ancient Greek is
(POLITIKA) meaning affairs of the
state or cities.
- Set of activities that are associated
with making decisions in groups.
- Activities associated with the
governance of the country.
- Is the art and science of governance
by which the will of the community
is arrived at and the implemented;
the activities of a government,
politicians or political parties
2. IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS
- it socializes and educates the
citizens.
- Citizens do not rule themselves
unless they directly decide laws and
policies.
citizenship.
- Brings consciousness to the
students; the significance of human
rights; citizens obligations duties
and responsibilities in the
community.
- Makes the students Intelligent and
responsible citizens.
- CITIZENSHIP – membership only
- CITIZEN – nationality
ESSENTIAL REQUISITS OF POLITICS
1. Power
2. Rule
3. Authority
4. Influence – the most important because you can
posses the three but not influence.
FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

POLITICS AS AN ART 1. Government

2. Political theory
- THE HEART 3. Comparative government
- It involves the power of performing 4. Elements of law
certain actions and selective 5. Public law
recreation of reality especially 6. International law
acquired/inspired by experience, 7. International politics
study and observations. 8. Governance framework
 9. International organization
10. Public policy
11. Political economy
POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH LAW
1. LAW – is the totality of principles, promulgated
by government. When laws are formulated and
applied then political science offers the right
organized, and systematic process that will
make the law morally acceptable, widely
recognized, broadly respected, correctly
appreciated, and strictly followed.
POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH SOCIOLOGY
1. Study of society, people in the environment
Social data is the life of sociology.
Social data are necessary to requisites for
politicians and policy makers to formulate
quality legislation such as the population
growth rates, population density, mortality and
fertility, health and sanitation problems,
employment and unemployment, age structure,
sexual composition, life expectancy, urban living
and urban migration, squatting, birthrates,
crime, housing problems, and voting behavior.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE
 POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
- What form of government governs
and regulates political relations?
- What kind of leaders are there?
- What groups influence and control
legislative, executive, and judicial
power?
 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
- How are national resources
exploited, allocated, distributed,
consumed, and conserved?
- Do the economic entrepreneurs
remain strong and enabling?
 SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
- - What cultural traits and
complexities of the Filipino are
considered part of social capital?
- What are the prevailing attitudes
and values of people in relation to
social participation in governance?
 DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONEMNT
- Is the National Census and Statistics
Office relevant in planning out
growth and development?
- Is there a direct correlation
between high poverty incidence
and poor governance?
 CIVILIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
- Is local civilization threatened by
foreign civilization?
- What kind of civilization do we
have?
 TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
- What technology is appropriate for
local, regional, and national
development?
- Do we have the technology that
supports national cohesion?
 INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
- Are institutions of government
strong and resilient?
- What form of government is
appropriate for effective
governance?Ecological
environment
- How clear and serious is the
sustainable development program
of government?
- How good and effective are our
solid waste management system?
RA 7160
- Local Government Code of 1991
(Republic Act No. 7160). This
Code establishes the system and
defines powers of provincial, city,
municipal and barangay
governments in the Philippines.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 26
- provides for the establishment of
smoke-free environments in public
and enclosed spaces. The
presidential issuance made it very
clear that it covers all public and
enclosed places found within the
 territorial jurisdiction of the ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
Philippines.
 People
 Territory
 Government
 Sovereignty
SOCIAL FORCES OF GOVERNANCE
PEOPLE
1. GOVERNMENT – responsible in creating a
- Most important element of state.
conclusive political and legal environment.
- The entire body of those citizen of a
- Regulates the behavior of
state.
individuals and groups.
- If no people there is no subject to
2. BUISNESS – responsible in generating jobs,
govern.
opportunities, and income.
- It should be large enough to self-
- Because business section is the
sufficient.
engine of growth and development
- And small enough to be well
3. CIVIL SOCIETY – is responsible in facilitating
governed.
political and social interaction.
- Compliments the function of the FUNCTION OF PEOPLE
government.
4. CITIZEN CONSUMERS – is responsible in  to govern;
demanding quality and excellent products and  to serve; and
services – they are the respondents of survey.  to defend the state

PRESCRIPTIONS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE CITIZEN

 TRANSPARANCY OF GOVERNMENT - citizens - these are the members of a political

must be kept informed of the decisions of the
state and their justifications.
 SIMPLICITY OF PROCEDURE - administrative
procedures need to be as simple as possible.
 RESPONSIBILITY - Public officials must be held
accountable, if necessary, penalized for
offenses.
 FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION - Eradication of
corruption is imperative for promoting healthy
and efficient economic management.
 INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND COLLECTIVE
EXPRESSION - A free and responsible press, is
an important pillar of democracy.
 INDEPENDECE OF LEGAL SYSTEM - It must be
free from pressure and intervention from
political forces to ensure that its decisions are
independent and impartial.
 TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY -
Making the government rules, regulations,
policies and decision-making processes
accessible and visible to the public.
(This entails recognizing and respecting the citizens
right to information).
community / society, under the
dominion of the government.
CITIZENSHIP
- is a membership in the political
society / community and implies a
duty of allegiance.
TERRITORY
- It is a geographical area under the
jurisdiction of one country or state.
- It must be a fixed which the
inhabitants occupy.
BASIS
Article 1 of 1987 Philippine
Constitution.
Article Ill of Treaty of Paris
(US and Spain) Nov. 07, 1900
Treaty between US and Great Britain
Jan. 02, 1930
 discovering_a continent, an island or land with no
inhabitants or occupied by uncivilized inhabitants, and
CON’T
thereafter, occupying it by placing it under its political
Around, between, and connecting islands. administration.

 terrestrial (land) - Discovery without subsequent occupation is not

 fluvial (water) sufficient to acquire territory.
 aerial domain (air) 2. PRESCRIPTION

- It is a mode of acquiring a territory through continuous

C. A. no. 4003 sec.6 and undisputed exercise of sovereignty over it, under
the historical development of international order.
 protection of fishing rights
 subject to the right of innocent passage of 3. CESSION
ships. - It is the assignment, transfer, or yielding up of territory
R. A. no. 3046 sec.2 by one state or government to another.

 all baseline waters are considered internal
waters.
R.A. no. 5446 sec.2
 basis in claiming Sabah, situated in
- It can be in the form of sale or donation.
(Ex. For a price of 20 million dollars, the Spanish
government on Dec. 10, 1898 ceded the Philippine
archipelago to the U.S.A through the Treaty of Paris )
4. SUBJUGATION AND ANNEXATION

- It is a mode of acquiring a territory belonging to a state

North Bormeo. by occupation and conquest made by another state in
the course of war.
UNCLOS Article 57
- And by annexation at the end of the war.
• 200 nautical miles
5. ACCRETION
EEZ (Exclusive
- Is another mode of acquiring territory by addition of
Economic Zone ).
portions of soil. Either artificial such as the reclamation
area in Manila Bay, or natural by gradual deposition
through the operation of natural causes of the waves in
P.D. no. 1599 (June 11, 1978 )
the ocean.
• Kalayaan Group of Island is within 200 nautical miles
of Philippines.
GOVERNMENT
P.D. no. 1596
It is the whole class of officeholders upon whom
• declaring Kalayaan Group of Island as part of
devolves the executive, legislative, judicial, and
Philippine territory.
administrative function of the state.

It is where the totality of authorities which rule a society

FOUR MODES TO ACUIRE TERRITORY by prescribing and carrying out the fundamental rules of
the state thru leaders.

1.DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION

TWO KINDS OF GOVERNMENT
- A state may acquire a territory by
1.DE JURE - It is a government deemed lawful or
deemed rightful or just but nevertheless, has been
supplanted.
2. DE FACTO - It is one that maintain itself by a display of
force against the will of the rightful legal government.
(temporary.)
( Government by revolution; Government by
occupation; and Government by secession)
SOVEREIGNTY
It is the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by
which an independent state is governed.
It is the paramount control of the constitution and the
frame of government and its administration.
TWO KINDS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - It is the power to control
and direct the internal affairs of a country such as the
authority to enact, execute, and apply laws, collect
taxes.
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY- It is the power of an
independent state to control and direct its external
affairs such as the authority to enter into treaties with
another state, to wage war, and to receive and send
diplomatic missions.
POWERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT
POWER – is might, it is manifested in the ability to do
something that is desired – one can sense it when
individuals can direct the action of others in a society –
power therefore implies control – this indicates an
uneven relationship between the person, group of
persons, or entity in control, on the other hand – those
in control can dictated the manner in which other
people act.
1. POLICE POWER – authority coming from the
police, involved ang mga may authority – it is
the power of the state to regulate freedoms and
property rights of individuals for the protection
of public safety, health, and morals or the
promotion of the public convenience of general
property
SALUS POPULI EST SUPREMA LEX - The welfare of the
people is the supreme law.
- Ang batas ay pantay pantay sa
lahat.
SIC UTERO TUO UT ALIENUM NON LAEDAS - Use your
own property in such a way that you do not injure other
people's: a maxim often used in cases of nuisance.
- Ang property mo ay sayo lang
TO PROTECT PUBLIC SAFETY
- The law considers as a crime, the
acts of rape, murder, homicide,
physical injuries. (The state order
the destruction of a house falling to
decay)
TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH
- The local ordinance prohibits
smoking in a public place.
TO PROTECT PUBLIC MORALS
- The law penalizes acts of
prostitution. (The suppression of
obscene publications and houses of
ill fame.
- No legal prostitution
TO PROTECT PUBLIC CONVENIENCE
- The LTO issues traffic rules of
regulations. (the government
regulated animal-drawn vehicles)
TO PROMOTE GENERAL PROSPERITY
- The law criminalizes the act of
issuing bouncing checks
(prohibition of gambling houses,
and places where liquors are sold)
CONSTITUNIONAL LIMITATIONS
- Police Power is subject to the
limitations of the constitution.
- Congress cannot pass a law in
violation of ARTICLE 3, such as due
process, equal protection, freedom
 of expression, freedom of religion,
and ARTICLE 2 states politics and
principles.
TAXATION
- It is the power o the states to
impose tax on individuals and
properties to support the
government.
- It is the lifeblood of the
government.
- Without taxes, the government
would be paralyzed for lack of the
motive to activate and operate it.
ARTICLE 6 SECTION 28 (1) – The rule of taxation shall
be uniform and equitable. The Congress shall evolve a
progressive system of taxation.
- (Uniform rule of taxation means
that persons or things belonging to
the same class shall be taxed at the
same rate.)
- (The equitable rule of taxation
simply means that the tax burden
must be imposed according to the
taxpayer’s capacity to pay.)
- (Progressive system of taxation
means that as the source of the
taxpayer becomes higher his tax
rates likewise increase.)
LIMITATIONS
- Congress cannot enact a law
imposing penalty for non-payment
of poll-tax.
- Congress cannot pass a law
imposing property taxes on a
person or entity exempt under the
constitution from taxation.
EMINENT DOMAIN
- It is the power of the state to take
private property for public use
upon payment of just
compensation.
- It is the highest and most exact idea
of property remaining on the
government.
- Constitutional limitation – it is
subject to article 3 section 9 of the
constitution that provides
“property shall not be taken for
public use without just
compensation.”
- (It is the duty of the state to pay the
affected owner just compensation
equivalent to the fair market.)
DISTINCTION
 Police power regulates both liberty and
property. The power of the eminent domain and
the power of taxation affect only property
rights.
 The police power and the power of taxation
may be exercised only by the government. The
power of the eminent domain may be exercised
by some private entities.
 The property taken in the exercise of the police
power is destroyed because it is noxious or
intended for a noxious purpose. The property
taken under the power of eminent domain and
the power of taxation is intended for a public
use or purpose and is therefore wholesome.
MAJOR POWER OF GOVERNMENT
- 7 LEGISTATIVE POWER - It is the
power of the congress to make,
alter, or repeal laws.
POWER TO MAKE LAW
- Congress passed R.A 7080 defining
the act of acquiring ill gotten
wealth in the amount of 75 million
pesos as a crime of plunder and
imposing the penalty of life
imprisonment.
- All R.A. (REPUBLIC ACT) are made
by the congressman and the
senator.
POWER TO ALTER LAW
- Congress passed R.A 7659 and
amended R.A 7080 by reducing the
amount of 75 million to 50 million
 and by increasing the penalty from EXECUTIVE POWER
life imprisonment to death penalty.
- Is the power of the President to carry out or
POWER TO REPEAL LAW implement laws enacted by Congress.

- Under P D no. 772, squatting is a * Vested in the President

crime. Congress enacted RA 8368
* Under Article VII, Sec. 1 (He shall ensure that the laws
repealing P D no. 772, under the
be faithfully executed)
present law squatting is no longer a
crime.
- Civil liabilities – pertaining to
money as “Criminal POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

* COMMANDER-IN CHIEF POWER - Control power over

all executive departments, bureaus and offices Power to
QUALIFICATIONS grant reprieves, commutations and pardons Reprieves-
postponement
Senate
* PARDON - act of grace which exempts the individual
- 24 senators natural born citizen
from punishment
- 35 y/o
* COMMUTATION - reduction/mitigation
- able to read and write registered voter

- resident for not less than 2 years

APPOINTING POWER

- Power to grant amnesty with the concurrence of

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE congress

- District representative - Power to contract foreign loans Power to submit the

budget to congress
- Party-list representative
- Power to enter into international treaties and
- Not more than 250 members
agreement
- 20% of total no. D. R.
- Power to address congress
- 3 years
- budgetary power
- 25 y/o
- borrowing power
- resident for not less than 1 year bona fide member of
- diplomatic power
the party
- Power of supervision

PARLIAMENTARY IMMUNITIES
OTHER POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
- "A senator or member of the house of representative
shall, in all offenses punishable by not more than 6 years - to maintain peace and order
imprisonment, be privileged from arrest while the
- protection of life and property
Congress is in session."
- promotion of the general welfare
- "No member shall be questioned nor be held liable in
any other place for any speech or debate in the
Congress or in any committee thereof."
POWER OF SUPERVISION

- Art. X, Sec. 4 provides " The President shall exercise

general supervision over local governments."

- (The control power of the President is limited to

executive departments, bureaus and offices, and does
not extend to local governments).

JUDICIAL POWER

- is the power of the Supreme Court and other courts as

may be established by law to interpret and apply the
laws passed by Congress.

- Judicial Power, is the power of the court to decide and

pronounce a judgement and carry it into effect between
persons and parties who bring a case before it for
decision.

QUALIFICATION

- Proven Competence

- Integrity Probity

- Independence

- Natural born citizen

- Atleast 40 y/o

- 15 years judge in lower court/practicing law

COMPOSITION

- 15 members

- Chief Justice

- 14 Associate justices