光网络概述

光纤通信的发展趋势
• 基本目标： •光纤通信新技术
– 发挥光纤带宽潜力 –光电集成技术（OEIC）
– 克服光纤损耗、色散 –密集波分复用（DWDM）
限制 – 光时分复用（OTDM）
–全光网络技术
– 延长中继距离
–光接入网
– 扩大传输容量
–孤子通信技术
– 降低成本
 信息爆炸催生光网络发展
信息时代：信息家庭化、个体化
– 电话、电视、传真、数字广播
– 家庭影院、视频点播、高清晰度电视
– 可视电话、可视会议、家庭办公
– 计算机、互连网、电子邮件
– 远程学习、远程诊断、资讯检索
– 股票交易、金融业务、社区服务
– 安全监控、报警系统、智能家庭
–…
信息传输速率与媒介的容量

• 信息传输速率
– Audio: 9.6-128 kbit/s
– TV: 1-6 Mbit/s
– HDTV: 10-100 Mbit/s
• 通信媒介传输速率：
– 卫星/微波： 140 Mbit/s
– 同轴电缆： 60 Mbit/s
– 光纤： 50 Tbit/s
 九十年代以来，以因特网为代表的信息技术革命正在深刻地
改变传统电信概念和体系
话音业务数据业务宽带综合业务

世界电话业务年增长 率为 10%，数据业务年增长 40%

中国话音业务 14% 的增长率，数据业务 400% 增长
 容量的需求
话音和IP通信量的增长情况
250
250
话音

200 IP

150
135
115

100 106

58
50
23
2 10
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2010 2020
21世纪的信息需求

• Tbit技术到干线网

•Gbit技术到办公室/家庭
•Mbit技术到个人
光通信速率的不断提升
速率(Mb/s) 容纳电话(路）
2 30
8 120
34 480
155 1920
622 7680
2.5 Gb/s 30720
10 Gb/s 122880
40 Gb/s 491520
 几种关键技术的发展速度
性能价格比翻番速度
近几年：
光带宽9 个月

第一年 第二年 第三年 第四年 第五年

 网络时代的三大基本定律

摩尔定律 光定律 迈特卡尔夫

(MOORE): （GILDER）： 定律（Metcalfe）:
CPU性能18个 超摩尔定律， 网络价值随用户数
月翻番，10年 骨干网带宽 平方成正比。以前
100倍。所有 未联网设备增加N
9个月翻番，
倍，效率只增加N
电子系统（包 10年10000倍。 倍。现在联网设备
括电通信系统、 带宽需求无限 数增加N倍，效率
计算机、图象） 制增加 增加N2倍
 E-Mail遍天飞扬
带宽
QQ、MSN鸿雁传情
智能
Web页上一览世界小

网络真正的挑战：
如何知道我们所需要的数据位于世界的什么地
方；如何将这处数据组合并以有用的形式提供给用
户，以及如何在几秒钟内，甚至瞬间就能得到这些
数据。

WWW并不意味着“全世界都在等待”(World
Wide Wait)，也不应该是 “全世界都陷入茫茫的数
据游涡之中”(whole world is Wallowing in Data)，
让人茫然不知所措。
 光网络基本概念
• 什么是网络？
– 由节点和链路组成一定的拓扑结构
• 什么是光网络？
– 由光纤链路和光节点设备（光终端、光交换、光
路由等）组成的网络

合适的高性能的光网络体系结构必然包括比较复杂的光
电设备以及二者的结合。这样，光或光波网络未必意味
着一定是一个纯粹的光网络，它只不过是指由电交换而
终结的一套光纤连接。
 光网络技术
• 光复用技术 ： WDM 、OTDM
• 光放大技术：EDFA、SOA
• 光分插复用（OADM）
• 光交叉连接(OXC)技术
• 光交换技术 ：空分（SD）、时分（TD）、波
分/频分（WD/FD）光交换
• 全光中继
• 控制和管理技术 ：结构管理 、光学特性管理
、差错管理
光纤通信在中国
 1960年7月，世界上第一台红宝石激光器诞生。
1961年9月，中国科学院长春光学精密机械研
究所研制成功中国第一台红宝石激光器。
 我国从1974年开始了低损耗光纤和光通信的
研究工作，并于70年代中期研制出低损耗光纤
和室温下可连续发光的半导体激光器。
 1979年分别在北京和上海建成了市话光缆通
信试验系统，这比世界上第一次现场试验只晚
两年多。这些成果成为我国光通信研究的良好
开端，并使我国成为当时少有的几个拥有光缆
通信系统试验段的几个国家之一。
 到80年代末，我国的光纤通信的关键技术已达
到国际先进水平。
 从1991年起，我国已不再建长途电缆通信系
统，而大力发展光纤通信。在“八五”期间，
建成了含22条光缆干线、总长达33000公里的
“八横八纵”大容量光纤通信干线传输网。
 1999年1月，我国第一条最高传输速率的国家
一级干线（济南-青岛）8×2.5Gb/s密集波分
复用系统建成，使一对光纤的传输容量又扩大
了8倍。
 中国光纤的覆盖范围

“九.五”期
间实现 “八
纵八横”的
骨干光纤通
信网
八 (1)哈尔滨－沈阳－大连－上海－广州； 八 (1)北京－兰州；工程总长2052公里，
投资４亿多元，96年全线贯通
纵 横
(2)齐齐哈尔－北京－郑州－广州－海口 (2)青岛－银川；
－三亚；

(3)北京－上海； (3)上海－西安；

(4)北京－广州； (4)连云港－新疆伊宁；

(5)呼和浩特－广西北海；工程总长4000 (5)上海－重庆；
公里，投资8亿多元，98年3月全线贯通

(6)呼和浩特－昆明； (6)杭州－成都；

(7)西宁－拉萨； 工程总长2454公里，投 (7)广州－南宁－昆明；

资6亿多元，98年7月全线贯通

(8) 成都－南宁 (8)广州－北海－昆明。

截至2006年中国铺设的光缆纤芯总长度到8893.4万芯公里。
2006年中国研制成功每波长40Gb/s，80个波长的DWDM长途光
纤传输系统。
国家在光通信系统和网络方面支持的
主要大项目

• 国内第一套WDM工程系统
• 国家863计划项目WDM OTN
• 中国高速信息示范网(CAINONET)
• 中国高速互连研究试验网络NSFCNET
• 国家863计划重大专项3TNet
 国家863计划:中国高速信息示范网CAINONet

ER:边缘路由器
AS:接入服务器
UAS:综合接入系统
 主要技术指标

• 与北大、清华、北邮、中科院和信产部电信研究院相连
• 为有13个光节点的IP／DWDM的示范网
• 6个3232的光交叉连接设备(OXC)
• 7个光分插复用设备(OADM)

• 核心路由器(CR)
• 支持多厂家互操作的网络管理系统
• 国家拨款总经费6500万，承担单位自筹各种配套经费超过1亿
 国家自然科学基金重大项目
“中国高速互连研究试验网NSFCNet”

Working/
protection 北大
OADM Internet2
清华 基金委
Working/
protection OADM

OADM

中科院 北邮

北航

说明：NSFCnet由六个节点组成，以清华为汇接点构成两个环行拓扑结构，清华、北大和中
科院三点构成二纤双向自愈环采用WDM传输技术，在清华和北大之间通过在实验室中加光
纤进行400公里广域网模拟试验；在其它节点构成的环中采用单路SDH/SONET传输技术。
 主要技术指标
DWDM 环网主要技术指标：
干线传输容量：16 波长复用，其中 4 个2.5Gb/s 波长信道用
作开通的IP业务的传输（ 2 路为工作信道，2 路为保护信道）
，4 个 10Gb/s的波长信道用于高速光传输实验，其余的为备用
波长信道。
 波长：1547.72nm~1559.79nm (符合ITU-T标准)
 波长参考频率：193.1THz （1552.52nm）
 波长间隔：100 GHz（0.8nm），等间隔安排。
 网络覆盖范围：6个节点之间铺设 24芯光缆连接,各节点间
实际距离在 20 公里以内。模拟长途传输试验使用的光纤放置
于实验室中, 长度为400公里
 Chapter 3 Optical Networking

Traditional TDM Systems Optical Networking

Need OEO conversion

Need:
High-speed (high-bandwidth)
Low-cost
Scalable 可升级
Packet-over-SONET/SDH is an example of a
technology where IP can be directly
encapsulated in a SONET/SDH frame and
can run over a SONET/SDH infrastructure
without the need for ATM.
An example of this elimination of layers is
shown in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1. Elimination of Layers
POS places the IP layer (layer 3) on top of the
SONET/SDH layer (layer 2) in the OSI model.
POS can offer IP service and is used
primarily in Internet backbones, data
aggregation, and metro applications.
It is designed for point-to-point links and is
typically used over SONET/SDH over DWDM
networks.
Optical internetworking 光互联as defined by the
Optical Internetworking Forum 光互联论坛
(OIF) is a data-optimized network
infrastructure in which switches and routers
have integrated optical interfaces and are
directly connected by fiber or optical network
elements, such as dense wavelength division
multiplexers (DWDMs).
 DWDM技术特点
 高容量：可以充分利用光纤的巨大带宽资源，使传输容量

比单波长传输增加几倍至几十倍
 低成本：在大容量长途传输时可以节约大量光纤和再生器

，大大降低传输成本
 透明性： 与信号速率、格式无关, 是引入宽带新业务（例
如CATV ) 的方便手段
 波长路由： 利用WDM选路实现网络交换和恢复从而实现

未来透明的、具有高度生存性的光联网
 WDM+EDFA 革新了光纤传输

40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km 40km

TX 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310 1310
TX 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR TX
TX 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR TX
TX 1310 RPTR
RPTR 1310 RPTR
1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 TX
TX 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR TX
TX 1310 RPTR
RPTR 1310 RPTR
1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 RPTR1310 TX
TX 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR TX
TX 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR 1310
RPTR TX
RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TX

TX TX
TX TX
TX M 120 km 120 km 120 km
D TX
TX
TX
TX U EDFA EDFA E TX
TX TX
TX X M TX
TX TX
 波分复用技术的发展
1310nm/1550nm窗口的波分复用
仍用于接入网，但很少用于长距离传输

1550nm窗口的密集波分复用(DWDM)
可广泛用于长距离传输，用于建设全光网络
 DWDM系统的分类

以系统接口分类：集成式或开放式系统
以信道数分类：4、8、16、32等
以信道速率分类：2.5Gbit/s 、10Gbit/s及混合速率
以信道承载业务类型分类：PDH、SDH、ATM、
IP或混合业务等

还可以总容量、地理域或网络功能等分类
 DWDM系统的五大组成部分
 光传输和光放大
 小色度色散系数光纤
 增益平坦和增益锁定的EDFA光放大器
 发射和接收有源部分
 特定波长和波长稳定、色散容限大的激光器发射源
 能容忍一定SNR信号的光接收机
 合波和分波无源部分
 信道隔离度高的光解复用器
 光监控信道
 1510nm
 DWDM系统网管
 光传送网分层模型
• WDM光传送网的功能分层模型图
 DWDM
DWDM is the process of
multiplexing signals of different
wavelengths onto a single fiber. This
operation creates many virtual fibers,
each capable of carrying a different
signal. A schematic of a DWDM system
is shown in Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3. DWDM Schematic
Each signal can be carried at a different rate
(such as OC-3/12/48) and in a different format
(SONET, ATM, data, and so on). This can
increase the capacity of existing networks
without the need for expensive recabling and
can tremendously reduce the cost of network
infrastructure upgrades.

DWDM supports point-to-point, ring, and

mes h t o p o l o g i e s. E x i st ing f iber in a
SONET fiber plant can be easily migrated
to DWDM.
Figure 3-4. DWDM System

功放
 Main Functions of DWDM
● Generating the signal— The source, a solid-state
laser, must provide stable light within a specific,
narrow bandwidth that carries the digital data,
modulated as an analog signal. Stability of a light
source is a measure of how constant its intensity and
wavelength are.
● Combining the signals— DWDM systems
employ multiplexers to combine the signals.
● Transmitting the signals— The effects of
crosstalk and optical signal degradation or loss
must be reckoned with in fiber-optic
transmission. Amplifier
● Separating the received signals— At the
receiving end, the multiplexed signals must be
separated or demultiplexed

● Receiving the signals— The

demultiplexed signal is received by a
photodetector.
 3.1 Optical Transport Network Elements
The Optical Transport Network (OTN)
system is comprised of network elements such
as optical amplifiers, wavelength converters,
Optical Add Drop Multiplexers (OADMs), and
optical cross-connect switches.
 光传送网OTN的定义
光传送网（OTN）的概念在1998年由国际电信联盟
ITU-T提出，现在被普遍接纳和认可的光网络模型如
图1所示，各个客户网络通过光核心网相连，客户网
络和核心网络之间通过用户网络接口（UNI）实现网
间的寻路和信令。核心网内部的OXC之间和子网之
间通过网间接口NNI相连。ITU-T在G.872建议中定
义光传送网为一组可为客户层信号提供主要在光域
上进行传送、复用、选路、监控和生存性处理的功
能实体，它能够支持各种上层技术，是适应公用通
信网络演进的理想基础传送网路。
 光传送网OTN的分层
分层结构是定义和研究光传送网（OTN）的基础。层网络之间均为
客户层／服务层的关系。SDH网按分层概念可以分为电路层、通道层和
传输媒质层，在第五章中介绍了各层定义。G.872建议在光传送网中加
入了光层，按建议，光层由光信道层(OCH)、光复用段层(OMS)和光传
输段层(OTS)组成，如图9.1所示。
光传送网络
电路层 电路层 电路层 电路层 虚道层

通道层 电通道层 PDH 通道层 SDH 通道层 虚道层

复用段层 电复用段层 电复用段层 电复用段层 (没有)

光信道层
再生段层 光层 光复用段层
光传输段层
物理层(光纤) 物理层(光纤) 物理层(光纤)

（a）SDH 网络 （b）WDM 网络 （ c ）光层分解

SDH和OTN的分结构
OTN全光传送网光层的每一层都需要有相应的技术支持，
如光传输层需解决光信号的放大、色散管理，光复用段
层采用了光波复用技术，如光码分复用(OCDM)、光时分
复用(OTDM)、密集波分复用(DWDM)，光信道层需要有
全光交换技术、全光路由等。
Optical Amplifiers
Optical amplifiers are doped fiber strands
used to amplify attenuated optical signals
with the aim of generating a good signal.
They operate in the optical domain without
converting the signal into electrical pulses.
They are usually found in long-haul networks,
where the cumulative loss is huge. Doping a
small strand of fiber with an earth metal such
as Erbium gives the fiber strand its
amplification properties
EDFA
 4.7 Optical Amplifiers

Design of long-distance fiber links (say > 50 km),

requires repeaters 中继器 or amplifiers 放大器 to
boost power levels.
System with repeaters:

Fiber Fiber Fiber

Transmitter Repeater Repeater Receiver

24
The repeater detects the digital optical signal,
determines the presence of 0’s and 1’s and then
regenerates the optical signal.

Example:
TAT - 8 Transatlantic fiber cable (1988)
Link length ~ 5600 km
Number of repeaters ~ 120
Maximum spacing ~ 50 km
Repeater properties:
•Costly
•Require large power supply
•Difficult to maintain
•Digital only
Optical amplifiers solve most of these problems.
How do we build an optical amplifier?
We know that all lasers contain optical amplifiers.
Therefore, the semiconductor LD is a possible
optical amplifier.
26
 Wavelength Converters
Wavelength converters convert data on an input
wavelength onto a different output wavelength within
the system's operation bandwidth. This component is
used in the routing devices when the wavelength that
marks the route to be followed is to be changed
Optical Add (插入) Drop (分下) Multiplexer
光分插复用器

The OADM is the optical subsystem that

facilitates the add and drop of wavelengths
into the physical fiber without having to
regenerate all the WDM channels.
 Add s

DMUX MUX
多个 多个波
长输
波 长输出
入

Drop s
基于解复用/复用结构的OADM
 Optical Cross-Connect 光交叉连接器
The Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) is a
DWDM system component that provides cross-
connect switching functionality between n input
ports and n output ports, each handling a
bundle of multiplexed single-wavelength
signals.
光交叉连接通常分为三类：
• 光纤交叉连接(FXC： Fiber Crossconnect)
• 波长固定交叉连接(WSXC: Wavelength-Selective
Crossconnect)
• 波长可变交叉连接(WIXC: Wavelength Interchanging
Crossconnect)。
光纤1 光纤1
光纤2 M× M开关 光纤2
矩阵
…

…
光纤M 光纤M

光纤交叉连接
 20世纪
曾经是电网络的时代

21世纪
将会是光网络的时代
 3.2 Multiprotocol Lambda Switching
多协议标记交换
Multiprotocol Lambda Switching (MPλS) is the optical analogy 类推 of MPLS.
The MPLS control plane performs all crucial control functions for MPLS data
networks.

MPλS approaches the design of control

planes for OXC switches and other
integrated multifunctional optical switches
that leverage existing control-plane
techniques developed for MPLS traffic
engineering.
This combines advances in MPLS traffic
engineering control-plane constructs with
OXC technology to provide a framework for
real-time provisioning提供，准备 of optical
channels and to allow the use of uniform 统一
的 semantics 语义、词义 for network
management and operations control in hybrid
networks consisting of OXCs and label-
switching routers.
 The current MPLS TE control plane supports these features:
●The ability to disseminate information 传播信息about both the network
topology and available resources 可用资源
● Constraint-based routing (the ability to compute a path based on a
combination of some optimization criteria优化准则 and a set of constraints约束)
● The ability to support both resource-related
constraints (such as unreserved bandwidth) and
administrative constraints
● The ability to resolve contention for available
resources via preemption 优先权(where a new
LSP could preempt 先占用 an established LSP 标
记交换路径)
● The ability to have path protection via a
combination of primary and secondary (hot
standby) LSPs
● The ability to use Layer 1 indications to
detect faults检测故障
● The ability to specify a path指定路径 via
configuration 配置rather than using
constraint-based routing for path computation.
Labels in MPLS can be viewed as analogous to
optical channels in optical networks. LSRs are
viewed as analogous to OXCs. The data plane of
an LSR标记交换路由器 uses the label-swapping交
换 paradigm 范式、模式to transfer a labeled
packet from an input port to an output port. The
data plane of an OXC uses a switching matrix to
connect an optical channel (OCh) trail from an
input port to an output port.
An LSR performs label switching by first
establishing a relationship between an <input
port, input label> tuple 数组 and an <output
port, output label> tuple. Likewise, an OXC
provisions OCh trails by first establishing a
relationship between an <input port, input
optical channel> tuple and an <output port,
output optical channel> tuple.
MPLS uses the label-forwarding 标记转发
information base 信息库 (LFIB), and MPλS
uses the analogous wavelength forwarding
information base (WFIB).
The functions of the control plane for both
LSRs and OXCs include resource discovery,
distributed routing control, and connection
management.
A distinction between OXCs and LSRs is that
the former do not perform packet-level
processing in the data plane, but the latter
perform datagram 数据报devices, which
might perform certain packet-level operations
in the data plane.
A significant conceptual difference is that with
LSRs标记交换路由器, the forwarding
information is carried explicitly as part of the
labels appended to data packets, whereas
with OXCs, the switching information is
implied from the wavelength or optical
channel.
Each OXC transmits messages over a signaling network to neighboring OXCs.
MPλS then adds additional information to internal gateway protocols such as OSPF
to propagate information about optical network topology and resource availability.
A constraint-based routing algorithm 路由算法 uses
the network topology and state information to
compute routes through the network for optical
connections. As soon as a route is selected, MPλS
uses a similar message set to that of explicit routing
in an MPLS signaling protocol (RSVP and/or CR-
LDP) to affect cross-connects along the selected
route.
 3.3 Optical UNI 用户网络接口
The Optical Internetworking Forum 光互联论坛(OIF) is the standards body that is
developing an Optical User Network Interface (O-UNI), which provides an interface
between optical clients and an optical network.
The O-UNI defines a link for communicating
control, signaling, and data packets between
the optical client (such as an IP router) and
the adjacent 邻近的 optical transport-
networking device (such as an OXC).
The O-UNI was created so that carriers could
offer a simple, open, external interface for
accessing circuit-based services across an
Optical Transport Network (OTN).
 A client can be an IP router, ATM switch, SONET/SDH Add-Drop Multiplexer
(ADM), or any optical client device that requests services from the OTN. The actions
that can be invoked over the O-UNI include light-path creation, deletion, modification,
and status inquiry. A client also might want to register or deregister its identity with
the adjacent OXC.
 3.4 Unified Control Plane
一体化/统一控制平面
MPLS operates on a forwarding plane 传送、发送
平面 and a control plane. The control plane for MPLS
can be extended to the optical layer. This forms the
basis of the Unified Control Plane (UCP).
However, within OTNs, devices and their
constituent protocols make their forwarding
decisions based on time slots 时隙(TDM),
wavelengths (lambda), or physical ports (fiber)
and are therefore unable to forward data
based on the information carried in either
packet or cell headers信元头.
By providing protocol extensions to the control
plane to support the OTN devices that are
TDM-, lambda-, and fiber switch-capable, the
UCP provides a standardized signaling
interface between the optical layer and the
higher data service layers such as IP, ATM,
and SONET/SDH. The various layers
covered by the UCP are shown in Figure 3-5
Figure 3-5. Unified Control Plane
 The UCP is based on two key protocols: IP and MPLS. One of the fundamental
benefits of MPLS is the separation of the control and forwarding planes.
 UCP Management and Control Architecture
The Unified Control Plane (UCP) architecture provides a comprehensive and
open management and control architecture. Optical network elements (NEs) within
an optical network contain operating systems that are responsible for providing the
network control functions, data transmission functions, and NE management
functions for those elements. For the purposes of discussion, these functions can be
divided into three categories:
● Control plane— Includes functions related to
networking control capabilities such as routing,
signaling, and provisioning, as well as resource
and service discovery.
● Data plane 或叫传送平面— Includes
functions related to data forwarding and
transmission.
● Management plane— Includes functions
related to the management of NE, networking
layers, and network services.
 For management and operational reasons, the layer independence has been
carefully guarded to allow one layer to be modified without impacting the layers
above or below it. Each layer has a control plane that is responsible for all the
network control functions within the layer.
3-6.
The UCP provides capabilities, such as
bandwidth on demand and interlayer
protection schemes, that consequently
require communicate among the network
layers. This interlayer communicate can be
described as a layer control plane, but it does
not fully control any of the layer networks.
Figure 3-6. Unified Control Plane Management
 These control functions will be accessible via an NMS interface, an NE
management plane interface, UNI, and Network-to-Network Interface (NNI). An
example of an element management system (EMS) is Cisco Transport Manager
(CTM), as shown in Figure 3-7.
Figure 3-7. CTM Element Management Model for OTN
 UCP Overlay 覆盖、重叠Model
In the overlay model, the basic premise
is that there are two very distinct control
planes, as shown in Figure 3-8. The
routers at the edge of the network have
the primary intelligence and communicate
with the optical transport network via a
signaling interface.
Figure 3-8. UCP Overlay Model
 UCP Peer Model 对等模型
The peer model provides a unified control plane for IP and optical NEs—one that
is optimized for IP-based services, with all the IP routers and OXC devices sharing a
common view of the entire network topology.
Figure 3-9. UCP Peer Model
Figure 3-16. Phase 5: Unified Control Plane Architecture