Answer key

Grade 8 Answers
1. Crop Production and Management scattering them over the surface of the soil. In this
process, the seeds are scattered on the seedbeds
A. Tick the () correct options. either mechanically or manually. In the broadcasting
1. a 2. c 3. a method of sowing, the seeds are spread uniformly
4. b 5. b and are then covered with planking.
B. Fill in the blanks. 4. In mixed cropping, both cereals and leguminous
plants are sown in the same field in the same season
1. crop 2. loses 3. healthy
but in alternative rows.
4. nursery 5. manure 6. weeding
5. Drip irrigation is a method by which water is delivered
C. Match the columns. to the base of the plants with the help of tubes. In
1. d 2. a 3. b this technique, water is made available in the form of
4. f 5. c 6. e drops so that the roots can easily absorb it and there
is no wastage of water.
D. Correct the statements:
6. The harvested grains are dried under the sunlight
1. Sickle is used for harvesting crops.
after that the grains are stored in huge cylindrical
2. The selected seeds are treated with weedicides to tanks called silos or packed in the gunny bags and
stop the growth of weeds. stored in granaries.
3. Fertiliser is a man-made chemical matter added to G. Long-answer type questions.
the soil to replenish its nutrients.
1. The seeds are selected keeping in mind the following
4. Malathion is a commonly used insecticide. points:
5. Sickle is a traditional tool used for harvesting. • The seeds are of the crops to be grown according
6. The raising of fish for meat is called pisciculture. to the season.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence. • They must be of high yielding variety (HYV).
1. The types of crops on the basis of use are: • They must be free from diseases.
• Food crops • Cash crops • They must be fit for germination.
The types of crops on the basis of seasons are: 2. The man-made chemical substances that are added
• Kharif crops • Rabi crops to soil to increase the fertility of soil are known as
fertilisers such as NPK, urea, potash. The difference
2. The part of the leg between the knee and the ankle
between manures and fertilisers is that the manures
in humans or the corresponding part in various other
are organic while fertilisers are inorganic. Manures
vertebrates.
take some time to prepare while fertilisers can be
3. Two modern methods of irrigation are sprinkler easily and quickly prepared in large quantities.
system and drip irrigation. Manure is better than fertiliser. Manure is obtained
4. The rearing of honey bees on a large scale to obtain naturally and adds a lot more than just nutrients to
honey is called apiculture. the soil. They increase the activity of the microbes in
5. Wooden plough, hoe and cultivator are the the soil and increase its fertility.
implements used for ploughing. 3. Natural methods that can be followed to improve
6. The harvested food grains are stored in gunny bags. fertility of the soil are:
F. Short-answer type questions. • Fallow land: Fallow land means the land is left
vacant for one season so that the soil regains its
1. The classification of crops on the basis of seasons:
fertility naturally. The fertility is regained by the
• Kharif crops: The kharif crops are planted and action of insects and microorganisms present in
grown during rainy season. the soil.
• Rabi crops: The rabi crops are sowed and grown • Crop rotation: It is a technique in which the same
during winter season. crop is grown every alternative season. For example,
2. A cultivator is a modern tool for trilling the land. It cereal crops draw nitrogen from soil. The rhizobium
is attached to a tractor. Hence, it works faster than bacteria present in the root nodules of leguminous
plough drawn by animals. A cultivator is also used to plants convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form
break the hard soil. used by plants so next season leguminous plants
3. Broadcasting is the method of sowing seeds by will grow in the same field.

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 • M ixed cropping: Mixed cropping is one step Crossword Puzzle
ahead of crop rotation. Instead of growing crops Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues
in alternative season both cereals and leguminous given below:
plants are sown in the same field in the same
season but in alternative rows. Across
4. Traditional methods of irrigation: The traditional 3. Harvester 4. Peas 6. Winnowing
methods use human or animal power to draw water. Down
Some of the traditional methods are: 1. Irrigation 2. Storage 5. Crop
• Moat: In this method, water is drawn out from
wells in gunny bags by human power. Brainstorm
• Chain pump: In this method, a chain is attached to 1. Paddy cannot be grown in winter because paddy requires
a wheel with a bucket tied at one end. lots of water therefore its grown in rainy season.
• Dhekli: In this technique, a bucket is tied at one end 2. If distance is not maintained at the time of sowing of
of the log of wood and a heavy stone or weight is seeds, the seeds will not able to get proper nutrition
tied at the other end. By this the bucket is dipped and because of not sowing in proper depth, they might
inside the well to draw water. be eaten by birds.
• Rahat: In this technique, several buckets are Fun to Learn
attached to a wheel. During the year 1961 India was facing mass shortage
• Modern methods of irrigation: The modern of food. M.S, Swaminathan along with other scientists
methods of irrigation use machine power to developed HYV seeds of wheat. This development led to
irrigate a field. These techniques are more efficient the Green Revolution in India and hence, he is called the
and waste less water. Some popular modern Father of Green Revolution in India.
techniques of irrigation are:
Find out
• Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is a method by which
Milk contains all the necessary nutrients like minerals,
water is delivered to the base of the plants with the
vitamins, carbohydrates, fats and proteins. That’s why it is
help of tubes.
also called the complete food.
• Sprinkler system: In this technique, the pipeline
coming from the well is distributed into various Building Blocks of Life
channels. 1. In this instance, the value of honesty is violated.
5. Weeds are removed from the crop fields by the 2. In spite of the fact that the main occupation of our
following means: country is agriculture, a lot of people die of hunger. It is
• By hand: Walking the field and pulling out the because of the ever -increasing population. The yield is
weeds. not proportional to the increase in the population. That’s
• By mechanical means: Using trowel through the why, there remains the shortage of food in our country.
field that will fill up the space between the crop
rows and cut/kill the weeds. 2. Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
• By chemical means: Using herbicide to kill the A. Tick the () correct options.
weeds. One implement used for weeding is a trowel.
1. a 2. c 3. a
6. In order to get these products from animals and
plants on large scale animals need to be raised with 4. b 5. b 6. b
great care. The breeding and rearing of animals on B. Fill in the blanks.
large scale to obtain food and other products is called 1. fungi 2. fermentation 3. antibiotics
animal husbandry. Some of the popular branches of
4. hartroot 5. x-rays, gamma 6. nitrogen fixers
animal husbandry are:
C. Match the columns.
• Dairy farming • Poultry farming
• Pisciculutre • Apiculture 1. e 2. d 3. f
4. c 5. b 6. a
Picture Based Questions
D. Correct the statements:
The method of irrigation is drip irrigation.
1. All microorganisms are not unicellular.
2. Viruses form the borderline between the living world
and the non-living world.
3. Edward Jenner developed the vaccine for small pox.
4. The process of injecting vaccines in to the body is
called vaccination.

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 5. Bacteria are used in preparation of curd from milk. air, water, soil, food and even inside other living
6. When the food gets spoilt, its odour also changes. organisms. They are found in hot deserts, wet
grasslands and Polar Regions. They can live in acidic
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
as well as alkaline soil and climate.
1. Microscope is the instrument used to see
2. Microorganisms can be classified on different bases.
microorganisms.
The most common bases of classification are number
2. Bacteria are unicellular. of cells, significance and characteristics.
3. Viruses are considered neither as living thing nor as • Number of cells: some of microorganisms are
non-living things. made up of single cell. They are called unicellular
4. Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine for Anthrax. organisms. Some of them are made up of multiple
5. Yeast is the lifeline of bakery industry. cells. They are called multicellular organisms.
6. Sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite are the • Significance: On this basis, microorganisms can be
two chemical preservatives. classified as useful and harmful.
F. Short-answer type questions. • Characteristics: On this basis all microorganisms
are mainly classified into four group bacteria, fungi,
1. The different shapes of bacteria:
algae and protozoa.
• Spherical- Cocci • Rod-shaped- Bacilli
3. a) Antibiotics: Some microorganisms cause diseases.
• Spiral bacteria • Comma shaped- Vibrio Such microorganisms are called pathogens. There
2. The process of injecting vaccines into the body is are some other microorganisms that produce
called vaccination. It helps to the human body to special substances that kill or stop the growth of
fight against harmful diseases. It helps the body to pathogens. These special substances are called
generate the anti-body. antibiotics.
3. When milk is heated to a temperature around 70°C b) Vaccination: The process of injecting vaccines into
for 15 to 20 seconds and the suddenly chilled, it is the body is called vaccination. It helps the human
not easily spoilt. The sudden cooling of milk stops body to fight against harmful disease. It also helps
the growth of microorganisms present in it. This the body to generate the anti-body.
technique of preserving milk is called pasteurization. 4. Communicable diseases are the diseases which can
4. The two uses of the following: be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy
person. Any type of discharge from an infected person
Bacteria Medicine, agriculture through eyes, nose, mouth etc. carries pathogens.
Fungi Brewery, bakery The pathogens that cause these diseases can spread
in various ways, such as through the air, contact with
Algae Manufacture proteins and vitamins
contaminated substances or surfaces, or from animal
Protozoa production of alcohol, wine and insect bites.
5. 
Name of one disease each caused in plants and 5. Food gets spoiled due to the action of microorganisms
animals. such as bacteria and fungi. Microorganisms on getting
favorable conditions grow on food items and multiply.
Disease in Disease in They produce toxic substances. These toxic substances
Microorganism animals
plant make the food poisonous and unfit for eating. This is
Bacteria Bacteria blight Anthrax because of the action of microorganisms on food. When
microorganisms contaminate a food item, it becomes
Aspergillosis
Fungi Smut disease unfit for human consumption. Such contaminated
Disease
food is called spoilt food. The spoilt food has some
Foot and characteristics by which it can be identified.
Virus Leaf rolls
Mouth Disease 6. Food need to be preserved because to prevent food
6. It is the process in which bacteria act on nitrogen rot until it can be consumed. Gardens often produce
compounds present in the soil to breakdown into too much food at one time—more than can be eaten
nitrogen and nitrogen oxides which are released to before rot sets in. Preserving food also offers the
the atmosphere. opportunity to have a wide variety of foods year-round.
G. Long-answer type questions. Picture Based Questions
1. 
The organisms which are too small to be seen The picture indicates nitrogen cycle.
with the naked eyes and can be seen only
through a microscope are called microorganisms.
Microorganisms are present all around us. They
can live in all types of climate. They are found in

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 5. Melamine and bakelite are two thermosetting plastics.
Atmospheric Nitrogen 6. Two disadvantages of using polythene bags are:
Fertiliser
• They are not easily biodegradable.
Lightning
• They are poor conductors of electricity.
F. Short-answer type questions.
1. Synthetic clothes are not suitable for summer season
because they absorb heat and do not let it escape.
Action of Soil
Waste and Dead The evaporation process is slow in synthetic clothes.
Remains of Plants
Bacteria and Animals
Nitrogen Fixing That’s why, sweat does not escape and we feel hot.
Bacteria Acting
2. (i) As compared to natural fibres, the fabrics of
Soil Containing
Nitrogen Compounds
synthetic fibres are readily available, cheap and
more durable.
(ii) The synthetic fibres have good elasticity and the
Brainstorm
fabrics of these fibres do not wrinkle easily.
1. Curd is set faster in summer than in winter because the
bacteria need heat to transform the milk into curd. 3. Rayon fibre resembles very closely with silk fibre in
appearance, texture and shine. Their resemblance is
2. Viruses are considered a border line between living
so close that rayon is sometimes also called artificial
and non-living things because they show both the
silk.
characteristics of a living and a non-living.
4. The two uses of the following:
Fun to learn
1. Alexender Flemming 2. Edward Jenner It is used for the It is used to make
3. Louis Pasteur Nylon manufacturing climbing ropes,
socks, tents fishing nets

3. Synthetic Fibres and Plastics It is used for the It is used to make

Rayon manufacturing sofa covers, pillow
A. Tick the () correct options. shirts, skirts
1. b 2. b 3. a It is used to make It is mixed with
4. Acrylic 5. c 6. a Polyester medical gowns, wool to form
B. Fill in the blanks. gloves polywool
1. synthetic 2. rayon 3. nylon 5. Thermosetting plastics are the plastics which do not
4. plastics 5. thermoplastics 6. photo degradation get deformed when they are heated. Such plastics
cannot be bent after heating. Thermosetting plastics
C. Match the columns.
are generally cross-linked polymers.
1. d 2. f 3. a 6. Plastics should be used wisely because plastics are
4. c 5. b 6. e non-biodegradable. This means that they cannot be
D. Correct the statements: decayed and restored to soil. As a result they pollute
the environment in many ways.
1. Polymer is a chain of many monomers.
G. Long-answer type questions.
2. Nylon is used to make parachutes and ropes for rock
climbing. 1. The advantages of synthetic fibres:
• They are strong and cheaper,
3. Polyester fabric is crisp and brittle.
• They are crease resistant.
4. Polymers can be linked in the form of a straight chain
• They are not attacked by moths and moulds.
not in the form of a square.
• They are easy to wash and maintain.
5. Thermosetting plastics are cross-linked polymers.
• They dry up quickly.
6. Polythene bags dumped in water bodies are harmful • They can be dyed in attractive colours.
for aquatic life.
• They are light, durable and easy to maintain.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence. The disadvantages of synthetic fibres:
1. Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres. • They do not allow air to pass through.
2. Polymer is a chain of many monomers. • They do not absorb sweat like natural fibres do.
3. E
 xamples of natural fibres are cotton and silk. • They get damaged by high temperature when
Examples of synthetic fibres are rayon and nylon. ironed.
4. Perspex plastic can be used as a substitute of glass. • They catch fire more easily than cotton or wool.

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 2. N ylon is a synthetic polyamide fibre. It is made by
using cool, air and water as raw materials. The thread
of nylon fabric is very strong. It is even stronger than
a steel wire of same length and thickness. The name
naylon comes from the fact that it was developed in
New York and London simultaneously (ny from New
York and lon from London).
Properties of Nylon:
• It is very strong and durable.
• It is highly elastic, and can retain its shape easily. It
resists wrinkles.
• It has shine or lusture.
• It is easy to wash and it dries up very quickly.
Uses of Nylon:
• Because of its high tensile strength, it is used for
making fishing nets, tyre cords, climbing ropes,
general purpose ropes, parachute fabrics, bristles
of tooth brush and paint brushes and seat belts in
vehicles.
• It is also used to make curtains, socks, tents, sleeping
bags, swimwear, umbrellas, leggings, raincoats, etc.
3. Plastics are polymers of long carbon chains. These
are basically long molecules of carbon chains. Fossil
fuels like coal and petroleum contain hydrocarbons
which are the compounds containing hydrogen and
carbon. These hydrocarbons, are monomers from
which plastic polymer is formed.
Uses of plastic:
• It is used to make packets of food.
• It is used to make polythene bags.
• It is used to make plastic bottles and chair.
• It is also used to make wire covering and plastic
toys.
4. Plastics can be categorized as thermoplastics and
thermosetting plastics on the basis of their strength.
• Thermoplastics are the plastics which get
deformed when they are heated. Such plastics can
be bent easily after heating. They are generally
linear polymers. Examples of thermoplastics are
polythene, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), polystyrene,
polypropylene, teflon, PET, etc.
• Thermosetting plastics are the plastics which do not
get deformed when they are heated. Such plastics
cannot be bent after heating, Thermosetting
plastics are generally cross-linked polymers.
Examples of thermosetting plastics are melamine,
bakelite, duroplast, vulcanized rubber, etc.
5. Thermoplastics are the plastics which get deformed
when they are heated. They can be bent easily
after heating. They are generally linear polymers.
Polythene, Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), polystyrene,
polypropylene, teflon, PET, etc. are the examples of
thermoplastics. Thermosetting plastics, on the other
hand, are the plastics which do not get deformed
when they are heated. Such plastics cannot be bent
6
after heating, Thermosetting plastics are generally
cross-linked polymers. Examples of thermosetting
plastics are melamine, bakelite, etc.
6. Plastics are useful but today they have become a
thoughtful global environment and health concern
due to their extreme use. This is because plastics are
non-biodegradable. They cannot be decomposed by
the microorganisms in the soil. Incorrect disposal of
plastics is a serious problem. It clogs drains and blocks
the pores of soil, which delays the absorption of
water by soil. Plastic bags contaminate food because
of the poisonous dyes related with them. Moreover,
burning of plastics releases toxic gases, which causes
air pollution. These gases also cause cancer.
Brainstorm
1. Raj is advised to buy the cotton shirts for summer season
because cotton absorbs the sweat and the pores in the
cotton permits easy evaporation and keeps the body
cool while synthetic fibres do not absorb the sweat and
they are very uncomfortable to wear in summers.
2. It is not advisable to wear synthetic clothes while
working in the kitchen because synthetic fibre catches
fire more easily and melt. After melting, it sticks with the
body which may cause severe burns to the person who
wearing it.
4. Materials: Metals and Non-Metals
A. Tick the () correct options.
1. c 2. a 3. b
4. c 5. a 6. a
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. metalloid 2. solid 3. boiling point
4. ductility 5. galvanization 6. gold
C. Match the columns.
1. b 2. e 3. a
4. f 5. d 6. c
D. Correct the statements:
1. An element is the purest form of matter.
2. Bromine is the only non-metal that is liquid at room
temperature.
3. Ductility is the property of shaping substances in the
form of thin wire.
4. Metals can react with any state of matter.
5. Zinc is used for galvanization of iron.
6. Magnesium reacts with boiling water.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. An alloy is the mixture of two or more metals.
2. 
Iron and copper are metals while bromine and
graphite are non-metals and antimony and arsenic
are metalloids.
3. Lustre is the shining appearance of an object.
 4. The nature of oxides formed when metals react with
oxygen is basic.
5. Carbon monoxide is oxide of carbon which is neutral
in nature.
6. The series that defines the order of reactivity of
metals is called reactivity series.
F. Short-answer type questions.
1. The property of metals when things made by metals
create a ringing sound when hit hard is called the
sonority of metals. The metals created ringing sounds
are said to be sonorous.
2. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals, or one
or more metals along with a non-metal. Alloys are
generally made by mixing two metals in their molten
state. Sometimes, they are also made by mixing the
powders of two metals.
3. Corrosion of iron is called rusting. When iron is
exposed to moist air for a long time, it undergoes
rusting which can be easily identified by the presence
of reddish brown flaky coating on the surface.
4. Curd and pickle are not stored in metal containers
because when metal reacts with acid, salt and
hydrogen gas are produced. This reaction will
produce many toxic compounds which are unfit for
consumption and may cause food poisoning.
5. Sodium is kept in kerosene oil because sodium is a
highly reactive metal which burns when it comes in
contact of oxygen or moisture. Kerosene oil does not
react with sodium and acts as a barrier which restricts
its reaction with oxygen and moisture.
6. It is because like metals hydrogen loses its electron
and form positive ion. Besides, it also helps to
compare the reactivity of the metals.
G. Long-answer type questions.
1. Six physical properties of metals are given below:
• Physical state: State of matter means solid, liquid
or gas. All metals are solid at room temperature
except mercury and gallium which are liquid at
room temperature.
• Hardness: All metals are generally hard except
sodium, magnesium and potassium which are soft.
• Lustre: It is the shine in the appearance of an
object. The metals have lustre or shine.
• Malleability: The property by which metals can be
beaten into sheets or foils is called malleability.
• Ductility: Ductility is the property of a substance by
virtue of which it can be drawn into thin wire.
• Sonority: This is the property of metals when things
made by metals create a ringing sound when hit
hard. The metals created ringing sounds said to
be sonorous. This property of a metal is known as
sonority.
2. Six physical properties of non-metals are given below:
7
• P hysical state: Non-metals are freely found in all
the three states of mater.
• Hardness: All non-metals are soft except diamond
which is very hard.
• Lustre: Non-metals are non-lustrous. They are
generally dull in appearance except graphite which
has shiny surface.
• Malleability: all non-metals are non-malleable.
They cannot be turned into thin sheets.
• Ductility: All non-metals are non-ductile. They
cannot be drawn into thin wires.
• Sonority: All non-metals are non-sonorous they
do not make any sound when struck with a hard
object.
3. Metals react with oxygen under different conditions
to form metal oxides. When these oxides dissolve in
water, they form bases which turn red litmus paper
blue. Some metals like sodium and potassium react
with oxygen at room temperature to form sodium
oxide and potassium oxide respectively. So, they are
stored in kerosene to prevent them from burning.
4. The difference between metals and non-metals on
the basis of the given properties:
Properties Metals Non-metals
Solid, liquid
Appearance Solid
and gas
Hardness Hard Soft
Malleability Malleable Non-malleable
Ductility Ductile Non-ductile
Heat Good Poor
conduction conductors conductors
Conduction of Good Poor
electricity conductors conductors
5. Corrosion of iron is called rusting. When iron is
exposed to moist air for a long time, it undergoes
rusting which can be easily identified by the presence
of reddish brown flaky coating on the surface. This
reddish brown powdery substance is called rust. It is a
mixture of iron oxide and iron hydroxide. The process
of formation of rust on iron objects is called rusting
of iron. Rusting takes place only when iron objects are
exposed to air and water. The water may be in the form
of vapours. In fact, humid air speeds up the process of
rusting. Applying oil, grease or paint to iron objects
can prevent rusting to some extent. Electroplating or
galvanizing iron objects prevents them from rusting.
Galvanization is the process of coating a thin layer of
zinc on iron to prevent it from rusting.
6. Some reactive metals react with cold water and some
less reactive metals do not react even with steam.
This means that some metals are more reactive and
some are less reactive. Based on various experiments
 conducted, a series was prepared. This series defines 3. Bituminous is the variety of coal which is also called
the order of reactivity of metals. This series is called household coal.
reactivity series of metals. The most reactive metal 4. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel.
is placed on the top and the least reactive metal is
5. The word petroleum is the combination of two Latin
placed at the bottom. As we move down in the series,
word petra meaning rock and oleum meaning oil.
the reactivity of metals decreases. Only more reactive
metals can displace less reactive metals from their 6. Some components of natural gas are methane,
salt solutions. The reactivity series of metals showing ethane and propane.
some common metals is as under : F. Short-answer type questions.
Potassium Sodium Lithium Calcium 1. Coal and petroleum are called fossil fuels because
Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc they are made from the preserved leftovers of
organisms that lived millions of years ago and are
Iron Nickel Tin Lead
used as fuels.
Hydrogen Copper Mercury Silver
2. Those chemicals which are found from petroleum and
Gold Platinum natural gas are called petrochemicals such as methyl
Crossword Puzzle alcohol, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, acetone, acetic
acid, ethylene, benzene, toluene, vinyl chloride, etc.
Take help from the clues to solve the crossword puzzle.
3. The world’s first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania,
Across
USA, in 1859.
2. Diamond 4. Graphite 5. Potassium 4. Advantages of CNG and LPG:
Down • They are cleaner fuels and cause less pollution.
1. Alloy 3. Aluminium 6. Sodium 7. Mercury • They have high calorific value.
• They do not produce any poisonous gas on burning.
5. Coal and Petroleum • They burn with a smokeless flame so they do not
cause much pollution.
A. Tick the () correct options. • They can be directly transported to the homes
1. b 2. c 3. a and industries through networks of underground
4. a 5. c 6. a pipelines.
B. Match the columns. 5. Bitumen is the petroleum product which is used for
surfacing of roads.
1. f 2. e 3. d
6. The three advantages of CNG are given below:
4. b 5. a 6. d
• It can be burnt directly.
C. Fill in the blanks.
• It can be transported easily through pipe lines.
1. fossil 2. coal, petroleum, natural gas
• It is a clean fuel and do not give smoke when burnt.
3. refining 4. compressed natural gas
G. Long-answer type questions.
5. coal 6. Digboi in Assam, 1889
1. Fuel means any substance that can be used to
D. Correct the statements:
produce heat energy. All common fuels contain
1. Coke is obtained as residue of destructive distillation carbon and hydrogen. Many non-renewable like
of coal. coal and petroleum are also used as fuels for various
2. The reserves of petroleum below land are called purposes. Coal and petroleum are formed from dead
wells. organisms that had buried millions of years ago. Since
3. The first oil well was found in 1867 in Makum in India. they are formed by fossils, that is, buried remains of
dead organisms, they are also called fossil fuels. They
4. Petroleum is heated to high temperature in absence
can only be prepared by nature over millions of years.
of air during fractional distillation of petroleum.
They cannot be prepared in scientific laboratories by
5. Natural gas does not have any odour. human efforts. The scientific studies show that the
6. We should use buckets in place of showers for bathing. present reserves of the fossil fuels are depleting at an
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence. alarming rate.
1. Resources which are available in limited quantity in 2. Around 200-250 million years ago, there were large
nature are called exhaustible resources. wetlands and swamps or marshlands. When the plants
in these regions died, they slipped and drifted to the
2. The method of taking out minerals from rocks hidden
bottom of these swamps. At the bottom, these plants
under the earth’s surface is called mining.
were compressed and decomposed. As a result, peat

8
 was formed. When peat was further compressed at
very high pressure and temperature, coal was formed.
Sometimes earthquakes and volcanoes also buried
entire forests along with the entire vegetation on it.
They slowly turned into coal.
3. Petroleum is a mixture of various components. The
process by which various products are obtained from
petroleum is called refining or fractional distillation of
petroleum. The place where refining is done is called
a petroleum refinery or oil refinery. At the refinery,
petroleum is heated in the absence of air to very
high temperatures. Various products get separated
from petroleum on the basis of their different boiling
points. Each product obtained during fractional
distillation is called a fraction.
4. Various constituents of petroleum and their uses:
S. No. Constituents Uses
Petroleum gas Gaseous fuels at home
1
or LPG and in various industries.
Fuel to run vehicles. Also
are likely to last for only a few hundred years or
so. The overutilization of these resources has also
resulted in increasing air pollution. This in turn, has
led to global warming. So, there is an urgent need
to use some alternative renewable sources of energy
like wind energy, hydroelectric energy, solar energy,
tidal energy and geothermal energy. The Petroleum
Conservation Research Association (PCRA) has
suggested some driving habits to save petrol and
diesel. These are:
• Using public transport system, wherever possible
• Exercising car pooling
• Switching off engine at traffic signals and guarded
crossings
• Driving at constant and moderate speed
• Ensuring that air pressure in tyres is as per the
standards
• Regular maintenance of vehicles
Picture Based Questions
Refinary Gas 20° C

2 Petrol used as fuel in aviation

Bottled Gas
industry. (LPG)

Fuel for stove, lamp and

3 Kerosene Petrol 120° C
jet aircraft. Petrol for Vehicles

Fuel for heavy motor Naphtha 150° C

4 Diesel oil vehicles and electric Chemicals

generators. Kerosine180° C
Jet fuel, Paraffin for
lighting and hearing
A lubricant in machines Diesel 270° C
5 Lubricating oil
and vehicles. Diesel fuels

Used to make candles, Lubricating Oils,

Lubricating Oil Waxes and polishes
6 Paraffin wax Vaseline and other skin
Crude
ointments. Oil Fuel for ships,
Fuel Oil Factories and
Asphalt and Road surfacing and 600° Central Heating
7
bitumen paints. Bitumen
Roads and
Roofing
In manufacture of
Various
8 detergents, synthetic
petrochemicals
fibres. 6. Combustion and Flame
5. Petroleum is obtained and pumped out from oil wells
A. Tick the () correct options.
and transported and distributed through a network
of long pipelines. It is obtained by drilling holes (oil 1. c 2. a 3. a
wells) into the Earth’s crust where the presence of oil 4. c 5. b 6. b
has been predicted by survey. When a well is drilled B. Fill in the blanks.
through the rocks, natural gas comes out first with
1. combustion 2. flammable material
great pressure and after some time the oil comes out
due to gas pressure. After the pressure has subsided, 3. spontaneous 4. sodium bicarbonate, sulphuric acid
the crude oil is pumped out of the oil well. 5. high 6. large 7. Digboi, 1889
6. To derive maximum benefits and satisfy needs of C. Match the columns.
increasing population, human beings have been 1. e 2. c 3. a
carelessly using natural resources. However, there is
4. f 5. b 6. d
an urgent need to conserve these natural resources
which are to exhaust in future. Conservation of D. Correct the statements:
natural resources is important because the present 1. Incomplete combustion takes place in insufficient
world reserves of resources like coal and petroleum supply of air.

9
 2. The minimum temperature at which a substance
undergoes combustion is called ignition temperature.
3. Good fuels have high calorific value.
4. Complete combustion takes place in outer most layer
of a flame.
5. The S.I. unit of calorific value is J/Kg .
6. Acid rain takes place due to formation of sulphuric
acid and nitric acid.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. A chemical process in which a substance reacts
with oxygen to produce heat and light is known as
combustion.
2. Rapid combustion is a combustion in which a large
amount of heat is produced in very short time.
3. Carbon dioxide gas can be used in place of water to
extinguish fire caused by short circuit.
4. Outer zone of a flame is the hottest because of
complete combustion takes place there.
5. The amount of heat energy produced on complete
combustion of 1 kg of a fuel is known as its calorific
value.
6. Hydrogen has the highest calorific value.
F. Short-answer type questions.
1. Water should not be used to extinguish fire caused
by short circuit because water is a good conductor of
electricity and as it comes in the contact of electricity
current passes through it and give an electric shock.
2. The formula for calculating calorific value is heat
energy produced/ quantity of fuel used.
3. The green leaves have some water in them which
increases the ignition temperature of leaves and they
do not catch fire easily while dry leaves have no water
so they catch fire easily.
4. Goldsmith uses the outermost zone of the flame to
melt the gold and silver because the outermost zone
is the hottest zone. So, it quickly and easily melts
gold and silver.
5. Incomplete combustion is harmful because it leads to
wastage of fuel and formation of carbon monoxide,
which is a highly poisonous gas. If inhaled in large
amount it can suffocate a person to death.
6. Minimum temperature at which a substance catches
fire by an external spark is called ignition temperature.
Paper contains generally cellulose, which are refined
wood fibres. The paper-making process removes
components from the wood that easily produces
flammable vapour. Hence, the ignition temperature
of wood is lower than that of paper.
G. Long-answer type questions.
1. The essential conditions for combustion to take place
are:
• Presence of combustible substance: Combustion
10
can take place only when a combustible substance
is present. In the absence of combustible substance,
no combustion takes place.
• Presence of supporter of combustion: The
substance which helps in the combustion of a
combustible substance is called a supporter of
combustion such as oxygen is a supporter of
combustion. The process of combustion will stop
if the supply of oxygen is stopped.
• Heating the combustible substance to its ignition
temperature: Ignition temperature of a substance
is the lowest temperature at which a substance
catches fire. The combustible substance needs to
be heated up to its ignition temperature to catch
fire. The substances which have very low ignition
temperature are called inflammable substances.
2. A modern fire extinguisher has three parts. The metal
container contains a solution of sodium bicarbonate.
It is connected to a plunger. The sharp end of the
plunger is connected to a glass bottle containing
sulphuric acid. The knob is used to press the fire
extinguisher when needed. When the knob is pressed,
the glass bottle is broken by the sharp end of the
plunger. As a result, sulphuric acid reacts with sodium
bicarbonate. The reaction that takes place is as under:
Sodiumbicarbonate+sulphuricacid→Sodium
sulphate+water+carbon dioxide
Knob
Bottle
Sulphuric acid
Container Sodium bicarbonate
solution
 ince a small quantity of water is also produced, fire
S
extinguishers are used after cutting off electric supply
in case of fire caused due to short circuit.
3. A fuel is a substance that is burnt to obtain energy.
This energy is used to heat or move another object.
In other words, a fuel undergoes combustion to
produce heat and light energy which is used for some
purpose. On the basis of state of matter, the fuels can
be classified as solid, liquid or gaseous.
• S
 olid fuels are those which exist in solid state at
room temperature. For example, wood, coal, and
cow dung cakes.
• L iquid fuels are those which exist in liquid state at
room temperature. For example, petrol, kerosene,
diesel.
• G
 aseous fuels are those which exist in gaseous
state at room temperature, Gaseous fuels are the
best fuels. For example, LPG, CNG, biogas, coal gas,
etc.
 4. Fuels are very useful for us. These are used at homes 3. Given:
and industries. But, these fuels have harmful effects Quantity of fuel used = 6 kg.
also.
Heat energy produced = 2, 10,000 KJ.
• When wood and cow dung cakes are burnt, they heat energy produced
produce a lot of smoke which causes air pollution, We know that calorific value =
The unburnt carbon particles left after combustion quantity of fuel used
of wood, coal, cow dung cause respiratory diseases 2,10,000 KJ
like asthma. = =35000 kj/kg
6 kg
• The gases like carbon dioxide produced during Picture Based Questions
combustion have resulted in greenhouse effect. Hottest part Non-Luminous Zone
This causes global warming, melting of glaciers, (blue)
rising of sea levels, etc. Moderately hot Luminous Zone (yellow)
• When fossil fuels burn in insufficient supply of air, Least Hot Dark Zone (black)
carbon monoxide gas, which is a poisonous gas,
is produced. If inhaled in excess, it can result in
suffocation and death.
• Burning of fossil fuels produces unburnt
hydrocarbons as smoke which is health hazards.
They also release ash and fine particles of unburnt A flame has three zones—(i) The outermost or non-
carbon in the air. These fine particles are called luminous zone of the flame is blue in colour. It is the hottest
suspended particulate matter (SPM) which zone of the flame. (ii) The middle or luminous zone is bright
reduce visibility and blacken buildings. They are yellow in colour This zone is not in direct contact of air. (iii)
responsible for respiratory diseases like asthma The innermost zone or dark zone is dark or black in colour.
and bronchitis. This zone is completely cut off from air. No combustion
takes place in this zone.
5. There are many fuels. Each fuel has its own advantages
and disadvantages. A good fuel is one which is cheap, Building Blocks of Life
efficient, can be easily available and causes less or We need to have the telephone number of the fire station
no pollution. An ideal fuel should have the following in our area so that we can immediately contact them in
characteristics: case there is fire in our locality.
• It should be cheap and readily available everywhere. Brainstorm
• It should be easy to store, transport and handle. 1. Raj’s water will get heated in a shorter time.
• It should have high calorific value and moderate 2. The ignition temperature necessary for paper to catch
ignition temperature. fire is low. So, paper by itself catches fire easily. When
• It should produce large quantity of heat. the same paper is wrapped around an aluminium pipe,
• It should cause less or no pollution when used. it does not. This is because aluminium is a metal which is
a good conductor of heat and absorbs the heat energy.
• It should not leave much ash after burning.
H. Numerical Questions.
7. Conservation of Plants and Animals
1. Given:
Quantity of fuel used = 8 kg. A. Tick the () correct options.
Heat energy produced = 96,000 KJ. 1. a 2. b 3. a
heat energy produced 4. b 5. a 6. c
We know that calorific value = B. Match the columns.
quantity of fuel used
96000 KJ 1. c 2. d 3. f
= = 1200 kj/kg 4. e 5. a 6. b
8 kg
2. Given: C. Fill in the blanks.
Quantity of fuel used = 2 kg. 1. habitat 2. soil erosion 3. extinct
Heat energy produced = 3, 00,000 KJ. 4. illegal 5. conservation 6. 17, 1 tone
heat energy produced
We know that calorific value = D. Correct the statements:
quantity of fuel used 1. The national area where wildlife gets protected and
300000 KJ preserved is called wildlife sanctuary.
= = 150000 kj/kg
2 kg 2. Project Tiger has been launched with the help of
World Wide Fund.

11
 3. Deforestation increases air pollution.
4. Extinction of species takes place due to change in
climatic conditions.
5. Extinct species do not exist on the earth now.
6. Project Tiger was launched in 1973.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. The mass movement of birds and animals from one
place to another within the country or to a different
country in search of suitable living condition is known
as migration.
2. Red Data Book is a book used to maintain a record of
the population status of the endangered species of
the country.
3. The International Union and Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN) maintains the Red
Data Book.
4. Jim Corbett national park is situated in Uttar Pradesh,
India. Bengal tiger is being conserved in this park.
5. These are species that are on the verge of extinction
as they are decreasing in number due to killing and
reduction of habitat.
6. Three Tiger Reserves in India:
• Kanha, Madhya Pradesh • Crobett, Uttar Pradesh
• Palamu, Bihar
F. Short-answer type questions.
1. A dwelling of an organism that is suitable for that
organism and helps the organism to survive and
reproduce is called its habitat.
2. The plants typically found in a particular area are called
flora of that area. The animals which live naturally in a
particular area are called fauna of that area.
3. The variety of flora and fauna and microorganisms
in an area constitute the biodiversity of that area.
Biodiversity also includes their interrelationship and
their relationship with the environment.
4. Present status of population of tigers in India is
around 2000.
5. Migratory birds are able to reach their destination
because they use the sun, the stars, the Earth’s
magnetism, etc. as their guides. They know when to
migrate and when to come back. They can fly as far
as 16000 miles and some of the birds fly at a speed
of 30 mph to reach their destination.
6. Conservation of plants and animals is needed for the
maintenance of the scenic beauty of the environment
and also for keeping the balance between nature and
organisms.
G. Long-answer type questions.
1. The following important steps are proposed by
scientists all over the world to conserve biodiversity:
• Proper planning of land and water utilization
should be done to ensure the protection of wildlife
in their natural habitat.
12
• E fforts should be made to preserve as many
varieties of food crops as possible.
• Forests can be protected from forest fires by
extinguishing them quickly before they cause
destruction.
• Protection from overgrazing also helps to conserve
forests. Special protection must be given to
growing plants.
2. Some causes of deforestation are given below:
• Trees are cut down to get wood for fuel and timber
for building houses, factories, bridges, etc.
• Trees are cut down to clear land for building
houses, factories, roads, railway tracks, dams, etc.
• Land is also cleared to be used for the cultivation of
crops (agriculture), setting up industries and mining.
• Deforestation also occurs when trees are destroyed
by natural causes such as forest fires and severe
drought.
The consequences of deforestation are as follow:
• Climatic changes: The climate of a region changes
due to deforestation. It increases pollution level
and decreases rainfall.
• Imbalance in atmospheric gases: Deforestation
disturbs the balance between carbon dioxide and
oxygen level in the atmosphere. Oxygen content
is reduced and carbon dioxide accumulates that is
dangerous for all living beings.
• Pollution: Increase in the level of pollution in the
environment results due to decrease in the number
of plants and trees on the Earth.
3. 
All organisms (trees and plants) that inhabit their
regional natural habitats and that are away from
human interference are called wildlife. The natural
habitats of organisms can range from forests, hills,
mountains, plains, deserts, pasture lands, ponds,
lakes, rivers, oceans, etc. Animals that cannot be
domesticated or tamed and plants that cannot be
cultivated in fields are a part of wildlife. Thus, wildlife
in India is diverse because of the diversity of habitats
and ecosystems. India and South Africa are the
richest wildlife repositories in the whole world. India
is considered to be richer in biodiversity than South
Africa. In 1952, the Central Government of India
constituted a board to give advice for conserving
wildlife. This board was named the Indian Board for
Wildlife. State wildlife boards were also developed on
similar lines. National Forest Policy in 1952 aimed to
have one-third of the total land area of the country
under forest cover. It was revised in 1980. It was
renamed as Forest Conservation Act, 1980. This Act
aims at the preservation and conservation of natural
forests and meeting the basic needs of the people
dependent on them. The central government also
enforced a law for legal protection of wildlife under
the name of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Wildlife
 conservations in nature habitats are done in protected Brainstorm
areas where human activity are totally restricted or 1. The species which does not occur naturally in an area
partially allowed. and are from outside, are known as exotic species.
4. 
Tiger is the national animal of India. It is an Native species are those which are native to an area.
endangered species as its population has reduced 2. Animals are kept in the zoo to entertain and educate
due to killing and poaching. In April 1973, Tiger people.
Project was launched to give special attention to their
conservation. Tigers are protected and kept under
supervision. The World Wide Fund in association 8. Cell-Structure and Functions
with the Indian Government launched a project A. Tick the () correct options.
called Project Tiger to protect the tigers of India.
1. b 2. b 3. c
The population of tigers in Indian forests is slowly
decreasing and has become endangered species. 4. a 5. c 6. a
This project aims at the protection of this endangered B. Match the columns.
species. The causes behind the decrease of tiger 1. b 2. d 3. f
population are deforestation, poaching and taming of
4. a 5. c 6. e
Indian rivers for satisfaction of human needs Project
Tiger covers 50 tiger reserves in India spread in the C. Fill in the blanks.
states of Rajasthan (Sariska and Ranthambhore) Uttar 1. tissues 2. old, new 3. cellulose
Pradesh (Corbett and Dudhwa), Madhya Pradesh 4. cyclosis 5. plastid 6. cell wall
(Kanha and Indravati), Bihar (Valmiki and Palamu),
D. Correct the statements:
Tamil Nadu (Kallakaddu Mundanthurai and Chennai).
5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve has one national park 1. The basic structure of every cell consists of cell
named Satpura and two wildlife sanctuaries named Bori membrane.
and Pachmarhi.All the plants and animals found in a 2. Various organelles present in cell are dispersed in
particular area are collectively called as flora and fauna cytoplasm.
respectively. They are specific to a particular area and 3. Lysosomes are called suicidal bags.
may not be common to other areas of the region, state 4. Genes are small points present on chromosomes.
or country.
5. White blood cells do not have any fixed shape.
The flora of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve includes all
the plants and vegetation types such as sal, teak, mango, 6. Plant cells have only one vacuole.
jamun, silver ferns, etc. E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
The fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve includes all 1. Cell→ Tissue→ Organ→ Organ System→ Organism.
the animal types found in the region such as chinkara, 2. Boundary that separates the internal parts of a cell from
leopard, tiger, wild dog, barking deer, wolf, cheetal, etc.. the external environment is known as cell membrane.
Crossword Puzzle 3. The components of protoplasm are cytoplasm and
Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues nucleus.
given below: 4. The function of lysosomes is to destroy the old cells.
Down 5. The cells which do not have fixed shape are known as
1. Endangered 2. Red Data Book 5. Deserts prokaryotic cells.
Across 6. The two components which are present in plant cells
but absent in animal cells are plastids and cell wall.
1. Extinct 3. Endemic 4. Biodiversity
F. Short-answer type questions.
Find out
1. Cytoplasm is the part of the cell which contains
1. Straw, bamboo, and esparto grass are the raw materials organelles. They are living structures of a cell that
other than wood pulp used to make paper. float in cytoplasm.
2. The different types of paper and their uses:
2. Prokaryotes are those cells which do not have a
• Artist’s paper: It is used in in creating artistic drawings, definite nucleus while eukaryotes are those cells
sketches, and paintings. which have a definite nucleus.
• Book paper: It is used for the printing and publication 3. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell.
of books. The function of Chromosomes is to carry genes and
• Filter paper: It is used as a barrier that can separate help to transfer characters from the parents to the
substances from a stream of liquid or gas, such as offspring.
water or air.

13
 a heavy liquid, cytoplasm keeps on circulating or the cell whereas in plant cells the nucleus may be
flowing inside the cell. The movement of cytoplasm on the boundary of the cell. Nucleus is the largest
is called cyclosis. organelle in a cell. It can be marked and seen simply
c) Vacuole: Vacuoles are transparent in nature. These with the help of a microscope.
are formed by thin membrane and filled with liquids Picture Based Questions:
like water and enzymes. They provide buoyancy or
weightlessness to the cell. These organelles also Ribosomes Cell wall
store waste material in them. Vacuoles present in Endoplasmic
cells of plants are big whereas those present in cells reticulum
Vacuole
of animals are small. So, to maintain buoyancy of Nucleolus
the cell, plant cells have only one vacuole whereas Nucleus Cell membrane
animal cells have many vacuoles. Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
4. a) Difference between cell wall and cell membrane:
Chloroplast Golgi apparatus
Cell wall Cell membrane (Plastid)
It is present in cells of It is present in all living (a) A Plant Cell
plants only. cells.
Centrosome Mitochondrion
It is thin and
It is thick and porous. Ribosomes Vacuole
selectively porous.
Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum
It is found inside the
Nucleus
It is found outside the cell wall in plant cells,
Cytoplasm Nucleolus
cell membrane. forms boundary of
animal cells. Golgi apparatus

It is made up of It is made up of
cellulose. protein.
It gives shape to (b) An Animal Cell
It gives strength to the
the cell and helps in
cell.
exchange of materials. Crossword Puzzle
Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues
b) The prokaryotic cells are those which do not have given below:
a definite nucleus. The nucleoplasm and other
organelles present inside the nucleus are dispersed Across:
in the cytoplasm while the eukaryotic cells are 1. Chlorophyll 3. Organelle 6. Protoplasm
those which have a clear nucleus. In other words 8. Genes
eukaryotic cells are those in which nucleoplasm is
separated from cytoplasm. Down
c) 
The difference between animal cells and plant 1. Chloroplast 2. Organs 4. Membrane
cells: 5. Vacuole 7. Tissue
Plant cells Animal cells Brainstorm
A plant cell has a rigid, There is no cell wall in 1. Chromosomes are called the hereditary vehicles because
non-living cell wall. an animal cell. they transfer the genes of parents to their offspring.
It contains plastids. Plastids are absent. 2. Lysosomes are called suicide bags because they can
burst themselves to kill any foreign substance that is
Centrosome is absent. Centrosome is present. trying to enter the cell.
A plant cell has Animal cell has
dictyosomes. golgibodies.
9. Reproduction in Animals
Lysosomes are absent
Lysosomes are present. A. Tick the () correct options.
in plant cells.
A plant cell contains 1. a 2. c 3. c
They are small and few
large and central 4. a 5. c 6. b
in numbers.
vacuoles. B. Match the columns.
5. Nucleus is a large, spherical organelle present in all 1. c 2. f 3. b
the cells. In animal cells, nucleus lies in the centre of 4. d 5. a 6. e

14
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. reproduction 2. sexual reproduction
3. fallopian tubes 4. in-vitro fertilization
5. parturition 6. external
D. Correct the statements:
1. In binary fission first of all the nucleus divides.
2. Cloning is a laboratory method of reproduction.
3. The single cell formed as a result of fertilization is
called zygote.
4. The sex cells present in animals are called gametes.
5. The babies born by in-vitro fertilization are called test
tube babies.
6. Mosquitos undergo metamorphosis.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. The process of reproduction is important because it
is an essential process for the continuation of life in
nature.
2. Fertilization is the process of union or two parent
cells of opposite sex.
3. The testes secrete testosterone also known as male
sex hormone while the ovaries secrete oestrogen and
progesterone also known as female sex hormone.
4. Gestation period is a period during which foetus
remains inside the body of mother.
5. Viviparous animals are those animals which directly
give birth to the young ones.
6. Gametes are the sex cells present in animals.
F. Short-answer type questions.
1. The biological process in which organisms give rise
to their young ones is known as reproduction. The
process of reproduction is important because it is an
essential process for the continuation of life in nature.
2. (I) Zygote is made up of a single cell while foetus is
made up of many cells. (ii) Zygote is formed by the
fertilization of sperm and ovum, foetus is formed by
the repeated divisions of the zygote.
3. Uterus is the female reproductive organ in which the
embryo gets embedded.
4. Metamorphosis is the process in which some
extreme changes take place in an organism so that
the organism before the change is totally different
from the organism after the change. It is generally
observed in mosquito and silkworm.
5. Internal fertilization is the process in which fertilization
of male and female gametes takes place inside the
body of the female while external fertilization is the
process in which fertilization of male and female
gametes takes place outside the body of the female.
6. 
Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction
in which union of two parents gives rise to a new
offspring.
15
G. Long-answer type questions.
1. a) Binary Fission: This a method of asexual
reproduction commonly seen in unicellular
organisms like protozoa. Amoeba and paramecium
are the protozoa that reproduce by binary fission.
In binary fission, first of all the nucleus of the cell
divides. This is followed by moving away of the two
nuclei and reducing the size of the cell between
the two nuclei. The size keeps on decreasing till
the cell finally splits into two separate cells.
b) Budding: This method of asexual reproduction is
commonly seen in sponges, flatworms, hydra, etc.
In budding, a small group of cells starts forming
on the body of the parent. These small structures,
called buds, keep on growing. After some growth,
the buds separate themselves from the body of the
parent. These buds slowly develop into separate
new individuals.
c) Cloning: Cloning is a laboratory method of asexual
reproduction. In this method, an exact copy of an
organism is produced. It is the process of creating a
new cell or a new organism from a single body cell.
In this method, the nucleus containing the genetic
material of the cell is inserted in another cell from
which the original nucleus has been removed.
Various attempts were made on different animals
but the first successful attempt was on sheep.
Several clones have been produced after that but
in general, clones suffer from some irregularities.
Some clones were not born properly while other
clones died soon after birth.
2. Male reproductive system: The male reproductive
system of humans consists of the following organs:
 Testes: The male reproductive organ or gonad is a
pair of testes or testicles. Testes produce sperms and
secrete a hormone called testosterone which controls
the reproductive activities in a male. Testes are placed
in a bag like structure called scrotum. The scrotum is
below the abdomen.
 Sperms: The sexual maturity in human males is
attained around the age of 14 to 15 years. Testes
produce millions of sperms. Sperms are very small
in size. Each sperm has a head, a middle piece and
a tail. The head helps the sperm to penetrate the
ovum for fertilization. The tail helps in locomotion
of sperm.
 Vas deferens or sperm ducts: Vas deferens or sperm
ducts are two in number. They are connected to
testes. Each duct connects the testis to the urethra. It
carries sperms from testis to the urethra along with
the secretion of reproductive glands. This mixture of
sperms and secretions is called semen.
Penis: Urethra leads to the muscular organ, called

penis which transfers the sperms into female
reproductive system for fertilization.
  Female reproductive system: The female reproductive Glands are not involved. Gonads are involved.
system of humans consists of the following organs:
Time period is more
 Ovaries: The female reproductive organ consists of a Time period is less.
(due to gestation) .
pair of ovaries located in each side of abdominal cavity.
Each ovary produces one mature egg or ovum during Identical to their Similar to their parents
a period of 28-30 days by a process called ovulation. parents. but not an exact copy.
The ovum is round in shape and bigger in size than 6. Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in
sperm due to the presence of yolk in it. It almost which a single parent gives rise to a new offspring.
sixteen times bigger than a sperm cell. Ovaries also The two methods of sexual reproduction in animals
secrete hormones called estrogen and progesterone are :
which control the reproductive activities in a female.
• Binary Fission: This method of asexual reproduction
 Oviduct or Fallopian Tubes: It is a muscular tube is commonly seen in unicellular organisms like
which joins the uterus with the ovary. The ovum is protozoa. Amoeba and paramecium are the
transported from the ovary through oviducts or protozoa that reproduce by binary fission. In binary
fallopian tubes to uterus. The fertilization of sperm fission, first of all the nucleus of the cell divides.
and ovum takes oviducts. This is followed by moving away of the two nuclei
 Uterus: It is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ. and reducing the size of the cell between the two
The fertilized egg or the zygote is transferred to nuclei. The size keeps on decreasing till the cell
the uterus where it is planted along the walls. The finally splits into two separate cells.
development of the baby takes place inside it. The • Budding: This method of asexual reproduction is
lower narrow part of the uterus is called cervix. commonly seen in sponges, flatworms, hydra, etc.
 Vagina: The uterus opens into a wide muscular tube In budding, a small group of cells starts forming
called vagina. The unfertilized egg is released out on the body of the parent. These small structures,
from the body through vagina. called buds, keep on growing. After some growth,
3. Fertilization is the process of union of two parent cells the buds separate themselves from the body of the
of the opposite sex that is sperm and ovum. Based parent. These buds slowly develop into separate
on the place of union of male and female gametes new individuals.
fertilization can be classified as external fertilization Crossword Puzzle
and internal fertilization.
Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues
• Internal fertilization: is the process in which given below:
fertilization of male and female gametes takes
place inside the body of the female. Across:
• External fertilization: is the process in which 1. Fertilization 6. External
fertilization of male and female gametes takes 7. Buds 8. Ovary
place outside the body of the female.
Down:
4. In an embryo, when all parts of the body can be
2. Testis 3. Zygote
identified, it is called a foetus. A human embryo is
called foetus after 8 weeks of pregnancy. It takes 4. Oviparous 5. Binary
nearly 38 weeks from the fertilisation of the egg to the Picture Based Questions
formation of a baby. When the foetus development is
complete, the mother gives birth to the foetus. Oviducts
Nucleus

5. The difference between asexual and sexual

reproduction are:
Sexual reproduction
Sperm duct
Asexual reproduction
Ovum
Union of two parents
Only one parent gives Ovary Uterus
gives rise to a new off Penis
rise to a new off spring. Testis
spring. Urethra

Presence of gametes Presence of gametes is

not needed. needed.
Male gamete and female
gamete form zygote
Single cell gives rise to
which is transformed
a new individual.
into embryo and then
foetus.
Brainstorm
1. Frogs and toads often seen moving to ponds during
rainy season because they reproduce in water only.
2. While in the womb, babies get most of their food
through the umbilical cord.

16
 3. A
 IDS is a disease which is caused by HIV virus. This
10. Reaching the Age of Adolescence virus destroys natural defence mechanism of the
A. Tick the () correct options. body and makes it susceptible to diseases.
1. b 2. c 3. b 4. 
Hormones are the chemical substances which are
4. b 5. b 6. a released to control and maintain various functions in
our body.
B. Match the columns.
5. 
The personal hygiene is needed for adolescents
1. f 2. c 3. d
because the care of personal hygiene is required
4. e 5. b 6. a for preventing diseases and keeping good health.
C. Fill in the blanks. Adolescent boys and girls should take bath regularly.
1. girls 2. boys 3. corpius luteum 6. 
Father is responsible for the gender of the baby
4. pituitary gland 5. thyroxin 6. testosterone because father determines the sex of a baby
D. Correct the statements: depending on whether his sperm is carrying an X
or Y chromosome. Whereas women carry XX only.
1. Puberty starts when adolescence ends.
An X chromosome combines with the mother’s X
2. Boys and girls both show growth of hairs under arm chromosome to make a baby girl and a Y chromosome
pits during puberty. will combine with the mother’s to make a boy.
3. One mature ovum is released in a periodic cycle of G. Long-answer type questions.
around 28 days.
1. The period of transition from childhood to adulthood
4. Thyroid is the largest endocrine gland of our body. is called adolescence. It is the period of life between
5. Testosterone hormone regulates the growth of sperms. 11 and 19 years of age, also called teen’s period. The
6. In males the reproductive phase ends around 50 age at which the sex hormones and gametes begin
years of age. to be produced and the boy and girl become sexually
matured is called puberty. Puberty is the time in which
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
a child’s sexual and physical appearances mature. It
1. The period when body of a human being starts occurs due to hormone changes. Adolescence is the
undergoing some important changes is known as period between puberty and adulthood.
puberty.
2. Changes that take place in boys during puberty:
2. The two changes which occur in boys during puberty
• Growth of facial hairs such as beard and moustaches
are:
in male.
• Hair grows on the face in the form of moustache
• Growth of hairs under the armpit, under chest and
and beard, and on the chest.
in the pubic regions.
• Voice deepens in boys. It becomes low pitched
• Broadening of shoulders and chest in males.
voice.
• Sudden changes of moods in both males and
3. The face of adolescents looks shiny because there is
females.
an increased secretion of sebum from the sebaceous
gland. • Attainment of sexual maturity which results in
attraction towards the opposite sex.
4. Nature of gametes is responsible for determining
gender of the baby. 3. Changes that take place in girls during puberty:
5. Ovaries are the female gonad while testes are the • Development and enlargement of breasts and the
male gonad present in human beings. milk secreting or mammary glands.
6. It is advised to take regular exercise during • Development of hairs under armpit and pubic
adolescence because regular physical exercise regions.
improves the mental health. • Broadening of hips and widening of pelvic regions.
F. Short-answer type questions. • Initiation of menstrual cycle.
1. Menstruation cycle is periodic and takes place around • Development of high pitched voice.
every 28 days. It continues for 3-5 days. The first 4. The physical features which help to distinguish
menstruation takes place at the beginning of puberty. between male and female are called secondary
2. Adolescents must have a well-balanced diet as sexual characteristics for example the characters like
development depends on the nutritional intake. A hair on chest under arms, development of breast,
well-balanced diet includes all types of nutrients like beard and moustaches, development of high pitched
proteins, fats, carbohydrates vitamins, and minerals voice, attainment of sexual maturity which results
in an adequate amount. Fruits, rice, roti, green in attraction towards the opposite sex are called
vegetables, meat, milk, eggs, etc. secondary sexual characters.

17
 5. Hormones are responsible for metamorphosis in
insects such as silk moths, butterflies and mosquitoes 11. Force and Pressure
from larva and from pupa to an adult. The thyroxin A. Tick the () correct options.
hormone secreted by thyroid gland is responsible
1. c 2. a 3. b
for metamorphosis of tadpole into a frog. We have
earlier learnt that thyroxin is produced and secreted 4. a 5. a 6. b
in presence of iodine. If the female frog has laid eggs B. Match the columns.
in water which has no dissolved salts and iodine, the 1. d 2. c 3. f
tadpoles will never be able to metamorphose into 4. a 5. b 6. e
adult frogs.
C. Fill in the blanks.
6. The gender of a baby is determined by the nature of
gametes that fuse to form the zygote. Chromosomes 1. push, pull 2. friction 3. electrostatic force
are present inside the nucleus of every cell which 4. direct 5. decreases 6. newton
carries information in the form of genes. These genes D. Correct the statements.
determine all inherited characters including the sex 1. The forces that are applied in the same direction
of a child. The nucleus of each human cell contains increase the speed of movement of the object.
23 pairs or 46 chromosomes. Out of these 23 pairs,
2. On the basis of physical contact forces are classified
the last pair of chromosomes is different in males and
as contact and non-contact forces.
females. The last pair is called the sex chromosomes.
All the remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are similar 3. Balanced force result in stop of movement of objects.
in both males and females. 4. Unlike charges attract each other.
7. Reproductive phase is the stage of life in during which 5. The S.I. unit of pressure is Newton per square metre.
an individual can reproduce. In males and females, the 6. The liquids exert pressure on the bottom as well as
reproductive stage starts at puberty. The reproductive on the walls of the container.
stage in females finishes by the age of 50 years, in
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence each.
males, however, the reproductive stage continues for
life. In girls, beginning of puberty is marked by the 1. Newton and Newton per square metre are the S. I.
onset of menstruation or the menstrual cycle. units of force and pressure respectively.
2. Movement of a vehicle from one place to another is
Crossword Puzzle
an example of unbalanced force.
Complete the following word puzzle with the help of clues
3. The point of application of a force is called the point
given below:
of contact.
Down: 4. Two examples of non- contact forces are magnetic
1. Testosterone 2. Thyroid gland 3. Adolescence Force and gravitational force.
5. Target site 6. Larynx 7. Puberty 5. The formula for calculating pressure is pressure =
Across: thrust/area.
3. Adam’s apple 4. Endocrine 7. Pituitary F. Short-answer type questions.
8. Hormones 9. Insulin 10. Estrogen 1. Some changes that take place in an object when
force is applied are given below:
Brainstorm
• Force can move a stationary object or can stop a
1. Colour of the eyes of some babies is similar to their father
moving object.
because the genes transport parental characteristics to
children. • Force can increase or decrease the speed of an
object.
2. Lack of salts and iodine could be the problem in the
pond if tadpoles do not grow into frogs. • Force can change the direction of motion.
Building Blocks of Life • Force can change the shape of an object.
2. When forces applied from the opposite directions are
Food items Major Nutrient Functions not of equal magnitude, it results in the movement
Fruits and Minerals and Protection from of the object in the direction where more force is
Vegetables Vitamins diseases applied. Such forces are called unbalanced forces.
Pulses, eggs, nuts Protein Body-building 3. Some of the common examples of contact forces are
tensional forces, air resistance forces and frictional
Oil and ghee Fats Providing energy forces.
Salad Minerals and Keeping away 4. Non-contact forces are the forces that exist between
Vitamins diseases two objects which are not in contact with each other.

18
 Since the objects are not in touch with each other,
non-contact forces are also called invisible forces.
5. The force acting on an object which is perpendicular
to the surface of the object is called thrust.
6. Nature has provided camels with broad feet so that
the pressure exerted by large body of camel on sand
is reduced. In this way, its feet do not get stuck up in
sand.
G. Long-answer type questions.
1. There are different types of forces. Some forces act
when two objects are in contact with each other. On
the basis of physical contact between two objects,
the forces can be classified as contact forces and
non-contact forces.
• Contact Forces: Contact forces are the forces that
exist between two objects which are directly or
indirectly in physical contact with each other. The
objects may be in contact directly by touching each
other. The objects may be in contact indirectly
when connected with the help of a stick, rod, etc.
• Non-contact Forces: Non-contact forces are the
forces that exist between two objects which are not
in contact with each other. Since the objects are not
in touch with each other, non-contact forces are
called invisible forces. These forces act on objects
from a distance. Some common examples of non-
contact forces are magnetic force, electrostatic
force and gravitational force.
2. Distinguish between:
a. Balanced and unbalanced forces: If forces of equal
magnitude are applied from opposite directions,
the object does not move. Such forces are called
balanced forces while when forces applied from
opposite directions are not of equal magnitude it
results in movement of the object in the direction
where more force is applied. Such forces are called
unbalanced forces.
b. Contact and non-contact forces: Contact forces
are the forces that exist between two objects which
are directly or indirectly in physical contact with
each other. The objects may be in contact directly
by touching each other. The objects may be in
contact indirectly when connected with the help of
a stick, rod, etc. while Non-contact forces are the
forces that exist between two objects which are not
in contact with each other. Since the objects are not
in touch with each other, non-contact forces are
called invisible forces. These forces act on objects
from a distance. Some common examples of non-
contact forces are magnetic force, electrostatic
force and gravitational force.
3. a) Electrostatic force: The force exerted by a charged
body on another charged or uncharged body is
termed as electrostatic force. The force can be
attractive or repulsive in nature. It acts from a
19
distance. Like a magnet, a charged body also has
a field of influence within which it exerts the force.
This field of influence is called the electric field.
b) Gravitational force: When we throw something into
the air, it comes back to the Earth. This is because
of an invisible force exerted by the Earth on every
object. This force is called gravitational force.
c) Muscular Force: It is the force that is applied as
a result of use of muscles. Muscular force is used
when you pull, push, lift, kick, and bend, etc. an
object. Muscular power of animals is used to
draw carts for transportation, ploughing the field,
drawing water, etc. Even the various physical
processes performed by our body organs involve
the use of muscular force. The pushing down of
food by oesophagus or food pipe, contraction and
expansion of lungs, pumping of blood by heart
involve the application of muscular force.
4. The pressure exerted on an object is directly related
to the thrust or force applied on it. This means that
more is the force applied more is the pressure and
vice versa. The pressure exerted on an object is
inversely related to the area on which the force has
been applied. This means that more is the surface
area less is the pressure on the object and vice versa.
5. Practical applications of thrust:
• The nails have pointed ends so that the surface
area of the nails in contact with the wall is very less.
As result, for a given force, more pressure acts on it
to easily pierce into the wall.
• The shoulder bags have broad handles. With an
increase in area of the handles, the pressure exert
by the handles on shoulders of the person is
reduced.
• The trucks and buses usually have 6 to 8 tyres.
More number of tyres increases the surface area
in touch with the roads. With an increase in area,
the pressure is reduced and the truck and bus can
easily move.
• Similar is the case of war tanks. They are made of
solid iron and are very heavy. Such a heavy vehicle
will put a high pressure on the road and movement
of tank will not be easy. To move the tank easily,
a broad chain is provided around the tyres. The
broad chain having more area reduces pressure
exerted by the tank. So, the tank can move with
less difficulty.
6. a) To verify that liquids exert pressure on the walls of
the container,
Procedure
Take an empty plastic bottle. With the help of your
parents or teacher, heat one open end of a glass
tube and quickly insert it on one side of the plastic
bottle. The glass tube must be towards bottom
edge of the bottle. Cover the other end of the
 glass tube with a balloon. Secure it with the help Pressure = Force / Area
of plastic tape or rubber band. Now pour water in Pressure = 7.5 / 0.225 = 33.33 N/m2
the bottle. Do you observe any change in the size
b) Given: 30 cm x 15 cm
of the balloon?
The given dimensions = 30 cm x 15 cm = 0.3 m x
Observation
0.15 m = 0.045 m2
We will notice that the balloon bulges outwards.
Pressure = Force / Area
This shows that liquids exert pressure not only on
the base of the container but also sideways on the Pressure = 7.5 / 0.045 = 166.66 N/m2
walls of the container. 2. Given: area = 0.00001 m2
b) To verify that liquids exert equal pressure at the Force = 10 N
same depth. Pressure = Force / Area
Procedure Pressure = 10 / 0.00001 = 1000000 N/m2
Take an empty plastic bottle. Pierce some holes on 3. Given: area = 40 cm2 = 0.004 m2
all sides of the bottle. Remember all holes must
Force = 800 N
be at the same height from the bottom. Cover the
holes with your fingers. Ask your friend to pour Pressure = Force / Area
some water in the bottle. Remove your fingers Pressure = 800 / 0.004 = 200000 N/m2
from all the holes. Does the water start coming out 4. given: Force applied by team A = 100 + 115 + 125 =
from all the holes or only some holes? Does the 340 n.
water coming out from the holes falls at the same
Force applied by team B = 105 + 128 + 107 = 340 n.
distance from the bottle?
So, resultant force = 340 - 340 = 0.
We will notice that water starts coming out from all
the holes. This shows that liquids exert pressure on 5. given: area = 5 cm2 = 0.0005 m2
all walls of the container. Also, the water coming Force = 5 N
out from each hole falls at the same distance from The given area = 0.0005 m2
the bottle. This shows that a liquid exerts equal
Pressure = Force / Area
pressure at the same depth.
Pressure = 5 / 0.0005 = 10000 N/m2
c) To show that air exerts pressure.
Picture-based questions.
Procedure
1. Is it pull or push
Take a tin can having a lid, Fill some water in it and
heat it over a flame in the presence of your teacher a. Push b. Push c. Pull
or parents. Let the water boil for some time. Now 2. Which force is it?
blow out the flame and immediately cover the a. Muscular force b. Frictional force
container tightly with the lid. Remember to wear c. magnetic force d. Gravitational force
protective gloves while doing this as the tin can
e. Electrostatic force f. Mechanical force
will be very hot. Now, put the tin in a bucket and
pour cold water on it. Brainstorm:
Observation 1. The Moon’s surface gravity is weaker because it is far less
You will notice that the tin can will get distorted. huge than Earth. A body’s surface gravity is proportional
This happens because when the water was heated, to its mass, but inversely proportional to the square of
it is converted into vapours. The vapours were its radius.
present in the air inside the empty portion of 2. When a satellite or an astronaut leaves the earth’s
the can. When the cold water was poured on the gravitational field, their weight becomes zero and there
can, the water vapours inside it gets cooled and will no force acting on their bodies.
converted back into water. We know that water Find Out
(liquid) occupies less space than vapours (gas).
1. a. shape b. muscular c. contact d. gravity, friction
This created some vacuum inside the can. The
air outside exerted pressure on the can with less 2. a. The shape of the piece of lemon changes and juice
opposite force from inside. As a result, the tin can comes out.
gets distorted or crushed. b. Shape of the toothpaste changes and paste comes
H. Numerical Question. out.
c. The spring stretches due to weight of the load.
1. a) Given: 75 cm x 30 cm as base
d. The athlete comes back to ground due to gravitational
The given dimensions = 75 cm x 30 cm = 0.75 m x
force.
0.3 m = 0.225 m2

20

12. Friction
A. Tick the () correct options.
1. b 2. c 3. a
4. c 5. b 6. c
G. long-answer type questions
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. contact 2. smooth 3. plain, rough
4. static friction 5. heat 6. rough
C. Match the columns.
1. f 2. d 3. b
4. a 5. c 6. e
D. Correct the statements.
1. Static friction is the maximum.
2. The liquids and gases are collectively called fluids.
3. Friction can be increased or decreased.
4. Grooves are provided on tyres to increase friction.
5. Lubrication is done to reduce friction.
6. Shaping the object suitable helps in reducing fluid
friction.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. Friction is a force that acts on every object in the
direction opposite to that of its motion.
2. Factors that affect friction are lubrication, polishing,
powdering, etc.
3. Friction can be static, sliding, rolling.
4. Grooves are added to the tyres to increase the friction
so that they do not slip on the surface.
5. Lubricant is an object that fills in irregularities of
rough surfaces. The reduction of these irregularities
results in reduction of friction.
6. Air and fluid friction or drag is reduced by suitable
shaping of the objects.
F. Short – answer type question.
1. Friction is a force that acts on every object in the
direction opposite to that of its motion. It is a contact
force. This means that this force acts only when two
objects are in contact with each other. It always acts
in the direction opposite to that of force applied also.
2. Friction is more on rough surfaces because rough
surfaces have channels on them. When two rough
surfaces are in contact, the channels of one go inside
the channels of the other, thus making the movement
difficult. Hence, roughness increases friction.
3. Sliding friction is the frictional force acting on an
object when it slides or moves on the surface itself
while rolling friction is the frictional force acting on
an object when it rolls on the surface.
4. The tyres of racing cars do not have grooves because
smooth tires provide better speed by removing
friction.
21
5. Friction is a necessary evil so it is helpful because
without friction we cannot walk and we cannot hold
objects. It also opposes the motion of objects.
6. 
Lubrication and using conductors t are the two
methods by which friction can be reduced.
1. Friction is a force that acts on every object in the
direction opposite to that of its motion. It is a contact
force. This means that this force acts only when the
two objects are in contact with each other. It always
acts in the direction opposite to the force applied.
So the force acting along the two surfaces in contact
which opposes the motion of one body over the
other is known as force of friction.
2. There are various factors that affect friction are as
follow:
• Roughness/smoothness of the sliding object
• Roughness/smoothness of the surface
• Shape/design of the object
• Normal force acting upon the sliding bodies
• Dry friction is independent of the surface area of a
contact
• Type of friction involved (rolling/sliding)
• Sliding surface’s state of matter (solid/fluid)
3. Depending upon the nature of surfaces and the
magnitude of the forces applied on an object, the
force of friction acting on an object can be of three
types-static, sliding and rolling.
• Static friction is the frictional force acting on an
object at rest or before starting of motion.
• Sliding friction is the frictional force acting on an
object when it slides or moves on the surface itself.
• Rolling friction is the frictional force acting on an
object when it rolls on the surface.
4. Effects of Friction: Friction stops a moving object.
But this is not the only effect of friction. Friction has
many other effects. Some of these effects are:
• Production of Heat: Friction produces heat. It can
be felt when you rub your palms for some time. You
will feel that your palms have become warm. Since
closeness of two surfaces produces friction, when
we rub our palms, friction is produced. This friction
produces heat which is felt by us in our palms.
• Wear and Tear: Friction causes wear and tear. You
would have notice the steps of a building. They
are broken and worn out at various places. This is
because stone steps have rough surface. This causes
more friction and more wear and tear. If you have
been to marble buildings like the Taj Mahal, you
must have observed that the steps there are less
worn out as compared to other monuments. This is
because marble is smooth and produces less friction.
 • O pposes Motion: Frictional force always acts in a
direction opposite to the motion of a moving object.
There is no surface having no friction. Absence of
friction is there only in case of vacuum. So, outer
space has no frictional force. But, everything on
Earth has frictional force acting on it in a direction
opposite to that of its motion.
5. Friction is a Necessary Evil: Friction is both
advantageous and disadvantageous. Some activities
like walking, standing, running, etc. holding objects,
lighting a matchstick, stopping of vehicles, transfer
of power from motor to machine, tying a knot
cannot happen in the absence of frictional force. The
following are the examples of some activities from
our life which occur due to friction but are not good
for us.
• Wear and tear of machinery parts
• Wear and tear of soles of footwear
• Unnecessary and sometimes, overheating of
machines and their parts
• Over consumption of fuel by machines
 So friction is helpful as well as a hindrance. It is
a friend as well as a foe or an enemy. It is good as
well as evil. So we can say that friction is a helpful
hindrance, a friendly foe and a necessary evil.
6. The liquids and gases are collectively called fluids.
The frictional force is exerted by fluids on objects
moving through them. This frictional force exerted
by fluids is called drag. The fluid friction or drag can
be reduced are minimised by giving special shape
called streamlined shape to the objects which Move
through fluids like air or water.
Brainstorm
1. A drop of water sticks to the surface of the glass because
of the presence of friction force.
2. The handle of the motorcycle is covered with rubber
and spikes because they provide strong grip to the rider
by reducing frictional force.
13. Sound
A. Tick the () correct options.
1. a 2. a 3. b
4. c 5. c 6. b
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. vibration 2. larynx 3. amplitude
4. infrasonic 5. noise 6. 17
C. Match the columns.
1. c 2. e 3. b
4. f 5. a 6. d
D. Correct the statements.
1. Sound is produced by vibration of particles in a medium.
22
2. Larynx is the voice box of human beings.
3. The ear canal is covered with a thin membrane.
4. Timbre means quality of sound.
5. An octave has eight music notes.
6. Hearing impaired people communicate by fingers
and hand.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. Sound is produced by the vibration of particles in
medium.
2. Two properties of sound are:
• Sound travels as waves.
• Sound waves need a medium to travel.
3.  The components of a sound wave are amplitude,
time and frequency.
4. The loudness of the sound is directly proportional to
the square of the amplitude of vibration.
5. Ultrasonic sound waves are used for pest control.
6.  Presence of extreme or unwanted sounds in the
environment, which cause discomfort for us is called
noise pollution.
F. Short – answer type question.
1.  It is the number of vibrations completed during
one unit of time that is one second. Frequency is
measured in a unit called Hertz denoted as Hz. The
unit is named after Heinrich Rudolph Hertz.
2. The speed which is greater than speed of sound is
called supersonic speed.
3. Sound is reflected from a surface in the same way as
a ball bounces back from a well. Reflection of sound
waves from a surface is called echo.
4. Music is a sound that makes a pleasing sensation. It
is produced by nature of musical instruments, human
voice, etc. while noise is an unwanted and unpleasant
sound produced by horns of vehicles, by machines,
etc.
5. Audible sounds are those which can be heard and
recognized as sound by human ear. Usually the
sound waves having frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
are audible to human beings.
6. SONAR stands for Sound Navigation Ranging.
G. Long-answer type questions
1. Human beings can produce sound with the help of
larynx. Larynx is the voice box of human beings. It is
present in the upper portion of windpipe in our throat.
Two cords are stretched across in the larynx leaving a
very narrow cut or slit between the two cords. When
lungs push air through this slit, the cords vibrate. The
vibration of these cords produces sound. Since these
cords give voice to human beings, these are called vocal
cords. The vocal cords are attached to the muscles.
2.  Human beings hear sound with the help of inner
part of ears. Inner Ear has a coiled organ of hearing
 semicircular canals and the auditory nerve. A vibrating as sound by human ear. Usually, the sound waves
body causes air molecules to vibrate. These vibrations having frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are considered
reach our ear and are collected by the pinna and then as audible sounds. Inaudible sounds are those which
funneled into the ear tube. These vibrations strike the cannot be heard and recognized as sound by human
eardrum. When the sound notes come in touch with ear. Usually, the sound waves having frequency of less
the membrane of the eardrum, the membrane and than 20 Hz or more than 20,000 Hz are considered as
the eardrum start vibrating with the same frequency. inaudible sounds.
It then forces the interlocked bones to vibrate. These 6. The speed of sound in a medium means the distance
vibrations are converted into electrical signals which travelled by sound in that medium in one second.
are carried by our auditory nerves to the brain. In this We have learnt that sound travels faster in solids and
way, human beings are able to hear and understand slowest in gases. This means that sound has different
sound. speeds in different mediums. Also, the speed of
3. Sound is reflected from a surface in the same way as sound increases with increase in temperature. The
a ball bounces back from a wall. Reflection of sound table given below shows the some examples of speed
waves from a surface is called echo. Echo is produced of sound in some common mediums.
when sound waves produced by an object hit another
surface and reflect. An echo can be heard only if you Medium Speed of sound (in m/s)
are 17 metres or 55 feet away from the surface that Dry air at 0°C 331
reflects sound.
Water 1,500
The applications of echolocation:
• Echoes are used by doctors to get a picture of Glass Glass
organs of the body.
Steel 5,000 - 7,000
• Echoes are used in SONAR (Sound Navigation and
Ranging) to find the depth of the sea and locate Brainstorm
under water objects. 1. We cannot hear any sound on the surface of the moon
because there is no medium in which sound can travel.
• Bats use echoes to locate their prey. They emit
ultrasonic vibrations which are reflected from the 2. Bats use echoes to fly. They emit ultrasonic vibrations
obstacles and help the bats in avoiding them. Whales which are reflected from the obstacles and help the bats
and seals use echoes to find their way around. to fly without seeing.
4. The characteristics of sound mean the features Find out
of particular sound that make it different from all 2. Tabla: Zakir Husain, Alla Rakha
other sounds. The main characteristics of sound are
Flute: Hariparasd Chaurasiya, Ronu Majumdar
loudness, pitch and timbre.
Sarod: Amzad Ali Khan, Ali Akbar Khan
• Loudness: The loudness of sound depends upon
its amplitude. More is the amplitude, louder is Sitar: Ravi Shankar, Shahid Parvez
the voice and vice versa. The loudness of sound is Shehnai: Bismillah Khan, Bagshwari Qamar
usually square of its amplitude. This means that if
the amplitude of sound is increased by 3 times, its
loudness will increase by 9 times. The unit used to 14. Chemical Effects of Electric Current
express loudness of sound is Decibels, denoted as db.
A. Tick the () correct options.
• Pitch: The pitch or shrillness of sound depends
upon its frequency. More is the frequency, more 1. a 2. a 3. a
is the pitch or shrillness of sound. The pitch of a 4. a 5. b 6. c
whistle is more than the pitch of a drum. The pitch B. Fill in the blanks.
of female voice is more than the pitch of male voice.
1. acids, bases, salt 2. electroplating
• Timbre: Timbre means quality or tone of sound.
3. electroplating 4. zinc
Two sounds may have same loudness and pitch,
yet the two sounds can be differentiated. This is 5. silver plating 6. insulators
because apart from the main sound frequency, C. Match the columns.
sound waves have some related frequencies also. 1. d 2. e 3. a
These related frequencies give quality to sound
4. c 5. f 6. b
and help in identification of source of sound.
5. The different sounds around us can be classified D. Correct the statements.
as audible sounds and inaudible sounds. Audible 1. Lemon juice can conduct electricity.
sounds are those which can be heard and recognized 2. The positive ions move towards the negative electrode.

23
 3. The electric effects of chemical are used in the
electroplating.
4. The property that differentiates a conductor from an
insulator is called resistivity.
5. Food stuff is safer in tin containers than in iron
containers.
6. Distilled water does not have different types of salts
present in it.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. Salt is added to distilled water to make it conducting.
2. We should not do electrical repairs during heavy
rainfalls because rainwater is good conductor of
electricity and can give an electric shock.
3. Gold, silver, tin, zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium
and nickel are the elements that can be used for
electroplating.
4. Anode is made for the metal that is to be deposited.
5. The property or measure of a substance to carry
electric current is known as electric conductivity.
6. Chromium is used for electroplating of tin cans.
F. Short – answer type question.
1. Pure water does not conduct electricity because it
doesn’t contain salts in it. To make it a good conductor
we can add a little amount of common salt since salt
solutions are good conductors of electricity.
2. In case of a fire before the firemen use the water
hose they shut off the main electrical supply for the
area because water used in water hoses contains
salts which is a good conductor of electricity. If the
electrical supply of the area is not shut off and the
firemen spray this water, electricity can pass from the
electrical appliances and harm them.
3. Seawater has more amount of salt than drinking
water. So the sea water is a good conductor of
electricity. This is the reason that the compass needle
deflects more in case of seawater.
4. No it is not safe for the electrician to carry out
electrical repairs outdoors during heavy downpour
as rainwater contains dissolved salts in it which can
conduct electricity. The electrician might get electric
shocks and so he should not carry out any electrical
repairs during heavy downpour.
5. Rainwater has dissolved salts in it which makes
rainwater a good conductor of electricity. Whereas
there are no dissolved salts present in the distilled
water that is the reason behind the deflection of
compass needle.
G. Long-answer type questions
1. Conduction of Electricity in Liquids: Liquids such as
water conduct electricity. Water samples obtained
from different sources such as hand-pumps, wells,
ponds, taps, rivers and lakes are different. The reason
for this is that the water available from these sources
24
is impure as it contains some quantity of dissolved
mineral salts. Water conducts only due to the
presence of these salts.
2. LED is the abbreviated form of Light Emitting Diode.
An LED can glow even in the presence of weak
current. The current through liquids is generally weak,
therefore, testing becomes difficult. Hence, we use an
LED in place of a bulb. An LED is enclosed in a glass
housing with two wires (called lead) coming out.
One lead is slightly longer than another. The shorter
lead is always connected to the negative terminal of
the battery and the longer lead is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery. It must be ensured
that the free ends of LED do not touch each other.
LEDs are available in many colours such as red,
green, yellow, blue, white and are used in a many
applications
4. When an electric current
is passed through a
conducting solution,
+ –
some chemical reaction OH– H+
takes place in the solution. O2 H2
This shows the chemical H2O
effects of electric current.
For example, when some (Anode Cathode)
current is passed through water, water ionizes into H–
(aq) and OH (aq) ions, where H+ (aq) ions go towards
the cathode to gain electrons and form H, whereas
OH (aq) ions go towards the anode to lose electrons
and form O2, molecules.
5. Uses of Electroplating:
• Artificial ornaments are electroplated with rare and
expensive metals such as gold and silver. It makes
the jewellery attractive.
• Car and other vehicle parts are electroplated
with a thin layer of other metals like chromium
and nickel. It gives them a smooth texture and
appearance.
• Some metals are prone to natural effects such as
corrosion. These metals are electroplated with a
thin layer of non- corrosive metals. It helps corrosive
metals and appliances last longer than usual.
• Iron is used in automobiles and bridges to provide
strength. But it rusts easily in the presence of
air and moisture. So, zinc is plated on to iron to
protect it from rust. Electroplating with zinc is
called galvanization.
• Electroplating is also used to reduce friction by
introducing a certain kind of metal over another.
Find out
1. The health concerns associated with chromium
electroplating are cancer, kidney failure, skin rashes etc.
People are trying to resolve it by using mild steel, non-
chromium alternatives in place of chromium.
Crossword Puzzle F. Short – answer type question.
Down 1. Benjamin Frankiln an American scientist and politician
2. Electrolyte 3. Insulator 4. Cathode discovered that lightning is an electric discharge. He
demonstrated this with his famous kite experiment.
Across
2. The force exerted by charged objects on each other is
1. Electrode 5. Galvanization 6. Cation 7. Led
called electrostatic force.
3. The layers of Earth are:
• Crust • Mantle • Outer core • Inner core
15. Some Natural Phenomena
4. The Greek word for earthquake is seism. So the study
A. Tick the () correct options. of earthquake is called seismology. The scientists
1. b 2. a 3. b who study and research about earthquakes are called
4. b 5. c 6. a seismologists.
B. Fill in the blanks. 5. The intensity is a number relating the harshness of
1. electroscope 2. positive an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth’s
surface and on humans and their structures. The
3. people 4. Cardio pulmonary resuscitation intensity of 8.0 or more is the major one.
5. earthquake 6. mantle
6. Although lightning strike is very dangerous yet
C. Match the columns. lightning does have two advantages also.
1. e 2. f 3. a • Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen into plant
4. c 5. d 6. b consumable nitrogen compounds.
D. Correct the statements. • Lightning converts atmospheric oxygen into ozone,
1. Unlike charges attract each other. the protective blanket around Earth’s atmosphere.
2. Benjamin Franklin discovered the nature of lightning G. long-answer type questions
by flying silk kite. 1. The electroscope is an early technical instrument
3. The lightning rod is made up of metal. used to identify the presence of electric charge on a
4. In ancient times earthquake was also called body. An electroscope is a device that detects static
underground thunderstorm. electricity by using thin metal or plastic leaves, which
5. The earthquake is measured on a scale of 0-9 on separate when charged. Electrical charges move to
Richter scale. the metal and down to the foil leaves, which then
6. Mud and timber should be used for construction of repel each other. Since each leaf has the same charge
houses in seismic zones. (positive or negative), they repel each other.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence. 2. Benjamin Franklin an American scientist and politician
discovered that lightning is an electric discharge. He
1. The earth’s surface is made up of a number of
demonstrated this with his famous kite experiment.
interlocking plates of rock. These plates are called
Benjamin Franklin made a special kite from silk cloth.
tectonic plates.
The kite was flown using a silk thread. He tied a
2. The charges which are produced by rubbing two metallic key to the silk thread. When the kite reached
objects are called static charges. the clouds, the silk kite and thread got wet. When
3. The electric discharge from clouds is known as there was a flash of lightning, the key became hot
lightning. and he received a shock. This was because the charge
4. The two advantages of lightning: in clouds was absorbed by silk kite which was passed
through wet silk thread to the metallic key. With this
• Lightning converts atmospheric nitrogen into plant
experiment, he proved that there is charge in clouds
consumable nitrogen compounds.
and the lightning is produced as a result of striking of
• Lightning converts atmospheric oxygen into ozone, the charges.
the protective blanket around Earth’s atmosphere.
3. After evaporation water reaches up in atmosphere
5. The surface of the Earth above the focus is called and cools down to form water droplets. These water
epicentre. droplets join to form clouds. When rainfall starts, the
6. Two safe practice at home during an earthquake: falling raindrops and evaporating water vapours rub
• Take shelter under a table and stay there till the with each other and the water droplets get charged.
shaking stops. Due to a complex process, all negative charges settle at
the bottom of clouds. After some time, these negative
• Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall
charges are attracted by positive charge on the Earth
on you.
and the other clouds. Due to sudden movement of

25
 negative charge, a narrow streak or path of electric
discharge is formed. The discharge can be between 16. Light
two clouds, or a cloud and the Earth. This discharge is A. Tick the () correct options.
seen as lightning. A huge spark between the clouds is
1. c 2. b 3. b
thus formed. This spark is called lightning.
4. a 5. a 6. b
4. Earthquakes are caused due to sudden tectonic
activities in the earth’s crust. When the tectonic plates B. Fill in the blanks.
slide over one another, there is a cause of orogeny 1. ray diagram 2. rough 3. dispersion
which results in earthquakes. The point where these 4. rods 5. 1/16th 6. Louis Braille
plates collide is called focus of the earthquake. The
C. Match the columns.
surface of the earth above the focus is called the
epicenter. 1. c 2. f 3. d
5. The area of stress in the Earth where broken rocks 4. e 5. a 6. b
slide past each other, causing a crack in the Earth’s D. Correct the statements.
surface. These are called fault zones or seismic zones. 1. Periscope works on the principle of multiple reflection.
These are some weak zones where earthquakes are
2. Iris gives colour to our eyes.
more likely to occur. Certain parts of India are very
vulnerable to earthquakes. The central and western 3. In myopia the image is formed in front of retina.
regions of the Himalayas are geologically active and 4. In myopia, the eye lens of the patient becomes
hence more prone to earthquakes. This makes them compressed.
a high risk zone. Kashmir, North-East, Rann of Kutchh, 5. Problem of night blindness in a person can be
Indo-Gangetic plains, Rajasthan, the regions of corrected by intake of vitamin A in food.
Maharashtra from Latur through Koyna, Ahmedabad
6. Working in too much and or too less light causes
to Uttarkashi are earthquake -prone regions.
watering of eyes.
6. The following are some safe practices during
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
earthquake:
1. The phenomenon due to which a ray of light travelling
• If you are outside your house during an earthquake,
from one optical medium to another bounces off
remember to keep away from buildings and tall
from its surface with the change of angle is called
trees. Immediately try to reach the nearest open
reflection of light.
area. If you are in vehicle do not come out from
the vehicle. Immediately ask the person driving the 2. Some characteristics of image formed by plan mirror
vehicle to drive to an open area. are:
• If you are inside your house during an earthquake • It is always erect.
take shelter under a table. Keep away from tall and • It is of the same size as that of the object.
heavy objects like refrigerators, almirahs, etc. If you • It is at the same distance from the mirror as the
are in bed, do not get up. Immediately put a pillow object.
on your head.
• It is laterally inverted.
• Do not use any electrical gadget.
3. When a parallel set of incident rays fall on a surface
• Do not use a lift during or immediately after an area and are reflected back as rays in one direction, it
earthquake. Use stairs instead. is known as regular reflection.
• If you are driving, pull over to the side of the road, 4. Blind spot is located at the junction of the optic nerve
stop and set the parking brake. and the retina.
• While driving avoid bridges, power lines, poles, 5. The meaning of this statement is that the human eye
signboards, buildings and trees as much as possible. has the ability to focus near and far objects clearly on
Brainstorm the retina by adjusting its focal length.
1. We can provide help to the victims of a natural disaster 6. Short-sightedness is also known as myopia. It is a very
by giving the donation to a disaster relief organization. common eye disorder that causes distant objects to
We can also help them by providing food items if the look blurred, while close objects can be seen clearly.
victims are in our area. F. Short – answer type question.
2. No, it is not safe to carry an umbrella in case of a 1. Based on various situations, Euclid stated the following
thunderstorm. A thunderstorm is complemented by three laws of reflection:
lightning. The lightning may travel along the metallic • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
rod of the umbrella and can give an electric shock to the always lie on the same plane.
person carrying it.

26
 • T he angle of incidence is always equal to the angle
of reflection.
• The reflected ray and the incident ray are on the
opposite sides of the normal.
2. The point on the retina, where the optic nerve is
connected to it, lacks photoreceptors and hence the
image formed at this point is not sensed by the eye.
This point is called the blind spot.
3. Diffuse reflection occurs when a rough surface causes
reflected rays to travel in different directions.
360°
4. Number of images = –1.
Angle between two mirrors
5. The following points should be kept in mind to take
good care of our eyes:
• Do not rub your eyes. Gently massage if you feel
irritation or wash your eyes.
• Do not work in too less or too much light. Both
the situations cause headache and watering of
eyes.
• Wash your eyes frequently during the day. Never
look at the sun directly.
• If you have continuous headache or reddening of
eyes, visit an eye specialist.
• Always use spectacles, if needed, as advised by the
eye specialist.
• Take Vitamin A rich diet. Vitamin A is very important
for our eyes.
6. Uses of a Plane Mirror:
• They are used as a looking glass in our homes.
• They are used by barbers to show the customer the
back view of his hair cut.
• They are used in optical instruments like
kaleidoscope and periscope.
• They are used in solar cookers for reflecting the
rays of the sun into the interior of a solar cooker to
generate heat.
• They are used in shops and offices to provide false
sense of space when the place of work is small.
• They are used for providing false dimensions in
showcases displaying jewelry, wrist watches, etc.
G. Long-answer type questions
1. Laws of Reflection: Based on various situations,
Euclid stated the following three laws of reflection:
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal
always lie on the same plane.
• The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle
of reflection.
• T
 he reflected ray and the incident ray are on the
opposite sides of the normal.
27
N
A Normal B
In Angle of y
cid
en Angle of Ra
Reflection g
tR Incidence tin
ay flec
Re
Reflecting Surface
P Q
O
2. The image which is formed by a plane mirror is virtual
image. It seems to be formed behind the mirror. It
cannot be taken on the screen and it is erect. Some
characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror
are given below:
• It is of the same size as
that of the object.
• It is at the same distance
from the mirror as the
object.
• It is always erect.
• It is laterally inverted that
id left appears right and
vice versa.
3. Reflection is not always uniform from all objects.
On this basis, reflection can be classified as regular
reflection and diffused reflection.
• Regular Reflection: When a parallel set of incident
rays fall on a surface and are reflected back as rays
in one direction, such a reflection is called regular
reflection. The reflection of light by a mirror is an
example of regular reflection.
• Diffused Reflection: When a parallel set of incident
rays falls on a surface and are reflected back as rays
in different directions, such a reflection is called
diffused reflection. The reflection of light by an
uneven surface like sand paper and cardboard is
an example of diffused reflection.
4. When a beam of white light enters a special object,
it bends. However, the seven colours of which it is
composed bend at different angles. As a result, the
light that comes out at the other end is split into seven
colours. This process of splitting of white light into
seven colours is called dispersion of light. In 1665,
Sir Isaac Newton discovered through his experiments
with glass prisms that white light (say sunlight) is a
mixture of seven colours. He found that if a beam of
light is passed through a triangular glass prism, the
white light splits to form a band of seven colours on a
white screen. The band of seven colours obtained on
a screen due to the dispersion of white light is known
as spectrum of white light.
5. E
 ye is one of the five sense organs. It enables us to see
objects. All objects reflect light and when this reflected
light enters our eyes, we are able to see them.
 The shape of the human eye is spherical. Its outermost
part is made up of a thick white substance which
prevents our eyes from damage in case of some
accident. The front part of the eye is called cornea.
It is transparent and helps in focusing the light from
the object to bend and enter the eye. There is a
circular structure behind the cornea. It is called iris
which gives colour to our eyes. The iris has a small
opening called pupil whose size is controlled by the
iris. When the light is bright, the pupil is contracted
and in case of dark, the pupil is expanded by iris so
that more light can enter our eyes so that we can see
the objects clearly.
Ciliary
Muscle
Iris
Lens
Optic Disk
Pupil
(Blind Spot)
Cornea
Aqueous
humour
Vitreous
humour
There lies a convex lens behind the pupil which bends
light entering the eye to converge to a point at the
back of eye. This part of the eye is called retina. The
space between the cornea and the lens is filled with a
fluid called aqueous humour. The space between the
lens and the retina is filled with a transparent fluid
called vitreous humour.
The ends of the convex lens are connected to special
muscles called ciliary muscles which contract and
expand to adjust the focus. This change in focus
enables us to see near as well as far away objects. The
cornea, the crystalline lens, the aqueous humour, and
the vitreous humour function to form a real, inverted
and diminished image. The retina is connected to
optic nerve. The image formed on retina is converted
into electronic signals and carried to brain by the
optic nerve. The brain helps our eyes understand the
image.
6. Everyone cannot see the things normally. There some
people who face difficulty in seeing objects. These
problems are called defects of vision. The defects of
vision are:
• Myopia: It is a defect of vision in which the lens of
the eye gets compressed. As a result, the focus of
the lens becomes short. The light that enters the eye
does not form an image on the retina but in front
of the retina. Since the focus of the lens becomes
short, this defect is also called short sightedness
or near sightedness. The person suffering from
myopia cannot see far objects clearly but can see
nearby objects clearly.
• Night blindness is a defect of vision in which a
person is not able to see clearly during night or
in dim light. The person can see normally during
day or sufficient light. This is caused by deficiency
of Vitamin A in food. Since this defect is caused by
deficiency of a nutrient, it can be easily corrected
Sclera by adding food items like carrot, tomato, spinach,
egg, milk, broccoli, etc. to the daily meal.
Retina
• Colour blindness is a defect of vision in which the
person is not able to distinguish between some
colours under normal light. We have learnt that
the cones present in our eyes help to distinguish
colours. Due to fault in formation of cones or
accidental damage of cones, a person may become
Optic
Nerves colour blind.
H.
Brainstorm
1. If the sun does not begin to shine after the rain then we
are not able to see a rainbow.
2. The optic nerve is connected to the retina. The image
formed on the retina is converted into electronic signals
and carried to the brain by the optic nerve.
17. Stars and the Solar System
A. Tick the () correct options.
1. a 2. a 3. b
4. b 5. a 6. c
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. celestial bodies 2. Venus 3. Jupiter
4. meteors 5. constellation 6. milky way
C. Match the columns.
1. c 2. e 3. f
4. b 5. a 6. d
D. Correct the statements.
1. The speed of light is 3 x 108 m/s.
2. Venus is of the same size as that of the Earth.
3. Saturn is the only planet which is lighter than water.
4. Our Solar System is the part of Milky Way Galaxy.
5. Venus is the celestial body closest to the earth.
6. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east.
28
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. Natural bodies which are visible in the sky are known
as the celestial bodies.
2. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune
and Uranus are the planets of the Solar System
3. Asteroid belt is the region between orbits of Mars
and Jupiter where a large number of asteroids are
revolving.
4. The celestial bodies with tails that revolve around the
sun are known as the comets.
5. An artificial satellite is a man-made object revolving
around the earth.
6. The main difference between constellations and
galaxy is that the constellation is a group of stars
while galaxy is the collection of millions and billions
of stars, gas and dust.
F. Short – answer type question.
1. V enus is the brightest planet in the night sky. It can
be seen in eastern sky at dawn and in western sky
at dusk. Although it is not a star but it is called a
morning star or an evening star due to its brightness
at that time.
2. Saturn has a system of visible rings around it. These
rings are made up of dust and ice particles. It has
yellowish appearance as observed from space.
3. Meteors are usually called shooting stars because
they look like bright lines of light falling from the sky.
4. Pole Star was used in earlier times by the travellers to
find directions because it’s directly above the Earth’s
North Pole.
5. Waxing and waning of moon every night due to
its rotation and revolution is known as the phases
of moon. For example, new moon, waxing crescent
moon, first quarter moon, waxing gibbous moon, etc.
6. Planets rotate around the sun while stars don’t
revolve around any other object. Stars are countless
while there are only eight planets in our galaxy. Stars
have a very high temperature while planets don’t
have high temperature.
G. Long-answer type questions
1. A light-year is defined as the total distance travelled
by light in one year. The speed of light is about
300,000 km\second. The distance covered by the
light travelling at a speed of 300,000 km\second in a
year gives one light-year.
2. Meteoroids are huge pieces of rocks and other
particles present in our solar system. These are smaller
in size as compared to comets. These do not have
fixed elliptical paths for revolution around the sun.
The meteoroids that enter the Earth’s atmosphere
are called meteors. Due to frictional heating of
atmosphere, the meteors burn when these enter
the Earth’s atmosphere. As they glow brightly while
29
burning, they are also called shooting stars. Some
meteors are so large that they do not completely
burn and strike the surface of the Earth. These are
called meteorites.
3. A satellite is a celestial body that revolves around
another celestial body. For example, moon revolves
around the Earth. So, moon is a satellite of the Earth.
On the basis of method of formation, satellites can be
classified as natural satellite and artificial satellite.
• A natural satellite is a satellite that occurs naturally
as a satellite and revolves around the planet. Moon
is a natural satellite of the Earth.
• An artificial satellite is a man-made object. It is
launched from the Earth and placed in an orbit to
revolve around the Earth. These are mainly used
for transmission of radio and television signals,
weather fore casting and telecommunications.
These are used for mapping of natural resources
and navigation of ships and airplanes. Defense
forces also use these satellites for security related
services. These are also used for remote sensing.
4. 
Since the moon is revolving around Earth, it has
different shadows based on its location between
Earth and the sun. These different day (light) and
night (dark) sides are called moon phases. This is
because the light side is facing completely towards
the sun and the dark side is facing towards earth.
The size of moon does not really keep increasing and
decreasing. It’s just an effect of sunlight on it.
5. A galaxy is a collection of millions and billions of
stars, gas and dust which are held together by strong
gravitational attraction. It is estimated that there are
billions of galaxies in the universe. Our sun belongs to
the Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy is called Milky Way
because it looks like a road or trail of milk. The galaxies
generally have three types of shapes—elliptical, spiral
or irregular. The Milky Way galaxy is spiral in shaped
wider at the centre. The galaxy nearest to Milky Way
is Andromeda Galaxy. It is 2 x 106 light years, that is,
2,000,000 light years away from us. Its shape is similar
to our galaxy but is half its size. Also, it is one of the
brightest galaxies discovered.
6.
Find out.
a. Sun b. Saturn c. Jupiter d. Venus e. Pluto
Brainstorm
1. The weight will decrease on moon.
2. The moon is always present in the sky but we are able to
see only at night because during the day sunlight is so
bright that the moon is not visible.

18. Air and Water Pollution
A. Tick the () correct options.
1. c 2. b 3. b
4. a 5. b 6. c
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
1. chlorination 2. carbon monoxide
3. carbon dioxide 4. acid rain
5. oxygen 6. Hydrogen sulphide
C. Match the columns.
1. c 2. f 3. a
4. e 5. b 6. d
D. Correct the statements.
1. Industrialization results in air pollution.
2. Water pollution is caused by the release of pollutants
into water bodies.
3. Oil waste is the man-made cause of water pollution.
4. Over exposure to UV radiations causes eye damage
and skin cancer.
5. Acid rain is the cause of erosion of the Taj Mahal.
6. Growing more trees results in the reduction of air
pollution.
E. Answer the following questions in one sentence.
1. When carbon monoxide combines with the oxygen
present in the hemoglobin in our blood, it forms
carbocyhemoglobin and the trapped hemoglobin
can no longer transport oxygen to various parts of
the body.
2. Acid rain is caused by the mixing of sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen compounds with water vapour.
3. Carbon dioxide gas traps the heat radiated from
earth’s surface.
4. Boiling and using water purifying gadgets are methods
by which water can be purified for domestic use.
5. Water pollution is defined as the contamination
of water bodies by the discharge of undesirable
substances that are toxic and poisonous.
6. Releasing hot water into the water bodies thereby
increasing the temperature of the water body is
known as thermal pollution.
F. Short – answer type question.
1. Acid rain occurs when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides formed by the burning of fossil fuels combine
with water vapour in the air and fall as rain or snow.
As these oxides are highly acidic, the rain that falls is
called acid rain.
2. Ozone layers helps in absorbing ultraviolet radiations.
The ozone layer is the common term for the high
concentration of ozone that is found in the stratospherz
around 15–30 km above the earth’s surface.
3. Potable water is the name given to the water that is
considered fit for drinking. Water, such as that form
springs, may be naturally potable but in most case it
has to be treated.
4. Chlorofluorocarbons are organic compounds
that contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon.
Chlorofluorocarbons cause damage to the ozone
layer that protects the Earth and life thereon from the
harmful ultra violet radiations of sun.
5. When liquid chlorine or chlorine compounds such as
bleaching powder are added in water to kill harmful
germs present in it. This process of adding chlorine
into water is known as chlorination.
6. Yes water can be purified at home. Some methods
to purify the water at home are boiling, chemical
treatment and water purifying gadgets.
G. Long-answer type questions
1. The contamination of air by the addition of
harmful substances to it is called air pollution. The
atmosphere around us consists of oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide and other gases. It also consists of
some harmful gases. These harmful gases mainly
include carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide. When
the concentration of these harmful gases increases
in air, it causes air pollution. Air pollution causes
adverse effects on all living forms. Smoke, dust and
poisonous gases are some air pollutants. The causes
of air pollution: Any substance in the air that can cause
harm to living things and the physical environment is
known as air pollutant. Industries, vehicles, increase
in the population and urbanization are some of the
major causes of air pollution.
2. The warming of the Earth’s surface due to trapping
of heat by carbon dioxide present in the Earth’s
atmosphere is called greenhouse effect. Burning
of fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. releases carbon
dioxide in the air. With an alarming rise in industries,
factories, vehicles on the road, more fuel is burnt
today. As a result extra amount of carbon dioxide is
entering the atmosphere every day. Carbon dioxide
allows the sun’s rays to reach the Earth’s surface
but prevents the heat given out by the ground from
escaping. This results in the warming of the Earth’s
surface which causes greenhouse effect.
3. Acid rain occurs when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides formed by the burning of fossil fuels combine
with water vapour in the air and fall as rain or snow.
As these oxides are highly acidic, the rain that falls is
called acid rain. These gases can also be emitted from
natural sources such as volcanoes. Acid rain causes
extensive damage to water, forest and soil resources
as well as human and animal life. It can react with
marble and so affects all buildings, monuments and
statues made of marble. One of the wonders of the
world, The Taj Mahal is also slowly getting eroded by

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 sulphur dioxide fumes released into the atmosphere.
A natural satellite is a satellite that occurs naturally as
a satellite and revolves around the planet. Moon is a
natural satellite of the Earth.
4. Water pollution is defined as the contamination
of water bodies by the discharge of undesirable
substances that are toxic and poisonous. These
undesirable substances are called water pollutants.
Water pollution occurs when water pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove them. Due
to this, the quality of water deteriorates, thereby
affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also
seep down and affect underground water.
The causes of water pollution are:
• Domestic waste: this includes the waste generated
in homes due to our day-to-day activities. Human
excreta, food waste plastic wrappers etc.
• Industrial waste: Waste water from industries
such as paper and sugar mills, distilleries, leather
processing systems and pesticide manufacturing
units contribute to water pollution.
• Agricultural Runoff: The use of land for agriculture
and the practices followed in cultivation greatly
affect the quality of ground water. Intensive
cultivation of crops causes the chemicals from
fertilizers and pesticides to seep into ground water.
• Oil wastes: Shipping and drilling operations in oil
rigs may result in the leakage of petroleum into
oceans. This endangers the marine life.
• Thermal pollution: Power plants and some other
factories use the water from nearby streams
and lakes as coolants. The hot water is then
released to the water bodies thereby increasing
the temperature of the water body. This is called
thermal pollution.
5. Although a lot of care is taken to supply pure potable
water through the public distribution system, care
should be taken to further purify it at home before
consumption.
The following methods can be used to purify water
for domestic use:
• Boiling: This process can be put to use only for
small quantities of water. The bacteria and germs
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get killed when the water is heated to its boiling
point and boiled at this temperature for some time.
This makes it fit for drinking.
• Chemical Treatment: Water can be purified by
the addition of disinfectants such as potassium
permanganate and bleaching powder. This kills the
germs and other harmful bacteria. Water treated
with chemicals has to be boiled before drinking.
• Water Purifying Gadgets: Modern purifying
gadgets such as water filters, water purifiers and
RO systems involve the use of ceramic candles
with fine pores for removing suspended impurities.
When water is poured over these candles, the
suspended impurities in the water do not pass
through the pores.
6. The addition of extreme amount of nutrients to
water bodies which promotes unnecessary growth
of plants in the water body is called Eutrophication.
Eutrophication is caused by fertilizers and pesticides
in fields. When they either seep into the ground and
get mixed with groundwater or are washed away with
rain and drain into the rivers, it results in an increase in
the concentration of these nutrients in water bodies.
7. Chlorofluorocarbons are organic compounds
that contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon.
Chlorofluorocarbons cause damage to the ozone
layer that protects the Earth and life thereon
from the harmful ultra violet radiations of sun.
Use of chlorofluorocarbons is discouraged due
to their harmful effect on the environment.
Chlorofluorocarbons harm ozone layer and allow
harmful radiation from the sun to reach the earth.
Find out:
Chipko movement, also called Chipko andolan, was a
nonviolent social and environmental movement by rural
villagers, mainly women, in India in the 1970s, aimed at
protecting trees and forests attacked for government-
backed logging. It is related to air pollution and water
pollution because without tree we are not able to get
oxygen and life supporting items.
Brainstorm
Air pollution is more dangerous as compare to water
pollution because we can filter the water and can use it but
it is difficult to filter the air.