The Baroque Period 1600-1750

Baroque Composers:
- Johannes Sebastian Bach
- George Frideric Handel
- Antonio Vivaldi
- Henry Purcell

Cadences:
- The end of a musical sentence
Finished Unfinished

Perfect V - I / It sounds finished Imperfect I - V

Plagal IV - I Interrupted V - VI

V-I
Dominant Tonic

IV - I
Sub-Dominant Tonic

Baroque music characteristics

Baroque comes from a Portuguese word, piece of jewelry.

Highly decorated art and architecture.

Starting to use sharp notes.

Grew major and minor key systems.

The Classical Period 1750-1820 (Cambridge)

Classical Composers
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Joseph Hayden
- Antonio Salieri
- Ludwig Van Beethoven

Concerto: Showpiece for a specific instrument.

Textures

Monophonic: A singular melody, doesn’t matter how many instruments play it

Homophonic: A tune with some cords, melody+accompaniment.

Polyphonic (Counterpoint): Lots of melodies and tunes.

Heterophonic: (World music)

Classical is mostly homophonic, and beautiful in simplicity.

Neoclassicism: Combination of classical and modern music.

Postmodern neoclassicism: Classical and recent music.

Classical music characteristics

Changes in emotions

Writes down more dynamics

Short musical phrases

Elegant, beautiful

Highest class music

Female Male

Soprano - high female (S) Tenor - high male (T)

Alto - low female (A) Bass/ Baritone - low male voice (B)
SATB

Castrato/ Castrati - …

Ground base: A repeated baseline.

Melisma: Multiple notes for one syllable.

Word painting: When the word says what the music does.

The Romantic Period 1820-1900

Romantic Composers:
- Ludwig Van Beethoven (Bridge between Classical and Romantic)
- Frederic Chopin
“Shoping list”
- Franz Lizst
 - Peter Tchaikovsky
- Franz Schubert

Rubato: Playing with a flexible tempo

Virtuosity: Show off

Peter Tchaikovsky

- Born in 1840
- Upper middle class russia
- Ballet - high end culture
- Emerged from French royal court of Lovis
- The 14 dance spectacle (A dramatic dance in which the characters used steps and
performance to tell a story)
- Dance of the sugar plum fairy - included instrument called cellcasta (elf like sound)

Romantic music characteristics

Extreme range of dynamics and tempo

Expression of emotion

Rich harmonies

New instruments bec

ause of industrialization

Ambiguous tonality - late romantic early 20th century

Classical Romantic

Reason, thought Emotion, feeling

Restraint, caution Exuberance, excess

Objectivity Subjectivity

Balance Imbalance

Order and proportion Freedom of expression

20th Century 1900-2000

Impressionism

Music that is judged or viewed differently by each and every person like a painting.
Impressionism music characteristics

Modernism: A - tonality / dissonance - uncomfortable

Bitonal: When two different keys are played at once

Ambiguous tonality

Minimalism

Composers:
- Steve Reich
- Philip Glass

A simple continuously repeated pattern or a constantly repeated pattern

Minimalism characteristics

Ostinato

Hipnotic
Rhythmic, melodic pattern

Arabic tradition

Characteristics

Improvisation
Ornamentation
Heterophony
Call and response with changes
Maqan - scale
Takht - traditional ensemble
Instrumentation

Doumbek - made of metal

Dud or Ud - stringed no fretz
Bouzouk - 8 strings long neck, - higher pitch

Latin America

Instrumentation
Charango
Guitar
Pan-pipes
Bandoneon
Mariachi: Mexico
Tango: Argentina dance
Japan

Instrumentation
Taiko - Giant drums
Koto - 13 strings plucked with finger attachments
Shamisen - Violin type played with a bow
Sho - Pipe organ, 17 pipes
Shakuhachi - Bamboo flute
Indonesia

Indonesian music is very unpredictable and random. It is also very complicated and varies
from instruments that sound and look like “pots and pans”.

Melody: Nuclear theme, repetitive cells

Rhythm: Gongan = 4 beat cycles

Texture: Overall = polyphonic

Melody = heterophonic (nuclear theme + panerusan)

Structure: Through composed

Tonality/harmony: No fixed pitch and no harmony

Scales: Slendro and Pelog

Instruments

Balungan = saron family (metallophone); nuclear them

Interpunctuating = Gongs all rest flat on cords / pots and pans

Panerusan = Gender family (similar to orchestral xylophones but bronze keys); bonang
family (gong-chimes); gambang (wooden xylophone); celempung (zither); rabab (2-string
bowed); suling (end-blown flute).

Rhythm = Kendang gending and ketipung (conical drums); bedug (large barrel-shaped
drum); keprak (wood blocks); kekrek (metal plates); kecer (small cymbals).

Indian Classical Music

Indian Classical Music is a divine art form, which often includes pitch bending and
improvisation. It is written in Raga which is a framework of a set of notes ascending and
descending patterns.
Melody: Raga Improvised Pitch bend Ornamentation

Rhythm: Tala

Texture: Melody and accompaniment

Structure: Alap - Jhor - Jhalla

Tonality/harmony: Raga No fixed pitch Drone

Instruments

Plucked string = Sitar - Sarod and Tambura

Bowed string = Sarangi

Flute = Basuri

Oboe = Shenai

Other Woodwind = Shenai

Percussion = Tabla

Other… = Harmonium, Santur (zither with mallets)

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