2019.28ExpertTestimonyandEthicalConduct

(Source: The Boston Globe, Tuesday, April 24, 1934, Page 14)
Expert Testimony and Ethical Conduct
The least taught, and perhaps least “teachable”, aspect of forensic science deals with the court
presentation of crime scene and laboratory observations. Courtroom presentations are subject to individual levels of
knowledge, personality, and verbal skills. References below can offer suggestions on effective testimony, but no
amount of training or advice will replace practical exposure. Perhaps the most valuable forensic science courses, or
training, are those which incorporate a moot court exercise. We always learn the most from our mistakes. In no
other venue are our shortcomings in processing crime scenes better highlighted than a fair and knowledgeable cross-
examination. Many of the citations are specific to certain disciplines such as forensic psychiatry and psychology or
forensic engineering; however, the maxims inherent in testifying in such specialized areas can be universal for all
forensic experts.
The second area covered in this section involves ethics in law enforcement and forensic science.
Unfortunately, most of the disciplines covered in this bibliography have been tainted at one time or another by
unethical conduct by what fortunately are exceptions among qualified and upstanding practitioners. In "Canine and
Scent Detection," we referenced the puzzling and criminal conduct of cadaver dog handler Sandy Anderson. In
1993, Craig D. Harvey, a New York State Police Trooper was charged with fabricating evidence. Harvey and other
troopers were convicted for transferring fingerprints of suspects from items they were known to handle, to fingerprint
evidence cards falsely used as evidence against the suspects. This trooper justified his actions by only insuring there
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was evidence against individuals he felt certain were guilty. During his tenure as a West Virginia State Police
Serologist, Medical Examiner Fred Zain was found to tamper with evidence and perjurer himself. More recently an
FBI Laboratory Examiner was also charged with providing false testimony; and the results of FBI forensic hair
examinations have been questioned. The impact of decisions by a corrupt officer or forensic scientist to plant
evidence, alter a scene, short cut a procedure, fabricate reports, et cetera, impacts far more than the lives of that
individual and the outcome of his cases. It taints the discipline in general and erodes the trust that the public desires
in investigators. Most importantly, it forever impacts the falsely accused and victims who thought justice was served
but learned it may be denied.
Juries continue to become more and more sophisticated in their understanding and expectations of forensic
scientist. The popularity of fictional television programs such as "CSI" or "Bones", as well as non-fiction
reconstructions of solved criminal investigations have provided laypersons insight into the principles of forensic
science, but tend to exaggerate the processes and results. No longer do juries take as gospel the word of the expert
witness. Right or wrong, they compare the application of different techniques with what they have seen on TV.
What has been coined, "The CSI Effect" has impacted prosecution to the point that attorneys include discussions of
juries’ knowledge or acceptance of television crime scene investigation in voire dire phase of some trials. Some
subjects may opt for bench trials rather than jury trials. They hope that a judge may have a more realistic
understanding of the limitations of forensic sciences.
The citations listed below, unlike those in other sections, can be of universal aid to specialists in any
forensic science discipline. Familiarity with courtroom protocol, and the subtleties of expert testimony, cross
forensic specialties and rely on basic common sense, etiquette and a clear understanding of the topic to be presented
during testimony.
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(Source: The Boston Globe, Tuesday, April 24, 1934, Page 14)

Expert Testimony and Ethical Conduct

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Adams, V.I., and J. Ludwig

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n.d. The CSI Theory

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Bohan, Thomas L. and Ted W. Vosk

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