24-25 Old

IDEAL 90+ L.B.W.K. 1 ©Er.
SUNEEL KUMAR
SOLUTION
Theme:1 Solution, Different Measures of Concentration of Solids in Liquids,

[A] Solve the following questions:
1) 1.46 gram of ethyl alcohol is dissolved in 18 gms of water. Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl
alcohol.
2) If the molality of aqueous solution of cane sugar is 0.445, what is the mole fraction of cane
sugar?
3) Calculate the mole fraction of water in sodium hydroxide solution which has 80g NaOH in 53g
of H2O.
4) In aqueous solution of glucose, the mole fraction of glucose is 0.3.Calculate the molality of this
solution.
5) What is the molarity of 10% (w/w), H2SO4 solution, if solution has a density of 1.47 g/ml?
6) Mole fraction of solute in aqueous solution is 0.0177. Calculate its approx molality
[Ans. 1m]
7) What is the molality of 63% (w/w), HNO3 solution, if solution has a density of 1.50 g/ml?
Theme:2 Solubility of Gases in Liquids, Henry Law’s
[A] Solve the Following question:
1) N2 and O2 gases have KH values 76.8 Kbar and 34.86 Kbar respectively at 293 K temperature.
Which of these gas have more solubility in water.
2) If O2 is bubbled through water at 393 K, how many mill moles of O2 gas would be dissolved in
1L of water? Assume that O2 exerts a pressure of 0.95 bars. (Given KH for O2 = 46.82 bar at 393K).
3) Gases tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised. Why?
4) Given reason for the following :–
(a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters than in warm waters.
(b) To avoid bends scuba divers use air diluted with helium.
(c) Cold drinks bottles are sealed under high pressure of CO 2.
[B] Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets:
(Temperature, solvent, kg, litre, pressure, mole fraction, solute, gram equivalents, two, one)
i.According to the Henry’s law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid at constant ……. is directly
proportional to the ….. of the gas.
ii.Number of moles of ……. dissolved in one …. solvent is called as molality.
(Session 23-24)
IDEAL 90+ L.B.W.K. 2 ©Er.SUNEEL KUMAR
iii.Number of ……. of solute dissolved in one ….. of solution is called as normality.

iv.Solution consisting of only ….. components are called binary solutions.
[C] Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given:
1) Of the following terms used for denoting concentration of a solution, the one which does not get
affected by temperature is:
(a) Molarity (b) Molality (c) Normality (d) Formality
2) The solubility of a gas varies directly with pressure of the gas, is based upon:
(a)Raoult’s law (b) Henry’s law (c) Nernst’s distribution law (d) None of these
3) Number of moles of solute dissolved in one kg solvent is called:
(a)Molality (b) Molarity (c) Normality (d) Mass Percentage
4) Ratio of number of moles of solute or solvent and total number of moles of solution is called:
(a) Molarity (b) Normality (c) Mass Percentage (d) Mole fraction
5) Solubility of gases in liquid decreases with …….. of temperature.
(a)Increase (b) Decrease (c) Remain same (d) none of these
5. [D] Match the following:
Column A Column B
i. Amphiprotic solvent (a) Le-Chatelier’s principle
ii. Solubility of gas in liquid (b) Percentage mass of volume
iii. Molarity (c) Water
iv. Unit to express concentration of pollutant (d) ppm
v. Unit used in medicine and pharmacy (e) Decrease with rise in temperature
Theme: 3 Liquid- Liquid Solutions, Raoult’s Law
 Raoult’s First Law,
[Instruction: Solve the following questions.]
1) Benzene and toluene form a nearly ideal solution. At a certain temperature, calculate the
vapour pressure of solution containing equal moles of the two substances.
[Given: P° Benzene = 150 mm of Hg, P° Toluene = 55 mm of Hg] [Ans: 102.5 mm Hg ]
2) The vapour pressure of the two liquids P and Q are 80 and 60 torr respectively. The total vapour
pressure of the solution obtained by mixing 3 mole of P and 2 mole of Q would be?
[Ans: 72 torr]
3) A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300k .The
vapour pressure of propyl alcohol is 200 mm .If the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is 0.6, its vapour
pressure (in mm) at the same temperature will be [Ans: 350 mm Hg]
(Session 23-24)
4) Two liquids X and Y form an ideal solution at 300K vapour pressure of the solution containing 2
mol of X and 3 Mol of Y is 550 mm Hg. At the same temperature if 1 mol of Y is further added to
this solution. V.P. of the solution increases by 30 mm Hg . Calculate the vapour Pressure of X and
Y in their pure state [Ans: X= and Y= ]
5) Two liquids X and Y on mixing form an ideal solution. The vapour pressure of the solution
containing 2 mol of X and 1 mol of Y is 550 mm Hg. But when 4 mol of X and 1 mole of Y are
mixed, the vapour pressure of solution thus formed is 560 mm Hg. What will be the vapour
pressure of pure X and pure Y at this temperature? [Ans. X = mm Hg; Y = mm Hg]
6) The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 750 mm Hg respectively, at 350K. Find
out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 630 mm Hg. Also find the
composition of the vapour phase. [Ans .: XA = 0.4, XB = 0.6, YA = 0.3, YB = 0.7]
7) At 25°C total vapour pressure of an ideal solution obtained by mixing 3 mole of A and 2 mole of
B is 184 torr. Find out the vapour pressure of pure liquid B, if vapour pressure of pure A, at same
temperature is 200 torr. Also find the composition (Mole fraction of A and B) in the vapour phase.
[Ans. : pB° = 160 torr, YA = , YB = ]
Theme : 4 Ideal and Non-ideal Solution, Azeotropic Mixture

4.1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets:
(do, ideal, vapour, Raoult’s, more, negative, Raoult’s, high, low, do not, Raoult’s, non-ideal, less,
positive, Dalton’s law, high, weak, strong)
i.Ideal solution obeys ………. Law and they ……… form azeotropic mixtures.
ii.Solutions which strictly obey …….. laws are called ……… solutions.
iii.The …… pressure of an aqueous solution of 0.1 M cane sugar is ….. than that of pure water.
iv.Minimum boiling azeotropes is formed by solution which shows a large ….. deviation from
…….. Law.
v.Vapour pressure of water is ……… because water molecules are held by …….. Hydrogen
bonds.
4.2. Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices
given:
1) The factors affecting vapour pressure are:
(a)Nature of liquid (b) Temperature (c) Impurities (d) All of these
2) A solution which does not obey Raoult’s law of vapour pressure is called ……. Solution
(Session 23-24)
(a) Non-ideal (b) Ideal (c) Binary (d) Dilute

3) Raoult’s law is a special case of :
(A) Dalton’s law (b)Henry’s law (c) Nernst’s distribution law (d)None of these
4) If the two liquid A and B form minimum boiling azeotropes at some specific composition then:
(a) A-B interactions are stronger than those between A-A or B-B.
(b) Vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquids A and B
can escape from the solution.
(c)Vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the
liquids escapes from the solution.
(d) A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B-B.
5) For dilute solution, Raoult’s law states that:
a) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of solute
b) The vapour pressure of the solution is equal to mole fraction of the solvent.
c) The relative lowering of vapour pressure is proportional to amount of solute.
d) The lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of solute in solution.
6) Which of the following liquid pairs shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s law?
(a) Water- hydrochloric acid (b) Acetone –chloroform (c)Water-nitric acid (d) Benzene-
methanol.
4.3. Match the following:
i.Dilute solution (a) Raoult’s law
ii.Benzene acetone (b) Non-ideal solution with positive deviation.
iii.Large negative deviation (c)Due to strong Hydrogen bonds
iv.Benzene toluene (d) Ideal solution
4.4. THEORITICAL PROBLEM [Answer the following questions.]
1. Two liquids A and B form type II Non-ideal solution which shows a minimum in its
temperature-mole fraction plot (T-X Diagram).Can the two liquids be completely separated by
fractional distillation?
2. What are azeotropes?
3. A mixture of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene forms nearly ideal solution but a mixture of
chloroform and acetone does not. Why?
4. Under what condition molality and molarity of a solution are identical. Explain with suitable
reason.
5. What will happen to the boiling point of the solution formed on mixing two miscible liquids
showing negative deviation from Raoult’s law?
(Session 23-24)
6. When 50 ml of ethanol and 50 ml of water are mixed, predict whether the volume of the solution
is equal to, greater than or less than 100 ml. Justify.
7. Which type of deviation is shown by the solution formed by mixing cyclohexane and ethanol?
8. A and B liquids on mixing produce a warm solution. Which type of deviation from Raoult’s law
is there?
9. Can we separate water completely from HNO3 solution by vaporizations? Justify your answer.
10. Draw vapour pressure vs composition (in terms of mole fraction) diagram for an ideal
solution.
11. Draw the total vapour pressure vs. mol fraction diagram for a binary solution exhibiting non-
ideal behavior with negative deviation.
12. Give two examples each of a solution:
(a) Showing positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. (b) Showing negative deviation from Raoult’s
Law
Theme: 5 Raoult’s Second Law
 Colligative Properties
5.1. Write an expression for Raoult’s law when the solute is non-volatile.
5.2. What is vapour pressure of 5% aq solution of cane sugar.( p 0 water=760 mm Hg at 298K))
Theme:-6, Relative lowering in Vapour Pressure
[A] Solve the Following Numerical.
1) How much urea (mol. mass 60 g mol–1) must be dissolved in 50g of water so that the vapour
pressure at the room temperature is reduced by 25%? [Ans: 41.67 g ]
2) A solution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90g of water has a vapour pressure of
2.8 KPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure
becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate: (i) molar mass of the solute
(ii) Vapour pressure of water at 298 K. [Ans: 34 g mol–1, 3.4 kPa]
3) A solution containing 8.44 of compound Y in 100g of water has a vapour pressure 4.56 mm Hg
at 273 K. If the vapour pressure of pure water is 4.58 mm of Hg at The same temperature, calculate
the molecule weight of sucrose. [Ans: 347.0 g/mole]
4) What will be the Vapour pressure of a solution containing 5 moles sucrose (C 12H22O11) in 1 kg
of water, if vapour pressure of pure water is 4.57 mm of Hg? [Ans: 4.19mm Hg]
5) What is the mass of a non –volatile solute (molar mass 40 ) that needs to be dissolved in 150 g
of water in order to decrease the vapour pressure of water by 80%? [Ans: ]
6) An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bars at the normal
boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute? p0H2O=1.013bar. [Ans. : 41.35 g mol–1]
(Session 23-24)
7) At certain temperature the vapour pressure of a aqueous solution containing a non-volatile and non
electrolyte solute is 60 mm. Find relative lowering of vapour pressure if At same temperature, the
vapour pressure of pure solvent is 70 mm Hg. Also find mole fraction of solution.
8) Calculate the relative lowering of a vapour pressure of 52% solution of a non-volatile solute (MW=52)
in acetone .
9) 5.2 Which of the following will have a lower vapour pressure and why?
(i) A 5% solution of cane sugar (C12H22O11) ii. A 5% solution of urea (NH2CONH2)
Theme.7: Boiling point, Elevation in Boiling Point
1. 0.70g of an organic compound when dissolved in 32g of acetone produces an elevation of
0.25°C in the boiling point. Calculate the molecular mass of organic compound.
(𝐾𝑏 for acetone = 1.72 K Kg/mol) [Ans. : 150.5 g mol-1 ]
2.The boiling point of pure water is 373K.Calculate the boiling point of an aqueous solution
containing 18 gms of glucose (mw=180) in 100 gms of water. Molal elevation const. is o.52 K kg
/mol. [Ans. : 373.52k ]
3.The molecular weight of an organic compound is 58 g/mol .What will be the boiling point of a
solution containing 48 gram of the solute in 1200 gram of water?[Kb for water = 0.513°C
Kg/mole, Boiling points of water=100°C] [Ans. : 100.353°C]
4.An aqueous solution of glucose boils at 100.01°C. The molal boiling point elevation constant for
water is 0.5 K kg mol–1. What is the number of glucose molecule in the solution containing 100g
of water? [Ans.: 1.2× 1021molecules]
6. For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in 100 g of water,
the elevation in boiling point at 1 atm pressure is 0.2°C. Assuming concentration of solute is much
lower than the concentration of solvent; determine the vapour pressure (in mm of Hg) of the
solution.[Given :Kb for water = 0.76 kg mol–1, p0H2O=760 mmHg] [Ans.: 757.72mm Hg]
Theme.8: Freezing point, Depression in Freezing Point.

1. If kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol–1, what is the freezing point of 0.1 molal solution of a substance
which undergoes no dissociation or association of solute? [Ans. : 272.814K]
2. 15.0 g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450g of water. The resulting
solution was fund to freeze at –0.34°C. What is the molar mass of this substance?
(Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1). [Ans. 182.35 g/mole]
(Session 23-24)
3.Determine the freezing point of a solution containing 0.625g of (C6H12O6) dissolved in 102.8g of
water. [Ans: ]
4.An aqueous solution containing 1.70 g of cane sugar in 100 ml water beings to freeze at -
0.093°C.The cryoscopic constant (molal depression constant )of water is 1.86 K kg/mol. Calculate
the molecular weight of cane sugar. [Ans: 542 amu]
5.An aqueous solution containing 0.2g of compound an in 21.7g of water freezes at 272.914 K. if
the value of Kf for water is 1.86K/ mol, calculate molecular weight of compound.
[Ans: 343 amu]
6. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze agent. Calculate the amount of ethylene glycol to be
added to 4 kg of water to prevent it from freezing at -6°C. ( Kf for H2O =1.85 K kg/mol)
[Ans: 804 gram]
7. The freezing point of Nitrobenzene is 278.8K. A 0.25 molal solution of a substance ( molecular
weight 120) in nitrobenzene has a freezing point of 276.8 K. Calculate the molal depression constant
of nitrobenzene. [An=8.0 k Kg mol-]
[B] Answer the Following questions.
1) Account for the following:–
(a) CaCl2 is used to clear snow from roads in hill stations.
(b) Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze solution in radiators of vehicles in cold countries.
2) How relative lowering in vapour pressure is related with depression in freezing point and
elevation in boiling point?
4) Glycerine, ethylene glycol and methanol are sold at the same price per kg. Which would be
cheaper for preparing an antifreeze solution for the radiator of an automobile? [Ans. : Methanol]
5) The cryoscopic constant of water is 1.86 km–1. Comment on this statement.
6) Calculate the amount of ice that will separate out on cooling solution containing 50 g of ethylene
glycol in 200 g H2O to –9.3°C. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1) [Ans.: 38.71g]
Theme.9: Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure [R=0.821 L atm K-1 Mole-1]

1) If 1.71 g of sugar (molar mass = 342) are dissolved in 500 ml of an aqueous solution at 300 K,
what will be its osmotic pressure? [Ans: 0.24653 atm]
2) Albumins are the most abundant proteins in blood. At 25°C, 3.5g of albumin in 100 ml of water
produces and osmotic pressure is 0.014 atm. What is the molecular weight of albumin?
[Ans=61164.5 a.m.u]
(Session 23-24)
3) Calculate osmotic pressure in bar of a solution containing 3.42 g of sucrose in 1L of solution at

400K.
4) 20 gram of a substance was dissolved in 500 mL of solution and the osmotic pressure of the
solution was found to be 600 mm of mercury at 15°C. The molecular weight of substance is
[Ans=1212.55 a.m.u]
[B] Answer the following question:
1. A solution X is prepared by dissolved three moles of glucose in one litre of water and a solution
Y is prepared by dissolved two moles of glucose in one litre of water. Will the osmotic pressure of
X be higher, lower or equal to that of Y? Give a reason for your answer.
2. What is reverse osmosis? Give one large scale use of it.
3. Why osmotic pressure is preferred over other colligative properties for the determination of
molecular masses of macromolecules?
Theme.10: Isotonic solution, Hypertonic & Hypotonic solution
1.A) 10% aqueous solution of cane sugar (mol. Wt. 342) is isotonic with 2.75% aqueous solution
of unknown compound. Find the molecular mass of unknown compound.
[Ans= ]
2. A ) 5% solution of sucrose (C12H22O11) is isotonic with 0.877% solution of compound Y .
Calculate the molecular mass of compound Y. [Ans. : 59.99 g mol–1]
4.A) Equal weight of two substances X and Y are dissolved in equal volumes of water. The osmotic
pressure of the solution containing Y is five times the osmotic pressure of the solution containing
X. What is the molecular weight of X if that of Y is 60?
[B] Answer the Following questions.
1) AgNO3 on reaction with NaCl in aqueous solution gives white precipitate. If the two solutions
are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, will there be appearance of a white ppt. in the side
‘X’ due to osmosis. [Ans.: No ppt, because only solvent particles moves through SPM]
3) Give reasons for the following:–
(a) RBC swells up and finally burst when placed in 0.1% NaCl solution.
(b) When fruits and vegetables that have been dried are placed in water, they slowly swell and
return to original form.
(c) A person suffering from high blood pressure is advised to take less amount of table salt.
Theme.11 Abnormal colligative Properties, Van’t Hoff factor
11.[A] Determination of Vont Hoff factor in case of Dissociation
Direction: Solve the Following question.
(Session 23-24)
1. What is the maximum value of van’t Hoff factor (i) for Na 2SO4. 10H2O [Ans. : i = 3]
2. What is the maximum value of von’t Hoff factor (i) for CaCl2 which undergoes 20%
dissociation?
[Ans. i = 1.40 ]
3. What is the maximum value of von’t Hoff factor (i) for Al2(SO4)3 which undergoes 30%.
dissociation? [Ans. i = ]
4. What is the maximum value of von’t Hoff factor (i) for 0.2 M AlCl3 solution which undergoes
having dissociation constant 1.3x 10-2 [Ans. i = ]
5. What is the value of von’t Hoff factor (i) for 4.4 M Na3PO4 solution which has dissociation
constant 1.4x 10-2 [Ans. i = ]
6. What is the degree of dissociation for CaCl2 which having van’t Hoff factor i=1.60
[Ans. ]
Theme.11.[B]
 Dissociation of Solute and Abnormal colligative Properties
1) The degree of dissociation of Ca(NO3)2 in a dilute aqueous solution, containing 7.0 g of salt per
100 g of water at 100°C is 70%. If the vapour pressure of water at 100°C is 760 mm of Hg,
calculate the vapour pressure of the solution. [Ans. : 745.3 mm of Hg]
2) Calculate the amount of NaCl which must added to one kg of water so that the freezing point is
depressed by 3K. Given Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1, [Ans. : 0.81 mol NaCl]
3) Osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte was found to be 0.75 atm at 27°C.
Calculate Van’t Hoff factor. [Ans. : i = 3]
4) A 2 molal solution of sodium chloride in water causes an elevation in the boiling point of water
by 1.88 K. What is the value of Van’t Hoff factor? What does it signify? [Kb =
0.52 kg/ mol].
5) The osmotic pressure of 0.25 M urea solution is 2.67 atm. What will be the osmotic pressure of a
0.25 M solution of potassium sulphate? [8.01 atm]
11. [C] Abnormal Colligative Properties and
 Determination of Degree of dissociation(α), Dissociation constant(K)
1.A decinormal solution of sodium chloride exerts an osmotic pressure of 4.82 atmospheres at
27°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation and Dissociation constant of sodium chloride.
2.The osmotic pressure of 0.01 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.65 atm at 27°C.
Calculate
(Session 23-24)
(i) The Van’t Hoff factor.

(ii) What conclusion can you draw about the molecular state of the solute in the solution?
(iii) Degree of Dissociation (iv) Dissociation constant of Solute in solution
12. [D] Reason Based Question when solute undergoes dissociation

1) 0.1 M urea solution shows less depression in freezing point than 0.1 M MgCl2 solution. Explain.
2) Answer the following question: Addition of HgI 2 to KI (aq.) shows decrease in vapour pressure.
Why?
3.The molecular weight of potassium chloride and glucose are determined by the depression in
freezing point method. As compared to their theoretical molecular weights determined by the
experiment? Why?
4.Among equimolal aqueous solutions of MgCl2, NaCl, FeCl2, and C12H22O11, which has high
osmotic pressure and Why?
5.Why the freezing point depression (∆𝑇𝑓 ) of 0.4 M NaCl solution is nearly twice than that of 0.4 M
glucose solution.
Theme.11: [E]
 Association of Solute and Determination of Van’t Hoff factor
1) What is the value of van’t Hoff factor (i) if solute molecules undergo dimerisation?
[Ans. : i = 0.5]
2) What will be the value of Van’t Hoff factor (i) of benzoic acid if it dimerises in aqueous
solution?
3) How will the experimental molecular weight vary as compared to the normal molecular weight?
Theme.11: [F]
1) The freezing point of a solution containing 0.3 gram of acetic acid in 30 gms of benzene is
lowered by 0.45K. Calculate the Van’t Hoff factor. (Kf for benzene =5.12 Kg/mol)
2) 2g of C6H5COOH dissolved in 25g of benzene shows depression in freezing point equal to
1.62K. Molar freezing point depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1. What is the
percentage association of acid if it forms a dimer in solution? [Ans: 99.2%]
3) Three molecules of a solute (A) associate in benzene to form species A3. Calculate the freezing
point of 0.25 molal solution. The degree of association of solute A is found to be 0.8. The freezing
point of benzene is 5.5°C and its Kf value is 5.13 K/m. [Ans. : 4.9°C]
4) 75.2 g of Phenol (C6H5OH) is dissolved in 1 kg solvent of Kf = 14 Km–1, if the depression in
freezing point is 7K, then find the % of phenol that dimerises. [Ans.: 75%]
5) Determine the correct order of the property mentioned against them :
(Session 23-24)
(a) 20% glucose (p1), 20% urea (p2), 20% sucrose (p3) [Osmotic pressure]
(b) 0.4 m NaCl, 0.4 m urea, 0.4 m MgCl2 [Elevation in boiling point.]
(c) 0.2 m CaCl2, 0.2m sucrose, 0.2 m NaCl [Depression in freezing point.]
Theme.11: [G] MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEM

[A] Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given:
1) The molal freezing point constant of water is 1.86 k Kg mol. Therefore, the freezing point of
0.1 M NaCl solution in water is expected to be:
(a) -1.86°C (b) -0.372°C (c) -0.186°C (d) +0.372°C
2) Out of the following Solutions, the one having the highest boiling point will be:
(a) 0.1M NaCl (b) 0.1 M BaCl2 (c) )0.1 M KNO3 (d) )0.1 M K4[Fe(CN)6]
3) For a dissociated solute in a solute the value of Van’t Hoff factor is:
(a) Greater than one (b) One (c) Greater than one (d) Less than one
4) The molecule weight of sodium chloride determine by measuring the osmotic pressure of its
aqueous solution is:
(a) Double the theoretical value (b) Same as the theoretical value
( c ) Half the theoretical value ( d) Three times the theoretical value
5) The lowest freezing point of 0.1 M aqueous solution of:
(a) K2SO4 (b)NaCl (c) Urea (d) Glucose
6) At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance:
(a) Is higher than that of a dilute solution. (b) Is lower than that of a dilute solution.
( c)Is same as that of a dilute solution.
(d)Cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of a dilute solution.
7) Colligative properties depends on
(a)The nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution. (b)The number of solute particles in
solution
( c)The physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in the solution. (d)The nature of
solvent particles.
8) Which one of the following is not a colligative property?
(a) Osmotic pressure (b) Elevation of boiling point (c) Freezing point (d)Depression in freezing
point
9) The value of Van’t Hoff factor (i)=2 is for:
(a) Glucose (b) Sucrose (c) Calcium Chloride (d) Sodium chloride
[B] Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets:
(Session 23-24)
(less, solvent, degree, lowers, decreases, observed, more, solute, elevation, increases, expected)
i.The Van’t Hoff factor of acetic acid solution is …….. than one and the value of normal colligative
property is …… than the observed colligative property of the solution.
ii.The …….. of the boiling point of a solvent by the addition of a solute is ……. proportional to the
molality of the solution.
iii.Number of moles of ……. associated or dissociated per mole of solute is called as ………. of
dissociation or association.
iv.Addition of non-volatile solute to a solvent ……. The vapour pressure and …… its boiling point.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Theme: 1 Electric Conductor, Specific resistance,

1. Difference between metallic conductor and electrolytic conductor.
(Session 23-24)
2. Define the term weak and strong electrolyte.

Theme: 2 Conductance and Its Types,
[A] Specific conductance and Molar conductance.
1) 0.005 M NaOH solutions offered a resistance of 30.6 ohms in a conductivity cell. If the cell
constant of the conductivity cell is 0.378 cm-1 , determine the molar conductivity of sodium
hydroxide solution at this temperature. [Ans: 2470.58 S cm2 mol-1]
2) 0.05 M NaOH solution offered a resistance of 31.6 ohm in a conductivity cell is 0.367 cm-1,
calculate the molar conductivity of the NaOH solution. [Ans: 232.27 S cm2 mol-1]
3) A conductivity cell has a cell constant of 0.5 cm-1 .This cell when filled with 0.01 M sodium
chloride solution has a resistance of 384 ohm at 250C. Calculate its molar conductivity at above
concentration. [Ans: S cm2 mol-1]
4) Specific conductivity of 0.02 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.025 S cm, -1 Calculate its molar
conductivity. [Ans: Scm-1 mol-1]
5) The conductivity of 0.2M KCI solution is 3×10 -1 ohm-1 , calculate its molar conductance.
[Ans: Scm-1 mol-1]
[B] Equivalents conductance, miscellaneous problem
1) Calculate the equivalent conductivity of 1M H2SO4 , whose specific conductivity
is 26×10-2ohm-1 cm-1 . [Ans: 130 S cm2 mol-1]
2) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with a solution an electrolyte 0.2 is 200 ohm. The
conductivity of this solution is 129 Sm-1 .Resistance of the same cell, when filled with 0.02
M of the solution is 540 ohm. Calculate the molar conductivity of 0.02 M solution.
Theme: 3 Factor affecting conductance, DHO Equation,
1. Specific conductance decreases with dilution whereas equivalent conductance increases with
dilution. Why?
2. Define limiting molar conductivity.
3. Why conductivity of an electrolyte solution increase with the decrease in concentration?
4. Write an equation to determine limiting molar conductance of strong electrolyte at infinite
dilution.
Theme: 4 Kohlrausch’s Law, Application of Kohlrausch’s Law

4.[A] Kohlrausch’s Law
1. If the molar conductance values of Ca2+ and Cl-1 at infinite dilution are respectively 118.88x10 -4
m2 mho mol-1 and 77.33x10-4 then that of CaCl2 is. (Ans= 273.54x10-4 m2 mho mol-1 )
2. Which of the following pairs will have greater conduction?
(Session 23-24)
(i) 0.1 Acetic acid solutions or 1M acetic acid solution.

(ii) 0.2 M KCl solution at 260C and 0.2 M KCl solution at 510C
4.[B] Determination of Conductance of Weak Electrolyte (By Simple and Equation based
method)
2. The equivalent conductance of NaCl, HCl, and CH3COONa at infinite dilution are 126.45,
426.16 and 91 S cm2 eq-1 respectively. What is the equivalent conductivity of CH3COOH at infinite
dilution would be? [Ans=390.71 Scm2eq-1]
3. The molar conductance of KCl, NaCl, and KNO3 at infinite dilution are 151, 128 and 111 S cm2
mol-1 respectively. What is the molar conductivity of NaNO3 at infinite dilution?
[Ans= 88 S cm2 mol-1]
4.[C] Determination of Degree of Dissociation of weak electrolyte
1) If the equivalent conductance of 1N benzoic acid (C6H5COOH)is 12.8 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1 and if the
conductance of benzoate ion and H+ ions are 42 and 288.42 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1 respectively
,Calculate Its Degree Of Dissociation. [Ans: 3.87%]
2) At 250C molar conductance of 0.2 molar aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide is 9.54S
cm-1mol-1 and at infinite dilution its molar conductance is 2.38 Scm2 mol-1 .The degree of
dissociation of ammonium hydroxide at the same concentration and temperature will be:
3) 0.05 M NH4OH solutions offer the resistance of 50 ohm to a conductivity cell at 298 K. If the
cell constant is 0.05cm -1 and molar conductance of NH4OH at infinite dilution is 471.4 ohm-1
cm2 mol-1, calculate: a) Specific conductance b) Molar conductance c) Degree of dissociation.
[ Ans: a) 0.001 ohm-1 cm-1 b) 20 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 c) 4.24% ]
4) ) 0.03 M C6H5COOH solutions has conductivity at 298 K is 0.205cm-1S what will be its degree
of dissociation ,if ionic conductance of benzoate and hydrogen ion at infinite dilution is 250
ohm-1 cm2 mol-1,and 4600 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 respectively . [Ans. 96.19%]
4 [D] Determination of Dissociation Constant.
1) The equivalent conductance of M/32 solution of a weak monobasic acid is
8 ohm-1cm2 equiv-1 and at infinite dilution, the value is 400 ohm-1cm2 equiv-1.The dissociation
constant of the acid will be; [Ans= 1.25x10-5]
3. The specific conductance of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid a 298K is 1.65×10-4 S. The molar
conductance at infinite dilution for H+ ion and CH3COO- ion are 349.1 ohm-1cm2 mol-1 and 40.9
ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 respectively. Calculate:
a) Molar conductance of the solution. b) Degree of dissociation of CH3COOH.
c) Dissociation constant of acetic acid. [Ans: a) 16.5 S cm2 mol-1 b) 4.23 c) 1.78x10-5]
(Session 23-24)
4. The molar conductivity of 0.025 mol L -1 Methanoic acid is 46.1 S cm2 mol-1. Calculate its degree
of dissociation and dissociation constant. Given that conductivity at infinite dilution for (H+) and
HCOO- are 349.6 Scm2 mol-1 and 54.6 Scm2 mol-1. [NCERT]
[Ans= 0.114, 3.67X10-4 mol L-1]
5. Calculate of 0.4 M CH3COONa solutions whose conductivity at 298 K is 0.205cm-1S. Also
calculate its degree of dissociation and dissociation constant if ionic conductance of sodium and
formate ion at infinite dilution is 350 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1, and 150 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1 respectively.
[Ans. (i) 75 (ii) 0.15=15% (iii) 0.0675]
4 [E] Determination of Solubility Product.
1.The specific conductance of saturated solution of AgCl is found to be 1.86x10-6 S cm-1 and that
of 𝚲𝟎 AgCl=137.2 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1 water is 6x10-8 ohm -1
cm-1 .The solubility of AgCl is
[Ans= g/L]
4 [F] Miscellaneous problems
1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word /words from those given in the brackets:
(Increases, decreases, ohm, ohm-1cm,2 ohm-1 ,cm-1, minimum, increases, decreases, maximum,
decreasing, dissociation, increasing, association, infinite, given, inversely, square root)
i.On dilution of a solution, its specific conductance…....whiles its equivalent conductance ...
ii.The unit of conductance is …….
iii.The molar conductance of a solution…… with dilution.
iv.The equivalent and molar conductivities tend to acquire…… value at……dilution.
v.Degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is…… … … proportional to is … … … … ..molar
concentration.
2. Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choices given:
1. The unit of equivalent conductance is :
(a) ohm-1 cm2 equiv-1 (b) ohm-1 cm2gm-1 (c) Ohm cm2 equiv-1 (d) ohm-1 mole-1
2. The cell constant of a conductivity cell…….
(a) Changes with change of electrolyte.
(b) Changes with temperature of concentration of electrolyte.
(c) Changes with temperature of electrolyte (d) Remains constant for a cell.
3. Molar conductivity of ionic solution depends on…….
a) Distance between electrodes b) Concentration of electrolytes in solution
c) Surface area of electrodes (d) all of the above.
3. Match the following:
(Session 23-24)
Column A Column B
i.Kohlrausch’s ‘s law (a) Ohm cm-1
ii.Debye Huckel Onsager equation (b) Reciprocal of resistance
iii.Weak electrolyte (c) Conductance of weak electrolyte at Infinite dilution
iv.Specific Conductance (d) Conductance of strong electrolyte at Infinite dilution
v.Conductance (e) Incomplete dissociation
Theme: 5 Electrochemical Cells, Galvanic Cells, Standard Electrode Potential, Emf of a Cell,
1. A hypothetical electrochemical cell is shown below

A/A+(x M)||B2+(y M)|B .The EMF measured is +0.20V.Write down cell reaction
2. What is Function of salt bridge?
4. Define standard reduction potential.
4. For the following cell, calculate the emf and indicate whether cell reaction is possible or not.
0 0
Al/Al3+(1M)||Fe2+(1M)|Fe Given: 𝐸𝐴𝑙 3+ =-1.66V 𝐸 2+ =-0.44V
𝐹𝑒
/𝐴𝑙 /𝐹𝑒
5. Consider the following cell reaction at 298 K:

2Ag+ +Cu→2Ag +Cu2+ The standard reduction potential (E0 ) for Ag+/Ag and Cu2+/Cu are
+0.80V and 0.340V respectively.
i.Give the cell representation. ii. What is the standard EMF of cell?
iii. Is cell reaction takes place spontaneously? [Ans: 0.46 V]
Theme: 6. [A] Normal Hydrogen Electrode, Electrochemical series
1. What is function of platinum in N.H.E./S.H.E?
2. Why potentiometer is used to measure electrode potential not volt meter?
3. Define electrochemical series.
4. Two metallic elements A and B have the following standard oxidation potentials: X=0.30V,
Y =-0.60 V. What is their standard reduction potential?
Theme: 6. [B] Application of Electrochemical series
1. Arrange Ag, Cr, and Hg metals in the increasing order of reducing power. Given:
0 0 0
𝐸𝐴𝑔 + =+0.80V 𝐸𝐶𝑟 3+ =-0.74V 𝐸𝐻𝑔 2+ = 0.79V
/𝐴𝑔 /𝐶𝑟 /𝐻𝑔
0
2. Four metals W, X, Y and Z have the following values of 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑑:
W=-0.140V, X=-2.93V, Y=+0.80V, Z=+1.50V
Arrange them in the increasing order of reducing power.
3. What happens when nickel rod is dipped into a Copper sulphate solution? Justify your answer.
(Session 23-24)
° °
[𝐸𝑁𝑖 +2 /𝑁𝑖 = −0.25𝑉 and 𝐸𝐶𝑢 +2 /𝐶𝑢 =+0.34V]
4. Two metallic elements A and B have the following standard oxidation potentials: A=0.40V,
B=-0.80 V. What would you expect if element A was added to an aqueous salt solution of element
B?
5. If the half cell reaction Zn +2e- → Zn- - has a large negative reduction potential it follows that A
is readily oxidized or readily reduced.

6. If the values of standard electrode potentials (reduction potentials) are Ag/Ag+ =0.80volt, 2Hg
/Hg2+ = 0.79 volt, Cu/Cu2+ =+ 0.24 volt, Mg/Mg 2+
= -2.37 volt, with increasing voltage, the
sequence of deposition of metals on the cathode will be: a) Ag, Hg, Cu b) Mg, Cu, Hg, Ag
7. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word /words from those given in the
brackets: (negative, lesser, electrical, cathode, copper, silver, magnesium, sodium, and gold,
higher, lower):
i.An electrochemical cell converts……......................energy to….........energy.
ii.Zinc can displace……from CuSO4 solution, but cannot displace …..from MgSO4 solution.
iii.Copper displaces……......from its solution because it has a……........reduction potential.
iv.In a galvanic cell, electros flow from…… to…..through the connection wires or in a galvanic cells
the movement of electrons in the external circuit is from…..to…..
v.The more…..the standard reduction potential of a metal, the …..is its ability to displace hydrogen
from acids.
Theme: 7 Factor affecting EMF, Nernst Equation,
7.1 Mention any two factors affecting the electrode potential of a metal.
7.2 Calculate the emf of the following cell reaction at 298K:
Mg(s) + 𝐶𝑢2+ (0.0001M) →𝑀𝑔2+ (0.001 M) +Cu(s)
0 𝑜
Given: 𝐸(𝑀𝑔 2+ =-2.36 volt 𝐸(𝐶𝑢 2+ =0.34 volt [Ans: 2.6705 Volt]
/𝑀𝑔) /𝐶𝑢)
7.3 Calculate:𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 at 25°C for the reaction:

Zn + 𝐶𝑢2+ (0.20 M) →𝑍𝑛2+ (0.50 M)+ Cu
0 𝑜
Given: 𝐸(𝑍𝑛 2+ =-.0.76 volt 𝐸(𝐶𝑢 2+ =0.34 volt [Ans: 1.076 Volt]
/𝑍𝑛) /𝐶𝑢)
7.4 Calculate the value of 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 at 298 K for the following cell:
0 0
Al/Al3+(0.01M)||Sn2+(0.015M)|Sn , 𝐸𝐴𝑙 3+ =-1.66 𝐸 2+ =-0.14
𝑆𝑛
[Ans: 1.51Volt]
/𝐴𝑙 /𝑆𝑛
7.5 For the following cell calculate the emf:

0 0
Al/Al3+(0.01M)||Fe2+(0.02M)|Fe ,Given: 𝐸𝐴𝑙 3+ =-1.66V , 𝐸 2+ =-0.44V [Ans: 1.24Volt]
𝐹𝑒
/𝐴𝑙 /𝐹𝑒
(Session 23-24)
7.6. Consider the following cell reaction at 298 K:

2Ag+ +Cd→2Ag +Cd2+ The standard reduction potential (E0 ) for Ag+/Ag and Cd2+/Cd are
+0.80V and -0.40V respectively.
ii.Give the cell representation.
iii.What is the standard EMF of cell?
iv.Will the cell work spontaneously for the condition shown in above?
v.What will be the EMF of the cell, if concentration of Cd2+is 0.1M and Ag+ is 0.2M.
7.6 For the cell, representation Cu/Cu2+ (0.13 M) ||Ag+ (0.01 M)|Ag
i.Calculate the reduction potential of each electrode if the standard reduction potential for copper and
silver electrons is 0.39 V and 0.80V respectively.
ii.Write the cell reaction. iii) Calculate the emf of the cell.
iv) Is the cell reaction spontaneous? Why?
7.7) The reduction potential, E of 0.1 M solution of M+ ion (E 0 RP= -2.26 v) is: [Ans=-2.42V]
Theme: 8 Application of EMF,
8. [A] Determination of Value of ∆G0 and ∆G

1) The following electrochemical cell is set up at 298 k:
0 0
𝑍𝑛|𝑍𝑛2+ (1𝑀) ||𝐶𝑢2+ (1𝑀)|𝐶𝑢 Given: 𝐸𝑍𝑛 2+ =- 0.761V, 𝐸𝐶𝑢 2+ =+0.339V
/𝑍𝑛 /𝐶𝑢
i.Write the cell reaction.

ii.Calculate the standard emf and standard free energy change at 298K.
[Ans: 1.10 V, ∆G0 = 212.3Kj]
2) For the reduction of Ag+ ions with copper metal, standard cell potential was found to be +0.46
V at 250C .The value of standard free energy (∆G0 )will be: [Ans= -8.8Kj Mol-1 ]
3) For the combustion of C4H10, the E0 of Fuel cell will be (use ∆G0 = -2746kj mol-1)
[Ans= 1.10V]
4) On the basis of the information available from the reaction 4/3Al +O2 2/3Al2O3,
ΔG = -827kJ mol-1 of O2, Calculate the minimum emf required to carry out electrolysis of Al2O3 is
(F =96500 Cmol-1): [Ans: 2.14 V]
8. [B] Determination of Value of Equilibrium constant.
1) E0 for the cell 𝑍𝑛|𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑎𝑞 ) ||𝐶𝑢2+ (𝑎𝑞 )|𝐶𝑢 is 1.10V at 250C.The equilibrium constant for the
cell reaction, is order of [ Ans: (a) 1.33x 10-37 or (b) 1.66 x1037 ]
2) If the E0 cell for a given reaction of has a negative value of, then correct relationship for the
values of ∆G0 and Keq?
(Session 23-24)
3) Conductivity of 0.0025 M acetic acid is 6.867x10 -5 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity. If
𝚲0m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mole-1, what is the dissociation constant. [NCERT]
[Ans. = ]
4) The cell in which the following reaction occurs:
2I- (aq) + 2𝐹𝑒 3+ (aq) →2𝐹𝑒 2+ (aq) + I2 (s) has E0=0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the standard
Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction.
[Ans. ∆G0 = -45.54 KJ mol-1, Kc = 9.62x107]
8. [C] Determination of Value of pH of solution.
1) A hydrogen electrode is made by dipping platinum wire in a solution of HCl of pH=10 and by
passing hydrogen gas around the platinum wire at one atmospheric pressure. The oxidation
potential of electrode would be: [Ans= +0.59 V ]
2) Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10 .
[Ans: ]
8. [D]. Miscellaneous Problem
(a) Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choices given:
1. Magnesium displaces hydrogen from dilute acid solution because:
a) The oxidation potential of magnesium is less than that of hydrogen.
b) The reduction potential of magnesium is less than that of hydrogen.
c) Both magnesium and hydrogen have same oxidation potential.
d) Both magnesium and hydrogen have same reduction potential.
2. When zinc granule is dipped into copper sulphate solution, copper is precipitated because:
a) Reduction potential of copper is higher than that of zinc.
b) Reduction potential of zinc is higher than that of copper.
c) Both, zinc and copper have a negative reduction potential.
d) Both, copper and zinc have a positive reduction potential.
3. The standard electrode potentials of four elements P, Q, R and D are -3.05, 1.66,-0.40 and 0.80
V, respectively. The highest chemical activity will be shown by:
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
4. The difference between the electrode potentials of two electrodes, when no current is drawn
through the cell is called……
(a)Cell potential (b) Cell emf (c) Potential difference (d) Cell voltage
8. [E] Match the following:

i. Electrochemical cell (a)Reactivity of metals
ii. Nernst equation (b) Loss of electrons
(Session 23-24)
iii. Oxidation (c) Nernst equation

iv. Electrochemical series (d) Gain of electrons
v. Reduction (e) Electrochemical cells
Theme: 9 Electrolytic Cell, Faraday’s 1st and 2nd Laws of

electrolysis,
9.[A] Faraday’s 1st Laws of electrolysis
1. What is the amount of chlorine evolved when 2 ampere of current is passed for 30 minute in an
aqueous solution of NaCl? [Ans: 1.324 gram]
2. Calculate Time requires to depositing one milli mole of aluminium metal by passage of 9.65
amperes current through molten alumina (Al2O3) [Ans: 30 Second]
3. 0.3605 g of a metal is deposited on the electrode by passing 1.2 amperes of current for 15
minutes through its salt solution. The atomic weight of the metal is 96. What is the valence of the
metal? [Ans: 3]
4. A current of 4A is passed through a molten solution for 45 min. 2.977 g of metal is deposited.
Calculate the charge carried by the metal ion if it’s atomic mass is 106.4 g/mol. [Ans: 4]
5. A solution on Ni (NO3)2 is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes using a correct of 5.0
ampere for 20 minutes .What weight of Ni will be produced at the cathode? (Ni=58.71 g/mole)
[Ans: ]
6. A 100 watt, 110 volt incandescent lamp is connected in series with an electrolytic cell containing
cadmium sulphate (CdSO4) solution. What weight of cadmium will be deposited by the current
flowing for 10 hours? [Atomic weight of Cd =112.4]. [Ans: 19.0598g ]
9.[B] Faraday’s 1st and 2nd Laws of Electrolysis

1. Two electrolyte cell contains a solution of ZnSO4 and Ni(NO3)2 is electrolyzed using platinum
electrodes. If amount of Zn deposited at cathode of first electrolytic cell is 2.5 gram , then calculate
mass of Nickel deposited at cathode of other electrolytic cell. (Ni=58.71 g/mole)
2. Two electrolyte cell contains a solution of Ag2 SO4 and Ni(NO3)2 is electrolyzed using platinum
electrodes. A current is passed till 1.6 g of O2 has been liberated at anode. The amount of sliver and
Nickel deposited at cathode will be: [Ans. Ag= 21.60g & Ni=…… g]
3. One Faradays of electricity is passed through solution of CuSO 4. The number of gram
equivalents of copper deposited on the cathode would be: a) 1 b)2 c) 2.5 d) 1.25
4. Three electrolytic cells A, B C containing electrolytes ZnSO4 , AgCl, and CuCl2 are connected in
series. A steady current of 2.50 amperes was passed through them.2. 50 g Zinc was deposited at the
(Session 23-24)
cathode of cell A. How long did the current flow through the solution? What weight of copper and
silver were deposited on the electrode?
[Atomic weight of Cu = 63.5,Zn = 65, Ag =108]. [Ans: t= , Cu= g, Ag= g]
9. [C] Miscellaneous
Type: 1 How much Electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce (NCERT)
(1) 20.0 g calcium from molten CaCl2. (2) 40.0 g Aluminium from molten Al2O3.
(3) 1 mole of Cu2+ to Cu (4) 1 mole of H2O to O2 .
Type: 2.Calculations of Charge Required, During following Conversion
1. How many coulomb of electricity are required for the reduction of;
a) 1 mole of MnO4- to Mn2+ b) 2 g of Fe2O3 to Fe c) 0.635 g of Cu2+ to Cu
2. Calculate the number of coulombs required to deposit 5.4 g of Al when the electrode reaction is.
Al3+ +3e-→Al [Atomic Weight of Al= 27g/mol] [Ans: 57900C]
3. Calculate the number of the coulombs required to deposit 20.25 g of aluminum from a solution
containing Al3+. [Ans: ]
Type: 3. Determination of Mass Deposited (Conceptual Problem)

1) 1. 2.5 F of electricity is passed through solution of CuSO 4 .The number of gram equivalent of
copper deposited on the cathode would be: [Ans= ]
2) 965C of electricity liberates Cu from CuSO4 solution: (Ans= 0.3175g of Cu)
3) When 96500 coulombs of electricity is passed through acidulated water, 5.6 liters of oxygen at
STP is liberated at the anode, name the law or principle confirmed by the above observations.
4) Name the law or principle confirmed by the following observations: When 96500 coulombs of
electricity are passed through a solution of copper sulphate, 31.75 gram of Cu is deposited on
cathode.
5) How many hours does it take to reduce 3 moles of Fe3+ to Fe2+ with 2.0A current intensity
[Ans= ]
9 [D] Miscellaneous Problems

(a) Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choices
given:
1. Electrochemical equivalent is the amount of substance which gets deposited from its solution on
passing electrical charge equal to:
(Session 23-24)
(a) 96500 coulomb (b) 1 coulomb (c) 60 coulomb (d) 965 coulomb
2. A current liberates 0.05g of hydrogen in 2 hours. The weight of copper (at wt.= 63.5) deposited
at the same time by the same current through copper sulphate solution is:
(a) 63.3g (b) 31.8g (c) 15.9g (d) 15.5g
3. The quantity of electricity required to deposit 1.15g of sodium molten NaCl (Na=23, Cl=35.5) is:
(a)1 F (b) o.05 F (c) 0.05F (d) 1.5F
4. The number of Faradays required to reduce one mol of Cu +2 to metallic copper is:
(a) One (b) two (c) Three (d) Four
5. The number of Ferber of Faradays which will be required to 4g equivalents of Cu 2+to Cu metal
is: (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
CORROSION
Method to Prevent from corrosion
(1) Coating of less electropositive metal e.g., Sn tinning.

(2) By using anti-rust solution: Anti rust solutions are alkali phosphate and
alkaline chromate.
(3) Sacrificial protection by coating the metal with more electropositive metal.
(4) Electrical protection by concocting the metal with more electropositive meal
e.g. (galvanization )
CHEMICAL KINETICS
(Session 23-24)
Theme-1: Rate of Reaction, Types of ROR, Relation between ROR and

Stoichiometry,
1.1 What is significance of positive and negative sign to mention in rate of reaction?
1.2 For reaction A B, concentration of reactant decrease from 0.5M to 0.43 in 20 minute.
What rate of reaction? [Ans= 0.0035 mol L-1 min-1]
1.3 For the reaction N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g) it has been found that the pressure of N2O4 falls
from 0.64 atm to 0.38 atm in 28 minute. Calculate the rate of reaction and the rate of appearance of
NO2 (g). [Ans.9.28x10-3, 1.86 x10-2 atm min-1]
1.4 For the reaction, N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g) ,the rate of reaction is found to
be 2x10-2molL-1s-1. Calculate the rate of disappearance of N2 (g) and that of H2(g).
[Ans. 2 x10-4 Ms-1, 6 x10-4 mol L-1 s-1]
Theme-2: Factor affecting ROR, Temperature coefficient.
2.1 List any two factors that influence the rate of chemical reaction.
2.2 Discuss the effect of catalyst on activation energy.
2.3 The rate of a chemical reaction doubles for every 10 0c rise of temperature. If the temperature is
raised by 500c, the rate of the reaction increases by about how much time? [Ans=
32 times]
2.4 By what factor, the rate will increases if there is 100 0c rise in temperature?
[Ans.1024]
2.5 Rate constant of a first order reaction at 270C is 10-3 min-1. The temperature coefficient of this
reaction is two. What is the rate constant in per minute at 170C for this reaction? [Ans. 5x10-4]
2.6 The rate of a reaction increased by 81 times when the temperature is increased by 40 k.
Calculate the temperature coefficient [Ans. 3]
2.7What is the condition of moderate reaction?
Ans. (i) Energy of colliding molecule should be higher than the threshold energy. (ii) Molecule
must have proper orientation. No doubt, the molecule satisfies the first condition but they do not
have proper orientation. Due to this, the reaction is very slow.
2.8 Liquid bromine reacts slowly as compared to vapour form of bromine. Why?
Ans.(i) In vapour state, the molecule are associated with more energy i.e., more collisions are
effective.
(ii) The surface area available for the reaction is more than in the liquid state.
2.9 Slow reaction requires less activation energy as compared to fast reaction. Do you agree with
this statement?
(Session 23-24)
2.10 What is relation between activation energy of forward reaction, backward reaction and
enthalpy of reaction.
2.11 Define activation energy.
2.12 Define threshold energy.
2.13 The energy of activation of a backward reaction is 60 kCal. The energy of activation of its
forward reaction is. [Ans. Either greater or less than 60 kCal.]
Theme-3: Rate equation, Order of Reaction its Type, Molecularity,

Type:1 Problem Based on rate Equation
1) For the reaction 2A + B + C D + 2E ; if the order of reaction is first, second and zero
with respect to A, B, C respectively then
(i) Write rate expression
(ii) Also, what will be the effect on the velocity of reaction, if the concentration of A, B and C are
doubled?
2) A reaction is first order w.r.t reactant A and second order w.r.t. reactant B.
i. Write differential rate equation.
ii. How is rate affected when concentration of B is tripled?
iii. How is rate affected when concentration of both A and B is doubled?
3) The rate expression of the reaction 2NO(g) +O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) is
dx/dt=k[NO]2 [O2]. If two experiments involving this reaction are carried out at the same
temperature, but in second experiment the initial concentration of NO is doubled while the initial
concentration of O2 is halved, the initial rate in the second experiment will be ….....time that of the
first. [Ans. Rate will become double]
4) State the condition under which a bimolecular reaction (two reactant) may be kinetically a first
order reaction.
Type:2 ( Question based on Rate Constant )
1) Rate of a reaction is given by the equation rate= k [A]2 [B] ,what are the units for the rate and
rate constant for the reaction?
2) A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is rate of a reaction affected if the
concentration of the reactant is reduced to half? What is the unit of rate constant for such a
reaction?
3) Rate expression for a reaction is dx/dt = k [A] [B2]2 .If the concentration of both A and B2 are
tripled, the rate of reaction will… … by a factor of ………. [Ans. 27 times]
Type:3 ( Question based on Order of reaction and Molecularity )
(Session 23-24)
1) Define Molecularity of a reaction.

2) Give one difference between the order of a reaction and Molecularity.
3) Hoee w is rate constant related to concentration of the reactant?
4) Can a reaction having the following rate law be an elementary process? Rate=k[A][B] 1/2 .
5) Indicate the factor on which rate constant of the reaction is dependent
Theme-4 Determination of Order of Reaction (Initial rate law Method)
TYPE: 1
4.1. A study of chemical kinetics of the reaction A+B →products, gave the following data at 250C.
Experiment [A] [B] d[products]/ dt[mol L-1s-1]
1 1.0 0.15 4.20×10-6

2 2.0 0.15 8.40×10-6
3 1.0 0.20 5.60×10-6
Then calculate i. Order of reaction with respect to A and B. (ii) The rate law.
[Ans.(ii) ]
4.2. For the reaction: 2H2+2NO⇔ 2H2O+N2, the following rate was obtained
S.No [NO] mol L- [H2] mol L l-1 Rate : (Mol L-sec-1)

1 0.40 0.40 4.6×10-3
2 0.80 0.40 18.4×10-3
3 0.40 0.80 9.2×10-3
Calculate the following:
(i) The rate law (ii) The overall order of reaction. (iii) The value of rate constant (k)
4.3. A study of chemical kinetics of the reaction A+B →C, gave the following data at 250C.
Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate [mol L-1s-1]
1 0.012 0.035 0.10

2 0.024 0.070 0.80
3 0.024 0.035 0.10
4 0.012 0.070 0.80
Find: (i) The rate law (ii) unit of rate constant

4.4. For the non-Stoichiometry reaction 2 A+B →C+D following kinetic data were obtained at
298k. Then Find: i. Order of reaction with respect to A and B ii. The rate law for the formation
of C.
Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate of formation of C

[mol L-1 s-1]
1 0.1M 0.1M 1.2×10-3
2 0.1M 0.2M 1.2×10-3
3 0.2M 0.1M 2.4×10-3
(Session 23-24)
TYPE.2
4.5 The initial rate of a reaction, A+ B → C+D, is doubled when the initial concentration of A is
double without altering the concentration of B. If the concentration of B increased by nine
times without altering the concentration of A, the rate gets tripled .Calculate the total order of
reaction. [Ans. 3/2]
4.6. For the reaction, 2A+B → Products, doubling the initial concentration of both the reactant,
the rate increases by a factor of 8 and doubling the concentration of B alone, double the rate.
Determine the rate law for the reaction.
4.7. The initial rate of a reaction, A+ B → products, is doubled when the initial concentration of A
is double and increases eight fold when the initial concentration of both A and B were doubled.
State the order of the reaction with respect to A and with respect to B. Write the rate equation .
4.8 The rate of a reaction between A and B increases by a factor of 100, when the concentration of
A is increases 10 folds. The order of reaction with respect to A is.
4.9 Following reaction was carried out in closed vessels. 2N2O5 (g) 4NO2 (g) + O2(g) .Rate
and rate constant are 1.02x10-4 molL-1 s-1 and 3.4 x10-5 s-1 respectively. The concentration of
N2O5 at that time will be: [Ans. 3]
Type:3 Half Life Period Method To Determine Order Of Reaction.
4.3.1) At 500k, the half –life period of a gaseous reaction at initial pressure of 80KPa is 350
second. When the pressure is 40 Kpa, the half –life period is 175 sec; the order of the reaction is:
[Ans. Zero]
4.3.2) Starting with different initial amount of acetone the half –life period for the decomposition
of acetone at 875 K were found to be as follows: What is order of reaction.
[Ans. 1]
Pressure in mm Hg 98 192 230 296 362
t1/2 second 86 84 85 86 85
4.3.3. The half –life period for the thermal decomposition of Phosphine at three different pressures
are given a head. What is order of reaction? [Ans. 1]
Pressure in mm Hg 70 79 37.5
Half life in second 84 84 84
4.3.4. At a certain temperature the half- life period for the catalytic decomposition of Ammonia
were found as follows:
Pressure (In Pascals) 6667 13333 26666

t1/2 in in hours 3.52 1.92 1.0
(i) Calculate the order of reaction (ii) Unit of rate constant
Theme-5: First order of Reaction, Graphical Representation.
(Session 23-24)
Type: 1 Direct Calculation Based Question On Integrated Equation.

1.1) The rate constant of a first order reaction is 4.5×10-2 s-1, what will be the time required for the
initial concentration of 0.4 M of the reaction to be reduced to 0.2 M? [Ans.= s]
1.2) A substance decomposes by first order kinetics. If 50% of the compound is decomposed in 120
minutes, how long will it take for 90% of the compound to be decomposed? [Ans:
399.133Min.]
Type: 2 Question Based Half Life Period and On Integrated Equation.
5.2.1) If the half life period for a first order reaction is 69.3 second, what is the value of its rate
constant. [Ans.= ]
5.2.2) The half lire period for the decomposition of a substance is 2.5 hours. If the initial weight of
the substance is 160 g, how much of the substance will be left after 10 hours?
[Ans.= 10.00230g]
5.2.3) In a first order reaction, 10% of the reactant is consumed in 25 minutes. Calculate:
(i) The half life period of the reaction.
(ii) The time required for completion of 87.5% of the reaction.
5.2.4) In a first order reaction, 10% of the reactant is consumed in 25 minutes. Calculate:
(i) The half life of the reaction. (ii) The time required for completing of 17% of the reaction.
5.2. 5) A first order reaction is 50% complete in 30 min at 27 oC. Calculate the rate constant of the
reaction at 270C.
5.2.6) Half- life period of a first order reaction is 100 min, calculate its average life.
[Ans. 144 min]
Type: 3. Numerical Based on Partial Pressure:
5.3.1 For the first order reaction ,A→ C+D ,starting with initial pressure 500atm.If the total
pressure after 3hrs is 700atm,calculate the value of rate constant . [Ans. ]
5.3.2 For a gaseous first order reaction ,A→B+C ,starting with initial pressure 400atm.If the total
pressure after 3 hrs is 600atm,the value of rate constant is will be: [Ans: 0.23106]
5.3.3 For a gaseous first order reaction, A→2B, starting with initial pressure 200atm.If the total
pressure after 10 hrs is 300atm,the calculate the value of rate constant . What is the rate of chemical
reaction when total pressure is 290 atm. [Ans:K= 6.932, ROCR= 762.52atm/Hrs ]
Type: 4. Question Based on Graphical Representation.

5.4.1. Plot a graph between ln A0 vs t and find value /expression of rate constant in first order
kinetics.
5.4.2. Plot of log A0 vs t has value of slope 4.5 find value of rate constant .and find value
expression of rate constant in first order kinetics.
(Session 23-24)
Type: 5. Question Based on Analytical Approach/ Fractional Value

5.5.1) Show that the time required for the completion of 75% of a reaction of first order is twice the
time required for the completion of 50% of the reaction.
5.5.2. A radioactive elements gets spilled over the floor of a room. Its half- life period is 30 days. If
the initial activity is 10 times the permissible value, after how many days will it to be safe to enter
the room? [Ans.100]
5.5.3) If a first order reaction, takes 32 minute for 75% completion, then time required for 50%
completion is: [Ans.=32 Min.]
5.5.4) The reaction X→Y product follows first order kinetics. In 40 minute the concentration of X
changes from 0.1 M to 0.025M, then the rate of reaction when concentration of X is 0.01M is:
[Ans: 3.47x10-4M/min]
5.5.5.) Find the three –fourth life (t 3/4) of a first order reaction, when for it k=7.4x10-5s-1.
[Ans.1.87x104 sec]
Type: 6 MISCELLANEOUS
5.6.1 Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word /words from those given in the
brackets: (Three, two, s-1, experimentally, by predicting, products, four, zero, mol L-1s-1,
predicted, reactants, elementary, complex)
i.When the concentration of a reactant of a first order reaction is double, the rate
becomes…….times, but for…….order reaction, the rate remains same.
ii.For a first order reaction, the unit of rate is……and that of rate constant is…….
iii.Rate law is determined…….it cannot be……..
iv.Molecularity is equal to the sum of coefficients of…….in……. step of reaction.
5.6.2 MCQ with Single Correct Answer.
1) In the hydrolysis of an organic chloride in presence of large excess of water,
RCl +H2O →ROH + HCl
a) Molecularity is 2 but order of reaction is 1 (b) Molecularity is 1 but order of reaction is 2
c) Molecularity and order of reaction both are ( d) Molecularity is 1 and order of reaction is 1
2) Which of the following does not influence the rate of reaction?
(a) Nature of the reactants (b) Concentration of the reactants
(c) Temperature of the reaction (d) Molecularity of the reaction
3) For the reaction: 1 A + B→3C+D which of the following does not express the reaction rate?
𝑑[𝐵] 1𝑑[𝑐] 𝑑[𝐴] 𝑑[𝑐]
(a) - (b) (c) – (d) –
𝑑𝑡 3.𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4) Rate law cannot be determined from balanced chemical equation if…..

(a) Reverse reaction is involved (b) it is an elementary reaction
(Session 23-24)
(c) it is a sequence of complex reaction (d) any of the reactions is in excess

5) The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and second order with respect to B.
If the concentration of A is halved and the concentration of B is doubled, the rate of reaction will
be:
(a) Same as the initial value (b) three times of the initial value
(c) Double of initial value (d) half of initial value
5.6.3. Match the following:
i.Rate of reaction (a) Elementary
ii.Radioactive disintegration (b) Complex
iii.One step reaction (c) Rusting of iron
iv.Sequence of elementary reaction (d) mol L-1sec-
v.Very slow reaction (e) First order
5.6.4. Answer the following questions:
(1) Identify the order of reaction from each of the following units of rate constant (K)
(a) Mol L-1sec-1 (b) mol-1 Lsec-1
(2) Name the order of reaction which proceeds with a uniform rate throughout.
(3) What is the order of reaction whose rate constant has the same unit as the rate of reaction?
(4) Reaction of what order will show the rate to be independent of time?
Theme-6: Zero order of Reaction, Pseudo order of Reaction.
Type: 1 Formula Based Calculation:
6.1.1) A certain zero order reaction has k=0.0025 Ms -1 for the disappearance of A .what will be the
concentration of A after 15 second, if the initial concentration is 0.5M? [Ans. = 0.4625M]
6.1.2. Half life of a zero order reaction is 10 second. If 100mg of the substance under consideration
is taken, how much time will take for the complete consumption of the substance? [Ans.
20 second]
6.1.3. K for a zero order reaction is 2 × 10–2 mol L–1 s–1. If the concentration of the reactant after
25 s is 0.5 M, Calculate the initial concentration. [Ans.= 1.0 M]
6.1.3. In a zero-order reaction for every 10° rise of temperature, the rate is doubled. If the
temperature is increased from 10°C to 100°C, Calculate the rate of the reaction will increase or
decrease how many times.
Type .2. Theoretical and, Half Life Period and Graphical Related Problem
6.2.1. Give one example of zero order reaction.
6.2.2. What is the unit of rate constant of pseudo unimolecular reaction?
(Session 23-24)
6.1.3. For a zero order reaction, if initial concentration of reactant is double, then calculate the half
life period of reaction. [Ans. = 2]
Type .3. MISCELLANEOUS
6.3.1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/ words from those given in the brackets:
(First, second, independent, initial rate, ionic, final, k, Zero, dependent, graphical, third, first,
initial, independent, concentration, temperature, t 1/2)
i.Half –life period of a…….order reaction is …….of the concentration of the reactant.
ii.The half –life period of a…….order reaction is…….on the concentration of the reactant.
iii.Methods for determination of order of reaction are…….method, method.
iv.The half-life of a first order reaction is……. of …….. Concentration.
v.In first order reaction, change in unit of……...does not alter the value of ……..
6.3.2. MCQ with single correct Answer.
1. The half life period of a first order reaction is 20 minutes. The time required for the
concentration for the reactant to change from 0.160M to 0.02 M is:
(a) 80 minutes (b) 60 minutes (c) 40 minutes (d) 20 minutes
2. For reaction 2N2O2+ O2, the rate and rate constants are 1.2×10-4 mole litre-1 sec-1 and 3.4×10-
5
Sec-1 respectively. The concentration of N205 at that time will be:
(a) 1.732 mol L-1 (b) 3 mol L-1 (c) 1.2×10-4 mol L-1 (d) 3.2×105 mol L-1
3. For a first order reaction the rate constant for decomposition of N 205 is 6×10-4 sec-1 .The half life
period for the decomposition in seconds is: (a)11.55 (b) 115.5 (c) 11.55 (d) 1.155
4. 75% of a fist order reaction was completed in 32 minutes. When was 50% of the reaction
completed?
(a) 24 minutes (b) 16 minutes (c) 8 minutes (d) 4 minutes
6.3.3. Match the following:
(i) Rate of reaction for zero order (a) α/2k
(ii) Half life of zero order reaction (b) only one reactant are involved
(iii) Half life of first order reaction (c) Equal to rate constant
(iv) Graphical method (d) 0.693/k
(v) Initial read method (e) Concentration vs time
Theme-7: Concept of Activation Energy, Arrhenius Equation
TYPE: 1 Formula Based Problem
7.1.1 The decomposition of 𝑅 into products has a value of k as 4.5×103s-1 at 10°C and energy of
activation 100 kJ mol-1. Calculate the Arrhenius factor. [Ans. = 5.31x1019) .
7.1.2.What is the value of rate constant at extremely high temperature ( T=infinite).is this rate
constant possible?
(Session 23-24)
TYPE: 2. Numerical Based on Different form of Arrhenius equation

7.2.1 The decomposition of 𝐴 into products has a value of k as 1.5×103s-1 at 10°C and energy of
activation 60 kJ mol-1.At what temperature would k be 4.5x104s-1 ? [ ]
7.2.2. The decomposition of 𝐴 into products has a value of k as 20s-1 at 10°C and energy of
activation 40 kJ mol-1.At what temperature would k be 60s-1 ? [ ]
7.2.3 What is activation energy of a reaction if its rate double when temperature is raised from
200C to 350C? (R=8.314JK-1 mol-1) [Ans.= 34.7KJmol-1)
7.2.3) The rate of a reaction becomes four times when the temperature changes from 293 K to 313
K. Calculate the energy of activation (E α) of the reaction assuming that it does not change with
temperature. [log 4=0.6021]
7.2.4. The rate constant, the activation energy and the Frequency factor of a chemical reaction at
250C are 3 ×104 s, 104.4 kJ mol-1 and 6.0 × 1014 s-1 respectively, Find the value of the rate
constant as at infinite temperature. [Ans.= 6 ×1014 s-1]
7.2.5 ) Under the same condition, initial concentration of 1.386 moldm-3 fo a substance become
half in 40 sec and 20 sec through first order and zero order reaction respectively. Ratio (k 1/k2) of
the rate constant for first order (k1) and zero order (k0) of the reaction is :
[Ans. 0.5 mol dm-3]
TYPE: 3. Graphical Representation of Arrhenius equation and Numerical Problem
7.3.1) Write the mathematical expression relating the variation of rate constantan of a reaction with
temperature.
i. How can you graphically find the activation energy of the reaction from the above expression?
1
ii. The slope of the line in the graph of log k (k=rate constant) versus 𝑇 is -5841. Calculate the
activation energy of the reaction.
7.3.2 Draw a graph which is used to calculate the activation energy of a reaction. Give
appropriate expression used to calculate the activation energy graphically.
7.3.3 What is fraction of molecule having energy equal to or greater than activation energy, Ea?
What is this quantity called?
Ans. It is equal to e-Ea/RT at temperature T. This quantity is called Boltzmann factor.
TYPE: 4 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

7.4.1) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/ words from those given in the
brackets:
(variable, constant minimum, threshold, intermediate, reaction, constant,
variable maximum, activation, high, constant, partial activated complex, low, partial, complete,
zero)
i. Value of Arrhenius factor is ……. for a reaction at …….temperature.
ii. The ……. Energy that the reaction molecules must possess to undergo effective collisions to form
the product is called …… Energy.
iii.The rate of formation of …….will determines the rate of …….
iv. For fast reactions, activation energies are…… whereas for slow reactions, activation energizes is
…….
(Session 23-24)
v.The activated complex has…… reactant character and …….product character.

7.4.2.) Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choice
given:
1) In a plot of log k vs 1/T, the slop is:
(a) –Eα/2.303 (b) Eα/2.303R (c) Eα/2.303 (d) -Eα/2.303R
2) Activation energy of a chemical reaction can be determined by……
(a) Determining the rate constant at standard temperature
(b) Determining the rate confidants at two temperatures
(c) Determining probability of collision (d) Using catalyst
3) According to collision theory, Particles must:
(a) Collide everywhere (b) Collide with correct orientation
(c) Must be kept under immense pressures (d) shall not be below their melting points
4) If temperature of a reaction is increased, average kinetic energy will be:
(a) Increased (b) Decreased (c) Constant (d) Equal
5) Some particles collide but bounce back afterwards it is called:
(a) Successful collision (b) unsuccessful collision (c) Successful reaction (d) unsuccessful;
reaction
6) Alternative mechanism by which particles react possesses a lower:
(a) Activation energy (b) chemical energy (c) Speed (d) reaction
7) Collision theory states that particles must collide with each other in correct orientation and
sufficient energy to:
(a) Attract (b) repel (c) react (d) respond
7.4.3.) Answer the following questions:
i. Write Arrhenius equation. ii. Define threshold energy of a reaction.
iii. On increasing temperature, activation energy of a reactant decreases, why?
iv. Name two barriers for a chemical reaction to occur. v. What is effective collision?
7.4.4.) Match the following:
i. Activation energy (a) Energy barrier
ii. Maximum potential (b) Arrhenius equation
iii. Effective reaction (c) Activated complex
iv. Exothermic reaction (d) Chemical reaction
v. Number of collisions (e) Energy is evolved
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
(Session 23-24)
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS
GROUP 13 14 15 16 17 18
PERIOD Valence electron.
3 4 5 6 7 8
1 He
2 B C N O F Ne
3 Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 Ga Ge As Se Br kr
5 In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

Theme 1: Introduction of 3d, 4d, and 5d series, Electronic Configuration,
Answer the following questions:
1) The enthalpies of atomization of the transition metals are high; why?
(Session
0 23-24)
2) What is the electronic configuration of chromium atom (Z= 24)? Give a reason for your answer.
Theme: 2[A] Atomic Size, Ionic radii, Density,
1) Arrange 3d series elements in increasing order of atomic radius?
2) Why atomic radius Cu and Zn further increases in 3d series?
3(i) Why density of 3d series elements increases across the periods?
(ii) Which elements posses highest density of the elements in periodic table and why?
Theme: 2[B] Oxidation State, Enthalpy of Atomisation
1. Out of Cr 3+ and Mn3+, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
2. Why Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution?
3. Scandium does not exhibit variable oxidation state?
4. The E0 value of the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is more positive than that of Cr3+/Cr2+.
5. Why transition elements show variable oxidation state?
6.Name the element of 3 𝑑 transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states.
Why does it show so?
Theme.3. Catalytic Properties, Tendency to form Colored Complexes,
i. Give reason: Zn2 + sates are white but Cu2+ salts are blue in colour.
ii. Explain why: Transition elements form colored compounds. Why do transition metal ions
posses a great tendency to from complexes?
iii. The paramagnetic character in 3 𝑑- transition series elements increases up to Mn and then
decreases.
iv. Explain why transition metals form complex compounds.
v. Iron is ferromagnetic in nature. Explain.
vi. Transition elements and their compound act as good catalyst.
vii. With respects to transition elements of 3rd series table in (Ti4+, V2+, Cr3+, Mn3+) answer the
following.
(1) Which ion is most stable in aqueous solution and why?
(2) Which ion is strong oxidizing agent and why?
(3)Which ion is colorless and why?
(viii) Giving reason, indicate which of the following would be colored
(i) Cu+ (ii) Sc3+ (iii) Ni2+
Theme: 4 Magnetic Properties of complexes, Metallic bonding, M.P., B.P.
Answer the following questions.
(Session 23-24)
i. The metal-metal bonding is more frequently found with the second and third series of
transition elements.
ii. Why melting point of Hg is low and it is liquid at room temperature?
iii. Why transition elements give paramagnetic ions?
iv. The transition elements and their compounds are found to be good catalyst in many
processes.
Theme: 5. Alloy formation, Stoichiometric and interstitial Compound
i. Why TME’s form interstitial compound.
ii. Why TME’s form alloys.
Theme: 6. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEM
6.1 Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate words/ words from those given in the brackets:
(Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, non-metals, 𝑠, valence, magnetic property, metals, property , metals,
binary, tertiary 𝑝, 𝑓,oxidation state, density,)
i.The transition metals show …….. character because of the presence of unpaired electrons and Cu +
is ……. because its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3𝑑 10 .
ii.The transition metals react with ……… directly and form …….. Compounds.
iii.In periodic table, the transition elements are placed between ……..and …….
iv.Transition metals show variable ……… and ……..
6.2. Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choices given:
1. Which of the following ions exhibits colour in aqueous solution?
a. Sc3+ b. Ni2+ c. Ti4+ d. Zn2+
2. Zn does not show variable valence because of
a. Complete d sub – shell b. Inert effect c. 4s2 sub shell d. None of these
3. How many‘𝑑’ electrons are present in Cr2+ ion?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 3
4. Formation of colored solution is possible when metal ion in the compound contains:
a. Paired electrons b. unpaired electrons c. Lone pair of electrons c. None of these
5. Least paramagnetic property is shown by;
a. Fe b. Mn c. Ni d. Cu
6.3. Match the following.
Column A Column B
i.Brass (a) Diamagnetic
ii.Colored compounds (b) Paramagnetic character
iii.Equal properties of second and third transition series (c) Cu –Zn
iv.Paired electrons (d) 𝑑 − 𝑑 transitions
(Session 23-24)
v.Unpaired electrons (e) Lanthanide contraction
f- Block Elements (Inner -Transition Elements)
Theme 1: Introduction of 4f and 5f series, Electronic Configuration,

1)What is electronic configuration of Gadolinium?
2) What is general outer orbital electronic configuration of inner-transition elements?
(Session 23-24)
3 ) Name 4f series elements, which is radioactive.
Theme 2: Atomic size & Lanthanoid contraction &its consequences,

1) What is meant by lanthanide contraction?
2) What are two consequences of Lanthanide contraction?
3) Why La (OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3?
4) Why there is difficult to separate Lanthanoid from their ores?
5) Why actinoid contraction is more than Lanthanoid contraction?
6) The chemistry of actinides is not smooth as that of lanthanides.
7) The metallic radii of third series (5d) of transition elements are virtually the same as those of the
corresponding group members of the second (4d) series?
8) The size of the trivalent cations in the lanthanide series decreases steadily as the atomic number
increases. What is this known as?
Theme.3: Oxidation state, and their stability
1) State the common oxidation state of : 1) Lanthanoid 2) Actinoid
2) Explain the following observation: the members of the actinide series exhibit a large number of
oxidation states than the corresponded members of the lanthanide series.
3) Eu+ is a strong reducing agent.
4) Ce4+ is used as an oxidizing agent in volumetric analysis?
Theme:4.Tendency to form Colored Complex.
1) Zr (𝑍 = 40) and H𝑓 (𝑍 = 72) have almost identical radii. Why?
2) How would you account for following: Among lanthanides, La compounds are predominant?
However occasionally in solutions or in solid compounds, +2 and +4 ions are also obtained.
3) Compare the chemistry of the actions and lanthanides.
Theme: 5Uses of Lanthanoid and Actinoid, Miscellaneous Problem
5.1 Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate words/ words from those given in the brackets:
(Lanthanides, metals, presence, 𝑓 − 𝑓,very, lanthanides, transition, actinides, absence, 𝑠 − 𝑝, 𝑑 − 𝑑
poorly, cerium, actinides, ferromagnetism, paramagnetic, 4𝑓, 5𝑓)
i.The …….. and …….. form the f-block of the periodic table.
ii.Actinides ions are colored because of the ……..of unpaired electrons and ……… transitions.
iii.Actinides are ……… reactive in nature and combine with oxygen and halogens like ……….
iv.Misch- metals is an alloy of …….. other …….. elements.
v.The ……. arises in lanthanides due to the presence of unpaired electrons in …….. sub shell.
5.2 Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alterative from the choices given:
1. The outer electronic configuration of Gd (Atomic number 64) is:
(Session 23-24)
a. 4𝑓 35𝑑 56s2 b. 4𝑓 85𝑑 06s2 c. 4𝑓5𝑑 46s2 d. 4𝑓45𝑑 46s2

2. The actinides show more (higher) oxidation states in general than the lanthanides as due to
a. The 5 𝑓 orbital’s are more buried than 4 𝑓orbitals
b. There us similarity between 4𝑓 between 4𝑓and 5f orbital’s in their angular part of the move
function
c. The actinides are more reactive than the lanthanides
d. The 5𝑓 orbital’s extend further from the nucleus than the 4f𝑓orbitals
3. Knowing that the chemistry of lanthanides is dominated by its +3 oxidation state, which of the
following statement is incorrect?
a) The ionic size of Ln (III) decrease in general with increasing atomic number
b) Ln (III) compounds are generally colorless
c) Ln (III) hydroxides are mainly basic in character
d) Because of the large size of the Ln (III) ions, the bonding in its compounds is predominantly
ionic in character
4. Which of the following oxidation states is common for all lanthanides?
a. +2 b. +3 c. +4 d. +5
5. Which of the following element does not belong to actinoids series?
a. U b. Np c. Tm d. Fm
6. Which of the following lanthanides show +2 oxidation state besides the characteristic oxidation
state +3 of lanthanides?
a. Ce b.Eu c.Tm d. Ho
7. Lanthanide contractions is caused due to
a. The appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4𝑓 electrons from the nucleate charge
b. The appreciable shielding on outer electros by 5𝑑 electrons from the nuclear charge
c. The same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu
d. The imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4𝑓 electrons from the nuclear charge
5.3 Match the following:

Column A Column B
i. Lanthanide oxide (a) Bullets
ii. Misch metal (b) Production of iron alloy
iii. Lanthanide (c) Promethium
iv. Radioactive (d) ,Petroleum cracking
v. Mixed oxides (e) Television screen of lanthanides
(Session 23-24)
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Theme1: Concept of complexes, Ligand, IUPAC Nomenclature of Complexes & its Stracture
Part [A] Terminology of Complex, Ligand & Its Type

1. Define Ligand
2. One difference between Ambidentate and Flexidentate ligand.
3. Name a bidentate ligand having single negative charge.
4. What type of ligand is chelating ligand?
5. Explain why an aqueous solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) does not give the test for
ferrous ion.
6. How many ions are produced from the complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl2 in solution.
7. Denticity of ligand.
Part [B] Coordination no, Oxidation state, and Nature (types) of Complex
1. Define coordination number.
2. Find coordination no. and oxidation no of central metal atom in following complex.
(a) [Co(NH3) 4SO4]NO3 (b) K[Pt (NH3)Cl3] (c) K2[Zn(OH)4]
(d) [Co(en)3]Cl3 (e) [Ni(gly)2]2- (f) K3[Fe(CN) 6]
(g) [Co (NH3)5 (ONO)]Cl2 (h) [Cr (H2O)4 Cl2]Cl.2H2O
3. Select which complex is Neutral , positively or Negatively charge
a) [PtBr2(NH3)4] Cl2 b) [Co (NH3)4 Cl2]Cl.H2O
d.) [Cr(H2O)5 (SCN)]++ e) [RhCl3(CO)(PPh3)(NH3)]
Part [C] Naming of mononuclear neutral and positively charge Complex

1. Write the IUPAC names of the following coordination compounds:
a. [Cr (NH3)4 (H2O)2] Cl3 b. [Co(NH3) 4SO4]NO3 c. [Co (py)5 (ONO)]Cl2
d. [Cr (H2O)4 Cl2]Cl.2H2O e. [Co(pn)2 Cl2]+ f. [Co(tn)2 Cl2]+ g. [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)]
2. Write the IUPAC names of the coordination compounds having bidentate ligand.
a. [Pt(en) H2O)2 (NO2) (Cl)]2+ b. [Co(NH3) 4 (ox)]NO3 c. [Co (en)2 (ONO)2]Cl2
d. [Cr (H2O)4 (gly) ]Cl.2H2O e. [Co(pn)2 Cl2]+ f. [Co(tn)2 Cl2]+
g. [Co(en)2F2]ClO4 h. [CoCl2(en)2]2SO4 i. [Cr(H2O)5(SCN)]2+
j. [Co(pn)2 Cl2]+ k. [Co(tn)2 Cl2]+
Part [D] Naming of mononuclear negatively charge Complex
a. K2[PtCI4] b. K2[Zn(OH)4] c. K2[Al(C2O4)3]
(Session 23-24)
d. Hg[Co(SCN)4] e. K3[Cr(C2O4)3] f. K3[Co (NO3)6 ] g. K[Pt (NH3)Cl3]

h. Na[Cr (CH3COO)4(en)] i. Na[Co(CN)5(NO)] j. K2[Cu(CN)4 ] k. Na[Pt(NH3)BrCl(NO2)]
l. K[Cr(H2O)(C2O4)2].3H2O m. Cs[FeCl4]
Part [E] Werner’s Theory, Naming of Binuclear Complex
a) [ PtCl2(NH3)4] [PtCI4] b. [Pt(NH3) 4] [PtCl6] c. [Pt(NH3)4Cl2 ] [PtCl4]
d. [Cu (NH3)4 ] [Pt Cl4 ] e. [Pt (NH3)4] [Cu Cl4] f. [Cu (NH3)4 [PtCl4]
Part [F] Structural formula of Neutral and positive complex from IUPAC Name
Q1.Write down formula of following coordination compound.
i. Pentaammine nitro cobalt[III] chloride
ii. Triamminetrinitritocobalt [III]
iii. Tetra carbonyl nickel (0)
iv. Hexaaquairon (II) suplhate
v. Triammine triaqua chromium [III] chloride
vi. Diamminechloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
vii. Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diammine)cobalt(III)ion
viii. Penataquachloridochromium(III)chloride
ix. Chlorosis(ethylenediammine)nitrito-N-cobalt(III)ion
x. Diamminechlorido(methylamine)platinum [II]chloride
xi. tris-(ethane-1,2diammine)chromium[III]chloride
xii. hexaamminecarbonatocobalt[III]chloride
xiii. tetraamminechloridonitrito-N-cobalt(III)chloride.
Part [G] Structural formula of negatively charge complex from IUPAC Name
Q.1. Write the formula of the following compounds:
(i) Potassiumhexacyanoferrate [III]
(ii)Write the formulae of the following coordination compounds
(iii)Potassiumtetracyanonickelate [II] (iv) Potassium dicyanoargentate (I)
(v) Potassium hexacyanocobaltate [III] (vi) Potassium trioxalato chromate[III]
(vii) Potassiumtetrachloridopalladate(II) (viii) Potassiumpentacyanonitrosioniumcobaltate[III]
(ix). tetrabromidocuprate (II) ion
Part [H] Miscellaneous problem
(Central metal atom, acid, double salts, charge, ion, ionization sphere, polydentate, base,
coordination compounds, coordination sphere.
i. Chelats are formed when a ……. is attached with ……..ligands.
ii. Central atom or ion in a coordination compound act as Lewis ……. and ligands act as Lewis…...
(Session 23-24)
iii. ……. lose their identity when dissolved in water whereas …….retain their identities in the solid
state on dissolving in any polar and non-polar solvent.
iv. Oxidation state of coordination compound is equal to the …….present outside the …….
2. Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative from the choices given:
1) In the complexes [Fe(CN)6]3- and [Pt(en) H2O)2 (NO2) (CI)]2+ the respective oxidation
numbers of central metal atoms are:
a. +3 and +4 b. +6 and +4 c. +6 and +3 d. +3 and +3
2) The oxidation state of iron in K4 [Fe (CN)6 ] is:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
3) A ligand can also be regarded as:
a. Lewis acid b. Bronsted base c. Lewis base d. Bronsted acid
4.) The number of unidentate ligand in the complex ion is called:
a. EAN b. Coordination number c. Primary valence d. Oxidation number
Theme-2: Crystal Field theory , Spectrochemical series,
Q.1. Answer the following questions:

i. Why splitting of d orbital occurs in presence of ligand in octahedral field.
ii. Define CFSE.
iii. Define the term low spin and high spin complex.
iv. What do following symbol indicate (a) When ∆0 < P (b) ∆0 >P
v. Find CFSE of d5 configuration when; (a) When ∆0 < P (b) ∆0 >P
vi. Write down difference between a weak field ligand and a strong field ligand.
vii. Write the electronic configuration of d4 in terms of t2g and eg in an octahedron field when (i)
∆0 >P (ii) ∆0 < P
viii. Carbonyl is a stronger ligand than NH3 for many metals.
ix. How does splitting decide the actual configuration of coordination entity?
Theme:3. Valence Bond Theory and Geometry of Complex
Part [A] Geometry of Complex in Coordination no.4

Q.1 Answer the following question.
(i) For the complex ion [Cu(NH3)4 ]2+ 1. State the hybridization of the complex.
2. State the magnetic nature of the complex
(ii) For the complex ion [Ni(Cl)4 ]2-
(1)State the hybridization of the complex. (2) State the magnetic nature of the complex
(3) Draw shape of complex.
(Session 23-24)
Q.2 Give reason of following question

(i) A solution of [Ni (H2O)6 ]2+ is green but a solution of [Ni (CN)4 ]2- is colourless. Explain?
(ii) Why [Ni(CO)4 ] is diamagnetic but [Ni (Cl)4 ]2- is paramagnetic, Explain?
(iii) Why [Ni(CO)4 ] is tetrahedral but [Ni (CN)4 ]2- is square planar?
(iv) Why low spin tetrahedral complexes are rarely observed?
Part [B] Geometry of Complex in Coordination no.6
1) For the complex ion [Co (NH3)6 ]3+ i. State the hybridization of the complex.
ii. State the magnetic nature of the complex
2) [CoF6]3- is a coordination complex ion.
i. What is the oxidation number of cobalt in the complex?
ii. How many unpaired electrons are there is the complex?
iii. State the magnetic behavior of the complex. iv. Give the IUPAC name the complex
3) State the geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of tetracacrbonylnickel [0] according to
the valence bond theory.
4) For the complex ion [Fe (CN)6 ]4- state:
i. The geometry of the ion ii. The magnetic property of the ion
5) For the coordination complex ion [Co (NH3)6]3+ i. Give the IUPAC name of the complex ion.
ii. What is the oxidation number of cobalt in the complex ion?
iii. State the type of hybridization of the complex ion. iv. State the magnetic behavior of the
complex.
6) For the complex ion of [Fe(CN) 6]3-
(i)Show hybridization diagrammatically.
(ii) Is it an inner orbital complex or an outer orbital complex?
(iii.)State its magnetic property.
7.) Explain [Cr(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is an outer orbital
complex.
Q.7. Explain reason for the following questions.
(i) [Fe (CN)6 ]4- and [Fe (H2O)6 ]2+ are of different colors in dilute solution .Why?
(ii) Why complex [Fe (CN)6 ]4- is diamagnetic while complex [Fe (CN)6 ]3- is slightly
paramagnetic?
(iii.) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic; explain
(v) Explain [Co(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]2+ is an outer orbital
complex.
(vi) Nickel does not form low spin octahedron complex?
(vii) Co2+ is easily oxidized to Co3+ in the presence of a strong field ligand.
(Session 23-24)
(viii) The pi-complexes are known for the transition metals only.
Q.8. Match the following:
i. Color in co-ordination compound (a)Industrial catalyst
ii. 𝑠𝑝3 (b) Hexaamminecobalt (III) ion
iii. 𝑑𝑠𝑝2 (c) Tetrahedral
iv. EDTA (d) Square planner
v. Metal carbonyl (e) To cure lead poisoning
vi. Low spin complex 𝑑 2𝑠𝑝3 (f) d-d transition
Q.9. Give the formulas of each of the following coordination entities.
(i) Co3+ ion is bound to one Cl-, one NH3 and two bidentate ethylene diammine (en) molecule.
(ii) Ni2+ ion is bound to two water molecule and two oxalate ions. Write the name and magnitude
behavior of each of the above coordination entities.
Theme-4:, Isomerism in Coordination Complex
Part [A] Ionization and Hydrate isomer

1. Name the types of isomerism shown by the following pairs of compound:
(i) [Co(NH3)4 (H2O)(Cl)]Cl2 and [Co (NH3)4 Cl2]Cl.H2O
(ii) [PtCl2(NH3)4] Br2 and [PtBr2 (NH3)4] Cl2.
2. Give a chemical test to distinguish between [PtCl2(NH3)4] Br2 and [PtBr2(NH3)4] Cl2.
pair of isomers.
3. Draw the structural isomer of [Co (NH3)5NO2 ]Cl2 and name the types of isomerism
4. How does K2[PtCI4] get ionized when dissolved in water? Will it form precipitate, when AgNO3
solution is added to it? Give a reason for your answer.
5. What type of isomers are [Co(NH3)5Br] SO4 and [Co(NH3)5SO4] Br? Give a chemical test to
distinguish between them.
6. Aqueous copper sulphate solution (blue in colour) gives:
(i) a green precipitate with aqueous potassium fluoride and
(ii) a bright green solution with aqueous potassium chloride. Explain these experimental results.
7. Give a chemical test to distinguish between [Co(NH3)5Cl] Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]Cl
8. When a coordination compound Co.Cl3.NH3 is mixed with AgNO3, 3moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write (i) Structural formula of compound
(ii) IUPAC name of the complex.
9. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is mixed with AgNO3, 2moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write (i) Structural formula of compound
(ii) IUPAC name of the complex.
(Session 23-24)
Part [B] Linkage, Ligand and Coordination isomer

1. Name the types of isomerism shown by the following pairs of compounds:
(i) [Pt(NH3) 4] [PtCl6]and [Pt(NH3)4Cl2 ] [PtCl4]
(ii) [Co(NH3)5 NO2]Cl2 and [CO(NH3)5 (ONO)]Cl2
(iii) [Cr (SCN) (H2O)5]2+ and [ Cr(NCS) (H2O)5 ]2+
(ix) [Cu (NH3)4 ] [Pt Cl4 ] and [Pt (NH3)4] [Cu Cl4]
(x) [Co(pn)2 Cl2]+ and [Co(tn)2 Cl2]+
2. Draw the possible structural isomer of [Co (NH3)5NO2 ]Cl2 and
(i)Name the types of isomerism. (iii) Their IUPAC name
Part [C] Geometrical isomerism in C.N. 4 and 6 complex
Account for the following questions:
(1) Draw the geometrical isomers exhibited by the compound [PtCl2(NH3)2].
(2) Draw fac and mer isomer in the complex [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3].
(3)What is condition of fac and mer isomer?
(4) Draw geometrical isomer of the complex [Pt(gly) 2]
(5) Draw geometrical isomer of the complex [Pt(en) 2Cl2]2+
(6) Draw geometrical isomer of the complex [Co(en)2(NH3)Cl]2+
(7) Draw the geometrical isomer of the complex [Pt (NH3) (H2O)Cl2]3+
(8) Why does a Td complex of the type [Ma2b2] not show geometrical isomerism?
Part [D] Optical isomer ( d, l and meso isomer) in CN 6
Q.1. Account for the following questions:
(i) Write the structure of optical isomers of the complex ion [Co(en) 2 Cl2]+
(ii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by the complex [Co(en)3]3+
(iii) Draw the optical isomer of the complex [CrCl2(en)(NH3)3]3+
Theme-4:, Chelation, Stability and Importance of Coordination Compounds
Q.1 Answer the following complex.

i. Which of the following is more stable complex and why? [Co (NH 3)6]3+ and [Co (en)3]
ii. What is meant by chelate effect?
iii. What is the Denticity of coordination compound used for the treatment of lead poisoning?
iv. Name the coordination compound used for the following:
(a) Treatment of cancer. (b)Treatment of lead poisoning.
Q.2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate words/words from those given in the brackets.
(Oxidation number, coordination number, structure, colure, ion, atom/ion, magnetic properties, left,
right)
(Session 23-24)
i. Primary valence is equal to the …… of the central……

ii. Secondary valence is equal to the …… of the central ……
iii. In laevorotatory complex which rotates plane polarized light to …….
iv. In dextrorotatory complex which rotates plane of polarized light to …….
v. Valence bond theory helps in determining the …….. and …… of the complex.
Q.3.Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative form the choices given:
1. Among the following coordination compound, the one giving a white precipitate with BaCl2
solution is:
a. [Cr (H2O) 5Br] SO4 b. [Cr(H2O)5 (SCN)] c. [Co(NH3)5 SO4]Br d. [Pt (NH3)6]Cl4
2. The hybridization of the iron atom in [Fe(CN) 6)]-3 complex is:
a. 𝑠𝑝3 b. 𝑑 2𝑠𝑝3 c. 𝑠𝑝3𝑑 2 d. 𝑑𝑠𝑝2
3. Total number of geometrical isomers’ for the complex [RhCl(CO)(PPh3)(NH3)] is:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
4. Which one of the following has a square planar geometry?
(At. No. Co =27, Ni = 28, Fe = 26, Pt = 78)
a. [CoCl4 ]-2 b. [FeCl4]-2 c. [NiCl4]-2 d. [PtCl4]-2
5. Which kind of isomerism’s is exhibited by octahedral [Co (NH3)4 Br2]Cl?
a. Geometrical and ionization b. Geometrical and optical c. Optical and ionization d. Geometrical
only
6. Which of the flowing pairs represents linkage isomers?
a. [Pd (PPh3)2 (NCS)2] and [Pd (PPh3)2 (SCN)2]
b. [Co (NH3)5 NO3]SO4 and [Co (NH3)5SO4] NO3
c. [PtCl2 (NH3)4] Br2 and [Pt Br2(NH3)4]Cl2]
d. [Cu (NH3)4 [PtCl4] and [Pd (PPh3)2 (SCN)2]
7. The ionization isomer of [Cr(H2O)4Cl(NO2)]Cl is:
a. [Cr(H2O)4 (NO2)]Cl2 b. [Cr (H2O)4Cl2] NO2
c. [Cr (H2O)4 Cl(ON)O]Cl d. [Cr (H2O)4 Cl2(NO2)]H2O
8. The complex ion [Ni(CN)4]-2 is:
a. Square planar and diamagnetic b. Tetrahedral and paramagnetic
c. Square planar and paramagnetic d. Tetrahedral and diamagnetic
(Session 23-24)
HALOALKANES & HALOARENES
Theme-1 Alkyl Halide Classification, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, Isomerism

1.1Arrange: 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane, 1-Bromopentane, 2-bromopentane according to their
boiling point.
1.2 Alkyl halides though polar, are immiscible with water.
1.3 Draw the structure of stereo and structural isomer of C4H9Cl.
1.4 Write the IUPAC name of
a) Isopropyl bromide b) isobutyl iodide
c) tert-Butyl bromide d) Ethylidene dichloride
Theme-2 Preparation of Alkyl halide
2.1 (From Alkene, Alkane,)
2.1 How can you obtain following compound?
a) 2-Chloropropane from propane b) 2-bromobutane from Butene
c) 1-Bromopropane from Propene d) 2-Chloro-2methylpropane from 2-
methylpropene
e) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane from 2-methylpropene
2.2 A hydrocarbon C5H12 does not react with chlorine in dark but gives a single monochloro
compound C5H11Cl in bright sunlight. Identify the hydrocarbon.
2.2. (From Alcohol, Acid salt)
2.3 Complete the following sequence of Reaction.
i) 2-Methyl Propanol-2 +PCl3 A+B ii) Propanol-2 +SOCl2 A + B +C
iii) Ethyl alcohol +Br2 Red P
A+B iv) Silver ethanoate +Br 2 CCl4, ∆
A+B+C
2.4 What happened, when?
a) 2-Methylpropanal-2 is treated with conc. HCl in presence of anh.ZnCl2
b) Butene-1 is treated with HBr in presence of peroxide.
c) 2-methylbutene-2 is treated with hydrogen chloride in presence of CCl4
d) Ethyl alcohol treated with iodine in presence of red phosphorus.
e) Butanol-1 treated with hydrogen iodide in presence of KI and 93% phosphoric acid.
2.5 Explain the Butadiene Huns dicker reaction with at least one example.
Theme-3: Chemical Properties (Wurtz Reaction, NSR)
(Session 23-24)
3.1. (Swarts, Finkelstein)

3.1 Give a balance chemical equation for the following reaction.
i. Ethene +HBr A AgF B
Sun light
ii. Ethane+Cl2 B NaI, acetone,∆ C
iii. But-1-ene to n-butyl iodide
3.2. (Reaction with metal)
1 Give a balance chemical equation for the following reaction.
Ether
i. Ethyl chloride +Na A
ii. 2-Chlorobutane to 3,4-dimethylhexane
iii. Chloroethane to butane
2. Why Grignard reagent is prepared under anhydrous condition?
3.3. (Elimination Rxn,)

1. How can you obtained?
i. Propene from isopropyl chloride
ii. Ethene from ethane.
iii. Butene -2 from Butane.
iv. Ethene from methane.
2. Reaction intermediate of ß-elimination reaction.
3. State Saytzeff rule.
3.4. (NSR )
Ether
i. Ethyl chloride +Na A ii. Ethyl chloride +NaCN A
iii. Ethyl chloride +AgCN A iv. Ethyl chloride +AgNO 2 A
v. Ethyl bromide +KCN A H 2O+
vi. C2H5ONa+Ethyl iodide A+ B
2. What happened when?
a) Ethyl chloride is treated with aq. KOH.
b) Methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether.
c) Methyl bromide is treated with potassium cyanide and formed product is completely hydrolyses.
d) Ethyl chloride treated with alcoholic sodium cyanide.
e) 2-Chloropropane to propanol-1 f) Ethyl chloride to Propanonic acid
3.
a) Out of SN2 and SN1, which reaction occurs with?
a. Inversion of configuration b. Racemization
b) Which alkyl halide from the following pair is chiral and undergoes faster S N2 reaction?
2-Chloropropane and 1-Chloropropane
(Session 23-24)
4) Rearrange the compound of each of following sets in order of reactivity towards S N2

displacement:
a) 2- Bromo-2- methyl butane, 1- Bromopentane, 2- Bromopentane.
b) 1- Bromo-2- methyl butane, 2- Bromo-2- methyl butane, 2-Bromo-3- methyl butane.
c) 1- Bromobutane, 1- Bromo-2-methyl propane, 1-Bromo-2-methyl butane.
3.5. Halo form Rxn & other Conversion.)
i) Methyl magnesium bromide reacts ethyl alcohol. ii)Convert methyl chloride to acetic acid
iii) 2-Chloropropane to Propene iv) Butane to Butene-2
v) Chloroform treated with silver dust
vi) Chloroform treated with aniline in presence of ethanolic caustic potash.
2 What happened when?
a) Methyl magnesium bromide reacts water b) Convert benzyl chloride to phenyl acetic acid
c) n-butyl bromide is treated with alcoholic caustic potash.
3. How the following conversion can be carried out?
a) 1-bromopropane to 2-Bromopropane
b) 2-Methylprop-1-ene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
c) tert-butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide
(addition , homolytic , halogen, hydrogen, heavy metal, alkanes, red substitution, heterolytic
carbon, non-metal, alkyl fluoride, mono, white, bromine, hydrogen bromide, poly)
vi.The reaction of chlorine with methane is a ……. reaction which involves……. fission of the C-H
bond.
vii.Terminal dihalide have two …….. Atoms attached with two terminals…… atoms.
viii.In Swarts reaction, when alkyl Chloride or bromide is heated with ……. fluoride gives ……...
ix.Alkyl alcohol when treated with…… phosphorus and ........give alkyl bromide.
x.Alkanes with chlorine give a mixture of isomeric .........and....... Haloalkanes.
5. Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative from the choices given:
1. In the equation CH3 COOAg+Br2→ A, the compound A is
a. CH3CH2Cl b. ClCH2COOH c .CH3Br d. CH3COCl
2.In a molecule of tertiary haloalkanes, carbon atom bonded to …… carbon atoms.
a. 3 b. 2 c. 4 d. 1
3. Elimination of small molecule form original organic molecule to form alkene is a
a. Elimination reaction b. Substitution reaction c. Addition reaction d. Both (a) and (b)
4. Introducing a halogen atom into an alkenes can generally reduce its
a. Polarity b. Volatility c. Flammability d. Reactivity
(Session 23-24)
5. Nucleophilic substitution reaction is slowest with:

a. Iodoalkanes b. Fluoroalkanes c. Chloro alkane’s d. Bromoalkanes
6. Suggest a possible mechanism for the following reaction? 2-Chloropropane to Propene-1
7. Primary alkyl halide C4H9Cl (A) reacted with alcoholic KOH to give compound (b) .Compound
(b) is reacted with HBr to give (C) which is an isomer of (A).When (A) is reacted with sodium
metal it gives compound (d) , C8H18 ,which is different from the compound formed when n-butyl
bromide is reacted with sodium. Give the structural formula of (A) and write the equation for all
the reactions. (NCERT)
8 How can you obtain following compound?
a) Iodoform from isopropyl alcohol b) Chloroform from ethyl alcohol
c) Phenylisocyanide from aniline.
HALOARENES
Theme-5 Aryl Halide Classification, Nomenclature, Isomerism ,Physical Properties,
5.1 The dipole moment of Chlorobenzene is lower than that of cyclohexyl chloride.
5.2 Why p-Dichlorobenzene has higher melting point than those of o-and m-isomer?
5.3. Why p-Dichlorobenzene has solubility than those of o-and m-isomer. ?
Theme-6 Preparation of Aryl halide (From Benzene, Aniline )
5.1 Write a balance chemical equation for the following reaction.
a) Aniline is treated with mixture of NaNO2 and excess of HCl at low temperature.
b) Aniline to chlorobenzene.
Theme-7: Chemical Properties
7.1. Fittig reaction, Wurtz Fittig Reaction, NSR)
1. Draw the resonation structures of chlorobenzene
2. What happens when :( give only a balance chemical equation)
a) Chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis?
b) Chlorobenzene treated to conc. nitric acid
c) Benzene +Cl2 Anh.AlCl3 [A] aq.KOH [B]
d) Benzene to Biphenyl
7.2. (ESR, Miscellaneous Problem)

1. Explain the reason for the following questions.
(i) Haloalkanes undergo Nucleophilic substitution whereas haloarenes undergo electrophile
substitution. Explain.
(ii) Haloarenes does not undergo Nucleophilic substitution at room temperature. Explain.
(iii) The treatment of alkyl halide (chloride/bromide) with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of
alcohols but in the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain.
(iv) Why chloroform is placed in colored bottles?
(v) Out of C6H5CH2Cl and C6H5CHClC6H5, which is more easily hydrolyzed by aqueous KOH
and why?
(Session 23-24)
2. Fill the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/word from those, given in the brackets:
(ortho-para, inductive effect, conc. HNO3,dil. HNO3, aromatic, meta, Mesomeric effect, conc.
H2SO4,conc. HNO3, aliphatic, halogen, carbon, dry ether, water, Fitting, Sandmayer)
i. In the benzene ring, the distribution of the nitrogen group is ……..directing, while, the distribution
of the chloro group is ……directing.
ii. In haloarenes, reactivity is controlled by the stronger ……. and the orientations are controlled
by…….
iii.Haloarenes react with a mixture of …… and ……. to give a mixed o &p- halo nitrobenzene.
iv. ……..compounds containing …….atom are called aryl halides.
v.Aryl halides on reacting with sodium in…… is called as ……. reaction.
3. Complete the following statements the correct alternative from the choices given:
1) Identity the compound Y in the following reaction.
Aniline NaNO2+HCl Benzene diazonium chloride Cu2Cl2+HCl Y+N2
(a) Chlorobenzene (b) Benzene (c) m-dichlorobenzene (d) p-dichlorobenzene
2) Toluene reacts with halogen in the presence of iron (III) chloride giving ortho and Para halo
compounds. The reaction is:
a. Electrophile elimination reaction b. Electophilic substitution reaction
c. Free radical addition reaction d. Nucleophilic substitution reaction
3) Reaction of C6H5CH2Br with aqueous sodium hydroxide follows:
a. SN2 mechanism b. SN1 mechanism
c. Any of the above two depending upon the temperature of the reaction. d) None of tese
4) Chlorobenzene is formed by the reaction of chlorine with benzene in the presence of AlCl3.
Which of the following species attacks the benzene ring in this reaction?
a. Cl- b. Cl+ c. AlCl3 d. [AlCl4]-
5). The product forms, when aniline is warmed with chloroform and caustic potash is:
a. Phenyl chloride b. Methyl isocyanides c. Phenyl isocyanide d. Nitro phenol
6). Haloarenes are …… reactive than haloalkanes.
7. 4. Match the following: 7 7.6 Match the following:

I. Acetone a. Obnoxious smell I.Phenol (a) Diphenyl
II. Carbylamines b. Iodoform II. Toluene Reaction (b) Reimer Tiemann
III. Acetaldehyde c. Iodoform III.Wilkinson’s catalyst (c) Freddie Craft Reaction
IV. Polarised light d.Chiral carbon atom IV.Wurtz-Fittig reaction (d) Organo metallic compound
V. Chloroform e. Anesthetic V. Fittig reaction (e) Alkyl benzene
(Session 23-24)
5. Answer the following questions:

a) Give balanced equation for the following name reaction: Friedal-Crafts reaction (Alkylation)
b) Give balanced equation for the following name reaction: Wurtz –Fitting reaction:
c) How can the following conversion be brought about: Chlorobenzene to phenol?
d) What will be the product formed when chlorobenzene is heated with sodium metal in the
presence of dry ether?
e) Write balanced equation for the preparation of DDT.
6. Draw the structure of major monohalo products on each of the following reactions:
(i) +PCl5
(ii) C6H5-CH2-CH=CH2 + HBr

(iii) Bromobenzene + Mg dry ether A (i) CO2, (ii) H2O/H+ [B ]
6. How the following conversion can be carried out?
a) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene b) benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylacetic acid
c) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol.
7. Give chemical test to distinguish between the following pair of compounds:
a) Benzyl chloride and chlorobenzene.
b) Chloroform and Ethyl chloride
(Session 23-24)
ALCOHOLS
Theme-1 Alcohols, Classification, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, Isomerism

1.1 The compound which is optically active is:
a. 1-Butanol b. 2-butanol b. 1-Propanol d. 2-Methyl-1-propanol
1.2 Answer the following question:
a) The boiling points of alcohols decrease with increase in branching of the alkyl chain.
b) Name the type of isomerism exhibited by the following pair of compounds: 1-butanol and 2-
methy-1-1-propanol.
c) Draw a pair of isomers for C4H10O and name the type of isomerism.
1.3. Arrange the following alcohol according to their properties as per instruction:
a) Ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol (increasing B.P.)
b) Sec.butyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, neo-butyl alcohol, (decreasing volatile nature)
c) Sec.butyl alcohol, neo-butyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol (Increasing
solubility)
1.4 Reason Based question:
a) Ethyl alcohol is a covalent compound although soluble in water. Why?
b) Why do alcohols possess higher boiling points as compared to those of corresponding alkanes?
c) Why alcohols are more soluble in water than hydrocarbon of comparable molecular masses?
d) Why rectified sprit can not be converted in to absolute alcohol by simple distillation?
Theme-2 Preparation of Alcohols
2.1. (From Alkene, Alkyl halide,)
1) Give a chemical reaction to bring out following conversion.
a) Propene-1 to Propanol-2 b) Propene-1 to Propanol-1
c) 1-Chlorobutane to Butanol-2 d) Propane to Propanol-2
e) 1-Chlorobutane to Butanol-1
2.2. Amine, Ether, Ester,
1) How can you obtained;
a) Ethanamine to ethanol b) Benzamide to benzyl alcohol
c) Methyl alcohol from methyl propionate. d) Ethyl alcohol from Methoxy ethane.
d) Diethyl ether to ethyl alcohol
2.3. From, Carbonyl Compound, RMgX,)

1. When acetaldehyde is treated with Grignard reagent, followed by hydrolysis, the product formed
is:
a. Primary alcohol b. Secondary alcohol c. Carboxylic acid d. Tertiary alcohol
2. How can you obtain following: (Only give balanced equations)
a) Acetaldehyde to isopropyl alcohol b) Propanol-2 from methane
c) 2-Methylpropanol-2 from methane c) Propanol-2 from Propanone
d) Benzyl chloride to 2-Phenyl ethanol e) Ethyl chloride to sec.butyl chloride
f) Benzyl magnesium iodide to benzyl alcohol. g) Methane to neo-pentyl alcohol.
(Session 23-24)
Theme.3: Chemical Properties.

3.2. (Cleavage of O-H Bond, Substitution of OH group)
1 Answer the following:
a) Name the product formed, when Acetyl chloride is treated with ethyl alcohol.
b) Why Alcohols act as weak base?
c) Explain what happens when ethanol is heated with acetic acid in presence of conc. H 2SO4?
2. Among alcohol and phenol which one is basic in nature also and why?
3. Explain why phenols do not undergoes substitution of the –OH group like alcohols.
4. An unknown alcohol is treated with the Lucas reagent to determine whether it is primary,
secondary or tertiary. Which alcohols react fastest by what mechanism?
3.2. Reaction of Alcohol due to Substitution of OH group)
1. How you bring following conversion. (Give equation only)
a) Ethyl alcohol to ethyl fluoride b) Methyl alcohol to Toluene
c) sec. propyl chloride to 2-chloropropane d) Methyl alcohol to Ethanoic acid
e) Benzyl alcohol to 1-iodo-1-Phenylmethane. f) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenyl acetic acid.
2. Reactivity of HX with alcohol is in order, HI>HBr>HCl>HF. Explain.
3. Name the product formed between reaction of 1-Butanol and hydrogen chloride.
3.3. Dehydration Reaction

1. Give balanced equation for the following reaction:
a) t-butyl alcohol to 2-methy propene-1
b) Propanol-2 to propene-1
c) 2-Methyl butanol-2 to 2-methyl butane-2
d) isopropyl alcohol to 1-Bromopropane
2: Complete the following reaction
a) Butanol-2 Conc.H2SO4 [A] HBr [B] Alc.KOH [C] (i)B2H6, [D]
0
144 C (ii) H2O2/OH-
b) CH3CH2Br + KOH (aq) [A] Conc.H2SO4 [B]
1100C
3. Describe the mechanism of dehydration of propanol-2 to propene.
4. Arrange the following alcohol according to their increasing dehydration ability .Sec.butyl
alcohol, butyl alcohol, neo-butyl alcohol
5. Write the mechanism of hydration of ethylene to ethanol.
3.4. Oxidation Reaction,
1. Give balanced equation for the following reaction:
a) sec.propyl alcohol to Propanone
b) Ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde c) 2-Methyl propanol-2 to 2-Methyl propene.
2. How can you bring out following conversion?
(Session 23-24)
a) Propanol-1 to Propanol-2 b) Propanol-2 to propanol-1 c) Methyl alcohol to ethyl alcohol

3. Name the reagents used in the following reaction:
a) Oxidation dehydrogenation of primary alcohol to aldehyde
b) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid
4. Vapors of t-butyl alcohol are passed over heated copper. What is the main product?
3.5. Reaction used to Distinguish between alcohols,

1. Give a chemical test to distinguish between following pair of compound :( Test should be
positive w.r.t. to any one compound.)
a) 1-Propanol and 2-propanol. b) Ethyl alcohol and t-butyl alcohol.
c) Ethanol and 2-propanol.
d) Methanol and ethanol
e) Ethanol and ethoxy ethane
3.6. HIGH ORDER THINKING CONVERSION

1. How will c convert? (Give only equation)
c) Methyl chloride to 2-Bropmopropane d) Methyl chloride to t-butyl bromide
e) Methyl chloride to Propanoic acid f) Methyl chloride to acetaldehyde
g) Ethyl alcohol to Ethane g) Methyl alcohol to 2-Methyl Propanol-2
2. An alcohol A (C4H10O) on oxidation with acidified K2Cr2O7 gives a carboxylic acid B
(C4H8O2). Compound A and B react together in presence on Conc.H2SO4 to form C. Treatment of a
compound A with warm aq. H2SO4 gives D (C4H10O), an isomer of A. The compound D is
resistant to oxidation. Identify compound A, B, C, and D. Write all reactions.
3. The total number of alkenes possible by Dehydration of 3-Cyclopentyl hexanol-3 using
Conc.H2SO4.
4. What is Fenton’s reagent? [Ans. H2O2/FesO4]
5. Write the equation to convert ethanol to propyl amine
6. Identify the compound A, B, and C:
Ethyl alcohol SOCl2 [A] KCN [B] H3O+ [C]
7. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets:
(Glycerol, ethanol, primary, dehydration, oxidation, reduction, glycol, diethyl ether, secondary,
alkenes, alkynes, )
1) ……. is an example of trihydric alcohol and …… is an example of dihydric
alcohol……...and …….are functional isomers.
2) Aldehyde gives…….alcohol whereas ketones give…… alcohol.
3) Tertiary alcohols when passed over heated copper at 573 K undergo …….. to give……
(Session 23-24)
ETHERS:
Theme-1 Ethers, Classification, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, Isomerism
1. Ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the same molecular formula. This is due to:
a. Dipolar character of ethers b. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols
c. Alcohols having resonance structures d. Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols
2 Write the structures of the isomeric ethers with the formula C 4H10O.
3 The IUPAC name of CH3CH2OCH (CH3)2 is:
4 .Why dimethyl ether has fewer boiling points than its isomeric ethyl alcohol.
5. Write the structure of following compound.
a) 4-Ethoxy-1, 1-dimethycyclohexane b) 1-chloro-2-methoxythane
5. Why bond angle in ether is greater than water although both are sp 2 hybridized?
Theme-2 Preparation of Ethers (From Alcohols, Alkyl halide (Williamson ether synthesis)
2.1 Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative form the Choices gives:
2.1.1 Anisole can be prepared by the action of methyl iodide on sodium phonate. The reaction is
called:
a. Fitting’s reaction b. Williamson’s reaction c. Wurtz’s reaction d. Etard reaction
2. Formation of diethyl ether form ethanol is based on a:
a. Dehydration reaction b. Dehydrogenation reaction
c. Hydrogenation reaction d. heterolytic fission reaction
3. Methyl phenyl ether can be obtained by reacting:
a. Phenolate ions and methyl iodide b. Methoxide ions and bromobenzene
c. Methanol and phenol d. Bromo benzene and methyl bromide
2.2 How is 1-propoxypropane synthesized from propanal-1?
2.3 The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of tert-butyl ethyl ether.
C2H5ONa+(CH3)3C-C𝑙 →(CH3)3C-C𝑙 OC2H5
a) What would be the major product of the given reactions?
b) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of tert-butyl ether, specifying the names of reagents
used
2.4 Give balanced equation for the following reaction.
a) Sodium t-butoxide and methyl chloride.
b) Sodium phenoxide and methyl chloride. c) Ethyl iodide reacts with dry
Ag2O.
2.5 Write two limitation of Williamson ether synthesis.
Theme-3: Chemical Properties.
3.1. (Cleavage of R-O-R Bond,)
(Session 23-24)
1. Reaction of which among the following ethers with HI in cold leads to the formation of methyl
alcohol
a. Ethyl methyl ether b. Methyl propyl ether
c. Isopropyl methyl ether d. tert-butyl methyl ether
3.2 Give balanced equation for the following reaction.
a) Diethyl ether with phosphorus pentachloride.
b) Diethyl ether to ethanol.
c) Sodium ethoxide is treated with ethyl bromide
d) Chorine is passed through diethyl ether in presence of light.
e) Chorine is passed through diethyl ether in presence of light.
f) Chorine is passed through diethyl ether in dark.
g) Give the name of the following reaction. C2H5Br+C2H5ONa→C2H5OC2H5+NaBr
h) Diethyl ether and hydroiodic acid (cold).
3.3 Phenyl methyl ether reacts with HI to give phenol and methyl iodide and not iodobenzene and
methyl alcohol. Why?
3.4 Name the product obtained when 2-methoxy-2methyl propane treated with cold HI.
3.2. Substitution reaction, Oxidation reaction
1. Give balanced equation for the following name reaction/ Conversion.
a) Diethyl ether to ethyl chloride
b) Diethyl ether to 1, 1’-dichlorodiethylether
c) Phenol to p-methoxy nitrobenzene d) Phenol to p-chloro methoxybenzene.

2. Why old sample of ether should be distilled before use?
3. Why small amount of Cu2O added in to ethers?
4. Name the reagent use to detect the presence of peroxide in ether.
3.3. Electrophile Substitution reaction, Miscellaneous Problem
1. Give balanced equation for the following name reaction/ Conversion.
a) Anisole to p-methoxy acetophenone
b) Sodium phenoxide to p-methoxy acetophenone
c) Phenol to p-methoxy nitrobenzene
d) Phenol to p-methoxybenzene.
e) Anisole to p-Bromoanisol
2. Answer the Following Question:
a) Give chemical test to distinguish: dimethyl ether and ethyl alcohol.
b) Give chemical test to distinguish: phenyl methyl ether and benzyl alcohol
c) Nitration of anisole take place at ortho and para position only.
(Session 23-24)
d) Alkoxy group directs the incoming group to ortho and para-position in benzene ring.
1. Anhydrous ZnCl2+conc. HCl (a) Ether
2. Dehydration of ethyl alcohol (b) Peroxide formation
3. Oxidation of ether (c) Ethene
4. Used as industrial solution (d) Lucas reagent
4. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/ words from those given in the
brackets:
(ethanol, alike, aromatic oxide, aromatic hydride, greater, smaller, diethyl ethers, aryl, alkyl halide,
tetrahedral, trifocal, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid)
a) …… and …… are functional isomers.
b) Ether in which two ……or ……groups are different is called as mixed ether.
c) Aromatic ether is prepared by heating…… with……
d) In ether, the bond angle is slightly …… than the …….angle.
PHENOL
(Session 23-24)
Theme-1 Phenol, Classification, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, Isomerism

1.1Why phenol has higher boiling point than toluene.
1.2 Arrange increasing Dipole moment of three isomer of compound C6H4O2.
1.3 Dipole moment of phenols is smaller than those of alcohols.
1.4 How many sigma and pi bonds are present in o-cresol?
Theme-2 Preparation of Phenol
(From Benzene, Chlorobenzene, Benzene sulphonic acid and Aniline)
1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following statements.
i. Sodium benzenesulphonate is fused with sodium hydroxide at 573-623K followed by
acidification with dil. hydrochloric acid.
ii. Chlorobenzene is heated with 20%NaOH at about 623K in presence of Copper salt a pressure
of 200atm followed by acidification.
2. How can you obtained; write a balanced chemical equation
i. How would you obtain phenol from nitrobenzene?
ii. Phenol from chlorobenzene by Dow, s process.
iii. Phenol from isopropyl benzene
iv. Phenol from sodium phenoxide.
Theme-3: Chemical Properties.
3.1(Cleavage of O-H Bond, Acidic nature,)
1. Phenol is less acidic than…….
a. Ethanol b. 𝑜-Nitrophenol c. 𝑜-Methyl phenol d. 𝑜-Methoxyphenol
2 .What happened when?
a) Phenol is treated with acetyl chloride in the alkali.
b) Phenol reacts with caustic soda.
3 .What is effect of –R and +M group on acidic strength of phenol.
4. Why phenol is more acidic than alcohols.
5. Arrange the following as per the instruction.
a) Phenol, p-nitrophenol, m-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, p-methoxy phenol (Increasing acidic
strength)
b) Phenol, p-cresol, m- cresol, o- cresol, p-nitro phenol (Increasing pka values)
c) p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, m nitrophenol ( Increasing Ka values)
6. Arrange the Phenol, methyl alcohol, water according to their acidity and explain the reason:
7 .Explain why ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol.?
9 .Neither Phenol nor alcohol decompose NaHCO3 or aq.Na2CO3 or not react with them like acid.
Why?
3.2. Reduction and Oxidation Reaction of Phenol
1. Answer the following questions.
i. Alcohols react with HCl or PCl5 but phenol does not, why?
(Session 23-24)
ii. What happened when? Phenol is heated with zinc dust.

iii. What happened when? Phenol is treated with Sodium dichromate.
iv. What happened when? Phenol is treated with PCl5.
v. What happened when? Carbolic acid is treated with Hydrogen in presence of Ni catalyst at
530K
vi. What happened when? Phenol is treated with K2S2O8.
Theme-4: Reaction Due To Benzene Ring
4.1. Nitration, Bromination, Sulfonation, Friedal Craft reaction
1. What happened when? (Give only balanced equations)

i. When phenol is treated with bromine in presence of CS2 at low temperature (293K)?
ii. When phenol is treated with bromine water.
iii. Phenol is treated with dil. nitric acid at 298K temperature?
iv. Phenol is treated with conc. nitric acid.
v. Phenol is treated with conc. sulphuric acid at higher temperature (373K).
vi. Prolonged heating of Phenol with conc. sulphuric acid at 373K followed by treatment with
conc. nitric acid.
vii. Phenol is treated with nitrous acid (NaNO2+HCl) at low temperature (280 K) followed by
oxidation with dil. nitric acid.
viii. Phenol is treated with conc. sulphuric acid at lower temperature (298 K).
i. How a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenol were separated?
ii. How can you obtained? p-Cresol from carbolic acid.
iii. Although picric acid has no –COOH group yet it is called Picric acid?
3. Explain the reason for the following question.
i. Why phenol is more easily nitrated than benzene?
ii. Phenol does not give protonation reaction readily.
iii. Why ortho nitrophenol is water insoluble where as p-nitrophenol is water soluble.
iv. Out of p-nitrophenol and o- nitrophenol which has high boiling point and why?
v. Why bromination or chlorination of phenol in aqueous medium gives trihaloproduct but in
presence of CS2 only monohaloproduct is obtained?
vi. Why does Phenol give Friedal craft Acetylation reaction with poor yield?
vii. Why ortho nitrophenol is steam volatile?
4.2. Reimer Tiemann Reaction, Kolbe Schmidt Reaction & its Significance
4.2 Give a balanced equation for following reaction.
(Session 23-24)
i. Phenol is heated with chloroform at 340K in presence of caustic soda followed by hydrolysis
and acidification.
ii. Treatment of Phenol with carbon tetrachloride in presence of caustic soda at 340K followed
by hydrolysis and acidification with dil. HCl
iii. Sodium salt of Phenol is heated with carbon dioxide at 400K under a pressure of 4-7 atm
followed by acidification with dil. mineral acid
iv. Salicylic acid is refluxed with methanol presence of Hydrogen chloride.
3. How can you convert the following?
i. Phenol to Aspirin (2-Acetoxy benzoic acid)
ii. Phenol to salol iii. Phenol to oil of winter green
Theme:5 How to Distinguish Phenol from other compound:, Conversion Reaction)
5.1(Select correct answer)
(i) Phenol can be distinguished from ethanol by the following reagents except:
a. Sodium b. NaOH/I2 c. Neutral FeCl3 d. Br2/H2O
(ii) Which of the following reagent may be used to distinguish between phenol and benzoic acid?
a) Aq. NaOH b) Tollen,s reagent c) Neutral FeCl3 d) Molisch reagent
(iii) Phenol can be converted to o-hydroxyl benzaldehyde by:
a. Kolbe reaction b. Reimer-Tiemann reaction c. Wurtz reaction c. Sandmeyer’s reaction
5.2 Give a positive chemical Test to Distinguish between following pair of compound.
(a) Phenol and alcohol (Ethyl alcohol, Propanol-1) (b) Phenol and Methoxy benzene (Any
Ether)
c) Phenol and chlorobenzene d) Phenol and benzoic acid
e) Phenol and acetic acid f) Phenol and Aniline g) Phenol and acetone
5.3 Answer the following question
a) Phenol to benzoic acid? b) Phenol to 4-Bromophenol
c) Phenol to 4-Nitrophenol d) Phenol to Cyclohexanol e) Phenol to methyl salicylate
f) Phenol to phenyl ethanoate g) Phenol to aniline h) Chlorobenzene to picric acid
5.4 Sodium phenoxide (A) when heated with CO2 under pressure at 1250C yields a product which
on Acetylation produces C .Write the equation from A to C.
5.5 Name the Product formed on hydrogenation of of phenol at 430K in the presence of nickel
catalyst?
5.6 Phenol is heated with a solution of mixture of KBr and KBro3.The major product obtained in
the above reaction is: i) 4-Bromophenol or ii) 2,4,6 -tribromophenol
5.7 What are the intermediate of following reaction?
a) Reimer Tiemann Reaction b) Kolbe Schmidt reaction
c) Dehydration of alcohol Propanol-2 d) Dehydrohalogenation of 2-Chloro-2methyl butane
ALDEHYDES & KETONES

Theme: 1 Introduction, IUPAC Name, Physical Properties
(Session 23-24)
1.1 Write the structures of three compounds which have the same molecular formula of C 6H8O but
have different functional groups.
1.2 Why bond angle in carbonyl compound is not exactly 1200, although carbonyl carbon is sp2
hybridized.
1.3. What is constituent of formalin? What is its use?
1.4. Arrange following compound in decreasing order of boiling point.
Butanol-1, diethyl ether, Pentane, Butanal, Butanoic acid
Theme2: Preparation OF Aliphatic Aldehyde
2.1. (From alcohol, Alkynes, carboxylic acid salt)
1.How can you obtained. (Only write a balanced chemical equation)
i. Formic acid to formaldehyde.
ii. Acetylene to acetaldehyde.
iii. Methyl chloride to acetone.
iv. Acetic acid to acetaldehyde
v. Ethanol to Ethanal
2.2. ( Alkyl halide &Hydrogen cyanide, Alkyl cyanide, Acyl halide)
2.1 How can you obtained.(Only write a balanced chemical equation)
i. Methane nitrile to acetaldehyde.
ii. Methyl chloride to acetaldehyde
iii. Acetyl chloride to acetaldehyde
iv. Ethane to propanal.
2.3Write a balanced chemical equation from given statements.
i. Acetonitrile treated with SnCl2+HCl and formed product is hydrolyzed.
ii. Propanol-1 vapour is passed over copper at 573K.
iii. Methyl cyanide is treated with DIBAL-H and formed product is hydrolyzed.
iv. Ethyl undidecate is treated with DIBAL-H and formed product is hydrolyzed.
Theme 3: Preparation of Ketones From
(Alcohol, carboxylic acid salt, From Alkyl halide and Alkyl Cyanide)
1. How can you convert? Only write a balanced chemical equation)
i. Acetic acid to acetone.
ii. Propyne to Propanone-2
iii. Acetone from Ethanal.
iv. isopropyl alcohol to Propanone-2
v. Methyl magnesium chloride to Propanone-2
vi. Methyl chloride to Propanone-2
2. Write a balanced chemical equation from given statements.
i. Methyl magnesium chloride is treated with cadmium chloride followed by reaction with acetyl
chloride.
ii. Benzene is treated with acetyl chloride in presence of anh.AlCl3.
Theme 4. Preparation Benzaldehyde

1. How can you obtained. (Only write a balanced chemical equation)
i. Benzoyl chloride from Benzaldehyde.
ii. Toluene to Benzaldehyde.
iii. Benzene to Benzaldehyde
(Session 23-24)
iv. Benzonitrile to Benzaldehyde

2. Complete the following reaction with stracture of reactant and Product.
i. Toluene + Chromyl Chloride CS2 A H3O+ B
ii. Toluene + Chromic oxide + Acetic Anhydride 273-288K A H3O+ /∆ B
iii. Toluene + Cl2/ hv A H3O+ /373K B
3. Give the name of reagent in sequence (i)..,(ii) to bring out following conversion /named reaction.
i. Benzene to Benzaldehyde in one step
ii. p-fluorotoluene to p-fluoro benzaldehyde
iii. But-2-ene to Ethanal iv. Cyclohexanol to cyclohexanal v. Pro-2-en-1ol to Propenal
Theme 4.Common Chemical properties of Aldehyde and Ketones
4.1. (Nucleophilic addition reaction)
1 Write a balanced equation for the following reaction.
i. Chloroform is treated with acetone.
ii. Acetone is treated with phosphorus pentachloride.
iii. Lactic acid from acetaldehyde.
iv. Benzaldehyde treated with hydrogen cyanide.
v. Benzaldehyde is treated with sodium bisulphate.
vi. Acetaldehyde to gem-diethoxyethane
vii. Acetone is treated with ethylene glycol in presence of Dry hydrogen chloride.
2. Arrange increasing order of their reactivity with respect to NAR.
(i) Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde, Acetone, Formaldehyde, and, Benzophenone & Acetophenone
(ii) Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone
4.2. NAR followed by Elimination

1. Write a balanced equation to covert the following.
i. Acetaldehyde to acetaldehyde phenyl hydrazones
ii. Formaldehyde is treated with ammonia.
iii. Propanone to acetoxime.
iv. Benzaldehyde and hydroxylamine
v. Acetaldehyde with hydroxylamine.
vi. When formaldehyde reacts with excess ammonia and names the product and its one use.
2. Answered the following question.
i. Why Ketones, other than acetone does not react with sodium bisulphite?
ii. Explain the reason; Acetone reacts with hydroxylamine to form only one product which has
no geometrical isomers, but acetaldehyde reacts with hydroxylamine to form a product which
has two geometrical isomers.
iii. What is significance of reaction of aldehyde and ketones with sodium hydrogensulphite?
4.3. (Aldol condensation, Claisen-Schmidt reaction)

4.3. Write a balanced equation for the following.
i. Acetaldehyde treated with dilute sodium hydroxide and formed product is heated.
ii. Acetone is treated with dilute Barium hydroxide and formed product is heated.
iii. A mixture of acetone and acetaldehyde is heated dilute sodium hydroxide and formed product is
heated.
(Session 23-24)
iv. Benzaldehyde treated with acetophenone in dil. caustic soda at 293K

4.4. (Reduction reaction of Aldehyde and Ketones)
1. What happened, when? (Write a balanced chemical only)
i. Ethanal is treated with Zn-Hg amalgam and concentrated Hydrochloric acid.
ii. Propanone-2 is treated with hydrazine followed by heating with KOH in high boiling solvent.
iii. Propanone-2 is undergoes catalytic hydrogenation.
Theme 5: Specific Reaction of Aldehyde/Benzaldehyde
(Cannizzaro’s Rxn, Tischenko Rxn, Benzenoin condensation)
1. What happened, when? (Write a balanced chemical only)
a) Benzaldehyde is treated with 50% sodium hydroxide solution.
b) Acetaldehyde treated with aluminium ethoxide in presence of ethanol.
c) Benzaldehyde treated with formaldehyde in conc. NaOH.
i. Name a compound which undergoes Cannizzaro’s reaction reactions.
ii. Why Cannizzaro’s reaction is consider a good example of disproportionate reaction?
iii. Write balanced chemical equation for the following and name the reaction occurring in each
case:
a) Benzaldehyde reacts with as alcoholic solution of potassium cyanide.
b) Benzaldehyde is treated with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid at 273-283 K
Theme: 6 Oxidation reactions of Aldehyde and Ketones
6.1. Write a balanced chemical only
i. Propanone-2 is treated with sodium hypoiodite solution
ii. Acetaldehyde treated with Tollen, s reagents.
6.2. Explain the reason; Why Acetone is not oxidized by Tollen’s reagent, Fehling solution
6.3. Give a chemical test to distinguish between following pair of compound

a) Acetaldehyde and acetone b) Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde
c) Acetaldehyde and Benzaldehyde c) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
d) Acetophenone and Benzophenone (e) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
f) Methanol and ethanol. g ) Benzaldehyde and acetone.
6.4. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the
brackets:
(Cannizzaro’s, presence, α- hydrogen, no α-hydrogen, benzoic acid, potassium cyanide, lactic acid
,formaldehyde, Benzoin condensation, Benzoyl chloride, PCl5, cyanohydrins)
i. Acetaldehyde in the presence of dilute alkali given……. And the reaction is called…….
ii. Benzaldehyde when treated with an alcoholic solution of ……. forms…….
iii.Benzaldehyde undergoes……. reaction on treatment with concentrated sodium hydroxide because
it has ……. atom.
iv. Benzaldehyde undergoes ……… reaction due to…… of α-hydrogen atom.
v.When Benzaldehyde reacts with …….. it forms ……. and POCl3.
vi. Acetaldehyde reacts with HCN to give……. which on hydrolysis gives…….
(Session 23-24)
6.5. Complete the following statements by selection the correct alternative form the Choices
gives:
i. The compound which gives a positive Halo form test and a positive Fehling solution test is:
a. Acetone b. Acetaldehyde c. Formaldehyde d. Diethyl ether
ii. Benzaldehyde, when treated with an alcoholic solution of potassium cyanide forms:
a. Benzyl alcohol b. Benzoic c. Hydro-benzamide d. Benzoic acid
iii.Acetone is treated with excess of ethanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The product
obtained is:
a. (CH3)2C(OH) OC2H5 b. (CH3)2C(O C2H5)2 c. CH3CH2CH2 COCH3 d.CH3C(OH)2OC2H5
iv. Clemenson reduction of ketones is carried out in the presence of which of the following?
a. H2 and Pt as catalyst b. Glycol with KOH c. Zn-Hg with HCl d. LiAIH4
v.To distinguish between 2- Pentanone and 3- Pentanone the reagent to be employed is
a. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 b. Zn-Hg/HCl c.SeO2 d. Iodine /NaOH

i. Ammonical silver nitrate (a) Formaldehyde
ii. Acetaldehyde (b) Benzyl alcohol
iii.Urotropine (c) Tollen’s reagent
iv. Benzaldehyde (d) Aldol condensation
Theme. 7. Miscellaneous Problem:
7.1. An organic compound A has molecular formula of C7H6O. When A is treated with NaOH
followed by acid hydrolysis, it gives two products, B and C. When B is oxidized, it gives A. When
A. and C are each treated separately with PCl5 they give two different organic products D and E.
i) Identify A to E. ii) Give the chemical reaction when A is treated with NaOH and name the
reaction.
7.2. An aliphatic hydrocarbon A on treatment with sulphuric acid in the presence of HgSO 4 yield a
liquid B with molecular formula C2H4O .B on oxidation with acidified potassium dichromate
yields C which gives effervescence with sodium bicarbonate. C when treaded with SOCl2 given D.
When D reacts with ethanol, it gives a sweet smelling liquid E.E is also formed when C reacts with
ethanol in the presence of conc. H2SO4.
i) Identify A, B, C, D, and E. ii) Draw the structure of the isomer of compound B.
iii) Write the balanced equation for the conversion of A to B.
7.3. An organic compound A with molecular formula C7H8 on oxidation by chromyl chloride in
the presence of CCl4 gives a compound B which gives positive Tollen’s test. The compound B on
treatment with NaOH followed by acid hydrolysis gives two products C and D.C on oxidation
gives B which on further oxidation gives D. The compound D on distillation with soda lime gives
a hydrocarbon E. Below 60% , concentrated nitric acid reacts with E in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid forming a compound F. Identify the compounds A, B, C, D, E, and F
and write chemical equation.
7.4. An aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon (A) when treated will HgSO4/H2SO4 yields a
compounds (B) having molecular C3H6O. (B) on oxidation with concentrated HNO3 give two
(Session 23-24)
compounds (C) and (D). Compound (C) when treated with PCl5 gives compound (E). (E) when
reacts with ethanol gives a sweet smelling liquid (F). Compound (F) is also formed when (C)
reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated H2SO4.
i. Identify the compound A, B, C, D, E and F.
ii. Give the chemical equation for the reaction of (C) with chlorine in the presence of red
phosphorous and name the reaction.
7.5. Identify the compound 𝐴, 𝐵and C:
Acetylene + H2O dil. H+ +HgSO4 A H2 +Ni B 140°C, Conc.H2SO4 C
7.6. Identify the product A,B,C and D.
C6H6 + CH3Cl Anh.AlCl3 A CrO2Cl2, CCl4 ,H2O/H+ B Conc.NaOH C+D

7.7. An organic compound A has the molecular formula C7H6O. When A is treated with NaOH
followed by acid hydrolysis, it gives two products B and C. When B is oxidized, it gives A, when
A and C are each treated separately with PCl5, they gives two different products D and E.
i. Identity, A, B, C,D and E.
ii. Give the chemical reaction when A is treated with NaOH and name the reaction.
7. 8. Identity the compound A, B, C,D, F.
Acetylene + H2O dil. H+ +HgSO4 A [O] [B] SOCl2 [C]
NH2OH
[E]
7.9. How can the following conversion are brought about:

a) Acetaldehyde is heated with hydroiodic acid in the presence of red phosphorus.
b) Acetone reacts with hydrogen in the presence of heated copper.
c) Acetaldehyde to propan-2-ol.
d) Acetone to t-butyl alcohol.
7.10. Give the name of the following reaction:
CH3CHO+CH3COCH3 OH - CH3CH (OH)CH2COCH3
7.11. Give balanced equation for the following name reaction:
a) Clemmensen reduction b) Aldol condensation.
c) Benzoin condensation. d) Cannizzaro’s Reaction
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
(Session 23-24)
Theme: 1 Introduction, Classification, Isomerism, Physical Properties

1.1 Draw the structure of following compound:
(i) 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid. (ii) Hexane-1, 6-dioic acid
(iii) 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid. (iv) 3-Bromo-5-chlorobenzoic acid
(v) 3,5dimethylpentylethanote
1.2 Why acetic acid is soluble in water but acetic acid does not?
1.2 Why boiling point of acid is stronger than aldehyde?
1.3 Why acetaldehyde is more volatile than acetic acid.
Theme.2: Preparation of Acid
2.1. From Alkyl halide, Alcohol, Aldehyde and ketones
1 .How can the following conversion are brought about?
i. Methyl chloride to acetic acid.
ii. Starting with Grignard’s reagent, how will you prepare propionic acid from ethyl chloride
iii. Ethyl cyanide to propionic acid.
iv. Acetylene to acetic acid
v. Methane to acetic acid
vi. Acetaldehyde to formaldehyde.
vii. Ethyl alcohol to acetic acid.
2.2. Preparation of Aromatic acid.
1. Give balanced equation for the following reactions.
i. Benzene to benzoic acid.
ii. Benzonitrile to Benzoic acid
iii.Benzaldehyde to Benzoic acid
Theme.3: Chemical Properties
3.1. Reaction due to O-H bond, acidic strength, Esterification
1 .Arrange the following in increasing order of acidic strength.
(i) Benzoic acid, 4-dimethoxybenzoic acid, 3,4dinitrobenzoic acid.
(ii) 2-Bromobutanoic acid, 3-Bromobutanoic acid, 2-Methyl propanoic acid
(iii) 3-Chlorobutanoic acid, 2-Bromobutanoic acid, 2-Methyl propanoic acid, Butanoic acid.
2. Explain the following.
(i) Chloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.
(ii) Why Methanoic acid is stronger acid than Ethanoic acid?
(iii) Monochloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than trichloroacetic acid.
(iv) Benzoic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid.
i. Benzoic acid solution is treated with sodium carbonate.
(Session 23-24)
ii. Acetic acid is treated with ethyl alcohol in presence of concentrated Sulphuric acid.
4 .Although phenoxide ions more number of resonating structure than carboxyl ate ion, carboxylic
acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Give two reasons.
3.2. Decarboxylation reaction, Kolbe electrolytic Rxn& Reaction with NH3, PCl5, SOCl2
i. Benzoic acid and phosphorous pentachloride.
ii. Acetic acid to methane?
iii. Acetic acid to acetamide
iv. Benzoic acid to benzene.
3.3. Reduction and Oxidation Reaction of Acid, HVZ reaction and its significance,
1.Give balanced equation for the following reactions.
i. Acetic acid with red phosphorus and chlorine.
ii. Acetic acid to Propanoic acid.
iii. Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde?
iv. Acetic acid to methyl cyanide.
3.4. ESR of Benzoic acid and Test of Acid
i. Benzoic acid is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric
acid.
ii. Formic acid is heated with Tollen’s reagent.
iii. Benzoic acid to m-Bromobenzoic acid.
iv. Benzene to p-Bromo benzoic acid.
v. Benzene to p-nitro benzoic acid.
vi. Toluene to m-nitro benzoic acid.
vii. Benzoic acid to m- nitro benzyl alcohol.
2. Identity the compounds, A,B, C, D, E, and F.

C 6H6 A C6H5CH3 [B] C6H5 CHO [C] C6 H5 CH2OH +D
Alc. KCN F
E C 6H5 COOH
`
3. Identity the products𝑨, 𝑩, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪.
(i)C2H5OH + PCl5 [A] KCN [B] H3O+ C2H5COOH NH3, ∆ [C]
4. Identity the products 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪.

C6H5COOH + PCl5 [A] H2-Pd/BaSO4 [B] KCN (alc), distillation [C]
5. Give one test to distinguish between following pair compound?

a) Acetic acid and acetone b) Formic acid an benzoic acid c) Phenol and benzoic acid
Theme.5: MISCELLANEOUS
5.1 Fill in blanks by choosing the appropriate words/words from those given in the brackets
(Session 23-24)
(Ethanol, Propanoic acid, deactivating, benzoic acid, positive inductive, methanol, Ethanoic acid,
negative inductive, para, increases, Benzaldehyde, meta, decreases, hot, cold, decreasing)
i. Hydrolysis of methyl propionate gives…….. and ………
ii. ……. is more acidic than acetic acid because of …….effect.
iii.Carboxylic acid group present in aromatic acids and act as ring……. and........ directing.
iv. Acidity of carboxylic acids …….with ……. electronegativity of substituent.
v.Benzoic acid is soluble in ……. water and …….. water.
5.2 MCQ with single correct answer
1. When acetic acid is reacted with calcium hydroxide and the product is distilled dry, the
compound formed is: a. Calcium acetate b. Acetone c. Acetaldehyde d. acetic
anhydride
2. The correct order of decreasing strength of trichloroacetic acid(𝐴), trifluroacetic acid (𝐵), acetic
acid (𝐶)) and formic acid (𝐷) is:
a. 𝐴 > 𝐵 > 𝐶 < 𝐷 b.𝐴 > 𝐶 > 𝐵 > 𝐷 c.𝐵 > 𝐴 > 𝐷 > 𝐶 d.𝐵 > 𝐷 > 𝐶 > 𝐴
3. The compound formed due to oxidation of ethyl benzene by KMnO 4 is:
1. Benzyl alcohol 2. Benzoic acid 3. Acetophenone 4. Benzophenone
4. Vinegar contains a carboxylic acid known as:
a. Citric acid b. Ethanoic acid c. Nitric acid d. All of them
5. A reactive organic compound related to a carboxylic acid, with OH group replaced by a Cl-atom
is known as:
a. Acyl chloride b. Aryls c. Benzene d. Carboxylic acid
6. Carboxylic acids produce salts plus water by reacting with:
a. Acids b. Bases c. Alkali d. Water
7. As methyl group (−CH3) is electron donating, Ethanoic acid is:
a. Weaker acid b. weakest base c. stronger acid d. strongest base
i. Higher members of carboxylic acid (a) Coagulating agent
ii. Formic acid (b) Food preservative
iii.Benzoic acid (c) Vinegar
iv. Ethanoic acid (d) insoluble in water
v.Aromatic acid (e) Fatty acids
5.4 How will you bring about following conversion?
a) Formic acid to oxalic acid?
b) Write the relevant equation to convert acetic acid to acetone.
c) Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction.
5.5 An organic compound A (molecular formula C8H16O2) was hydrolyzed with dilute sulphuric
acid to give a carboxylic acid B and an alcohol C. Oxidation of C with chromic acid also produced
B. On dehydration C gives butene-1.Write the equation for the reactions involved.
ORGAINC COMPOUND CONTANING NITROGEN

(Session 23-24)
Theme.1: Introduction, Classification, Isomerism, Physical Properties

1.1 Give the structure of various amines with molecular formula C 3H9N. Sate whether they are
primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
1.2 Arrange boiling point of three isomer of compound with molecular formula C 3H9N.
1.3 Why aniline is water insoluble although ethyl amine is water soluble?
1.4 Among aniline and Benzoic acid, which one has higher boiling point and why?
Theme: 2 Preparation of Amine
2.1. From Alkyl halide, Cyanide, Hoffman Ammonolysis method
1 .Give only a balanced equation for the following conversion.
i. Methyl isocyanides is warmed with dilute hydrochloric acid.
ii. Ethyl chloride to Ethanamine
iii. Methyl chloride to N-methylmethanamine.
iv. Acetonitrile to Ethanamine.
2.2. From Acid, Amide and Gabriel Pthalimadie synthesis
1 .Give only a balanced equation for the following conversion.
i. Acetamide with bromine in the presence of potassium hydroxide.
ii. Acetic acid to methylamine.
iii. Benzoic acid to aniline.
iv. Acetamide to ethylamine.
v. Propanoic acid to ethylamine.
vi. Ethanol to methylamine.
2.Identify the compounds A, B, and C.
(i) CH3COOH + PCl3 [A] NH3 [B] Br2 + NaOH [C] +D+E+F
(ii) C6H5COOH + SOCl2 [A] NH3 [B] Br2/KOH [C] + D+ E +F
2. 3.Special method for Preparation of Aromatic amines

1. Give balance equation for the following reaction.
(i) Chlorobenzene to aniline.
(ii) Nitrobenzene to aniline
(iii) Benzamide to aniline.
(iv) Benzoic acid to aniline
(vi) Benzaldehyde to Benzyl amine.
(Session 23-24)
Theme: 4 Chemical Properties.

4.1. Basic Nature of Amine
1. Arrange the following increasing order of basic strength as directed:
(i) Methyl amine, Dimethyl amine, Trimethyl amine, aniline (in aqueous medium)
(ii) Ethyl amine, Diethyl amine, Triethyl amine, aniline, ammonia (aqueous medium)
(iii) Methyl amine, Dimethyl amine, Trimethyl amine, aniline (in Gaseous state medium)
(iv) Aniline,2-Methyl aniline, 2-Nitroaniline, m-methyl aniline. (in aqueous state medium)
2. Enumerate the factor which affects basic strength of amine.
4.2. Rxn with CHCl3, Nitrous acid, Hinsberg’s reagent
i. Aniline is warmed with chloroform and alcoholic potassium hydroxide.
ii. Ethylamine with nitrous acid.
iii. Carbylamines reaction.
2. Identify the compounds A, to F.
A LiALH4 C2H5 OH PBr3 [B] KCN [C] D C 3H7 NH2 HNO2 [E] [O] [F]
K2Cr2O7/H+
3. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pair of compounds:
i.Ethylamine and diethyl amine.
ii.Aniline and ethylamine.
iii.Methylamine and dim ethylamine
iv.Ethylamine and acetamide
v.Aniline and diethyl aniline.
4.2. (Acetylation Reaction)
1. How will you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hinesberg’s test?
i. Aniline with treated with acetyl chloride in presence of alkali.
ii. Aniline treated with Benzoyl chloride presence of in alkali (aq.NaOH) or Pyridine.
iii. Acetanilide from aniline.
4.3. ESR of aniline,
1. Give balance equation for the following reaction/conversion
i. Aniline to p-bromoaniline.
ii. Aniline to 2,4,6 tribromoaniline.
iii. Aniline to Aniline hydrogen sulphate.
2) Give balance equation for the following reaction
(Session 23-24)
(i) Aniline is treated with strongly acidic medium with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid.
(ii) Aniline is treated with Acetic anhydride and followed by nitration a product is formed which
undergoes an alkaline or acidic hydrolysis.
4. Why direct nitration of aniline form Meta product?
Theme.6. Diazotizations reactions, reaction of B.D.C. Reaction
1 . How can the following conversation be brought about
(i) Aniline to benzoic acid
(ii) Aniline to 1-Fluoro benzene
(iii) Aniline to Benzaldehyde
(iv) Aniline to Nitrobenzene.
(v) Nitrobenzene to 𝑝- aminoazobenzene.
(vi) Aniline to benzene.
(vii) Acetic anhydride to methylamine
2. Give the name and formula of each A, B, C, D, E and F in the following conversion reactions:
[A] Conc.HNO3 [B] Sn+HCl [C] CHCl3+KOH [D] H2/Pt [E]

Conc.H2SO4 Heat Heat
C6H6-NHCOCH3
3. Identity A, B and C
CH3CONH2 P2O5 /∆ [A] H2/Pt [B] NaNO2+ HCl [C]
4. Identify the reagents A, B, C, D, E and F required for the following conversion:
[A ] [B]
C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2 C6H5N2+Cl- [C]
C6H5Cl [D]
C6H5OH H2SO4 E +F
5. Identify the compounds, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

CH3COCH3 Conc.HNO3 [A]SOCl2 [B] NH3 [C] LiAlH4 [D] HNO2 [E] CH3COCl [F]
6. State the reagents A, B, C and D for the following conversions:
Benzene A Nitrobenzene B Aniline C Aniline hydrochloride D Benzene

diazonium chloride.
7. Give balanced equation for the following conversion reaction:

a) Ethyl amine to methyl amine?
b) Nitrobenzene to 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline.
c) Nitrobenzene to Benzene diazoniumchloride.
d) Aniline to chlorobenzene
8. Explain the Reason for the following:
(i) Direct nitration for aniline is not possible.
(ii) Nitration of aniline forms a mixture of ortho, nitro and para nitro aniline.
(iii) Acetamide is amphoteric in nature. Give two equations to supports this statement
Theme: 7 Miscellaneous Reactions
(Session 23-24)
1. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/ words from those given in the brackets:
(formic acid, methylamine, Cannizzaro’s reaction, acidic, Mesomeric effect, ethylamine,
Hoffmann’s degradation, basic, less, inductive, Propanoic acid, inductive, more, resonance,
stable, unstable)
i. Ethyl isocyanides, on hydrolysis with dilute sulphuric acid gives….. and……
ii. When acetamide is treated with bromine and caustic soda, it gives…… as the main product and
the reaction is called…….
iii.Methylamine is more…… than ammonia because of .......effect.
iv. Basicity of aniline is…… than that of ammonia because of …….

v.Aliphatic diazonium salts are highly ……. whereas are arenes diazonium salts are……. for a
short time in solution at low temperature.
2.Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative form the choices given:
i. The product formed when aniline is warmed with chloroform and caustic potash is:
a. Phenyl chloride b. Methyl isocyanides c. Phenyl isocyanides d. Nitro phenol
ii. An example of an electrophone is:
a. NO2+ b.NO2- c. NO2 d.NO3-
iii. Dehydration of an amide with phosphorus pentaoxide yields:
a. Ammonia b. Alky cyanide c. Alkyl isocyanides d. Alky amine
iv. In the series of cyanide:
CH3COOH + NH3 A Heat B P2O5 C The product is:
a. Acetyl chloride b. Ammonium acetate c. Acetyl anhydride d. Methyl cyanide
v.Which of the following is a 30amine?
a. 1- Methyl cyclohexylamine b. Triethylamine 𝑐. 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑡 −Butylamine d. N-methyl aniline
vi. Hoffman Bromamide degradation reaction is shown by:
a. ArNH2 b. ArCONH2 c. ArNO2 d. ArCH2NH2
vii. Which of the following compound will not undergo azo coupling reaction with benzene
diazonium chloride?
a. Aniline b. Phenol c. Anisole d. Nitrobenzene
i. CHCl3+NaOH (a) Aniline
ii. NaNO2+ HCl (b) isocyanides test
iii.Hinesburg’s reagent (c) Hinsberg’s reagent
iv. Aryl diazonium salts (d) Conversion to alcohol
v.Benzene sulphonyl chloride (e) Amines
5 . An organic compound [A] having molecular formula C2H7N on treatment with nitrous acid
gives a compound [B] having molecular formula C2H6O, [B] on treatment with an organic
compound [C] Gives a carboxylic acid [D] and a sweet smelling compound [E]. oxidation of [B]
with acidified potassium dichromate also gives [D].
i. Identity [A], [B], [C], [D] and [E].
ii. Write balanced equation of [D] with chlorine in the presence of red phosphorus and name the
reaction.
(Session 23-24)
6. An organic compound A with molecular formula C7H7N on reaction with nitrous acid gives a
compound B.B on controlled oxidation gives a compound C.C reduces Tollen’s reagent to give
silver mirror and D.B reacts with D in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to give sweet
smelling compound E. Identity A, B, C, D, and E. Give the reaction of C with ammonia and name
the product
7. An organic compound A with molecular formula C2H7N on reaction with nitrous acid gives a
compound B.B on controlled oxidation gives compound C.C reducesTollen’s reagent to give
silver mirror and D.B reacts with D in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to give sweet
smelling compound E. Identity A, B, C, D, and E. Give the reaction of C with ammonia.
8. How can the following conversion are brought about:
(i) Ethylamine to methylamine
(ii) Benzene to acetanilide
9 Write balanced equation of the following reactions:
i. Aniline and bromine water.
ii. Ethyl amine and nitrous acid
(Session 23-24)
BIOMOLECULES
PART[A]: CARBOHYDRATES
THEME: 1 Introduction of Carbohydrate, Classification
1.1 Define the following terms:
(i) Glycosidic linkage (ii) Invert sugar (iii) Oligosaccharides.
1.2 What products is obtained on hydrolysis of
(i) Maltose (ii) Lactose (iii) Sucrose
1.3 Why sucrose is sweeter than Glucose, although both have six carbon and same molecular
mass?
THEME: 2 Chemical Properties of Glucose, Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
2.1 What do you observe when glucose is treated with bromine water?
2.2 What type of isomers are glucose and fructose?
2.3 Name the functional group common to both glucose and fructose.
2.4 How would you convert the following? Glucose to fructose.
2.5 How will you convert glucose to gluconic acid?
2.6 What do you observe when glucose solution is heated with Tollen’s reagent?
2.7 How will you bring about the following conversion? Glucose to saccharic acid?
2.8 How will you convert glucose to osazone?
2.9 Name the functional groups that distinguish between Glucose and Fructose.
2.10 How can you chemically distinguish between?
(i) Glucose and Fructose
(ii) Glucose and Sucrose.
(iii) Starch and cellulose.
2.11 Explain why:
a) Glucose is soluble in water but cyclohexane is not.
b) Aldehyde group is absent in the pentaacetate of D-glucose.
c) Glucose when heated with red Phosphorous and HI gives 𝑛- hexane.
d) Why cellulose is indigestible in human body
e) Which part component of starch is insoluble in water and why?
THEME: 3 Miscellaneous Problems
3.1: Fill in blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the brackets
(Disaccharide, glucose, dextrorotatory, α, reducing, HI, polysaccharide, non-reducing sugar,
Laevorotatory, β , red P, HBr, lactose, white P)
i. Sucrose is a ……. yields a mixture of …….and fructose, upon hydrolysis,
ii. Sucrose is…… whereas maltose is …… sugar.
iii. Glucose is ………… whereas fructose is ……….
iv. Glucose exits in two crystalline forms……. ……and ……
v. Glucose when heated with……and …… gives n- hexane.
3.2. Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative form the choices given:
(Session 23-24)
1. The pair of sugars which gives the same product with excess of phenyl hydrazine are:
a. Starch and cellulose b. Cellulose and sucrose c. Sucrose and glucose d. Glucose and fructose
2. Glycogen is a branched chain polymer of α- D- glucose unit in which chain is formed by C -1-C4
glycosidic linkage whereas branching occurs by the formation of C1-C4 glycosidic linkage.
Structure of glycogen is similar to ……
a. Amylose b. Amylopectin c. Cellulose d. Glucose
3. Which of the following polymer is stored in the liver of animals?
a. Amylose b. Cellulose c. Amylopectin d. Glycogen
4. Which of the following is a branched polymer of glucose?
a. Amylose b . Amylopectin c. Cellulose d. Fructose Amylopectin
5. Which organic compounds are found in most cells?
a. Glucose b. Water c. Sodium Chloride d. Oxygen
6. Which of the following statements is not true about glucose?
a. It is an aldohexose b. On heating with HI it forms n- hexane
c. It is present in furanose form. d. It does not give 2, 4-DNP test.
i. Carbohydrate (a) Reducing sugar
ii. Disaccharide (b) Starch
iii.Starch (c) Sucrose
iv. Fructose (d) Polysaccharide
v.Aldose (e) Furanose
B. Proteins, Hormones, Nucleic Acids and Vitamins

THEME: 4 Proteins, Amino acids, Types and Their Properties
4.1 What is an isoelectric point?
4.2 What is Zwitter ion? Represent the Zwitter ion of Glycine.
4.3 Name the linkage which joins two amino acids molecule
4.4 Write two differences between globular and fibrous proteins.
4.5 Write the effect of denaturation on the structure of proteins?
4.6 Give one example of a fibrous protein.
4.7 What is denaturizing agent of proteins?
4.8 Give on example each for fibrous protein and globular protein.
4.9 Define the following:
(a) Peptide linkage (b) Primary structure (c) Denaturation
4.10 Name the final product of hydrolysis of proteins.
4.11 What is optical rotation of proteins? Which amino acid is optically inactive?
4.12 Write the structure of the dipeptide using the example of Glycine
THEME: 5 Nucleic Acids
5.1 What type of linkage is present in Nucleic acids?
5.2 Name the nitrogen base residues present in DNA.
5.3 Define Phosphodiester linkage.
5.4 Define nucleotide.
5.5 Write the name of nitrogenous base present in RNA.
(Session 23-24)
THEME: 6 Vitamins
6.1 Deficiency of which vitamin causes the following diseases:
i. Scurvy ii Night blindness iii. Hemorrhages
6.2 Deficiency of which vitamin causes the following diseases:
i. Dryness of eyes ii. Increase in blood clotting time
iii. Decrease in fertility.
6.3 Which vitamins contain cobalt as one of the component?
6.3. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word/words from those given in the
brackets:
(α-amino acid, adenine, peptide, monomer, nucleic acids, ionization, carbohydrates, hydrogen,
guanine reduced, cannot, rate, condensed, monomer, amino acids, can, oxytocin, adrenaline,
vasopressin)
i.Proteins are made up of …… units held together by…… linkages.
ii.The Purine bases present in both DNA and RNA are …….--------and …….
iii.Protein is a …….. …………………Polymer of ……
iv. A catalyst ……. start a reaction but it can increase the …… of reaction.
v.Most of the vitamins……. are synthesized by our body but plants…... synthesize them.
vi. ……. and …… ………..are two peptide hormones.
6. 2. Complete the following statements by selecting the correct alternative form the choices
given:
1. The deficiency of vitamin D causes:
a) Rickets b) Gout c) Scurvy d) Night blindness
2. Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?
a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin D c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin K
3. Adenine forms….. Hydrogen bonds with thymine.
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d)2
4. Nucleic acids are the polymers of ……
a. Nucleosides b. Nucleotides c. Bases d. Sugars
5. Examples of globular protein are …….
a) Insulin b) Myosin c) Albumin d) None o
of these
6. Which of the following terms is correct about enzyme?
a) Proteins b) Dinucleotides c) Nucleic d. Hormones
6.3. Match the following:
I. Purine (a) Peptide linkage
II. Proteins (b) hydrolysis of cane sugar
III. Zwitter ion (c) beriberi
IV. Vitamin B1 (d) Amino acid
V. Zymase (e) DNA
(Session 23-24)

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IDEAL 90+ L.B.W.K. 1 ©Er.

Theme:1 Solution, Different Measures of Concentration of Solids in Liquids,

iii.Number of ……. of solute dissolved in one ….. of solution is called as normality.

Theme : 4 Ideal and Non-ideal Solution, Azeotropic Mixture

(a) Non-ideal (b) Ideal (c) Binary (d) Dilute

Theme.8: Freezing point, Depression in Freezing Point.

Theme.9: Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure [R=0.821 L atm K-1 Mole-1]

3) Calculate osmotic pressure in bar of a solution containing 3.42 g of sucrose in 1L of solution at

(i) The Van’t Hoff factor.

12. [D] Reason Based Question when solute undergoes dissociation

Theme.11: [G] MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEM

Theme: 1 Electric Conductor, Specific resistance,

2. Define the term weak and strong electrolyte.

Theme: 4 Kohlrausch’s Law, Application of Kohlrausch’s Law

(i) 0.1 Acetic acid solutions or 1M acetic acid solution.

v.Degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte is…… … … proportional to is … … … … ..molar

3. Match the following:

1. A hypothetical electrochemical cell is shown below

5. Consider the following cell reaction at 298 K:

is readily oxidized or readily reduced.

Theme: 7 Factor affecting EMF, Nernst Equation,

7.3 Calculate:𝐸𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 at 25°C for the reaction:

7.5 For the following cell calculate the emf:

7.6. Consider the following cell reaction at 298 K:

Theme: 8 Application of EMF,

8. [A] Determination of Value of ∆G0 and ∆G

i.Write the cell reaction.

8. [E] Match the following:

iii. Oxidation (c) Nernst equation

Theme: 9 Electrolytic Cell, Faraday’s 1st and 2nd Laws of

9.[B] Faraday’s 1st and 2nd Laws of Electrolysis

Type: 3. Determination of Mass Deposited (Conceptual Problem)

9 [D] Miscellaneous Problems

Method to Prevent from corrosion

(1) Coating of less electropositive metal e.g., Sn tinning.

Theme-1: Rate of Reaction, Types of ROR, Relation between ROR and

Theme-3: Rate equation, Order of Reaction its Type, Molecularity,

1) Define Molecularity of a reaction.

Experiment [A] [B] d[products]/ dt[mol L-1s-1]

1 1.0 0.15 4.20×10-6

S.No [NO] mol L- [H2] mol L l-1 Rate : (Mol L-sec-1)

Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate [mol L-1s-1]

1 0.012 0.035 0.10

Find: (i) The rate law (ii) unit of rate constant

Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate of formation of C

Pressure (In Pascals) 6667 13333 26666

(i) Calculate the order of reaction (ii) Unit of rate constant

Theme-5: First order of Reaction, Graphical Representation.

Type: 1 Direct Calculation Based Question On Integrated Equation.

Type: 4. Question Based on Graphical Representation.

Type: 5. Question Based on Analytical Approach/ Fractional Value

4) Rate law cannot be determined from balanced chemical equation if…..

(c) it is a sequence of complex reaction (d) any of the reactions is in excess

TYPE: 2. Numerical Based on Different form of Arrhenius equation

TYPE: 4 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

v.The activated complex has…… reactant character and …….product character.

d-Block Elements (Transition Elements)

v.Unpaired electrons (e) Lanthanide contraction