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 WORK
POWER
ENERGY
 QUIZRR 3

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

1
1 .1 . WORK
It refers to an activity involving a force and movement in the direction of the force.

1 .1 .1 Wo r k d o n e b y a c o n s t a n t f o r c e
When the point at which a force acts moves, the force is said to have done work.
When the force is constant, the work done is defined as the product of the force and distance moved.
Work done = force distance moved in direction of force
Consider in Figure a force F acting at the angle  moves a body from point A to point B.
F


os
sc


A B

s
The distance moved in the direction of the force is given by
Distance in direction of force = s cos 
So the work done by the force F is
Work done = F s cos 
If the body moves in the same direction as the force the angle is 0.0 so
Work done = Fs
When the angle is 90 then the work done is zero.
The SI units for work are Joules J (with force F, in NewtonÊs N and distance, s, in metres m).
Note : Under the action of a constant force work done is path independent,
i.e., it depends on initial and final positions only. For example, if an object takes 1 B
from position A to position B through three different paths 1, 2 and 3 under a
  2
constant force say F  2i→  3 j  k→ , then work done by this force in all three
paths will be same, or A
3
W1 = W2 = W3
Fig. 4.4
 
Similarly, work done by force of gravity  m g  near the surface of earth is path independent as
 
force of gravity is constant. Although we will see later that being a conservative force work done by force
of gravity is path independent at greater heights also.
Now let us take few examples related to above article.

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Ex a m p l e 1
How much work is done when a force of 5 kN moves its point of application 600 mm in the
direction of force.
Solution : Work done = (5 103) (600 10 3)
= 3000J
= 3 kJ

Ex a m p l e 2
Find the work done in raising 100 kg of water through a vertical distance of 3 m.
Solution : The force is the weight of the water, so
work done = (100 9.81) 3
= 2943 J

Ex a m p l e 3
Two unequal masses of 1 kg and 2 kg are attached at the two ends of a light
inextensible string passing over a smooth pulley as shown in figure. If the
system is released from rest, find the work done by string on both the blocks
in 1 s. Take g = 10 m/s2.
1kg

2kg

Solution : Net pulling force on the system is Fig. 4.6

Fnet = 2g 1g = 20 10 = 10 N
Total mass being pulled m = (1 + 2) = 3 kg
Therefore, acceleration of the system will be
Fnet 10
a  m/s2
m 3
Displacement of both the blocks in 1 s is
1 1  10  2 5
S  at2    1   m
2 2 3  3 a T
1kg
Free body diagram of 2 kg block is shown in figure.
a
Using F = ma, we get
2kg a
 10  1g 2kg
20  T  2a  2  
 3 
2g 20 N
20 40
or T  20   N
3 3
 Work done by string (tension) on 1 kg block in 1 s is
W1 = (T) (S) cos 0

 40   5  200
 3   3  1   9 J Ans.
  
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Similarly, work done by string on 2 kg block in 1 s will be

W1 = (T) (S) (cos 180 )

 40   5  200
 3   3    1  9 J Ans.
  

1 .1 .2 Wo r k d o n e b y a v a r ia b l e f o r c e
Forces in practice will often vary. Consider the case where the force varies as in Figure.
For the thin strip with width ds - shown shaded in Figure the force can be considered constant at
F. The work done over the distance ds is then
work done = F ds
This is the area of the shaded strip.
The total work done for distance s is the sum of the areas of all such strips. This is the same as the
area under the Force-distance.

force

0 distance
ds

Work done = area under force/distance curve

Clearly, this also works for a constant force the curve is then a horizontal line.

1 .1 .3 Ge n e r a l Co n c e p t

If point of application of force suffers an infinitesimal vector d r relative to a frame of reference S, then
infinitesimal work done by force during infinitesimal displacement, relative to same frame of reference S.
 

d W  F.d r 
dr F
Two important points to be noted, 
r
(i) frame of reference must be mentioned
(ii) point of application is important in case of rigid body.
 
W  dW   F.d r

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
If F = constant

 
W  F.  r [F is constant in magnitudes as well as in direction].

Ex a m p l e 4
A particle is moved along a circular arc AB by applying a force F constant O R B
in magnitude.
Find the work done by the force on particle from A to B if R
(i) F is acting always horizontally
(ii) Always acting tangentially A

(iii) Always acting towards B.

Solution : (i) When F is acting horizontally
 
W   F. d r R

  
= F.  r = F  r cos  R r
4 /4

1 F
= FR 2  FR
2
(ii) When F is acting tangentially
 
W   F. d r
F
  dr
d W  F. d r  F ds cos 0
 = F ds

 R 
W  F  ds  F  
 2 
(iii) When F is acting always directed towards B
  
 /
d W  F. d r 2 

      
= F  d r  cos  = F ds cos     d
  4 2 4 2

  F
 WF  cos    ds
4 2 dr
/4
/ 
  4
= FR  cos    d  (ds = Rd)
4 2 (ds = Rd)
0

 FR 2

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Ex a m p l e 5
A block of mass m is slowly hauled up a hill as shown. The
coefficient of friction b/w the block and hill is ø.
F is applied always tangentially. Find the work done by force.
m
Solution :
Note : Radial and tangential acceleration are zero when the block is ø
slowly hauled up the plane.
For an infinitesimal part of the plane,
l
F = øN + mg sin  (1)
mg cos  = N (2)
 F = mg (ø cos  + sin )
dx = ds cos 
  F
dy = (ds sin ) d N  F. d r
= F ds cos  ds
øN
= F ds 

 W  mg   cos   sin   ds mg

= mg    cos  ds   sin  ds

= mg   dx   dy  mg l  h

 W  mg  h  l 

Ex a m p l e 6
Find out the work done by friction from t = 0 s to t = 2 s, on A øs = 0.4
(i) upper block 5kg øk = 0.3
(a) relative to ground (b) relative to bigger block
10kg F = 75 N
(ii) Lower block
(a) relative to ground (b) relative to itself B
(iii) total work done by frictional force on system of 2 block, relative to ground and to
bigger block.
Solution :
Force on upper bock is only frictional force which provides acceleration
amax = øg
= 4 m/s
Now, if we consider the two blocks as a system
then their common acceleration
75 fs
acommon   5m
15 fs
F = 75 N
acommon > amax

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Hence, Relative slipping is taking place

F.B.D. of upper block F.B.D. of lower block
a
a1 = 3m/s2
F = 75 N

fk = 0.3 50 = 15 N a2 = 6m/s2

Distance covered by the upper block Distance covered by the lower block
1 1
x1  rel. to ground   a1 t2 x2 , g  a2 t2
2 2
= 6m 1
=  6  a 2  12 m
1 2
x1,2   a1  a2  t2 x2, 2 = 0
2
1
=
1
3  6  4   6 m x2,1  6  3  4   6 m
2 2

(i) Work done by friction on upper block (rel. to ground)

= fk x1, g = (15 6) = 90 J
Work done by friction (rel. to lower block)
= 15 6 = 90 J
(ii) Work done on lower block (rel. to ground)
= fk x2, 1, g = 15 12 = 180 J
Work done by relative to itself = 0
(iii) Work done by friction on system of block (relative to ground)
= 90 + (180) = 90 J
(relative to lower block) = 90 + 0 = 90 J

* CONCEPT
The work done by friction on system of 2 bodies relative to all frame of reference will be equal, and
(i) will be negetive if there is relative slipping between 2 bodies.
(ii) will be zero, if there is no relative slipping.

     
Wfr  fk .  d r ´  d r   fk .  d r 
   

  
=  f k . d r ´  (negetive in sign)
 

1 .1 .4 Sp r in g Fo r c e
Consider the situation shown in figure. On end of a spring is attached to a fixed vertical support
and the other end to a block which can move on a horizontal table. Let x = denote the position of the
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block when the spring is in its natural length. When the block
is displaced by an amount x (either compressed or elongated)
a restoring force (F) is applied by the spring on the block.
The direction of this force F is always towards its mean
position (x = 0) and the magnitude is directly proportional x=0
F
to x or
F x (HookeÊs law)
F = kx ...(i)
x
Here, k is a constant called force constant of spring and
depends on the nature of spring. From Eq. (i) we see that F is
F
variable force and F-x graph is a straght line passing through
origin with slope = k. Negative sign in Eq. (i) implies that
the spring force F is directed in a direction opposite to the x=x
X
displacement x of the block
Let us now find the work done by this force F when the
block is displaced from x = 0 to x = x. This can be obtained
either by integration or the area under F-x graph. Fig. 4.10
Thus,
x x x
1 2
W   d W   Fdx   Fdx    kx dx   kx
0 0 0
2

Here, work done is negative because force is in opposite direction of displacement.

Similarly, if the block moves from x = x1 to to x = x2. The limits of integration are x1 and x2 and
the work done is

x2

  kx dx  2 k  x1 
1
W 2
 x22
x1

Ex a m p l e 7
A force F = (2 + x) acts on a particle in x-direction where F is in newton and x in metre. Find
the work done by this force during a displacement from x = 1.0 m to x = 2.0 m.
Solution : As the force is variable, we shall find the work done in a small displacement from x to x +
dx and then integrate it to find the total work. The work done in this small displacement is
dW = F dx = (2 + x) dx
2.0 2.0

Thus, W  dW    2  x dx
1.0 1.0

2.0
 x2 
= 2 x  2   3.5 J Ans.
 1.0

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Ex a m p l e 8
k
A Force F =  x  0  acts on a particle in x-direction. Find the work done by this force in
x2
displacing the particle from x = a to x = + 2a . Here k is a positive constant.

 2a  2a
  k  k k
Sol u t i on : W   F dx    2  dx   x 
a  x    a 2 a

Note : It is important to note that work comes out to be negative which is quite obvious as the force
 k
acting on the particle is in negative x-direction  F   2  while displacement is along positive
 x 
x-direction. (from x = a to x = 2a)

1 .1 .5 Co n s e r va t i ve a n d N o n -c o n s e r va t i ve f o r c e s
1 .1 .5 .1 Co n s e r va t i ve f o r c e
It is a force, work done by which does not depend on the path along which body is moved, but
depends on initial and final positions only.
B
 
 F c . d r  0
A

1 .1 .5 .2 N o n -c o n s e r va t i ve f o r c e
Work done by the force depends on the path followed along which the particle moves.
Example friction, viscous force
 
 Fnc . d r  0
Examples
(a) Non-conservative force
 
d W  F. d r

= fk ds

 W   fk  ds
   W = ømgs depends on path followed.
F

øN

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(b) Conservative force

Consider a point object O exerting a gravitational force on A.
 
d W  F. d r

 GMm 

dr =  2    ds cos  
 r 
A
 

F
r  GMm 
=  2   dr
 x 
O
rf
GMm  1 1 
 W  dr = GMm   
 ri r j 
2
r1 r

Magnetic field lines are non-conservative is nature.

Electric field line are conservative.

1 .2 EN ERGY
A body which has the capacity to do work is said to possess energy.
For example, water in a reservoir is said to possesses energy as it could be used to drive a turbine
lower down the valley. There are many forms of energy e.g. electrical, chemical heat, nuclear, mechanical
etc.
The SI units are the same as those for work, Joules J.
In this module only purely mechanical energy will be considered. This may be of two kinds, potential
and kinetic.

1 .2 .1 K in e t ic e n e r g y
Kinetic energy may be described as energy due to motion.
The kinetic energy of a body may be defined as the amount of work it can do before being brought
to rest.
For example when a hammer is used to knock in a nail, work is done on the nail by the hammer
and hence the hammer must have possessed energy.

1 .2.1 .1 Fo r m u l a e f o r k i n e t ic e n e r g y
Let a body of mass m moving with speed v be brought to rest with uniform deceleration by a constant
force F over a distance s.
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = u2 + 2as
v2
s
2a
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And work done is given by Work done = force distance

= Fs

v2
= F
2a
The force is F = ma so

v2
work done = ma
2a
1
= mv2
2
1
This kinetic energy is given by kinetic energy = mv2
2

1 .2 .1 .2 K in e t ic e n e r g y a n d w o rk d o n e
When a body with mass m has its speed increased from u to v in a distance s by a constant force
F which produces an acceleration a, then from we known
v2 = u2 + 2as
1 2 1 2
v  u  as
2 2
multiplying this by m give an expression of the increase in kinetic energy (the difference in kinetic
energy at the end and the start).
1 1
mv2  mu2  mas
2 2
Thus since F = ma
increase in kinetic energy = Fs
but also we know
Fs = work done
So the relationship between kinetic energy can be summed up as
Work done by forces acting on a body = change of kinetic energy in the body
This is sometimes known as the work-energy theorem.

1 .2 .1 .3 Wo r k En e r g y T h e o r e m
This theorem is a very important tool that relates the works to kinetic energy. According to this
theorem
Work done by all the forces (conservative or non conservative, external or internal) acting on a
particle or an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of it.

Wnet   K.E.  K f  K i

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    
Let F1 , F2 ... be the individual forces acting on a particle. The resultant force is F  F1  F 2  ... and
the work done by the resultant force is
 
 
 
W  F. d r   

F1  F 2  ... . d r

   
=  F1 . d r   F2 . d r  ...
  
where  F1 .d r is the work done on the particle by F1 and so on. Thus, work energy theorem can
also be written as : work done by the resultant force is equal to the sum of the work done
by the individual forces.

1 .2 .1 .3 .1 Wo r k -En e r g y Eq u a t io n s
  
Let Fc be the conservative force, Fnc be non-conservative and F ex be the external forces acting on
a body, Then

md v   
 F c  F nc  F ex
dt

  
dv     
Fex m . d r  F c . d r  F nc . dr  F ex . dr
 dt 
 
Fc 
Fnc
      
O m  v . d v   F c . d r  F nc . d r  F ex . dr
 

  
d  v. v
  dv
  2
v.d v  
2 2

 mdv2      
    F c . d r  F nc . d r  F ex . dx
 2 
 
Now, Fc .dr = dWc {Work done by conservative forces}
 
Fnc .dr = dWnc {Work done by non-conservative forces}
 
Fex .dr = dWex { work done by external}

1 
d  mv2   d Wc  d Wnc  d Wex
2 

1
 Now, mv2 = Kinetic Energy
2

  d K   d W   K = W (1)

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 Change in K.E. is equal to total work done in same frame of reference.

Now, K  Wc  Wnc  Wex

K + u = Wnc + Wex {... Wc = u}

u is the change in internal energy of the block

 K + u = Wnc + Wex (2)
If Wnc + Wex = 0
then K + u = 0
 K f  K i   uf  ui  0

  K i  ui  uf  Kf  (3)

Three important work-energy equations [under different case]

(1) K = Wc + Wnc + Wext
(2) K + u = Wnc + Wext [Wc = u]
(3) K + u = 0 [when Wnc + Wext = 0]

Ex a m p l e 1 0
A car of mass 1000kg travelling at 30 m/s has its speed reduced to 10 m/s by a constant
breaking force over a distance of 75 m. Find
(a) The cars initial kinetic energy
(b) The final kinetic energy
(c) The breaking force

1
Solution : (a) Initial kinetic enrgy = mv2
2
= 500 302
= 450000 J
= 450 kJ

1
(b) Final kinetic energy = mv2
2
= 500 102
= 50 kJ
(c) KE = 400 kJ
Work done = change in kinetic energy
 Breaking force 75 = 400,000
Breaking force = 5333.33 N

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 QUIZRR 15

Ex a m p l e 1 1
An object of mass m is tied to a string of length l and a variable force
F is applied on it which brings the string gradually at angle with the
 l
vertical. Find the work done by the force F.

F
m
Solution : In this case three forces are acting on the object
1. tension (T)
2. weight (mg) and h = l (1 cos)
3. applied force (F)  l
T
Using work-energy theorem
Wnet = K.E. F
h
or WT + Wmg + WF = 0 ...(i)
mg
as    K.E. = 0 because Ki = Kf = 0
Further, WT = 0, as tension is always perpendicular to displacement.
Wmg = mgh or Wmg = mgl (1 cos )
Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get
WF = mgl (1 cos ) Ans.
Note : Here the applied force F is variable. So if we do not apply the work energy theorem we will
   
first find the magnitude of F at different locations and then integrate dW   F. d r  with proper limits.
 
1 .2 .2 Po t e n t i a l En e r g y
The energy possessd by a body or system by virtue of its position or configuration is known as the
potential energy. For example, a block attached to a compressed or elongated spring possesses some
energy called elastic potential energy. This block has a capacity to do work. Similarly, a stone when
released from a certain height also has energy in the form of gravitational potential energy. Two
charged particles kept at certain distance has electric potential energy.
Regarding the potential energy it is important to note that it is defined for a conservative force field
only. For non-conservative forces it has no meaning. The change in potential energy (dU) of a system
corresponding to a conservative internal force is given by
   dU 
dU   F . d r   dW  F   dr 
 

rf
   
or
 F. d r or U f  U i  

F. d r
r
i
We generally choose the reference point at infinity and assume potential energy to be zero there,
i.e. if we take ri =  (infinite) and Ui = 0 then we can write

r  
U    F. d r   W


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or potential energy of a body or system is the negative of work done by the conservative forces
in bringing it from infinity to the present position.
Regarding the potential energy it is worth noting that :
1. Potential energy can be defined only for conservative forces and it should be considered to be
a property of the entire system rather than assigning it to any specific particle.
2. Potential energy depends on frame of reference.
Now, let us discuss three types of potential energies which we usually come across.

(a ) Ela s t ic Po t e n t i a l En e r g y
We have seen that the work done by the spring force (of course conservative for an ideal spring)
1 2
is  kx when the spring is stretched or compressed by an amount x from its unstretched position.
2
Thus,

 1 
U   W     kx2 
 2 

1 2
or U kx (k = spring constsant)
2
Note that elastic potential energy is always positive.

(b ) Gra v i t a t i o n a l Po t e n t i a l En e r g y
The gravitational potential energy of two particles of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r
is given by
 No need to remember these formulae, 
 
m1 m2  as these will be discussed under a 
UG
r  separate chapter 
 
Here, G = universal gravitation constant

11 N  m2
= 6.67  10
kg 2

If a body of mass m is raised to a height ÂhÊ from the surface of earth, the change in potential energy
of the system (earth + body) comes out to be :

mgh
U 
 h (R = radius of earth)
1  R 
 

or U  mgh if h << R
Thus, the potential energy of a body at height h, i.e., mgh is really the change in potential energy
of the system for h << R. So be careful while using U = mgh, that h should not be too large. This we
will discuss in detail in the chapter of Gravitation.

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 QUIZRR 17

(c ) Ele c t ri c Po t e n t i a l En e r g y
The electric potential energy of two point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in vacuum
is given by
 
 This part will be done in detail later on 
1 q1 q2  
U .  in other chapter 

4  0 r 

1 N  m2
Here,  9.0  109  constant
4  0 C2

NOTE :
1. Change in potential energy is equal to the negative of work done by the
conservative force (U = W). If work done by the conservative force is
negative change in potential energy will be positive or potential energy
O
of the system will increase and vice-versa. Ground
This can be understood by a simple example. Suppose a ball is taken Fig 4.23
from the ground to some height, work done by gravity is negative, i.e.,
change in potential energy should increase or potential energy of the ball will increase. Which
happens so.
Wgravity = ve
U = + ve (U = W)
or Uf Ui = + ve

dU
2. F  , i.e., conservative forces always act in a direction where potential
dr 
F
energy of the system is decreased. This can also be shown in Fig.
If a ball is dropped from a certain height. The force on it (its weight) acts in a
direction in which its potential energy decreases. Fig. 4.24
3. Potential energy U of a particle basically depends on its position, rather we can say its co-ordinates
x, y and z. thus, potential energy of a particle is a function of its co-ordinates x, y and z or
U = U (x, y, z)
Now suppose potential energy function is known to us, then the force (of course conservative) acting
on it is given by :

  U → U → U → 
F i  j k
 x y z 

U
Here = partial derivative of U with respect to x. On the other hand, if the force acting on the
x
particle is given to us and we want to find potential energy function, then we will use,
f f  
 dU    F . d r
 
dU   F . d r or
i i

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 18 QUIZRR

But while using this equation, at least the potential energy of the particle at some reference point
should be known to us. For example, if we are given that U = 0 at r = . Then

( x, y, z ) ( x, y, z )  
 dU    F.dr
 

 x, y, z    x, y, z  
or U (x, y, z) U () =  F.dr or U  x, y, z    F. d r
 

as U () = 0
Similarly, if we are given that U = U0 at origin. Then

 x, y, z  x, y, z    x, y, z  
 dU    F.dr or U  x, y, z  U  0, 0, 0     F.dr
 0, 0, 0   0, 0, 0   0, 0, 0

 x, y, z    x, y, z  
or U  x, y, z   U0   0, 0, 0 F . d r or U  x, y, z   U0  0, 0, 0 F . d r
4. Suppose a particle is released from point A with u = 0
u=0
A

h
v

Fig. 4.25
Friction is absent everywhere. Then velocity at B will be

v  2 gh
(irrespective of the track it follows from A to B)
Here, h = hA hB
5. Suppose a car is moving with constant speed in the track as shown in figure. Then equations of
motion are as under.

mv2 mv2
mg  NA  or NA  mg 
RA RA A
v C
v
mv2 mv2
NB  mg  or NB  mg  v
RB RB
B
and NC = mg
Thus,we can say N B > NC > NA

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 QUIZRR 19

Ex a m p l e 1 2
Force acting on a particle in a conservative force field is :

     
  
(i) F  2i→  3 j→ (ii) F  2 xi→  3 y 2 j→ (iii) F  yi→  xj→

Find the potential energy function, if it is zero at origin.

 
Solution : (i) dU   F . d r

0, 0, 0 d U   0, 0, 0  2i→  3 →j .  dxi→  dyj→  dzk→ 

 x, y, z   x, y, z 


 x, y, z 
or U  x, y, z   U  0, 0, 0    0, 0, 0  2dx  3dy
or U (x, y, z) = ( 2x 3y) Ans.
as, U (0, 0, 0) = 0 (given)

(ii) 
 x, y, z
 0, 0, 0
dU  
 x, y, z  

 0, 0, 0 
F . dr  
 x, y, z
 0, 0, 0   
2 xi→  3 y2 →j . dxi→  dyj→  dzk→  

0, 0, 0  2 xdx  3 y dy

 x, y, z  2
or U (x, y, z) U (0, 0, 0) =

U (x, y, z) = (x2 + y3) Ans.

as U (0, 0,0) = 0 (given)

(iii) 
 x, y, z
 0, 0, 0
dU  
 x, y, z  

 0, 0, 0 
F . dr  
 x, y, z →
 0, 0, 0   
yi  xj→ . dxi→  dyj→  dzk→  
 x, y, z 
or U (x, y, z) U (0, 0, 0) = 0, 0, 0  ydx  xdy
 x, y, z   x, y, z 
or U (x, y, z) = 0, 0, 0 d  xy    xy0, 0, 0
or U (x, y, z) = xy Ans.

1 .2 .3 Co n s e r va t i o n o f e n e r g y
The principle of conservation of energy state that the total energy of a system remains constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be converted from one form to another.
Take the case of a crate on a slope. Initially it is at rest, all its energy is potential energy. As it
accelerates, some of it potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and some used to overcome
friction. This energy used to overcome friction is not lost but converted into heat. At the bottom of the
slope the energy will be purely kinetic (assuming the datum for potential energy is the bottom of the
slope.)

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 20 QUIZRR

If we consider a body falling freely in air, neglecting air resistance, then mechanical energy is
conserved, as potential energy is lost and equal amount of kinetic energy is gained as speed increases.
If the motion involves friction or collisions then the principle of conservation of energy is true, but
conservation of mechanical energy is not applicable as some energy is converted to heat and perhaps
sound.

Ex a m p l e 1 3
A cyslist and his bicycle has a mass of 80 kg. After 100 m he reaches the top of a hill, with
slope 1 in 20 measured along the slope, at a speed of 2 m/s. He then free wheels the 100 m
to the bottom of the hill where his speed has increased to 9 m/s. How much energy has he
lost on the hill?
Solution : If the hill is 100 m long then the height is
100m
1 h
h  100   5m
20
So potential energy lost is
m gh = 80 9.81 5 = 3924 J Dimensions of the hill
Increase in kinetic energy is
1
2
1
2
1

mv2  mv2  m v2  u2
2

= 40(81 4)
= 3080 J
By the principle of conservation of energy
Initial energy = Final energy + loss of energy (due to friction etc.)
loss of energy (due to friction etc.) = 3924 3080 = 844 J.

I m p o r t a n t Po i n t s t o Re m e m b e r
1. If only conservative forces are acting on a system of particles and work done by any
other external force is zero, then mechanical energy of the system will remain conserved.
In this case some fraction of the mechanical energy will be decreasing while the other will
be increasing. Problems can be solved by equating the magnitudes of the decreases and the
increase. Let us see an example of this.
In the arrangement shown in figure string is light and inextensible and friction is A
absent everywhere. Find the speed of both the blocks after the block A has ascended a B
height of 1 m. Given that mA = 1 kg and mB = 2 kg. (g = 10 m/s2). Fig. 4.28
Solution :
Friction is absent. Therefore, mechanical energy of the system will remain conserved. From constant
relations we see that speed of both the blocks will be same. Suppose it is v. Here gravitational potential
energy of 2 kg block is decreasing while gravitational potential energy of 1 kg block is increasing.
Similarly, kinetic energy of both the blocks is also increasing. So we can write :
Decrease in gravitational potential energy of 2 kg block = increase in gravitational potential energy
of 1 kg block + increase in kinetic energy of 1 kg block + increase in kinetic energy of 2 kg block
1 1
 mBgh = mAgh + mA v2  mB v2
2 2
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 QUIZRR 21

2. If some non-conservative forces such as friction are also acting on some parts of the system and
work done by any other forces (excluding the conservative forces) is zero. Then we can apply
Wnc = Ef Ei
or Wnc = (Uf Ui) + (Kf Ki) = U + K
i.e., work done by non-conservative forces is equal to the change in mechanical (potential + kinetic)
energy. But note that here all quantities are to be substituted with
A
sign. Let us see an example of this.
In the arrangement shown in figure, mA = 1 kg, mB = 4 kg.
String is light and inextensible while pulley is smooth. Coefficient B
of friction between block A and the table is ø = 0.2. Find the speed
of both the blocks when block B has descended a height h = 1 m.
Fig. 4.29
Take g = 10 m/s2.
Solution : From constraint relation, we see that
vA = vB = v (say)
Force of friction between block A and table will be
f = ømAg = (0.2) (1) (10) = 2N
 Wnc = U + K

1
 fs = mBgh +  mA  mB  v2
2

1
or ( 2) (1) = (4) (10) (1) +  4  1 v2
2

2 = 40 + 2.5 v2
or 2.5 v2 = 38
 V2 =15.2 m2/s2
or v = 3.9 m/s Ans
3. We have discussed in the chapter of Laws of motion, the problems related to momentary rest but
not in equilibrium. These are solved by energy method as under :
In the arrangement shown in figure, the block of mass m is released
from rest with the spring unstretched. The force constant of the spring
is K. Find the maximum extension in the spring. Also find the speed of
block in its equilibrium position. Neglect friction everywhere.
Solution : Here we cannot apply

mg
Kxm = mg or xm  Fig. 4.30
K
For maximum extension in the spring. Because at maximum extension, i.e., at point C block is not
in equilibrium. It is momentarily at rest. After some time it will move up, i.e.

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 22 QUIZRR

Kxm > mg
So, that net force on it is upwards.
But since friction is absent, we can apply conservation of
mechanical energy or decrease in gravitational potential energy
of block = increase in elastic potential energy of spring. A v=0
x0
1 B v xm
So, mg xm  K xm
2
2
C v=0
2 mg
or xm  Ans. Fig. 4.31
K
At equilibrium position (where net force on the block is zero)
Kx0 = mg

mg  xm 
or x0   x0  2 
K  

Let v be the speed of the block in this position. Applying conservation of mechanical energy, we get
decrease in gravitational energy of block = increase in kinetic energy of block + increase in elastic
potential energy of spring

1 1
 mg x0  mv2  Kx02
2 2

K 2
 v  2 gx0  . x0
m

mg m
Substituting x0  , we get v  g Ans.
K K
A
4. Problems of laws of motion on frictionless surfaces can
also be solved by the principle of conservation of mechanical
energy. Here is an example is support of this theory.
Find the acceleration of rod A and wedge B in the B
arrangement shown in figure. Given that mA = m and mB = 2 
m. All contacts are smooth.
Solution : Let acceleration of A = a (downwards) Fig. 4.32
Then, acceleration of B = a cot  (rightwards)

1 2
If the system is released from rest, in time t height descended by A, hA  at
2
Velocity of A, vA = at
and velocity of B, vB = (a cot )t

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From conservation of mechanical energy :

Decrease in potential energy of A = increase in kinetic energy of A and B

1 1
or mA ghA  mA v2A  mB vB2
2 2

mgat2 ma 2 t2
or   ma 2 t2 cot 2 
2 2

g g cot 
Thus, acceleration of A is 2 and that of B is
1  2 cot  1  2 cot 2 

Ex a m p l e 1 4
Consider the situation shown in figure. Mass of block A is m and that of block B is 2 m. The
force constant of spring is K. Friction is absent everywhere. System is released from rest
with the spring unstretched. Find
(a) the maximum extension of the spring xm A
(b) the speed of block A when the extension in the spring is
xm
x= B
2
(c) net acceleration of block B when extension in the spring
xm Fig.4.33
is x =
4
Solution : (a) At maximum extension in the spring
vA = vB = 0 (momentarily)
Therefore, applying conservation of mechanical energy :
decrease in gravitational potential energy of block B = increase in elastic potential energy of spring.
1
or mB gxm  Kxm
2
2

1 2
or 2 mgxm  Kxm
2

4 mg
 xm  Ans.
K

xm 2 mg
(b) At x 
2 K
let vA = vB = v (say)
Then, decrease in gravitational potential energy of block B = increase in elastic potential energy of
spring + increase in kinetic energy of both the blocks.
1 1
 mB gx  Kx2   mA  mB  v2
2 2
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 24 QUIZRR

2
2 mg  1  2 mg 
 2m   g  
1
or   K    m  2m  v2
 K  2  K  2

2m
 v  2g Ans.
3K

xm mg
(c) At x   , net upward force on block B is Kx or mg and net downward force on block B
4 K
is 2 mg.
 Fnet = 2 mg mg = mg (downwards)

Fnet mg
 a 
mB 2m

g
or a (downwards) Ans.
2

Ex a m p l e 1 5
In the arrangement shown in figure m A = 4.0 kg and m B = 1.0 kg.
The system is released from rest and block B is found to have a
A
speed 0.3 m/s after it has descended through a distance of 1 m.
Find the coefficient of friction between the block and the table.
Neglect friction elsewhere. Take g = 10 m/s2.

Solution : From constraint relations, we can see that Fig. 4.34

vA = 2vB
Therefore, vA = 2(0.3) = 0.6 m/s
as vB = 0.3 m/s (given)
Applying Wnc = U + K

1 1
we get ø mAgSA = mBgSB + mA vA2  mB vB2
2 2
Here SA = 2SB = 2 m as SB = 1 m (given)

1 1
    4.0  10   2    1  10  1   4   0.6 2  1  0.32
2 2
or 80 ø = 10 + 0.72 + 0.045
or 80ø = 9.235 or ø = 0.115 Ans.

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 QUIZRR 25

1 .3 POWER
Pow er is t he rat e at w hic h w ork is done, or t he rat e at w hic h energy is used t ransferred.

work done
Power =
time taken

The SI unit for power is the watt W.

A power of 1 W means that work is being done at the rate of 1 J/s.
Larger units for power are the kilowatt kW (1 kW = 1000 W = 103 W) and
the megawatt MW (1 MW = 1000000 W = 106 W).
If work is being done by a machine moving at speed v against a constant force, or resistance, F, then
since work done is force times distance, work done per second is Fv, which is the same as power.
Power = Fv

 
 dW  F. d r    
instantenous power =    dt   F. V 
 dt   

 
Pinstantaneous =  F. V 
 

total work done

Average power = total time

If force is constant


 F. d r r


<P> = = F = F. (average velocity)

 dt t

<P> = F . (avg. velocity) {when F is constant only}

Ex a m p l e 1 6
A constant force of 2 kN pulls a crate along a level floor a distance of 10 m is 50 s. Find power
used.
Solution : Work done = force distance
= 2000 10
= 20000 J

work done
Power =
time taken

20000
= = 400 W.
50

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 26 QUIZRR

Alternatively we could have calculated the speed first

distance 10
v =  0.2 m/s
time 50
and then calculated power
Power = Force Speed = Fv
= 2000 0.2 = 400 W.

Ex a m p l e 1 7
A hoist operated by an electric motor has a mass of 500 kg. It raises a load of 300 kg
vertically at a steady speed of 0.2 m/s. Frictional resistance can be taken to be constant at
1200 N. What is the power required?
Solution : Total mass = m = 800 kg
Weight = 800 9.81
= 7848 N
Total force = 7848 + 1200
= 9048 N

Power = Force Speed

= 9048 0.2
= 1810 W
= 1.81 KW

Ex a m p l e 1 8
A car of mass 900 kg has an engine with power output of 42 kW. It can achieve a maximum
speed of 120 km/h along the level.
(a) What is the resistance to motion?
(b) If the maximum power and the resistance remained the same what would be the
maximum speed the car could achieve up an incline of 1 in 40 along the slope?
Solution :
Wsin
N

40
1200 N
Wcos
1



W = 900g

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 QUIZRR 27

First get the information into the correct units :

120  1000
120 km / h 
3600
= 33.33 m/s
(a) Calculate the resistance Power = Force speed
= Resistance speed
42000 = Resistance 33.33

42000
Resistance   1260 N
33.33
(b) Total force down the incline= frictional force + component of weight down incline
= 1260 + mg sin 

1
= 1260 + 900 9.81
40
= 1260 + 221
= 1481 N
Power = force speed

Power
Speed =
force

42000
=
1481
= 28.4 m/s

3600
Or in km/h Speed = 28.4 
1000
= 102 km/h.

NOTE :
Work done by normal force on system in all frame of reference is zero.
Reason :
dr
Work done on system
N
       
  N.  d r´  d r    N.d r´ 
     
dr´
N
      
 N.d r ´  N.d r N.d r ´  N.d r  0 
{as N is perpendicular to dr }

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 28 QUIZRR

1 .1 1 T h r e e T y p e s o f Eq u i l ib r i u m
As we have studied in the chapter of ÂLaws of motionÊ a body is said to be in translatory equilibrium
if net force acting on the body is zero, i.e.,

F net  0
dU
if the forces are conservative F
dr
and for equilibrium F = 0
dU dU
So, 
 0, or 0
dr dr
i.e., at equilibrium position slope of U-r graph is zero or the potential energy is optimum (maximum
dU
or minimum or constant). Equilibrium are of three types, i.e., the situation where F = 0 and 0
dr
can be obtained under three conditions. These are stable equilibrium, unstable equilibrium and neutral
equilibrium. These three types of equilibrium can be better understood from the following three figures :

(a) (b) (c)

Three identical balls are placed in equilibrium in positions as shown in figures (a), (b) and (c)
respectively.
In fig. (a) ball is placed inside a smooth spherical shell. This ball is stable equilibrium position. In
Fig. (b) the ball is placed over a smooth sphere. This is unstable equilibrium position. In Fig. (c) the ball
is placed on a smooth horizontal ground. This ball is in neutral equilibrium position.
The table given below explains what is the difference and what are the similarities between these
three equilibrium positions in the language of physics.
S.No. Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium
1. Net force is zero Net force is zero Net force is zero

dU
2.  0 or slope of U-r graph
dr
is zero
3. When displaced from its
equilibrium position a net
restoring force starts acting on
the body which has a tendency
to bring the body back to its
equilibrium position.
dU
 0 or slope of U-r graph
dr
is zero
When displaced from its
equilibrium position, a net force
starts acting on the body which
moves the body in the direction
of displacement or away from the
equilibrium position
dU
 0 or slope of U-r graph
dr
is zero
When displaced from its
equilibrium position the body has
neither the tendency to come back
nor to move away from the
original position.

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 QUIZRR 29

4. Potential energy in equilibrium Potential energy in equilibrium Potential energy remains constant
position is minimum as compared position is maximum as compared even if the body is displaced from
to its neighbouring points or to its neighbouring points its equilibrium position

d2 U d2 U d2 U
 positive or  negative or 0
dr 2 dr 2 dr 2
5. When displaced from equilibrium When displaced from equilibrium When displaced from equilibrium
position the centre of gravity of position the centre of gravity of position the centre of gravity of
the body goes up. the body comes down. the body remains at the same level.

Note :
1. If we plot graphs between F and r or U and r, F will be zero at equilibrium while U will be
maximum, minimum or constant depending on the type of equilibrium. This all is shown in Fig.

F U

C
r r
A B C D A B D

dU
At point A, F = 0, = 0, but U is constant. Hence, A is neutral equilibrium position. At points
dr

dU
B and D, F  0,  0 but U is maximum. Thus, these are the points of unstable equilibrium.
dr

dU
At point C, F = 0, = 0, but U is minimum. Hence, point C is in stable equilibrium position.
dr

(a) (b)

2. Oscillations of a body take place about stable equilibrium position. For example, bob of a pendulum
oscillates about its lowest point which is also the stable equilibrium position of bob. Similarly, in
Fig. (b), the ball will oscillate about its stable equilibrium position.

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Ex a m p l e 1 9
A funnel type object is rotating at a speed of  about the vertical axis. An object is placed
on the inner side of inclined part of funnel. What kind of equilibrium does object possess ?
Solution

N = mg cos  + m2dsin
mgsin m2d = F net = 0
On displaing the body down, d decreases N 
m2d
dF  
Fnet > 0  >0 mg
dr
 It is an unstable equilibrium

Ex a m p l e 2 0
A sleeveof mass m can freel slide along a smooth rod, bent in the form 
of semi-circle of radius R, as shown. The rod is rotated with constant
, about a vertical axis.
Find the values of  for equilibrium position and decide the nature of
equilibrium

R
Solution :
N = mg cos  + m2 R sin2 

Fnet = 0 = mg sin  m2 R sin  cos 

 2 R 

= mg sin   1  
 g 
 N
R  m2(Rsin)  
2 R
 
= mg sin   1  cos  
mg g 
 

Now, there are 3 possible cases :

Case I :  2R > g

 2 R 
Fnet 
= mg sin   1  cos  
g 
 

1  g 
 = 0,  = cos  2  are potential points.
 R

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1  g 
At  = 0 At  = cos  2 
 R

(i) Fnet = 0 (i) Fnet = 0

(ii) Now check of ( + h) > 0 (ii) Now check for Q + h > 0
Fnet = 0 Fnet > 0 toward equilibruim

 g 
  = 0 is unstable eqbm.  = cos 1  2  is stable.
 R

Case II :  2r < g Case III :  2R = g

1  2 Rcos
Fnet = mgsin = 0 is the equibrium position and it is stable
g

Similarly
 = 0 will be stable

 g 
and  = cos 1  2  will be unstable
 R

1 .5 M OM EN T, COU PL E A N D T ORQU E
The moment of a force F about a point is its turning effect F
about the point.
It is quantified as the product of the force and the perpendicular
distance from the point to the line of action of force
d

O
In Figure the moment of F about point O is Moment of a force
moment = Fd

A couple is a pair of equal and parallel but opposite forces as shown in Figure :
F

F
A couple

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The moment of a couple about any point in its plane is the product of one force and the perpendicular
distance between them :
Moment of couple = Fp
Example of a couple include turning on/off a tap, or winding a clock.
The SI units for a moment or a couple are Newton metres, Nm.
In engineering the moment of a force or couple is know as torque. A spanner tighterning a nut is
said to exert a torque on the nut, similarly a belt turning a pulley exerts a torque on the pulley.

1 .5 .1 Wo r k d o n e b y a c o n s t a n t t o rq u e
Let a force F turn a light rod OA with length r through an angle of  to positioin OB, as shown
in Figure.
F
B

F
s
r

A
 r
O

Work done by a constant torque

The torque TQ exerted about O is force times perpendicular distance from O.
TQ = Fr
Now work done by F is
work done = Fs
s is the are of the circle, when is measure in radians
s=r
work done = Fr
work done = TQ
The work done by a constant torque TQ is thus the product of the torque and the angle through
which it turms (where the angle is measured in radians.)
As the SI units for work is Joules, TQ must be in Nm

1 .5 .2 Po w e r t ra n s m i t t e d b y a c o n s t a n t t o rq u e
Powr is rate of doing work. If a rod rotates at n revolutions per second, then in one second the angle
turned through is
 = 2n
radians, and the work done per second will be,
work done per second = power = TQ2n
as angular speed is
 = 2n
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 QUIZRR 33

then
power = 2nTQ
power = TQ
The units of power are Watts, W, with n in rev/s, in rad/s and TQ in Nm.

Ex a m p l e 2 1
A spanner that is used to tighten a nut is 300mm long. The force exerted on the end of a
spanner is 100N.
(a) What is the torque exerted on the nut ?
(b) What is the work done when the nut turns through 30 ?
Solution :
(a) Calculate the torque
TQ = Fr
= 100 (300 10 3)
= 30 Nm
(b) Calculate the work done
Work done = TQ

 30 
6
= 15.7J

Ex a m p l e 2 2
An electric motor is rated at 400 W. If its efficiency is 80 & percent;, find the maximum torque
which it can exert when running at 2850 rev/min.
Solution
Calculate the speed in rev/s
Power = 2nTQ

power
n
2TQ

2850
n  47.5 rev/s
60
Calculate the power as the motor is 80 percent efficient

80
power = 400   320W
100
power = 2nTQ
power
TQ 
2n
320
 = 1.07 Nm
247.5

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1 .5 .3 Wo r k d o n e b y a v a r ib a l e t o rq u e
In practice the torque is often variable. In this case the work done cannot be calculated as done
earlier, but must be found in a similar way to that used for a varibale force (see earlier.)

torque

TQ

0 
d
angular displacement

The total work done for the angular displacement is the area under the torque/displacement graph.
For variable torque
Work done = area under torque/angular displacement graph
As with variable forces, in general you must use special integration technique to obtain the area
under a curve.

Ex a m p l e 2 3
A machine requires a variable torque, Find :
(a) The work done per revolution
(b) The average torque over one
revolution
(c) The power required if the 800

machine operates at
30 rev/min 600

400
torque (Nm)

200

/2  3/2 2 
0
(radian)

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Solution :
work done = area under torque/ graph
= area of trangle ABC + of rectangle ADEO

1
    600   2200
2
= 2200J
for one revolution
(b) Average torque is the average height of figure OABCDE = area/2

2200
Average torque =  350Nm
2
power = 2n average torque

 30 
 2   350
 60 

= 1100W

1 .6 M OT I ON I N A V ERT I CA L CI RCL E
Suppose a particle of mass m is attached to an inextensible light string of length R. The particle is
moving in a vertical circle of radius R about a fixed point O. It is imparted a velocity u in horizontal
direction at lowest point A. Let v be is velocity at point B of the circle as shown in figure. Here
h = R (1 cos ) ... (i)
From conservation of mechanical energy.

1
m (u2  v2 )  mgh
2 O
T v
or v2 = u2 2gh ... (ii)  B
R mg cos
The necessary centripetal force is provided by the resultant of tension h
T and mg cos  mg sin
A u

mv2
 T  mg cos   ... (iii)
R
Now, following three conditions arise depending on the value of u.

1 .6 .1 Co n d i t i o n o f L o o p i n g t h e L o o p (u  5 gR )

The particle will complete the circle if the string does not slack even at the highest point ( = ).
Thus, tension in the string should be greater than or equal to zero (T > 0) at  = . In critical case
substituting T = 0 and  =  in Eq. (iii), we get

2
mvmin
mg =
R

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 36 QUIZRR

or 2
vmin = gR

or vmin = gR (at highest point)

Substituting  =  in Eq. (i), h = 2R

2 2
Therefore, from Eq. (ii) umin = vmin  2 gh

or 2
umin = gR + 2g (2R) = 5 gR

2 5 gR
or umin = P
vmin = gR T=0
Thus, if u  5gR , the particle will complete the circle. At u

=  5 gR , velocity at highest point is v = gR and tension in the O

string is zero. R

Substituting  = 0 and v = 5 gR in Eq. (iii), we get T = 6 mg u umin = 5gR

A T = 6 mg
or in the critical condition tension in the string at lowest position
is 6 mg. This is shown in figure.

If u = 5 gR , following two cases are possible

1 .6 .2 Co n d i t i o n o f L e a v i n g t h e Ci rc l e ( 2 gR < u < 5 gR )

If u < 5 gR , the tension in the string will become zero before reaching the highest point. From Eq.
(iii), tension in the string becomes zero (T = 0).

 v2
where, cos  
Rg

2 gh  u2
or cos  
Rg

Substituting, this value of cos  in Eq. (i), we get

2 gh  u2 h
1
Rg R

u2  Rg
or h  h1 (say) ... (iv)
3g

or we can say that at height h1 tension in the string becomes zero. Further, if u < 5 gR , velocity of
the particle becomes zero when

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 QUIZRR 37

0 = u2 2gh

u2
or h  h2 (say)
2g

i.e., at height h2 velocity of particle becomes zero.

Now, the particle will leave the circle if tension in the string becomes zero but velocity is not zero.
or T = 0 but v  0. This is possible only when
h1 < h2

u2  Rg u2
or 
3g 2g

or 2u2 + 2Rg < 3u2

or u2 > 2Rg

or u> 2Rg
V
Therefore, if 2 gR  u  5 gR , the particle leaves the circle.
From Eq. (iv), we can see that h > R if u2 > 2gR. Thus, th particle, will
leave the circle when h > R or 90 <  < 180 . This situation is shown in
the figure.

or 2 gR  u  5 gR or 90 <  < 180

Note : That after leaving the circle, the particle will follow a parabolic path.

1 .6 .3 Co n d i t i o n o f Os c i ll a t io n (0 < u < 2 gR )

The particle will oscillate if velocity of the particle becomes zero but tension in the string is not zero.
or v = 0, but T  0. This is possible when
h 2 < h1

u2 u2  Rg
or  or 3u2 < 2u2 + 2Rg
2g 3g

or u2 < 2Rg or u  2 Rg

Moreover, if h1 = h2, u = 2Rg and tension and velocity both becomes zero simultaneously.
Further, from Eq. (iv), we can see that h < R if . Thus, for
0 < u < 2Rg , particle oscillates in lower half of the circle
(0 <  < 90 ). This situation is shown in the figure.

0< u< 2Rg

or 0 <  < 90

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Note : The above three conditions have been derived for a particle moving in a vertical circle
attached to a string. The same conditions apply if a particle moves inside a smooth spherical shell of
radius R. The only difference is that the tension is replaced by the normal reaction N.

Condition of looping the loop is u > 5 gR

v = gR, N = 0

u = 5gR, N = 6 mg

Condition of looping the loop is 2 gR < u < 5 gR

Condition of looping the loop is 0 < u < 2 gR

1 .6 .4 M o t i o n o f a b a l l o v e r a s m o o t h s o l i d s p h e r e
Suppose a small ball of mass m is given a velocity v over the top of a smooth sphere of radius R.
The equation of motion for the ball at the topmost point will be. u = 0
v h
2
mv
mg  N  N=0
R 

mg v
mv2 R
or N  mg 
R

(a) (b)

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 QUIZRR 39

From this equation we see that value of N decreases as v increases. Minimum value of N can be zero
Hence,

2
mvmax
0  mg 
R

or vmax  Rg
From here we can conclude that ball will lose contact with the sphere right from the beginning
velocity of ball at topmost point v > Rg . If v < Rg it will definitely lose contact but after moving
certain distance over the sphere. Now let us find the angle  where the ball loses contact with the sphere
velocity at topmost point is just zero. Fig. (b)
h = R (1 cos ) ... (i)
2
v = 2gh ... (ii)

mv2
mg cos   (as N = 0) ... (iii)
R
Solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

 2
  cos1    48.2
3

2
Thus the ball can move on the sphere maximum upto   cos 1   .
3

Ex a m p l e 2 4
A heavy particle hainging from a fixed point by a light inextensible string of length l is
projected horizontally with speed gl . Find the speed of the particle and the inclination of
the string to the vertical at the instant of the motion when the tension in the string is equal
to the weight of the particle.
Solution :
Let T = mg at angle  as shown in figure. T
 B
h = l (1 cos ) ... (i) mg cos 
Applying conservation of mechanical energy between points A h mg sin 
and B, we get A u = gl

1
m(u2  v2 ) = mgh
2
Here, u2 = gl ... (ii)
and v = speed of particle in position B
 v2 = u2 2gh ... (iii)

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 40 QUIZRR

mv2
Further, T mg cos  =
l

mv2
or mg mg cos  = (T = mg)
l
or v2 = gl (1 cos ) ... (iv)
2 2
Substituting values of v , u and h from Eqs. (iv), (ii) and (i) in Eq. (iii), we get

2
gl(1 cos ) = gl 2gl (1 cos ) or cos  =
3

1  2 
or  = cos   Ans.
 3

2 gl
Substituting cos  = in Eq. (iv), we get v = Ans.
3 3

Ex a m p l e 2 5
A heavy particle is suspended by a string of length l from a fixed point O. The particle is
given a horizontal velocity v0. The string slacks at some angle and the particle proceeds on
a parabola. Find the value v0 if the particle passes through the point of suspension.
Solution : Let the string slacks at point B as shown in figure. v
h = l + l sin  = l (1 + sin ) ... (i) 90 
 B y
Applying conservation of mechanical energy between points A
and B, we get 
x
O
v2 = v02  2 gh ... (ii) h
l

At point B, the string slacks.

 T =0 V0

mv2
and mg sin  =
l
or v2 = gl sin  ... (iii)
After B path of the particle is a projectile and it passes throug O. Co-ordinate of point O with origin
at B and x and y axes as shown in figure are :
(x, y) = (l cos , l sin )
Angle of projection is  = 90  and the velocity of projection is u = v. So, substituting the above
co-ordinates in equation of projectile, i.e.,

gx2
y = x tan  
2u2 cos2 
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
 QUIZRR 41

g  l cos  
2

we get, l sin  = l (cos ) tan (90 )

2v2 cos2  90   

l cos2  gl2 cos2 

or l sin  = sin   2
2v sin2 

Substituting, v2 = gl sin  from Eq. (iii), we get

gl 2 cos2  l cos2 
l sin  = 

2  gl sin   sin 2   sin 

or 2 sin4  = cos2  2 sin2  cos2 

or 2 sin4  = (1 sin2 ) 2 sin2  (1 sin2 )

1
or 3 sin2  = 1 or sin  =
3

 From Eq. (ii), we get v02  v2  2 gh   gl sin    2 gl 1  sin  

= gl (2 + 3 sin ) = gl 2  3  
or v0 = gl(2  3) Ans.

Note : In a particle of mass m is connected to a light rod and whirled in a vertical circle of radius
R, then to complete the circle, the minimum velocity of the particle at the bottommost point is not
5 gR . Because in this case, velocity of the particle at the topmost point can be zero also. Using
conservation of mechanical energy between points A and B as shown in fig. we get

1
2
 
m u2  v2  mgh v=0 B

1 h = 2R R
mu2  mg (2R) O
or R
2

 u = 2 gR (as v = 0) A u > 2 gR u > 2 gR

d<<R
Therefore, the minimum value of u in this case is 2 gR .

Same is the case when a particle is compelled to move inside a smooth vertical tube as shown

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Ex a m p l e 2 6
A body starts sliding from height h down a smooth inclined plane groove passing into half
vertical circle of radius h/2. Find the maximum height to which the body rises.
Solution :
Let the body acquire a velocity Vb on reaching point A
Then, from conservation of energy O v

1 P
mvb2 = mgh h 
2
h/2

vb   2 gh  A

=  4 g h / 2
 Particle leaves the track at certain angle  above horizontal, thus the velocity
at this point is given by

vP = gl sin 

 h 
vP =  g sin  
 2 

Now, applying conservation of energy between A and P

1 1
 mv2P  mg l(1  sin ) = mv2b
2 2

 Vb2 = vP2  2 g l (1  sin )

h h h
4g = g sin   2 g (1  sin )
2 2 2

3
 2 = sin   1
2

  = sin 1  2 / 3 

gh
and vP =
3

Now, for calculating maximum height achieved we take the particle motion as projectile motion after
point P.

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 QUIZRR 43

VP2 sin2 
Hence, height above P (hP) =
2g

Here  = 90 

v2 cos2  5v2
 hP = 
2g 18 g

h
so, max height (H) = hP + (1  sin )
2

h 2 5  gh   25 
1   h
2  3  18 g  3   27 
=

Ex a m p l e 2 7
A simple pendulum of length l is released from horizontal position. A nail P is fixed to the
vertical wall. The bob just completes the vertical circle about P. Then find the value of r.
Solution : A
The minimum velocity required at B to complete the circle O
30
r
Vmin = 5 g (l  r )
P
C
Now, use conservation of energy between point A and B
(l r)
1 2
 mvb = mg (l r) + mg (r sin 30 )
2
B
 5g (l r) = 2g (l r) + gr
 3 gl = 4 gr

 3l 
 r =  
4

Ex a m p l e 2 8
In the previous question, if nail P can be fixed any where in the vertical wall, then find the
locus of point P.
+x O
Solution : A l y
 (0, 0)
y tan  = ( y/ x)

= 3g [ l x2 + y2)
C
P (x,y)

(l x2 + y2)

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Now, from conservation of energy between A and C

 
2
1  2 2 
mg[y] = m  3 g l  x  y 
2  

2 gy = 3g l   x2  y2 
2y = 3l 3 x2  y2

3 x2  y2 =  3 l  2 y

 
9 x2  y2   3l  2 y
2
Required locus

Ex a m p l e 2 9
A particle is suspended vertically from a point O by an inextensible massless string of length
L. A vertical line AB is at a distance of L/8 from O as shown. The particle is given a horizontal
velocity u. At some point, the particle crosses AB and its velocity is horizontal. Find u.
Solution :
Consider the situation when the string is making an angle  then, 90  C

L mg
mv2
mg sin  = {Balancing Forces at
L
point C}  A
O P
 v =  gLsin   ...... (1) L/
8

Now, using conservation of energy between points C and D.

L
u2 = v2 + 2gL (1 + sin ) ....... (2)
B
Using kinematical equation of projectile;
AP = (L cos  L/8) D u

 L
 Range = 2  L cos  
 8

{as the paticle is at its maximum height when it crosses line AB}

v2 sin 2  90     L
 = 2  L cos    ..... (3)
2g  8

Solving (1), (2) and (3)  = 60 and v = 2.14 gl

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 QUIZRR 45

Ex a m p l e 3 0
In the arrangement shown, the string is ideal. The length of the
string = 16 m. Find the velocity of each block when block B strikes
the ground. B

m
m 6m

15
A 
Solution : m 5m
From constraint relation, we get,
VB = VA cos  ....... (1)
At the instant of striking
K + u = 0 ....... (2)

1 1
mvb2  mvA
2
= mg (5)
2 2

m
10
 2
VA cos2   VA2 = 2 5g 6m


 5g  2  sin = (3/5)
VA =  2 

 1  cos   cos = 4/5

5 g  2  25
= = 7.8 m/s
41

VB = VA cos  = 6.24 m/s

Ex a m p l e 3 1
A sphere is moving with a constant acceleration a 0 along a horizontal surface. A small
particle of mass m starts sliding from the top. Find the angle with vertical at which the
contact is lost.
Solution : N
Making F.B.D. and resolving the forces

mv2 ma0
(ma0 sin  + mg cos ) N =  
R mg
a0
At break off point (N = 0)

mv2
ma0 sin  + mg cos  =
R
 V2 = R (a0 sin  + g cos ) ..... (1)
K + u = Wext [Work energy theorem]

1 2
 2 mv    mg R 1  cos    =  ma0 R sin  ..... (2)
 

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 46 QUIZRR

1
mg R 1  cos    ma0 R sin  = mv2
2

 2 gR 1  cos    2a0 R sin  = R  a0 sin   g cos  

 2g = 3g cos  a0 sin 
(B) When the sphere is fixed

mv2
mg cos   N = N
R

 mg
At break off point (N = O)

mv2
mg cos  =
R
V2 = Rg cos 
(K = u)  Mechanical enery conservation

1
mv2 = mg R 1  cos  
2

Rg cos  = 2 gR 1  cos 
3cos  = 2
1 2
 = cos ( /3)
1 2
Note : When a particle rolls over a fixed sphere, the contact is lost at  = cos ( /3)
[when initial velocity = 0]

Ex a m p l e 3 2
The sleeve of mass M can slide along a smooth vertical rod as shown. Find the velocity of
the block and sleeve, when the sleeve makes an angle  with the horizontal.

d
M

(d tan)
(d sec)
T (d sec d)
 m
A B
V1 V2
h

Solution :
height through which the block m rises = d (sec  1)
(VB = VA sin ) constraint relationship ...... (1)

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 47

Apply conservation of mechanical energy,

1 1
mVB2  M VA2 = Mg hA  ( mg hB ) ...... (2)
2 2

1
 m VA2 sin 2   M VA2 =  2mg d  sec   1  Mg d tan 
2


VA2 m sin2   M  =  2 mgd  sec   1  Mg d tan

Mg d tan   2mgd  sec   1 

VA =
m sin 2   M

 Now, we can calculate VB by using equation 1.

Ex a m p l e 3 3
In the arrangement shown, find the velocity of block C When it strikes the ground.

3m 3m
2m
 

T T
 
>
4m 4m
>

V2 C V2
m V1 m B
Solution : A
From the constraint relationÊs, we know work done by tension is zero
Hence, 2 T (cos ) v1 + 2T (v2) = 0  v1 cos  = v2
when block C hits the ground
1
sin  = (3/5)  = tan (3/4)
From conservation of energy

1 1 
mv12   mv22  2 = 2mg (4)  2mg (2)
2  2 

1
 mv12  mv12 cos2  = 4mg
2


v12 1  2cos2   = 8g

8g 80
  5.923 m/s
V1 = 1  2 cos  2 16
1  2
25

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 48 QUIZRR

Ex a m p l e 3 4
In the given arrangement the system is released from rest. Find the velocity of each block
when A strikes the fixed vertical wall.

A
1m 1m
M

B m

Solution : From the constraint relation

v1 ( T cos ) + v2 (T) = 0
(v1 cos  = v2) ......... (1) 2
Using energy conservation 
1m T V2
K + u = 0 T 5
 h=(5 1)
1 2
 
2 1
 M v1  mv2  = Mg (1)  mg 5 1 V1
2 2 


Mv12  m v12 cos2   = 2Mg  2mg  5 1 

 v1 =

2 Mg  mg  5 1 
2
M  m cos 

Ex a m p l e 3 5
Two blocks A, B are connected by an ideal spring of stifness k and placed on a rough horizontal
surface as shown. A constant force F is applied on B. Find the minimum force, so that the
block A just starts sliding. A B
m1 m2 F
ø1 ø2

Solution :
Concept : The force applied should be such that it starts the slipping in the block A even until
maximum elongation is produced, otherwise, it will not be able to start the motion of A.
 To calculate the friction consider the extreme position, when maximum enlongation is produced and
(v = 0)
To start slipping
K lmax = ø1 m1 g

 1 m1 
  lmax =  g
 k 

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 49

Apply work-energy theorem


Wfriction + Wext. + Wspring = K = 0 [  vi = vf = 0]

1
 ø2m2g (lmax) + F (lmax) Al2max = 0
2

1 
  F = ø2m2g +  Klmax 
2 

 1 m1 g 
Hence, F =  2 m2 g    
 2 

Ex a m p l e 3 6
Two identical block A and B are connected by an ideal spring A m
of stiffness K, initially compressed by means of an attached
string as shown, and placed on horizontal surface. Then the
string is burnt through
K
(a) Find the minimum initial compression, so that the
lower block just loses contact with the surface.

5mg B m
(b) I f l 0 = , find the minimum and maximum normal
2k
force in B.
Solution :
For B, N + Kl = mg
(a) To just lose contact N = 0     Kl = mg

 mg 
 l =  
 K 
Now, to find the minimum initial compression, consider the extreme position (v = 0)
Apply energy conservation,

K + u = 0 [  Wext = 0]

 0 + u = 0 [   K = 0] m
1 2 1 2
 [mg (l + l) – mg (l l0] +  k l  kl0   0 l
2 2 
l0
1
2
2
 2
mg (l + l0) + k l  l0  0  m

2 mg  2mg  natural
  l0  l   l0   l 
k  k  length

3mg B m
l0 =
k

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 50 QUIZRR

(b) Maximum normal force will act at maximum compression

 5mg   7mg 
Nmax = mg + Kl0 = mg + k   
 2k   2 

Minimum normal force will act at (maximum elongation)

Nmin = mg Klmax
lmax can be calculated from energy conservation

2mg 5mg 2mg  mg 

l = l0    
k 2k k  2k 

mg mg
 Nmin = mg 
2 2

Ex a m p l e 3 7
A vertical circular tube of mass M is placed on a horizontal surface.
Two small identical balls, each of mass m which just fit inside the m
tube and released from the top of smooth surface inside the tube.

The tube loses just contact, when the radius vector makes 60 ,

M
(a) find = ?
m
(b) find the maximum value of M so that the tube just loses
contact with surface.
Solution : N0
First the small ball moves along the inner surface but, breaks from N N
inner surface at cos 1 (2/3) and moves along the outer surface. The net

normal force exerted by the ball accelerates the tube to just lose contact
is upward direction.
From FBD of tube
N0 + 2N cos  = Mg
Now, N0 = 0, at time of losing contact Mg
2 N cos 60 = Mg ..... (1)
From FBD of the ball,

 mv2 
N + mg cos  =  r  .... (2)
 

Using energy conservation

K + u = 0
N 
1 mg
 mv2 = mg R 1  cos  
2
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
 QUIZRR 51

 v2 = 2gR (1 cos )

m  2 gR  1  cos 
N =  mg cos 
R
= mg [2 3 cos ]

 3 1
From (1), 2mg 2     Mg
 2 2

1 M
 Ans.
2 m

m  2 gR 1  cos  
(b) N  mg cos   mg  2  3cos 
R
Fnet is upward direction = 2mg [2 3 cos] cos
 (Fnet)  Mg [to loose contact]
[2 mg [2 cos 3 cos 2]max  Mg

2 mg
 solving this;  Mg
3

2m
 M 
3

Ex a m p l e 3 8
In the arrangement shown, the block is conected to point O O
 5mg 
using an ideal spring K    . After the thread PA has 5mg
 l0  l0 K=
lo
been bought through the system starts moving. Find the
A
velocity of each block, when block A just loses contact.
P
m
 l = l0 (sec  1)
l0 B
Solution : m
m
A T

b = (l0 tan )
B
m
N
Let  be the angular position when the block leaves the centred.
Kl
N + K  l cos  = mg 

mg

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 52 QUIZRR

At the time of loss of contact, N = 0

Kl cos  = mg
 5mg 
l0K (sec  ă 1) cos  = mg K  
 l0 

4 5   l0 
 cos    l  l0   1    
5 4  4

3
b  l0  
4
Now, using energy conservation
1  1
2   mv2   kl 2   mgb 
2  2

1 1 5mg  l02  3

 2 mv2     mg   l0
2 2 l0  16  4
 

19 gl0
v
32

Ex a m p l e 3 9
In the arrangement shown the string is elastic l a and has a natural
length l 0. The plank b now slowly shifted till the block starts slipping
over the plank at an angle 30Ĉ. Find the work done by frictional force on l0
the upper block, till it starts slipping over the surface.
Solution : ø m
Balancing forces in horizontal and vertical direction m
smooth
Making F.B.D. of the system for the condition when block starts slipping
N + kl cos  = mg
kl sin  = øN = ø (mg ă kl cos )
mg
 k
l sin    cos  ..... (1)

Apply energy conservation

l = l0(sec ă 1) Wf + Ws = k = 0 {k = 0 as plank is slowly shifted}
 = 30Ĉ N
1
Kl  Wf = u = kl2 {substitute kl from (1)}
 2

øN 1 mg l0 (sec   1)
Wf =
mg 2 (sin    cos )
 2 
1
mg l0 
 3  0 
 1  mg l 2  3

= 2  1
 
3 


3 1  3 
2 2 

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 53

Ex a m p l e 4 0
1
A uniform chain of mass m and length l is placed on a rough horizontal table with length
3
over hanging. The chain just starts slipping at that position.
Find the time and velocity when the chain completely slips off the table. Also find the
work done by friction. 2l
3 2l ă x
3
ø
l l +x
3 3
{at t = 0} {at t = t}

Solution :
Consider an instant when the chain has fallen through x distance, let  be mass per unit length
of the chain
 2l  {fs is the
Wfr     N dx From initial fs (max)     g frictional force
3
2l / 3
 2l   2l  l at t = 0}
= ă    3  x  g dx    g     g .
0   3 3
1

2
{Here Wfr is total work done by friction till {Since it just starts slipping hence frictional force
the entire chain slips off the table} at that moment is sufficiently balancing the weight
of the over hanging chain}

 2l 2 l / 3 2l / 3 
x2  4 l 4 l2 
2
  
=  g  x    =  g   
  3 0 2 0   9 18 

2  1    mgl 
=   g 4 l    
 18   9 
  m  l
Apply energy conservation
Wfr  Wgravity  k

 mgl
    u   k
9
 mgl
 k    u 
9
 mgl  mgl  l   l  l
=   ui  uf      g    mg 
9 9  3   6  2

 mgl   mgl mgl  mgl 3mgl  mgl 

 k      
2 
=
9  18 2 18  3 

1 mgl 2 gl 2 gl
 mv2   v2  or v = Ans.
2 3 3 3
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
 54 QUIZRR

Ex a m p l e 4 1
Find the maximum elongation produced in the spring and acceleration of each block.
F = 15N  = 30Ĉ
m1 = 2kg

K = 1000 N/m

m2 = 4kg


m3 1 kg
{Making F.B.D. of
Solution : Balancing Forces for block m3 block m2}
m3 g ă T = m3a2 ....(1)
Balancing Forces for block m2
Kx
N1
[T + m2 g sin ] ă kx = m2a2 ....(2)
Using (1) and (2) T
m3g + m2 g sin  ă kx = (m2 + m3)a2
m2 g
Balancing Forces for block m1
[kx + m1g sin ) – f1 = m1a1 ....(3)
a1,2 = a1 ă a2

dv1,2   kx  m1 g sin   f1    m3 g  m2 g sin   kx 

 v1,2   
dx  m1   m2  m3 

dv1,2 m sin   f1 m3 g  m2 g sin    kx kx 

v1,2  1   

dx   m1   m2  m3    m1 m2  m3 

0 xmax  xmax 
 17   7 
 v1,2 dv1,2   
 2 
 dx     kx dx
 10 
{At time of maximum elongation}
0 0 0

(Note, the limits carefully.)

 7   x max 
2
 17 
 0    xmax    k  
 2   10   2 

1  17  17  10
 xmax   10  m
k  7 7  1000

17
= cm  2.42cm
7

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 55

Ex a m p l e 4 2
A smooth track in the form of a quarter-circle of radius 6 m lies in the vertical plane. A ring
of weight 4 N moves from P1 and P2 under the action of forces F1, F2 and F3. Force F1 is

always towards P2 and is always 20 N in magnitude; force F 2 always acts horizontally and

is always 30 N in magnitude; force F 3 always acts tangentially to the track and is of
magnitude (15 ă 10s) N where s is in meters. If the particle has speed 4 m/s at P1, what will
its speed be at P2 ?

Solution : The work done by F 1 is
6m
P2 O P2
W1  P
1
F1 cos  ds 2

  R=6m
From figure; s  R   2 
 2  6m

or ds = (6 m) d (ă 2) = ă 12 d F1 = 20 N

and F1 = 20 F3 = 15 ă 10s N
F2 = 30 N
0
Hence, W1   240  / 4 cos  d P1 s
W=4N

= 240 sin  120 2 J
4

The work done by F3 is

6  / 2
W3   F3 ds  0 15  10 s ds
3
= 15s  5s    302.8 J
2
0


To calculate the work done by F2 and by W, it is convenient to take the projection of the path in
the direction of the force, instead of vice versa. Thus,

 
W2  F2 OP 2  30(6)  180 J

 
W    W  P1O  ( 4)(6)   24 J

The total work done is

W1 + W3 + W2 + W = 23 J
Then, by the work-energy principle.
KP2 ă KP1 = 23 J
1  4  2 1 4 
 9.8  v2  2  9.8  (4)  23
2
=
2    
v2 = 11.3 m/s Ans.

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 56 QUIZRR

Ex a m p l e 4 3
A bock of mass m is pushed against a spring of spring constant k fixed at one end to a wall.
The block can slide on a frictionless table. The natural length of the springis L0 and it is
compressed to half its natural length when the block is released. Find the velocity of the
block as a function of its distance x from the wall.
V

x
Solution :
When the block is released, the spring pushes it towards right. The velocity of the block increases
till the spring acquires its natural length. Thereafter, the block loses contact with the spring and moves
with constant velocity.
Initially, the compression of the spring is L0/2. When the distance of the block from the wall becomes
x, where x < L0, the compression is (L0 ă x). Using the principle of conservation of energy.

2
1  L0  1 1
 k  L 0  x   mv2
2
k 
2  2  2 2

k  L20 2
Solving this, v    L0  x   Ans.
m 4 

 k  L0
When the spring acquires its natural, x = L0 velocity becomes v   m  2 . Thereafter, the block
 
continues with this velocity.

Ex a m p l e 4 4
A particle slides along a track with elevated ends and a flat central part as shown in Fig.
The flat portion BC has a length l = 3.0 m. The curved portions of the track are frictionless.
For the flat part the coefficient of kinetic friction is øk = 0.20, the particle is released at
point A which is at height h = 1.5 m above the flat part of the track. Where does the particle
finally comes to rest?
Solution :
A D
As initial mechanical energy of the particle is mgh and final is
zero, so loss in mechanical energy = mgh. This mechanical energy
is lost in doing work against friction in the flat part, h
So, loss in mechanical energy = work done against friction
B E C
h 1.5
or mgh = ømgs i.e. s    0.2  7.5 m

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 57

After starting from B the particle will reach C and then will rise up till the remaining KE at C is
converted into potential energy. It will then again descend and at C will have the same value as it had
when ascending, but now it will move from C to B. The same will be repeated and finally the particle
will come to rest at E such that
BC + CB + BE = 7.5
or 3 + 3 + BE = 7.5
i.e., BE = 1.5
So, the particle comes to rest at the centre of the flat part. Ans.

Ex a m p l e 4 5
A 0.5 kg block slides from the point A on a horizontal track with an initial speed 3 m/s
towards a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force constant 2 N/m. The part
AB of the track is frictionless and the part BC has the coefficient of static and kinetic
friction as 0.22 and 0.20 respectively. If the distance AB and BC are 2 m and 2.14 m
respectively, find the total distance through which the block moves before it comes to rest
completely. [g = 10 m/s2]
Solution :
As the track AB is frictionless, the block moves this distance without loss in its initial
1 1
KE  mv2   0.5  32  2.25 J .
2 2
In the path BD as friction is present, so work done against friction
= øk mgs = 0.2 ï 0.5 ï 10 ï 2.14 = 2.14 J
So at D the K.E. of the block is = 2.25 ă 2.14 = 0.11 J.
Now, if the spring is compressed by x

1
0.11   k  x2   k mgx
2
A D C
B
1
i.e. 0.11   2  x2  0.2  0.5  10 x
2
or x2 + x ă 0.11 = 0
which on solving gives positive value of x = 0.1 m
After moving the distance x = 0.1 m the block comes to rest. Now the compressed spring exerts a
force :
F = kx = 2 ï 0.1 = 0.2 N
on the block while limiting frictional force between block and track is fL = øsmg = 0.22 ï 0.5 ï 10
= 1.1 N.
Since, F < fL. The block will not move back. So, the total distance moved by the block
= AB + BD + 0.1
= 2 + 2.14 + 0.1
= 4.24 m Ans.
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
 58 QUIZRR

Ex a m p l e 4 6
The block of mass M shown in Fig. initially has a velocity v0 to the right and its position
is such that the spring exerts no force on it, i.e., the spring is neither stretched nor
compressed. The block moves to the right a distance l before stopping in the dotted position
shown. The spring constant is k and the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and
the table is ø. Find :
(a) what is the work done on it by the spring friction force?
(b) what is the work done on it by the spring force?
(c) are there other forces acting on the block, and if so, what work do they do?
(d) what is the total work done on the block?
(e) use the work-energy theorem to find the value of l in terms of M, v0, ø, g and k.

v0
l
k
M
ø

Solution :
(a) Work done by friction = ă ø M gl

1 2
(b) Work done by the spring force =  kl
2

(c) Gravitational force and normal reaction of the table do not work as they act in a direction
perpendicular to displacement.

 1 2
(d) Total work done on the block =    M gl  kl 
 2 

(e) According to work energy theorem

Change in kinetic energy = work done by all the forces

1  1 
 0 M v02     M gl  kl 2 
2  2 

2 M gl M v02
or l2   0
k k

1  2
l  M 2 g 2  M k v02   Mg  Ans.
k  

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 59

Ex a m p l e 4 7
Two blocks A and B are connected to each other by a string and a spring. The spring
passes over a frictionless pulley as shown in Fig. Block B slides over the horizontal top
surface of a stationary block C and the block A slides along the B
vertical side of C, both with the same uniform speed. The
coefficient of friction between the surfaces of the blocks is 0.2. C
The force constant of the spring is 1960 N m ă1. If the mass of A
block A is 2 kg, calculate the mass of block B and the energy
stored in the spring. Take g = 9.8 m/s2
Solution :
Let m be the mass of B. From its free-body diagram
T ă øN = m ï 0 = 0
where T = tension of the string and N = mg
 T = ømg
T øN'

øN B T N'

T´ 2g
(a) (b) (c)
 From the free-body diagram of the spring
T ă T´ = 0
where T´ is the force exerted by A on the spring
or T = T´ = ømg
From the free body diagram of A
2g ă (T´ + øN´) = 2 ï 0 = 0
where N´ is the normal reaction of the vertical wall of C on A and N´
= 2 ï 0 (as there is no horizontal acceleration of A)
2g 2
 2g = T´= ømg or m   10 kg Ans.
g 0.2
Tensile force on the spring = T or T´ = ømg = 0.2 ï 10 ï 9.8 = 19.6 N
Now, in spring,
tensile force = force constant ï extension
1
 19.6 = 1960x or x  m
100
1 2
or U (energy of a spring) = kx
2
2
1  1 
=  1960     .098  J Ans.
2  100 

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 60 QUIZRR

Ex a m p l e 4 8
A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant radius r such that its centripetal
acceleration ac is varying with time t as ac = k 2rt2 where k is a constant. What is the power
delivered to the particle by the forces acting on it?
Solution :
As ac = (v2/r), so (v2/r) = k2rt2

1 1
 Kinetic energy K mv2 = mk2 r 2 t2
2 2

1
Now, from work-energy theorem W = K = mk2 r 2 t2  0 [as at t = 0, K = 0]
2

dW d 1 
P  mk2 r 2 t2  = mk2 r 2t
dt  2
So, Ans.
dt 

Alternate solution : Given that ac = k2rt2, so that

Fc = mac = mk2rt2
Now, as ac = (v2/r), so (v2/r) = k2rt2 or v = krt
So, that a t = (dv/dt) = kr
i.e., Ft = mat = mkr

  
Now, as F  F c  Ft

dW     
 
So, P  F. v   F c  Ft  . v
dt  

  
Now, in circular motion F c is perpendicular to v while F t parallel, so

   
P = Ftv as F c . v  0 
 

 P = mk2r2t Ans.

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 61

Ex a m p l e 4 9
An automobile of mass m accelerates, starting from rest. The engine supplies constant
power P, show that
(a) The velocity is given as a function of time by v = (2Pt/m)1/2
(b) The position is given as function of time by s = (8P/9m)1/2t3/2
Solution : Power P = constant
Work done upto time t is W = Pt
From work energy theorem
W = KE

1
or Pt  mv2
2

1/ 2
 2Pt 
 v  ...(i)
 m 

(b) By definition v = (ds/dt), which from Eq. (i) becomes

1/2 1/2
ds  2Pt  s t  2Pt 

dt  m 
i.e. 0 ds  0  m 
dt

which on integration gives

1/2 1/2
 2P  2 3/2  8P 
s  t or s  t3 / 2
m 3  9m 

Ex a m p l e 5 0
A spherical ball of mass m is kept at the highest point in
the space between two fixed, concentric spheres A and B
(see figure). The smaller sphere A has a radius R and the
space betwen the two spheres has a width d. The ball has Sphere B
a diameter very slightly less than d. All surfaces are 
frictionless. The ball is given a gentle push (towards the O
d
right in the figure). The angle made by the radius vector R
of the ball with the upward vertical is denoted by  Sphere A
(shown in the figure).
(a) Express the total normal reaction force exerted
by the spheres on the ball as a function of angle .
(b) Let NA and N B denote the magnitudes of the normal reaction forces on the ball
exerted by the spheres A and B, respectively. Sketch the variations of NA and N B
as functions of cos  in the range 0     by drawing two separate graphs, taking
cos  on the horizontal axes.
[JEE 2002]

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

62 QUIZRR

Solution :
h

 d
(a) h   R   1  cos   
 v
 2 mg

velocity of ball at angle  is

 d
v2  2 gh  2  R   1  cos   g ...(i)
 2

Let N be the total normal reaction (away from centre) at angle . Then

mv2
mg cos  ă N =
 d
R  
 2

Substituting value of v2 from Eq. (i), we get

mg cos  ă N = 2 mg (1 ă cos )
 N = mg ( 3 cos  ă 2) Ans.
(b) The ball will lose contact with the inner sphere when
N = 0
or 3 cos  ă 2 = 0

2
or   cos1  
3
After this it makes contact with outer sphere and normal reaction starts acting towards the centre.

 2
Thus, for   cos 1  
 3
NB = 0
and NA = mg (3 cos  ă 2) Ans.

 2
and for   cos 1  
 3
NA = 0
and NB = mg (2 ă 3 cos )
The corresponding graphs are as follows :
NA NB

mg 5mg

2mg
cos  cos 
ă1 2/3 +1 ă1 2/3 +1

WORK, ENERGY & POWER

 QUIZRR 63

Work Energy Power

refers to an activity involving a
force and movement in the
direction of the force. A force of
20 newtons pushing an object 5
meters in the direction of the force
does 100 joules of work.
is the capacity for doing work. You
must have energy to accomplish
work-it is like the ÂÂcurrencyÊÊ for
performing work. To do 100 joules
of work, you must expend 100
joules of energy.
is the rate of doing work or the
rate of using energy, which are
numerically the same. If you do
100 joules of work in one second
(using 100 joules of energy), the
power is 100 watts.

Work
Is done on an for constant force
object when in the direction
Is NOT done of motion
Force when there W = Fx
is no motion for constant force
acts on it in the
with a component in
direction
direction of motion
of motion F
W = F cos q x
F
d
or has a or when the force for a variable force
component is perpendicular in the direction
in the direction to the motion of motion
of motion W = F dx
F d
for a variable force
in a variable direction
d
F

W = F cos q dx

is the capacity Energy appears

for doing in
is constrained by
the fundamental Multiple
which for Work
principle Forms
objects in
motion includes Conservation Energy
of energy and is Examples
Kinetic
expressed
and may Energy which appears in
include in Multiple
Potential Many Guises Units
Energy
including the
due to due to
mechanical
Work-Energy
Gravity Elastic Principle
Forces

WORK, ENERGY & POWER