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SETTLEMENT
GEOGRAPHY

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What is a settlement?

A settlement is a place where people live and interact. A settlement could be anything
from an isolated farmhouse to a mega city (settlement with over 10 million people).

Settlements can either be temporary or permanent. Temporary settlements include

things such as refugee camps.

The reason why a settlement developed in the first place is said to be its function.

In the study of settlement it is important to understand the different types of settlement

and the criteria used to classify the settlements

What do we mean by site and situation of a settlement?

The site and situation of a settlement are very different things. The site of a settlement is
the land upon which it was built. There are a range of factors that can determine the site
of a settlement. These are mainly physical factors

Availability of water

Availability of building material

Type of soil

Fertility of soil (Rural settlements)

Relief/ Gradient of the slope

Drainage

NOTE: In the exams you may be asked to identify the factors from an existing diagram.

The situation of a settlement is its location in relation to surrounding human and

physical features. We usually describe the situation when we are telling someone where
a settlement is.

•wet point site - these are sites close to a supply of water

•dry point site - these are sites that avoided the risk of flooding

•defensive site - these were sites that were on high ground and allowed the inhabitants to
see enemies from a distance

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•aspect - many settlements in the northern hemisphere are located on south facing sides
of valleys where it is sunny

•shelter - away from rain and prevailing winds

•trading point - often settlements developed where natural training points meet such as
along rivers or natural route ways

•resources - many settlements developed close to where natural resources could be

found

Site Characteristics
Defensive Difficult to attack e.g. hill-top or island
Hill-foot Sheltered, with flat land for building and farming
Gap Lower, more sheltered land between two hills
Wet point Close to water in a dry area
Dry point On higher, dry area close to wet land e.g. marshes or flooding rivers
Route centre Focus of routes (e.g. roads) from surrounding area
Bridging point Where bridges can be built over a river

CHOICE OF SITE:

Which factors can you identify that are of importance when choosing SITE

 Availalbilty of drinkable water

 Availability of building materials
 Arable land ( will you be able to plough in this area)
 Pasturage for livestock( can your live stock be able to get grass to feed on)
 Fuel for warmth and cooking
 Soil quality
 Relief and drainage
 Transport routes
 Relief
 Soil conditions
 Religion

RURAL SETTLEMENTS
CHOICE OF SITUATION

Factors that influence SITUATION:

 Relief (topography- level plains prefered more than the rugged mountains)
 Climate ( Areas with plenty water will be prefered and those that are hot and the
clod ones)
 Altitude (Upper slopes with low average temperatures; Valley floors with
innversions at night; and Frost

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Influence of Aspect : In the Southern Hemisphere people prefer to choose sites

facing the Northen Slopes because they receive direct rays and are warmer in
Winter and cooler in Summer months
CLASSIFICATION OF PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS:

 Settlements can be classified according to Size and Function and also the Shape
and Pattern of the settlement.
 Settlements that are far apart are Isolated or Dispersed
 Others are close to each other and are referred to as Clustered or Nucleated.
 Shape is also used to classify settlements. It describes the morphology of the
settlement to show how buildings are arranged in relationship to each other and their
physical appearance.
 Linear shape villages are influenced by a river,road
 Circular shape villages are influenced by security reasons
 Star shaped Cross roads are villages that are found on cross roads also break of
bulk point are found on cross roads.
 A wet-point rural settlement is found at water supply e.g around a well in a dry area
 A dry- point rural settlement is found at a dry place in a wet area
 The function of a rural settlement is what purpose it serves i.e. what do people living
there do?.Function of rural areas is mostly agriculture,mining,fishing and forestry.
 Agriculture is both Subsistence and Commercial.
 Rural settlements range is size from a single isolated farmstead to a rural hamlet or
village.

SHAPE
ROUND CROSSROAD LINIAR

Around central point Where roads cross Along road or river

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SHAPE / BUITELYNVORM

LINIAR
S
H CROSS ROAD

A
P
E

Villages consist of an aggregation of many farmstead and most people

living in villages make a living from working on farms. Villages usually have
few shops, a place of worship, a school a post office and a medical clinic.

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Shapes of villages
 Round – farmsteads are grouped around a centrally located village
green, water source, a market or church. e.g. English green village,
mosai kraal and German rundling. Most round villages developed as
result of protection
 Cross – the shape of the village reflects the way the roads meet e.g.
T-shaped, Cross-shaped and star shaped
 Linear – they arise from the nature of the site e.g. along a river. A
railway or road or narrow valley with steep slopes. A linear may be
nucleated or dispersed or and combines the advantages of both
settlements.
 Fragmented – the villages that have a few scattered huts, without
much pattern

Land use refers to the function of an area of land the purpose for which land is used.

- The largest land use in rural settlement is agriculture - both commercial and
subsistence about 12.1% land
- Another land about 0.8% is used for citrus, tea, vineyards and fruit plantations
- 87.1% is land that exists as permanent veld, forests , mountainous wilderness,
rural urban settlements and transport routes.( Study and Master CAPS)
- Some land is used as nurseries, land fill sites, horse riding schools and stables,
golf courses, sewerage works, and airports.
- Natural resources, recreation and conservation, natural wilderness, informal
settlements.

A rural land use will depend on :

 The physical features of the environment

 The level of development of the country
 The proximity of towns and cities
 The number of people in the area.

Rural urban migration

It is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Push factors

Factors that force people out of the rural areas (refer to flow diagram below)

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Pull factors

Factors that attract people out of the rural areas (refer to flow diagram below)

Flow diagram, showing push and pull factors that result in rural urban migration

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Rural depopulation

Refers to the decrease in the number of people found in the rural areas.

Causes of rural depopulation

a) Rural urban migration (refer to work guide 9 showing push and pull factors)
b) Death
c) Migration e.g. going overseas etc

Consequences of rural depopulation on people and the economy

a) Decline in wage earners therefore decreased buying power.

b) Dwindling population results in shops closing down, decreasing staff or reducing
stock
c) Facilities close down e.g. banks, post office
d) Residents have to travel greater distances services that close down e.g. travel to
other towns
e) Schools close down or quality of educational facilities decrease
f) Land value drops
g) Younger and more productive people leave resulting in an ageing population
h) Decrease in productivity of the area
i) Ghost towns could develop
j) Increase in poverty
k) Cycle of rural decline and decay sets in
l) Decrease in use of resources in rural areas, resources not used to develop
economy
m) Cycle of poverty continues for many people

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Case study showing causes and effects of rural depopulation

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Activity

1. Explain the concept rural decline

2. What was the main function of Graaff-Reinet

3. State THREE reason for the decline of Graaff-Reinet

4. State TWO effects it had on Graaff-Reinet

Memorandum

1. The quality of life in the rural area is decreasing e.g. shops and businesses are
closing.

2. To provide services to the surrounding residents and communities.

3. - Farms were made larger for business purposes and delivery people no longer
stopped in town as trucks transported goods in refrigerators over great distances.
- Young people left they were attracted by bright lights of the city resulting in the
Graaff-Reinet college attracting very few students.
- Labour was replaced by mechanisation which led to less jobs and people moved
- people now stopped at large ultra city garages instead of small towns

4. - Shops and business did not have a threshold population and closed down
- The amount of external income was reduced
whereas rural depopulation refers to the decrease in the number of people found in the
rural areas.

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Strategies to address rural depopulation

GIS
The role GIS in increasing regarding addressing rural depopulation. We can use GIS to
investigate various issues e.g. how many people leaving rural areas, monitoring of
business, monitoring physical factors such as vegetation cover and soil fertility. We
could investigate the impact of water resources on rural depopulation etc.

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Provision of basic needs

By providing the basic needs e.g. piped water, housing, electricity, education,
sanitation, employment etc. will definitely reduce rural depopulation.

Using tourism to address rural depopulation.

Organising of special events

Using the assets of a rural area e.g. a rural area in Tulbagh where grapes and wine is
popular, we could have a wine festival. This attracts people to the area and in this way
they could also view the other assets of the area creating an opportunity to attract
people and investment reducing rural depopulation.

Advertising possible tourist attractions.

Using appropriate media e.g. television, magazines, newspapers etc advertise possible
tourists attractions will bring business into the rural area decreasing rural depopulation.
Building or renovating of infrastructure relating to tourism will also assist

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Case study showing strategies to address rural depopulation

Activity

1. Explain the term basic needs

2. Explain the initial step taken by the community of Muyexe

3a) Proper consultation lead to success. Do you agree with this statement?
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b) Give a reason for your answer.

4. Explain THREE successes that the community of Muyexe had regarding the
provision of basic needs.
Memorandum

1. Basic needs are services needed by people in order to have a an acceptable quality
of life.

2. The community identified and prioritised 21that the government addressed over a two
year period

3a) Yes

3b) There was consultation at grass roots level – community was consulted

4. – 383 new houses were built

- A cre’che, upgrade primary school and high school was established.
- Many people were employed

Social justice issues

Access to resources

During the apartheid era millions of black people were forced to live in the former
‘homelands’ which had limited resources. This resulted in the over utilisation of the
resources. There was now a serious problem regarding access to resources. The
information below shows the distribution of the homelands.

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Poverty

Poverty is linked to access to resources. It more than just having insufficient income to
meet the basic needs, it is also the inability of people to have access to resources. This
results in people being caught in a cycle of poverty as illustrated by the flow diagram
below.

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Possible solutions to access to resources and poverty

We need to have a balance between inputs and Infrastructure in order to have

sustainable development (diagram 1). We need to empower people and use the
resources available to assist with the problem of poverty and resources (diagram 2).

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Diagram 1

Diagram 2

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Social justice issues

Land reform programmes

During apartheid land was taken away from the black communities. Strategies are being
put in place to rectify this wrong. A three- pronged approach to land reform has been
put in place as illustrated below.

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Challenges facing and reform programme

The implementation of the land reform programmes brought various problems as

indicated below.

How a land claim is made

The flow diagram below illustrates the legal process of making a land claim

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Case study on social justices issues in rural areas

Refer to the article below and answer the questions that follow

LAND USE CONFICTS IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK

The Kruger National Park is South Africa's best-known national park. and it is
therefore not surprising that the most publicised of the land claims against
SANParks has been that of the Makuleke community in the northern part of the
Kruger National. The Makuleke community was removed from 23,700 ha of land
in order to expand the Kruger National Park to the north. In 1995, they applied
for restitution. The issue was complex because matters such as whether the
alternative land was adequate compensation to the community, the biodiversity
value of the area. In 1998, the claim was eventually resolved with an Agreement
that specified that while the land rights of the Makuleke would be restored, the
people would not rein habit this area, but would manage it jointly as a protected
area with SANParks. In doing so, the community would derive an income from
sustainably utilising the wildlife and developing tourist facilities.
According to the Endangered Wildlife Trust, a local NGO, that runs a training
programme in the area, what the Makuleke have received in education for
employment in nature conservation and tourism jobs, has been more beneficial
to them than reverting to unsustainable farming. They also receive an income
because they have formed a partnership with Wilderness Safaris to run a tourist
lodge.

1. Explain the term social justice .

2. Explain the social injustice that took place in the case study

3. Explain how the social justice issues were addressed.

Memorandum

1. It requires the removal the removal of obstacles so that people can develop their
potential.

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2. The Maluleke were removed from their land in order to expand the Kruger National
Park.

3. Agreement was reached, the Maluleke community will get their land rights back but
will not re-inhabit the land. They would manage it jointly with SANParks. In doing so the
Maluleke community would derive an income from sustainably utilising the wildlife and
developing tourist facilities. The Makuleke community have received in education for
employment in nature conservation and tourism jobs. They also receive an income beca

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

The origin and development of urban settlements

Farming produced surplus storage food

Many people did not have to farm did other activities e.g. making goods, education,
building infrastructure etc.

They lived in nucleated settlements so that they could trade with one another

Towns developed along transport routes

Villages towns cities

Pre-industrial towns and cities

Concerned mainly with commerce, trade and craft industries

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Industrial towns and cities

Industrial revolution-concerned mainly with manufacturing

Post-industrial towns and cities

Concerned mainly with services

Urbanisation of the world population

 Urbanisation refers to an increasing proportion/percentage of people living in urban

areas.

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 Urbanisation is growing rapidly

 At present approximately 70% of most economically developed countries are urbanised
 At present approximately 33% of less economically developed countries are urbanised
 Main factors responsible are natural growth and rural-urban migration

CONCEPTS

 Rate of urbanization
Refers to the pace at which urbanisation is occuring

 Level of urbanization
The percentage of the number of people living in urban areas

 Urban growth
Refers to increase in the number of people living in urban areas

 Urban expansion

Refers to the physical expansion of an urban area

 Urban sprawl

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Is the formless expansion of an urban area

HOW SITE AND SITUATION AFFECT THE LOCATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

 Site-refers to the exact location on which the settlement develops.

Factors are:
 Water supply
 Relief
 Underlying structure of the rock and soil
 Drainage
 Resources e.g. raw material ls
 Aspect of slope

 Situation-refers to location of the settlement in relation to the surrounding area.

Factors are:
 Transport
 Access to market

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CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

 Central places
 Is an urban area that provides urban functions to the surrounding rural area e.g. Beaufort
West

 Trade and transport towns

 These towns develop as a result of trade and transport e.g. Cape Town

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 Break-of-bulk points
 Where one form of transport is replaced by another e.g. Durban

 Specialisd towns
 These towns develop due to one main function e.g. Umhlanga Rocks

 Junction towns
 These towns develop at important transport intersections e.g. De Aar

 Gateway/gap towns
 It develops around a gap in a physical feature like a mountain e.g. Harrismith

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Urban Hierarchies

 Urban hierarchy
 Refers to the ranking of urban settlements according to their significance
 The number of urban settlements decrease as we move from lower order centres to higher
order centres
 Threshold population
The number of customers needed in order for a business/service to make a profit

 Sphere of influence
The area from which an urban area gets its customers

 Range of goods/services
Refers to maximum distance person is prepared to travel in order to obtain a service or buy
a good.

 Low order functions/services/goods

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 Are used/bought everyday/regularly

 Generally found near the customer
 Bread, post office, petrol station etc

 High order functions/services/goods

 Specialised and bought/used less frequently

 Found in higher order centres
 Airport, hospital, regional shopping centre/cars

 Low order centres

 Provide low order goods/services/functions to surrounding area

 High order centres

 Provide high order goods/services/functions to settlements

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CHRISTALLER’S CENTRAL PLACE THEORY

CONTENT

STREET PATTERNS

 Grid iron/rectangular
Roads meet at right angles

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Advantages

 Shorter routes
 Easy to extend
 Easy to find places

Disadvantages
 Associated with traffic congestion
 Many intersections/robots
 Time consuming
 Fuel consuming
 Road rage/frustration

 Irregular
No set pattern. It develops due to relief e.g. goes around hilly areas

Advantages
 Creates aesthetic appeal due to different roads
 Less traffic congestion
 Less intersections

Disadvantages
 Can get lost
 Travel longer distances
 Radial
All roads lead to/out of a central point e.g. CBD

Advantages
 Less intersections
 Easier flow of traffic
 Aesthetic appeal

Disadvantages
 Unplanned growth can create traffic problems

LAND-USE ZONES

 Commercial

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 CBD
 Commercial heart of the city
 Tallest buildings with highest density- land is expensive
 High accessibility
 Mixed zone but dominated by commercial functions
 High and low order functions

 Other business districts

 OBD, Isolated store cluster, commercial ribbon development, planned neighbourhood
shopping centre and planned regional shopping centre

 Residential

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 High income – near parks, rural-urban fringe and expensive flats in CBD (penthouse), low
density large buildings

 Middle income –In between high and low income. Single dwellings, medium density

 Low income-Near employment, high density, small buildings

 Informal- little formal structure, mostly shacks made out of zinc and wooden crate etc,
limited basic services e.g. sanitation, electricity

 Industrial

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 Heavy
 Outskirts of CBD, due to pollution, traffic congestion.
 Near flat land, bulk transport, water supply, cheap land

 Light
 Located in the CBD, transition zone, residential areas.
 Does not cause a lot of pollution, traffic congestion.

 Zone of decay/transition zone

 Found around CBD
 Zone of change

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 Many dilapidated buildings (low owner occupation). Buildings are taken over by other
functions and renovated
 Zone of mixed functions

 Greenbelt
 Reduce ecological footprint
 Green areas e.g. parks, conservation areas

 Rural-urban fringe
 Urban function invade the surrounding rural area
 Has urban and rural functions
 High income residential areas, golf course, sewage works

URBAN PROFILE

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Refers to the side view/cross section of an urban area. Here we can look at the:

 Vertical height of the buildings

 The density of buildings
 The different land use zones

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF A CITY/URBAN AREA

Refers generally to the height, density, shape and situation of the urban areas.

 Factors influencing the morphological structure of a city

 Transport
Allowed urban areas to spread out

 Planning
Totally planned, unplanned and piecemeal planning

 Physical
Underlying rock structure, topography/relief and local/micro climate

MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE

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Refer to a general explanation of land use zones e.g. its situation

 Burgess/Concentric
 Land use zones develop in concentric circles/zones around the CBD
 CBD is in the centre

 Hoyt/Sector
 Land use zones develop in sectors around the CBD
 CBD is in the centre

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 Harris and Ullman/Multiple nuclei

 Land use zones develop around different nuclei, depending on the
needs of that land use zone e.g. heavy industry near bulk transport

 Modern American-western city

 Movement of people into urban area e.g. rural urban migration
 Movement of people out of urban area e.g. commercial decentralization/urban rural
migration.

 Third World city

 Large scale rural urban migration due to opportunities in the urban areas
 Natural increase
 Formal and large scale informal settlements

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 South African city

 Influenced by the apartheid policy e.g. Group areas act.
 South Africa is undergoing transition due to Democracy

 Changing urban patterns and land use and the South African city

 Urban renewal
 Renovating the urban area
 Facadism keeping the external front of the building but modifying the rest of the
building
 Gentrification- upgrade run down areas in the inner city
 Invasion and succession-one inappropriate land use replaced by another more
appropriate land use e.g. residential to commercial.

 Decentralisation of functions
 Commercial functions moving to the residential area
 Convevience of having different functions in one area.

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RECENT URBANISATION PATTERNS IN SOUTH AFRICA

 South Africa is experiencing rapid urbanisation due to rural-urban migration and

international migration.
 South Africa is approximately 62% urbanised.
 Urbanisation continues to increase in South Africa.

 INNER CITY PROBLEMS

Due to rapid urbanisation the urban area, especially the inner city, experiences great
pressure to try and cope with this increase. This results in inner city problems.

 Urban blight

 Urban blight refer to a city or part of a city that is in a dilapidated state

 Low owner occupation ratio
 It was part of a fully function urban area.

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 Traffic congestion

 Due to an increase in urbanisation we have an increase in vehicles leading to

traffic congestion
 The transport networks cannot cope effectively with this increase
 Occurs mainly during peak hours e.g. morning when going to work and
afternoon when coming from work

 Strategies to reduce traffic congestion

 Staggered working hours/flexitime

 Introduce other forms of transport
 Lanes dedicated to public transport, e.g. buses and taxis
 Decentralisation of offices, industries and shops
 Park-and-ride facilities
 Outer ring roads and bypasses
 More efficient public transport system, e.g. Gautrain and Rea Vaya
 One-way streets
 Underground transport
 Subsidise the cost of public transport
 Encourage lift clubs

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 Lack of planning

 Many people are moving to cities and the city cannot plan effectively to cater for
the needs of these people
 This leads to unhindered growth and urban sprawl
 People build shelters where ever possible
 This is uncontrolled and basic services are difficult to provide

 Overcrowding

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 Many people moving to urban areas are poor

 They live in areas with low rentals
 This results in families living in small rooms, shacks or even a few families
sharing a room resulting in overcrowding
 This creates huge pressure on basic services and facilities e.g. schools

 Housing shortages

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 Growing urban populations create housing shortages

 This has resulted in informal settlements, urban blight and urban sprawl
 The government’s RDP house project has helped but due to the massive
increase in urbanisation it was not as effective. More than 3 million urban
dwellings have been built by the state
 Another form of housing built to accommodate the large urban population are flats.

 Service provision

 Due to rapid urbanisation and unplanned settlements it has made it difficult to provide
services to all the people.

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 The increasing demand for services and infrastructure is greatest in the informal
settlements and the transition zone, and this is where poverty is also the greatest
problem.
 Basic services include housing, healthcare facilities, educational facilities, sanitation,
clean drinking water and electricity.
 These are basic services because they are required for human wellbeing. Infrastructure
includes roads, power lines and communication networks.
 People need infrastructure to access the services and function offered by the city.
 This result in many protests
 Government project have increased the provision of services but more needs to done

 INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

 Settlement which are densely populated areas

 High building density
 Self constructed shelters
 Lack of basic services
 Mostly due to rural-urban migration

 Growth of informal settlements

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 Approximately 11% of South Africans live in informal settlement

 It is caused by rural-urban migration, natural growth, poverty etc.
 As the country becomes more urbanised more informal settlements develop

 Issues associated with informal settlements

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 Overcrowding
 Limited service provision
 Social problems
 Poorly constructed shelters
 Unhygienic living conditions
 Overcrowding
 High level of pollution
 Limited access to emergency services

 Strategies to address issues relating to informal settlements

 Education
 Employment
 RDP houses
 Involve locals in projects
 Partnership with private sector (financial Support etc)

 ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICES
 Damage to the natural environment by man

 Air pollution

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 Carbon emissions/greenhouse gases from vehicle, industries, people etc.

 Noise pollution

 From vehicle, people, activities etc.

 Destruction of ecosystems

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 Ecosystems are destroyed by:

 Urban development
 Deforestation
 Pollution

 ECONOMIC INJUSTICES

 Poverty

 Due to:
 Lack of employment
 Lack of education
 Economic decline

 Poor public transport systems

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 Mostly taxis many of which are not road worthy

 Poor transport networks
 Poor quality buses which are not reliable.
 Projects such as Rea-Vaya and Gautrain try to handle problem

 SOCIAL INJUSTICES

 Unequal access to resources and services

 We have two different economic worlds in one country
 A good example is the high income areas and the informal settlements
 They vary with regards access to resources and services
REFERENCES

R. DAVECHAND AND MINDSET

TELEMATICS

GOOGLE IMAGES

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MANAGING OF URBAN CHALLENGES IN SOUTH AFRICA

 Increase employment opportunities thereby promoting economic growth

 Encouraging the decentralisation of functions and people
 Development of green cities, this incorporates the green area and open spaces into the
design from the start
 Provide housing and basic services to the population
 Make different land uses walking distance from each other
 Having functions in one area, limits movement
 Transport routes with pedestrian access in residential areas
 Wider streets which integrate with the environment e.g. planting trees on the side of the
road

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