Sistem Transduksi Sinyal

*Cell Signaling: Sending & Receiving Chemical Signals = Cara Sel Berkomunikasi

Tujuan Komunikasi antar Sel

 Homeostasis
 Adaptasi
 Pembelahan Sel dan Kematian Sel
 Pelepasan dan Produksi Hormon
 Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan
 Metabolisme
 Meregulasi Molekul

Langkah Cell Signaling oleh Molekul

Sintesis  Pelepasan  Transport  Deteksi  Pengikatan  Perubahan pada sel 

Pelepasan  Respon

Lintasan Transduksi Sinyal

1. Extraseluler Pensinyalan Molekul (Ligand), jenisnya:
 Intracrine  Di dalam sel dan untuk diri sendiri
 Autocrine  Untuk diri sendiri dan sel sekitar
 Paracrine  Sel Sekitar
 Juxtacrine  Gap Junction, Cell to Cell Contact
 Endocrine  Hormon, Sel Target Jauh, mediasi Pembuluh Darah
2. Reseptor
3. G-Protein (transducer)
4. Second Messengers
5. Effectors
6. Cellular Responses
7. Terminated Process

Komponen dalam Transduksi Sinyal

 1st Messenger, ex: Epinerfin, Asetilkolin
 Receptor
 Effectors, ex: Adenylyl Cyclase, Phospolipases, Kinases, ion Channels
 2nd Messengers, ex: cAMP, cGMP, Inositol Triphosphate, Diacylgycerol, Ca2+
 Downstream Effectors, ex: Kontraksi Otot, Sekresi
Komponen dalam Transduksi Sinyal (LAGI WKWKWK)
 Ligand (Hormon)
 Reseptor:
1. Permukaan:
a. Hormon Peptida, Neuropeptida, GF, Sitokin
b. Neurotransmitter
2. Dalam Sel:
a. Steroid, Tiroid, Vit. D, Retinoid
b. Ekosanoid: PG, PGI, TX dan LT
c. NO dan CO
 Reseptor Hormon
 Second Messenger: cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+
 Protein Lain: G-Protein, Protein Kinase, Fosfatase
 Protein Adaptor: GRB2, SOS, SH2

Reseptor Permukaan Sel

1. GPCR  7-Helix
 Hormon Peptida
 Neuropeptida
 Neurotransmitter
2. Ion-Channel Receptors  Asetilkolin
3. RTK  EGF, PDGF, NGF, Insulin
4. Reseptor Guanil Siklase  ANP & BNP
5. Tyrosine Kinase-Linked Receptors (JAK Kinase) oleh Sitokin
6. Reseptor Serine / Threonine Kinase  TGF-, bekerja pada TF-SMAD
7. Reseptor Tirosin Fosfatase (CD45)  Sel T dan Sel B
8. Reseptor Integrin  Sitoskeleton
9. Death Receptors  TNF, Fas, Sitokin

Types of Cell Signalling

Chemical Signalling:
1. Cytoplasmic Connections
2. Cell to Cell Contact-Mediated
3. Free Diffusion: Between Cells (hormones) & Adjacent Cells (within intersitial space)
Types of Chemical Messengers

1. Nervous System  2 jenis: Small Molecules (Neurotransmitters)  AC, -aminobutyrate

& Neuropeptides  Neurohormones  4 – 35 AA
2. Endocrine System:
a. Polipeptida (Insulin, Glukagon)
b. Katekolamin (Epinerfin = Neurotransmitter)
c. Steroid (Turunan Kolesterol)
d. Thyroid (Turunan Tyrosin)
3. Immune System
4. Eicosanoids
5. Growth Factors

Receptor Families
1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)  “ Molecular Switch / Transducers”  Epinerfin,
Glukagon, Serotonin
2. Ion-Channel Reseptors  Asetilkolin
3. Tyrosin Kinase-Linked Receptors
4. Receptors with Intrinsic Enzymatic Activity

Signal Molecules
1. Biogenic Amines: Adrenaline, Noradrenalines, Acetylcholine, Dopamine
2. Amino Acids & Ions: Glutamate, Ca2+, GABA
3. Lipids: Prostaglandines
4. Peptides / Proteins: GnRH, Angiotensin, Thrombin, Glucagon, Calcitonine, Bombesin
5. Nucleotides: Adenine, Uridine
6. Others: Light, Odorants, Pheromones, Opiates