LESSON 1 13.

Different kinds of globalization occur on multiple

and intersecting dimensions of integration.
1. Competition that Gio and Latif participated.
Scapes by Arjun Appadurai
International Model UN Competition
14. The global movement of people.
2. A rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut curry sauce.
Ethnoscape
Laksa
15. The flow of culture.
3. An espresso drink similar to latte.
Mediascape
Flat Whites
16. The circulation of mechanical goods and software.
4. It usually pertains to the integration of national
markets to a wider global market signified by an Technoscape
increase in free trade. (newspaper reports)
17. The global circulation of money.
Globalization
Financescape
5. The act of opposing trade deals among countries
18. The realm wherein political ideas move around.
facilitated and promoted by international
organizations such as World Trade Organization Ideoscape
(WTO).
19. Develop or be developed so as to make
Anti-globalization international influence or operation possible.
6. The expansion and intensification of social Globalize
relations and consciousness across world-time and
across world-space. 20. Affecting or including the whole world.

Globalization (Manfred Steger) Global

7. Both the creation of new social networks and the 21. Living or occuring at the same time.
multiplication of existing connections that cut Contemporary
across traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographic boundaries. 22. The circumstances and ideas of the present age.

Expansion Contemporary World

8. The expansion, stretching, and acceleration of 23. Who coined the corporate giants.
these networks. Not only are global connections
Charles Taze Russell
multiplying, but they are also becoming more
closely-knit and expanding their reach. 24. Refers to the largely national trusts and other large
enterprises of the time.
Intensification
Corporate Giants
9. Who notes that "globalization processes do not
occur merely at an objective, material level but 25. In 1930, the word "globalize" as a noun appeared
they also involve the subjective plane of human in what publication.
consciousness."
Towards New Education
Manfred Steger
26. In what year the word "globalization" was coined.
10. It is a widespread belief among powerful people
that the global integration of economic markets is 1970
beneficial for everyone as it spreads freedom and 27. In what year the term "globalization" had been
democracy across the world. used in its economic sense.
Globalism 1981
11. Ideological component of globalization. 28. In 1980, he popularized the term globalization by
Globalism bringing it into the mainstream business audience.

12. Who argued "there are multiple globalizations." Theodore Levitt

Arjun Appadurai
29. year where globalization was often used in
teaching, discussion, meetings and conferences.
2017
30. on full swing in all academic disciplines.
2018
31. Four basic aspects of globalization
- trade and transactions - capital and investment
- migration of knowledge
- dissemination
32. Globalization is the expansion of local
economies and business into a broader international
marketplace.
Neil Kokemuller
33. This theory states that countries that are good
of producing particular goods are better off exporting it
to countries that are less efficient at producing that
good.
Theory of Comparative Advantage
LESSON 2
1. Regards "economic globalization" as a historical
process representing the result of human
innovation and technological progress.
International Monetary Fund
2. It is characterized by the increasing integration of
economies around the world through the
movement of goods, services, and capital across
borders.
Economic Globalization
3. It is an international development organization
owned by 189 countries.
World Bank
4. Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to
the government of its poorer members so they can
improve their economies and the standard of living
of their people.
World Bank
5. UNCTAD
United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development
6. Oldest known international trade route.
Silk Road
7. Connected different parts of ancient world from
China to what is the Middle East today and to
Europe.
Silk Road
8. Historians who addressed "When did full economic
globalization start"? Dennis O. Flynn
Arturo Giraldez
9. When did full economic globalization start?
All important populated continents began to exchange
products continuously-both with each other directly
and indirectly via other continents...
10. Connected Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco
in Mexico
Galleon Trade
11. The first time that the Americas were directly
connected to Asian trading routes.
Galleon Trade
12. Galleon trade took place during the age of what?
Mercantilism
13. A global trading system that had multiple
restrictions.
Mercantilism
14. More open trade systems emerged in
1867
15. A common basis for currency prices as well as
fixed exchange rate systems that are all based on
the value of gold.
Gold Standard
16. An extremely limiting system because it required
governments to back their currencies with a set of
gold reserves.
Gold Standard
17. A very restrictive form of globalizing trade.
Gold Standard
18. A global economic crisis occured in the 1920s until
the 1930s.
Great Depression
19. This economic depression was considered the
worst and longest experience by the West.
Great Depression
20. According to him, the United States began to
recover when it abandoned the gold standard.
Barry Eichengreen
21. The world economy operates based on what?
Fiat Currencies
22. Currencies that are not backed by their cost
relative to other currencies.
Fiat Currencies
23. It was inaugurated with the goal of preventing past
catastrophes from happening again and impacting
international connections.
Bretton Woods System
24. Who greatly influenced the Bretton Woods System.
John Maynard Keynes
25. The British economist who believed that a country
experiences economic crises not when it does not
have sufficient funds, rather, it happens when
money is not being spent; thus, moved.
John Maynard Keynes
26. Two financial institutions that delegates of Bretton
Woods agreed to create.
- International Bank for Reconstruction
and
Development (IBRD) or the World Bank (WB)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
27. The one responsible for funding postwar
reconstruction projects.
IBRD or World Bank
28. The global lender of last resort to prevent individual
countries from spiraling into credit crises.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
29. After Bretton Woods, various countries committed
themselves to further global economic integration
through____ in 1947.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
30. Its main objective is to reduce tariffs and other
hindrances to free trade.
GATT
31. The price of oil rose sharply as a result of OAPEC'
imposition of an___ to resupply the Israeli military
during Yom Kippur War.
Embargo
32. The Arab member-countries of the OPEC.
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries'
(OAPEC)
33. A decline in economic growth (stagnation) takes
place alongside a sharp increase in prices
(inflation).
Stagflation
34. Economists who argued that the government's
practice of pouring money into their economies had
caused inflation by increasing the demand for
goods without necessarily increasing the supply.
- Friedrich Hayek
- Milton Friedman
35. Became the codified strategy of the United States
Treasury Department, World Bank, IMF, WTO from
1980s onward.
Neoliberalism
36. A new organization founded in 1995 to continue the
tariff reduction under the GATT. World Trade
Organization (WTO)
37. The policies they forward
Washington Consensus
38. 1980s -2000s, it controlled global economic
policies. Washington Consensus
39. Government expenditure should be kept to a bare
minimum in order to minimize debt.
Washington Consensus (proponents)
40. Neo liberalism proponents
- Ronald Reagan
- Margaret Thatcher
42. Presented herself as a mother who controlled
expenditures in order to lower national debt.
Margaret Thatcher
43. What caused the 2007-2008 greatest economic
downturn since the Great Depression.
Government officials failed to regulate risky
investments in the US housing market.
44. MBSs
Mortgage-backed Securities
45. Far right parties gained popularity by unjustly
blaming immigrants for their troubles, saying that
they steal jobs and take advantage of welfare.
Europe
46. WTO led reduction of trade barriers.
Trade liberalization
47. Protectionist countries
Developed
48. Third World Countries
Countries that are poor or developing
49. What do we call to countries who refuse to lift
policies that safeguard their primary products that
 could otherwise be overwhelmed by imports from
the developing world.
Protectionist
50. Characterize economic relations between
developed and developing countries.
Trade Imbalances
51. The main beneficiaries of global commerce.
Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
52. This phrase refers to the practice of countries
decreasing their labor standards, especially worker
protections.
"race to the bottom"
53. Central tenet of globalization.
International Economic Integration
LESSON 3
1. Interactions between states rather than their internal
politics. International Relations
2. Study political, military, and other diplomatic
engagements between two or more countries.
International Relations
3. When scholars explore the deepening of interactions
between states.
Internationalization
4. Four Major Characteristics of Politics
- There are independent countries or states that
rule
themselves.
- These countries communicate with one
another
through
diplomacy.
- There are international institutions that enable
these
interactions, such as United Nations
(UN)
- International institutions take on lives of their own in
addition to enabling meetings between governments
5. Meeting ground for presidents and other head of
state.
United Nations
6. Task Specific Agencies of UN.
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
7. What one means when he/she refers to a "country"
or what academics also call.
Nation-state
8. A relatively modern phenomenon in human history,
and people did not always organize themselves as
countries.
Nation-state
9. The entire Christian world.
Christendom
10. The term is composed of two non-interchageable
words.
Nation-state
11. It refers to a country and it's government.
State
12. Four attributes of a state.
- It exercises authority over a specific population,
which is referred to as its
citizens.
- It governs a specific territory.
- It has a structure of government that crafts
various
rules that people (society) follow.
- It has sovereignty over its territory.
13. Refers to internal and external authority of a state.
Sovereignty
14. No individuals or groups can operate in a given
national territory by ignoring the state.
Internal Authority
15. A state's policies and procedures are independent
of the interventions of other states.
External Authority
16. According to him, a nation is an "imagined
community." Benedict Anderson
17. It is limited because it does not go beyond a given"
official boundary".
Nation
18. The main privilege and concern of the citizens of
that nation. Rights
Responsibilities
19. What does being limited mean by a nation.
A nation has boundaries
20. A nation allows one to feel a connection with a
community of people even if he/she will never meet
all of them in his/her lifetime.
Imagined 33. It sought to restore the world of monarchical,
hereditary, and religious privileges of the time
21. Who facilitates State formation.
before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
Nationalism Wars.

22. Have allowed for the creation of nation-states. Concert of Europe

Nationalist Movements 34. Who was the Metternich system main architect.

23. One of the fundamental principles of modern state
politics.
Sovereignty
24. A set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the
Thirty Years War between the major continental
powers of Europe.
Klemens von Metternich
35. A system of heightened interaction between
various sovereign states, particularly the desire for
increased cooperation and solidarity among states
and peoples.
Internationalism

Treaty of Westphalia 36. Two broad categories of Internationalism.

25. Provided stability for the nations of Europe. Liberal Internationalism

Westphalian System Socialist Internationalism

26. He believed in spreading the principles of the 37. The first major thinker of Liberal Internationalism.
French Revolution to the rest of Europe, and
Immanuel Kant
challenged the power of kings , the nobility, and
religion in Europe. 38. According to him, without a form of world
government, the international system would be
Napoleon Bonaparte
chaotic. Immanuel Kant
27. French Revolution
39. Imagined a form of global government.
Liberty
Immanuel Kant
Equality
40. Who coined the word "international" 1780 and
Fraternity advocated the creation of international law that
would gobern inter-state relations.
28. Forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of
religion, and promoted meritocracy in government Jeremy Bentham
service.
41. He believed that global legislators should aim to
Napoleonic Code propose legislation that would create "the greatest
happiness of all nations taken together"
29. This system shocked the monarchies and the
hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered their Jeremy Bentham
armies to push back against the French emperor.
42. The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal
Napoleonic Code internationalism.

30. Anglo and Prussia armies defeated Napoleon in Giuseppe Mazzini

the Battle of___.
43. Both an advocate of the unification of the various
Waterloo Italian speaking mini-states and a major critic of the
Metternich System.
31. Alliance of great powers.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Concert of Europe
44. He believed in the Republican government and
32. Countries in concert of Europe proposed a system of free nations that cooperated
United Kingdom with each other to create an international system.

Austria Giuseppe Mazzini

Russia 45. He believed that free, unified nation-states should

be the basis of global cooperation.
Prussia
Giuseppe Mazzini
46. United States' President that was influenced by Karl Marx
Mazzini's thinking.
60. He emphasized economic equality, dividing the
Woodrow Wilson world into classesrahter than countries.

47. 20th century's most prominent internationalists. Karl Marx

Woodrow Wilson
61. Owners of factories, firms, and other "means of
48. Who forwarded the Principle of Self-determination. production".

Woodrow Wilson Capitalist Class

49. The belief that the world's nations had a right to a 62. Those who did not own the means of production,
free and sovereign government. worked for the capitalists.

Principle of Self-determination Proletariat Class

50. Most notable advocate for the creation of the 63. Co-author of Marx, believed that in socialist
League of Nations. revolution seeking overthrow the state and alter the
economy, the proletariat "had no nation".
Woodrow Wilson
Friedrich Engels
51. Axis Powers.
64. The Union of European Socialist and labor parties
Hitler's Germany
established in Paris in 1889.
Mussolini's Italy
Socialist International (SI)
Hirohito's Japan
65. SI's achievements.
52. Allied Powers United States
- Declaration of May 1 as Labor Day
United Kingdom
- The creation of International Women's Day
France
- 8-hour work day
Holland Belgium
66. When SI collapsed
53. League gave birth to some of the more task
World War I
specific international organizations. World Health
67. Leader of Bolshevik Party
Organization (WHO)
Vladimir Lenin
International Labour Organization (ILO)
68. USSR
54. Serve as a model for future international
collaboration. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WHO and ILO 69. Did not believe in obtaining power for the working
class through elections.
55. The manifestation of the liberal internationalism
principles Bolsheviks
League of Nations 70. Exhorted the revolutionary "vanguard" parties to
lead the revolutions across the world, using
56. Emphasized the need to form a common
methods of terror if necessary.
international principles.
Bolsheviks
Immanuel Kant
71. Russian revolutionary founded the Comintern to
57. It enshrined the principles of cooperation and
spread socialist revolution across the world.
respect among nation-states.
Vladimir Lenin
Giuseppe Mazzini
72. It served as the central body for directing
58. It called for democracy and self-determination.
Communist parties all over the world.
Woodrow Wilson
Communist International (Comintern)
59. He was an internationalist, but does not believe in
nationalism.
73. Who feared Comintern, believing it was working
insecret to stir up revolutions in their countries
(which was true).
Many world's states
74. Lenin's successor who dissolved the Comintern in
1943 and re-established Cominform.
Joseph Stalin
75. Cominform
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)
76. The center of global governance.
United Nations
LESSON 4
1. It refers to multiple intersecting processes that
generate an order.
Global governance
2. International standards that regulate relations
between states.
Public International Law
3. Can lobby individual states to behave in a certain
way.
International non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
4. It is a term commonly used to refer to international
intergovernmental organizations or groups that are
primarily made up of member-states.
International Organizations (IOs)
5. One major fallacy about international organizations.
they are merely amalgamations of various state
interests
6. International relations scholars who listed the
powers of IOs.
• Michael N. Barnett
• Martha Finnemore
7. Powers of IOs
• Have the power of classification
• Have the ability to change the meaning of words
• Have the power to diffuse norms
8. IOs can invent and apply categories.
The power of classification
9. IOs are seen as legitimate sources of information.
The ability to change the meaning of words
10. IOs produces regularity in behavior
The power to diffuse norms
11. Who defines what a refugee is?
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
12. These are accepted codes of conduct that may not
be strict laws but produce regularity in behavior.
NORMS
13. He condemned the IMF for adopting a "one-size
fits all" approach in making recommendations for
developing countries.
Joseph Stiglitz
14. The most prominent international organization in
the contemporary world.
United Nations
15. How many active organs does UN have?
Five (5)
16. It is UN’s main deliberative policymaking and
representative organ.
General Assembly (GA)
17. How many current state-members does GA have?
193
18. Term of a GA President
One-year term of office
19. Filipino diplomat who was elected as GA president
from 1949-1950.
Carlos P. Romulo
20. Which is the most powerful active organ of UN?
Security Council (SC)
21. It is in charge of evaluating whether a threat to the
peace or an act of aggression exists.
Security Council (SC)
22. How many members does SC have?
15 members; 10- elected two-year terms by the GA, 5-
Permanent 5 (P5)
23. Who are the Permanent members of UN?
China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United
State
s
24. Consists of the major Allied Powers that won World
War II.
Permanent 5 (P5)
25. The principal body for coordination, policy review,
policy dialogue and recommendations on social
and environmental issues, as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
 development goals. Economic and Social Council • General Assembly (GA)
(ECOSOC) 26. This UN’s active organ has 54
• Security Council (SC)
members elected for three-year terms. ECOSOC
27. Currently, it is the UN’s central platform for • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
discussions on Sustainable Development. • International Court of Justice
ECOSOC
• Secretariat

28. Its task is to settle, in accordance with international

law, legal dispute submitted to it by states and to
give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized
United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
International Court of Justice
29. It is where International criminal cases are heard.
International Criminal Court
30. It consists of the Secretary-General and 10, 000
UN staff members.
LESSON 5
1.It is a regional grouping in Asia.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
2.Often seen as a political and economic
phenomenon. It can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and
health.
REGIONALISM

Secretariat 3. It is a process and must be treated as an

“emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.
31.Members of this organ serve in their capacity as UN REGIONALISM
employees, not as state representatives.
4. These are not natural or given; rather, they are
Secretariat constructed and defined by policymakers, economic
actors, and even social movements. REGIONS
32. What does the term NATO mean? NORTH
5. They stated that economic and political
ATLANTIC TREATY ORGRANIZATION
definitions of regions vary.
33. United Nations' greatest difficulty.
EDWARD D. MANSFIELD
Issues of security
HELEN V. MILNER
34. Serbian leader who committed acts of ethnic
6.These are a group of countries located in the same
cleansing against ethnic Muslim Albanians in the
geographically specific area.
province of Kosovo.
REGIONS
Slobodan Milosevic
7. An amalgamation of two regions or a
35. Syrian President who is an ally of Russian dictator
combination of more than two regions.
Valdimir Putin.
REGIONS
Bashar al-Assad
8. This refers to the regional concentration of
36. WMD
economic flows.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
REGIONALIZATION
37. Veto resolutions of Permanent Members 37
9. It is a political process characterized by
instances economic policy cooperation and coordination
among countries.
25-Russia and China, 12 United States
REGIONALISM
38. Most visible symbols of global governance.
10. It is the most widely known defense
International Organizations (IOs)
grouping that was formed during the Cold
39. In the late 1960s, who was the chairman of UN War.
Commission on Human Rights?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
SALVADOR P. LOPEZ
11. What did the Soviet Union created in response
40. Five Active Organs of UN to the creation of defense grouping by western
European and the USA?
WARSAW PACT
12. When did the Soviet Union imploded?
DEC. 1991
13.It was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate the
production and sale of oil.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries
(OPEC)
14. This was created to pursue world peace and
international cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignty, racial and national equality,
nonintervention, and peaceful conflict resolution.
NON-
ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)
15. Who participated in the creation of NAM? Egypt,
Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia
16. Why does NAM called itself non-aligned?
Because the association refused to side with either the
First World capitalist democracies in Western Europe
and North America or the communist states in Eastern
Europe
17. How many member countries Non Aligned
Movement have?
120 countries
18. It can be "tiny associations that include no
more than a few actors and focus on an issue
or large continental unions that address a
multitude of common problems from territorial
defense to food security"
NEW REGIONALISM
19. They rely on the power of individuals,
nongovernmental organizations NGOs, and
associations to link up with one another in
pursuit of a particular goal.
NEW REGIONALISM
20. What do we call those some organizations
who
partner or work with governments to initiate social
change? LEGITIMIZERS
21. Those who participate in "institutional
mechanisms that afford some civil society
groups voice and influence in technocratic
policy-making processes". LEGITIMIZERS
22. What does NAFT+A mean?
NATIONAL AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
23. The members of this participate in forums,
summits, and dialogues with presidents and
ministers.
ROUNDTABLE OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND
NETWORKS AND NGOs IN LATIN AMERICA AND
THE CARRIBEAN
24. This group tries to influence the policies and
programs of the organization of American
States. CITIZEN DIPLOMACY FORUM
25. It is the result of NGOs and civil society groups
pushing to prevent discrimination, uphold
political freedom, and promoted democracy
and human rights throughout the region.
ASEAN PARLIAMENTARIANS FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS
26. This was created by young Christians from
different specific countries to promote conflict
prevention, resolution, peace, education, and
sustainable development.
REGIONAL INTERFAITH YOUTH NETWORKS
27. This is a regional network of NGOs and trade
union committed to protect and promote the
rights and welfare of migrant workers.
MIGRANT FORUM
28. It is a term describe economic growth plans
that are market based, profit-driven and have a
little regard for social welfare.
FLAWED
29. Ally of Migrant Forum Asia and lobbied ASEAN
governments to defend migrant labor rights.
Coordination of Action Research on AIDS (CARAM)
30. The most crisis-ridden regional organization.
EUROPEAN UNION
31. It is term used to described how United
Kingdom leave the European Union. BREXIT
32. It became the norm of ASEAN in 2021.
NON-INTERFERENCE
33. The most serious challenges of regionalism
faces.
Militant Nationalism
Populism
34. Comprised 37% of the world's population in
2007.
Asia-Pacific Economic Council (APEC)
35. There is strength in numbers.
Regional Alliance
LESSON 6
1.It follows human-made laws and is preoccupied with
material gains. GLOBALISM
2.It assumes that there is the possibility of
communication between humans and the
transcendent. RELIGION
3.It measures how much human action may lead to the
highest level of material satisfaction as well as
knowledge that this new position provides.
GLOBALISM
16. It is seen as ____, membership in a religious
group, org, or cult which ties individuals
directing to divine and supernatural.
SUPERIOR
17. These groups believe that living among
"nonbelievers" will distract them from their
mission or tempt them to abandon their faith
and become sinners like everyone else.
Rizalitas of Mount Banahaw, Essences roman
controlled Judea(now Israel), Mormons in Utah

4. Less concerned with wealth and all that comes 18. The first revolts against colonialism in Asia and
along with it. RELIGIOUS Africa are led by.

5. What is the religious person's main duty? Priestesses and Monks

TO LIVE A VIRTUOUS, SINLESS LIFE 19. He argues that far from being secularized, the
contemporary world is furiously religious.
6. Less concerned about whether they will spend
eternity in heaven and soul. Peter Berger

GLOBALISTS 20. These are the foundations of modern

republics. RELIGIONS
7. Their abilities are more mundane as they attempt to
complete trade deals, increase private sector profits, 21. What country’s government places religion at
boost gov’t revenue collections. GLOBALISTS the center of its political system
THEOCRACY? MALAYSIA
8.What do globalists see as both means and ends to
further open up the world’s economies? 22. Who was the late Iranians religious leader?
AYATOLLAH RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI
POLITICS & PURSUIT OF POWER
23. He pointed out that there is no fundamental
9. They defines and judges moral behavior.
distinction among constitutional, despotic,
ALLAH, GOD, YAHWEH dictatorial, democratic, and communistic
regimes. AYATOLLAH RUHOLLAH KHOMEINI
10. It strives to be a saint.
24. What does the Malaysian constitution states?
Religious person
ISLAM IS THE RELIGION OF THE FEDERATION
11. Aspires to be a successful businessperson.
25. It is a term that is associated with the secular.
Globalists REPUBLIC
12. They are task for global dissemination of 26. It places religion at the center of its political
sacred ideas. system.
Religious Malaysian Government
13. They are task for global expansion of products 27. He led the Iranian revolution that turned the
and services and primarily concerned with country into a theocracy.
economics.
Ayallatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Globalists
28. Islamic rule was the superior form of
14. It is sent by American Born Again Christian government because it is ____.
churches are efforts at "spreading the word of
God" and gaining followers abroad. Spiritual

Missions 29. It is a term that is associated with the secular.

15. It is connected with globalism and it is seen as Republic

inferior and restricted.
30. Religion emerged as a result of a change in
Citizenship, language, and race ______.

Government Policy
31. It was shaped by the rationality of modern and 44. In 1998, it brought in religious leaders in its
democratic and bureaucratic culture. discussions about global poverty leading
eventually to a "cautious, muted, and qualified"
Church of England
collaboration in 2000.
32. He broke away from Roman Catholicism and
WORLD BANK
established his own Church to bolster his own
power. 45. Who are these two people who observed
religion as outside looking globalization as a
King Henry VIII
problem or potential.
33. In US, religion and law were fused together to
Peter Bayer
build.
Lori Beaman
"MODERN SECULAR SOCIETY"
46. It is the thesis that modernization will erode
34. He is french historian and diplomat who wrote,
religions practice.
"Not only do the Americans practice their
religion out of selfinterest but they often even Secularization Theory
place in this world the interest which they have
47. One of the strongest defender of globalization,
practicing it."
admits in his book that civilizations can be held
Alexis de Tocqueville together by religious worldviews.

Samuel Huntington
35. He is the one who confirms the statement
noting that "historically, religion has always 48. Book Samuel Huntington.
been at the very center of all great political The Clash of Civilizations
conflicts and movements of social reform.
49.They used religion as "ideological armature" to
Jose Casanova legitimize spanish empire.
36. It utilizes religion to resist "profane" Jesuits and Dominicans
globalization.
50. One of the strongest sociologist of all time and
Religious movement observed that religion and capitalism as an
37. What are the two old world faiths. economic system.

Christianity and Islam Max Weber

38. It address issues such as people's health, 51. It is the branch of Protestantism who believed that
social conflict, and even personal happiness. God already decide who would and would not be
saved.
Moral standards +
Calvinism
39. It is a "pro-active force" rather than regressive
force. 52. It contributed to the rise of modern capitalism.

Religion Inner-wordly asceticism

40. They see globalization as trojan horse that
hides followers of western principles such as
secularism, liberalism, and communism.
Muslims
53. He is american president who stated "after a night
of prayer and soul searching, he had concluded
that it was the duty of the US to educate Filipinos
and uplift and civilize and christianize them and by
God's grace do the very best we could by them"

41. Ismalic State in Iraq and Syria or more William Mckinley

popularly known as ISIS.
54. Anathema of modernization.
DAESH
Religion
42. It is a group of Protestant of Denominations.

World Council of Churches

LESSON 7
43. Catholic and its dynamic leader "Pope Francis
condemed globalization as __. 1. Globalization relies on media primary means of

disseminating global culture and ideas.

"throw-away culture"
2. The main means of mass communication. 12. Papyrus—allowed more individuals to record

Media their storage; Egypt

3. He describes media as a means of conveying 13. Smartphone- allows users to keep in touch
instantly with multipe people at the same time
something, such as a channel of communication”
14. Cellphones- broaden people’s horizons; limit
Jack Lule
the senses; change with a trade-off
4. Person’s Voice
15. Pioneer thinkers: believed global media
Medium homogenized culture
5. Plural of medium; the technologies of mass 16. Cultural Imperialism- American ideals and
communication.
culture would triumph over all others
Media
17. Herbert Schiller: spread of “American”
6. Include books, magazines, and newspapers.
capitalist principles; not only the world was
Print Media becoming more Americanized, but that this process
7. Involve radio, film, and television. was also resulting in the spread of American
capitalist principles 18. John Tomlinson: cultural
Broadcast Media
globalization is a cover for “western cultural
imperialism”, promotes
8. Cover the internet and mobile mass communication

Digital Media “homogenized, westernized consumer culture”

9. Email, internet sites, social media, and internet 19. Texts- the content of any medium
based video and audio 20. Ien Ang: Indonesian critic, researched how various
Internet Media viewer in the Netherlands reacted to the
10. They refer media- technologies of mass American soap opera Dallas; from 42 letters
Communication. a. Observed that viewers invested “a lot of
Commentators emotional energy”
11. Marshall McLuhan: “the medium is the
21. Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes: expand on Ang’s
message”; media reshapes society research; looked how viewers from various cultural
a. Television- shapes the social groups understood Dallas;
behavior of users and reorient family a. Different meanings and pleasures from
behavior; transforms the world into “global them

village” b. Russian were dubious: American

b. Different media simultaneously Propaganda

extend and amputate human senses c. American: lives of wealthy

c. Highlights the historically and 22. Audience Studies: emphasizes that media
consumers are active participants in the meaning
technologically distinct characteristics of making process, viewing media texts according to
diverse media. their own cultural lenses

d. Investigated the impact of electronic 23. Sushi- globalized Asian cuisine

media; mostly focused on societal issues of 24. Jollibee- number one choice for fast food in Brunei

television 25. Hello Kitty- proof of Japan’s continued influence

over global culture

26. Globalization- a unidirectional process of foreign
culture overwhelming local ones.
27. Arab Spring- a series of upheavals in 2011: social
media’s democratic potential
28. Activists: opposed authoritarian regimes in
Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya; utilized Twitter
a. Lacked access to traditional broadcast like
television
b. Overthrow of their respective gov’t 29.
Women’s March against US Pres Trump-
began w/ a tweet from a Hawaii lawyer
30. “Splinternet” & “Cyberbalkanization”- the many
bubble people create when they are online
31. Democratic Party Voters- more likely to visit liberal
websites
32. Republican Party Voters- more likely to visit
conservative ones
33. Echo Chamber- where one’s established thoughts
and attitudes are reinforced;
a. Prevents people from listening to or
reading contradicting stories
34. Herd Mentality- how people can be influenced by
majority
35. Vladimir Putin- Russian tyrant, hired legions of
socmed “trolls”
a. Paid users who harass political
opponents
b. To control public thru intimidation &
false information
36. American Intelligence Agency- established that
Putin used trolls and online misinformation to help
Donald Trump win the presidency
37. Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Turkish president
threatened by online mobs pro-government trolls
38. “alternative facts” – pres trump closest aides
39. Global television- establishing a global
monoculture
40. Social media- prone to dividing societies and ideas
into isolated bubbles of people who do not
communicate
LESSON 8
1. Globalization is a spatial phenomenon.
2. 2 ways
a. It takes place in actual spaces
b. It is based in places, which is what
propels it forward: cities influence
globalization and globalization influences
cities
3. Los Angeles- birthplace of Hollywood; where films
are produced for worldwide distribution
4. Tokyo- main headquarters of Sony; houses the most
number of corporate headquarters (613 company
headquarters
5. Saskia Sassen- sociologist, popularized the concept
“global city”
a. Based on economic factors
b. The most prestigious stock exchange, 3
Major Cities:
i. New York: New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE); represents the
highest concentration of capital in
the world ii. London: Financial
Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)
iii. Tokyo: Nikkei
c. Los Angeles: suprassed New York (cultural
importance
d. San Francisco: home to most dominant online
companies
e. Center of trades and finance: Shanghai,
Beijing, &
Guangzhou
f. Shanghai Stock Exchange: the fifth largest
stock market in the world
g. Sydney: Australia’s largest city; controls the supreme court,

country’s major capital Lincoln memorial,

h. Melbourne: Sydney’s rival “global city”; the Washington

monument
world’s “most livable city”
ii. Canberra: Australia’s political capital;
i. A place w/ good transit, a strong cultural

scene, and a comparatively relaxed life. - Home to country’s highest-ranking

4. Attributes of a global city: lawmakers, bureaucrats, policy advisers.

A. Economic Power iii. Cities home to large International

i. New York: largest stock market in the world Organizations (political hotspots)

ii. Tokyo: houses the most number of a. New York: headquarters of UN

corporate headquarters (613, NY 217) iii. b. Brussels: European Union

Shanghai: critical role… economic supply c. Jakarta: ASEAN

chain - Has the busiest container port (33M+ d. Frankfurt: European Central Bank, oversees
euro
container) - China as the manufacturing
center of the world C. Centers of higher learning and culture

i. City’s intellectual influence seen thru

iv. San Francisco Bay Area:
influence of publishing industry ii. Harvard
where asian IT Prog and engr.
University: world’s top university iii.
moved; to be some of key

figures of Silicon Australian cities: country’s top

English language univs

Valley’s Technology
- Education: 3rd greatest
v. London: filipinos w/
Export of Australia iv. Los
nursing degrees vi. Added
Angeles: Center of American film
criteria: - Market size -
industry
Purchasing power of citizen
vi. Copenhagen: one of the culinary
- Size of middle class
capitals of the world
- Potential growth

vii. Singapore: Asia’s most competitive city - Origin of “new Nordic” cuisine

(strong market, efficient, vii. Manchester: global household

name
incorruptible gov’t &
viii. Singapore: cultural hub for the
livability) - Houses the
region; houses some of the regions top
regional offices of many
television station and news organizations
major global corporations (MTV Southeast Asia & Channel News
B. Centers of Authority Asia) 5. Global cities, due to cultural power,

i. Washington D.C.: the seat of linked to imagination.

American state power - 6. “Pathologies” of global cities based on the research

Landmarks- white of Chicago Council on Global Affairs:

house, capitol bldg..,

 a. Cities can be sustainable due to their
density
i. Richard Florida notes, ecologists…
b. New York: lowest per capita carbon footprint
in the US
c. Asia: Singapore and Tokyo
d. Cities cover 2% of world mass, but consume
78% of global energy
e. “vertical farms”: built in abandoned bldgs.
f. Major terror attacks
g. Zealots of Islam State of Iraq and the
Levant (ISIL): coordinated attacks in Paris
& WTC in NY
h. New York and San Francisco: populated by
African-Americans immigrants
i. Gentrification- process of displacing the
poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents
j. Banlieues- ethnic enclaves; poor muslim
migrants in France
LESSON 9
1. Having a child is a symbol of successful union
RURAL
2. Countries in the “less developed regions” relying on
agriculture tend to maintain high levels of pop.
growth.
3. Rural
- populated by families with several children
- “small family business”
- multiple children and big kinship: important assets for
rura families
4. Urban
- families with two incomes and who are urbanized,
educated, and professional
- parents: both tied down or committed to their
separate careers
- long-term savings: priority of these families
5. UN: 85% rural pop 1975; 90% end of 20th cent.
6. “Nourishing the Planet” blog noted “agricultural
pop. Shrunk, it grew numerically… during the
period”
7. Large-scale migration to cities: movement of ppl
looking for work
8. Today, 191M migrants
9. Development planners see urbanization and
industrialization as indicators of a developing
society but disagree on the role of population growth or
decline in modernization
10. Thomas Malthus: british scholar, who warned
(An Essay on the Principle of pPopulation)
a. Population growth will inevitably exhaust
world food supply by the middle of 19th
cent.
11. Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne: American biologist,
revived Malthus prediction
a. Wrote The Population Bomb, overpop in
1970s and 80s bring about environmental
disasters lead to food shortage & mass
starvation
b. US: lead in the promotion of global pop
control to reduce growth rate to zero
c. Bizarre->policy-oriented->monetary
incentives->institution—bldg
12. Foreign affairs, advocated “contraception &
sterilization”, practical solution to global economic,
social, political probs
13. “nightmarish” explosion of ppl was “a potentially
disastrous envi, soc, & indus threat” to d world 14.
Advocates of pop control: contend for universal
access to reprod. techs, giving women rights
15. Puerto Rico: “poor country” -> “modern nation”
16. Politics determine “birth control” programs
17. “irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians
18. Indian gov’t “marked lower castes, working poor, &
muslims as hypersexual & hyper-feud &, a drain on
nat’l resource”
19. China “violators” forced sterilized 20. Vietnam &
Mexico: conducted coercive mass sterilization
21. Betsy Hartmann: disagrees w/ the advocates of
neo-malthusian theory
a. Accused gov’t using pop control “substitute
for social justice & much needed reforms”
22. Megacities:
a. Clusters in income disparities;
b. With “transpo, housing, air-pol, waste mgt.”
major problems
c. Continue as “centers of economic growth
& activity”
23. Young working pop: 29.4yrs females & 30.9yrs for
males
24. East asia: “asia’s remarkable growth in the past
half century…”
25. Baby-boom generation: 1965-1990
26. Population growth:
a. Spurred: technological and institutional
innovation
b. Increased: “the supply of human
ingenuity”
27. Green revolution: resulted in high-yielding rice and
cereal types
28. Scholars and policymakers agree w/
neomalthusians but… must include “more inclusive
growth” & “greener economic growth” 29. Women:
the character in the middle of these debates; often
the sub of these pop measures 30. Reproductive
rights supporters: if pop control and econ. dev't
reach goals, women must have contr.
31. North America & Europe: 73% of gov’ts allow
abortion upon mother’s request
32. Bolivian gov’t: in 1978, family planning program
that included legalization of abortion
33. Abortion, acc to religious wing, a perversion that
sullies God’s name
34. Compelled countries by Christian groups: Poland,
Croatia, hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia
35. Senegal: allows abortion when mother’s life Is
threatened
36. Muslim countries: do not condone abortion
37. 1960s women’s movement in the US: responsible
for d passage & judicial approval of a pro-choice
statute, but…
38. Feminists, against any form of pop control;
believed gov’t assumps are wrong
a. There is very little evidence pointing
overpop as culprit of poverty & ecol.
devast.
b. right-based
39. Todas global pop., 7.4 billion
40. By 2050, global pop will stabilize at 9 Billion 41.
Food & Agriculture Org (FAO), in order for
countries to mitigate the impact of pop growth, food
prod. must increased by 70%
42. FAO suggests, countries expand their
agricultural investments…
a. States to maintain their markets open,
eventually “move towards a global trading
system that’s fair and competitive…”
43. UN recommends, gov’ts build a
comprehensive social service package including food
assistance,.. 44. Good governance: a goal many
countries have not achieved yet
45. Demography-- a complicated field that
necessitates the integration of a wide range of social
scientific data
a. Accounts for the growth and decline of
human species
46. Demographic changes and policies, have 10%-Refugees or asylum-seekers

impact on the envi., pol., & resources 12. Top three regions of origin

- Latin America (18%)

LESSON 10 - Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16%)

1. Treat it as a complex social phenomenon that even - Middle East and North Africa (14%)
predates contemporary globalization.
13. Top three countries of origin
Migration
- India
2. Two forms of migration
- Mexico
- Internal Migration
- China
- International Migration
14. 50% global migrants: relocated from
3. It refers to individuals moving from one location to underdeveloped to developed countries
another within the same country
15. McKinsey Global Institute: "first generation
Internal Migration immigrants constitute 13 percent of the population
in Western Europe, 15 percent in North America,
4. It refers to people moving beyond national borders.
and 48 percent in GCC countries.
International migration
16. The percentages of Migrants in cities
5. Five Categories of International Migration
92%- US 95%-
- Immigrants
UK
- Laborers
99%- Australia
- Illegall Migrants
17. Migrant influx: destination countries are debating
- "petitioned" by family whether migrants are assets or liabilities to national
development.
- Refugees or Asylum-seekers
18. Anti-immigrant and nationalist movements: assert
6. It is composed of individuals who relocate to that governments must regulate legal immigration
another country permanently. and prevent outsiders from entering countries
Immigrants illegally.

7. Stationed in another country for a set period of time 19. Two examples of leaders that reversed their
(at least 6 months in a year). countries pro-immigration and refugee-friendly

Laborers policies. - President Donald Trump: United States

8. It comprises the third group. - Prime Minister Theresa May: United Kingdom

Illegal Migrants 20. Who attempted to ban travel into the US of people
from majority Muslim countries.
9. Migrants whose families have petitioned them to
move to the destination country. Donald Trump

Petitioned 21. Who speaks about his election of building a wall

10. They are those who are "unable or unwilling to
return because of a well- founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group or political
opinion.
Refugees or Asylum-seekers
between the US and Mexico.
Donald Trump
22. 2011 Harvard Business School report: The
likelihood and magnitude of adverse labor market
effects for natives from immigration are
substantially weaker than often perceived.

11. 247 million: individuals who are currently living 23. 2013 report on gov. welfare spending by
outside of their native nations. Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD): native born citizens still
90%- economic reasons receive higher support compared to immigrants
24. International Monetary Fund (IMF): the influx of
refugees fleeing from the wars in Syria and Iraq will
boost Europe's GDP, albeit "modesty".
25. Germany: influx of refugees from Middle East has
little influence on social welfare programs, wages,
and jobs. contribute much needed services to
economy
26. Continued to have the highest recorded remittance.
India
27. India followed by: China, Mexico, and Philippines
28. Contribute significantly to the development of small
and medium term industries, which in turn assist in
creating jobs.
Remittances
29. Asian Development Bank (ADB): observes that in
countries such as the Philippines, remittances do
not have a significant influence on other key items
of consumption or investment such as spending on
education and health care.
- remittance helps lift households out of poverty... but
not in rebalancing growth, esp. in the long run
30. Brain drain: global migration is siphoning...
qualified personnel and removing dynamic young
workers.
31. McKinsey Global Institute: Countries in
SubSaharan Africa and Asia have lost one third of their
college graduates.
32. 60%: who relocated to OECD countries
college graduates
33. Half of Filipinos (52%): who leave for
employment in the industrialized world have college
degrees.
34. World Health Organization (WHO): introduced
the term "critical shortages"
- 2006; 47 countries w/critical shortages.
- 2010 to 2011; 54 countries (majority of countries from
Africa)
- Americas: Region with the highest percentage of
critical shortage; indicating how attractive Americans
had been for medical migrants
35. Governments actively involved in the recruitment
and deployment of workers; have a role in long term
viability of migrant dependent countries
- Bangladesh: Bureau of Manpower,
Employment, and Training
- India: Office of the Protector of Emigrants
under the Labor Ministry
- Philippines: Philippines' Overseas
Employment Agency
36. International Labour Organization (ILO): identified
40.3 million victims of modern slavery -
24.9M: forced laborers
- 15.4M: coerced into marriage
- 28.7 million or 71% victims: women and children
37. 90M: ILO's estimation of total no. of victims of
modern slavery
38. Forbes Magazine: estimated that human traffickers
profited $150 billion
39. China, India, Western Europe: have more access
Middle East, North Africa, Sub-saharan Africa: face
greater challenges in securing jobs 40. US and
Singapore: blue-collar
41. Filipino workers: white-collar (doctors, engineers,
and corporate executives); professionals
42. Linguistic challenges, old country habits, conflicting
religions: may cause rifts between migrants and
people of receiving countries
43. Lack of integration: provides xenophobic and
antiimmigrant groups; argue "new citizens are not
nationals"
44. Chinese Benevolent Association of California:
offers initial assistance to new Chinese migrants by
assisting them in obtaining work or establishing
small enterprises in California and elsewhere.
45. Global migration: entrails globalization of people
46. Scapegoats: blaming migrants for economic woes
that in reality caused by government policies not by
foreigners.
47 Xenophobia- dislike of or prejudice against people
from other countries.
LESSON 11
1. EDSA
Epifanio de Los Santos Avenue
2. Environmental concerns the world currently faces
a. Contamination of the earth by industrial and
transportation poisons and plastics; sea, river, water
bed pollution caused by oil spills and acid rain and
dumping of urban garbage
b. changes in global weather patterns (flash floods,
extreme snowstorms, and the spread of deserts); an
increase in ocean and land temperatures, resulting
in a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice caps melt due
 to the weather); as well as flooding in many low-
lying areas around the world
c. overpopulation
d. the depletion of the world's non-renewable, natural
resources, ranging from oil reserves to minerals and
potable water
e. a waste disposal disaster caused by enormous
amounts of rubbish (ranging from plastic, to food
packages, to electronic waste) being dumped in
landfills and bodies of water by communities; and
the dumping of nuclear waste materials
f. damage of million-year-old ecosystems and
biodiversity loss (such as coral reef destruction and
extensive deforestation), resulting in the extinction of
certain speciesand a decrease in the number of
others
g. deforestation leading to a reduction in oxygen and
an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,
which contributed a 150% increase in ocean acidity
in the previous 250 years
h. the ozone layer, which protects the world from the
sun's harmful UV rays, being depleted due to the
presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the
atmosphere
i. acid rain resulting in fossil fuel combustion, toxic
romingounds emitted by erupting volcan
combustiast piles of rotting vegetables clogging
landfills or strewing the streets
j. Industrial and community garbage residues flowing
inte underground water tables, rivers, and seas,
thus, polluting water supplies
k. As a city grows into a megalopolis, it continues to
expand devastating farmlands, increasing traffic
congestion, and making smog a permanent urban
element.
l. pandemics and other public-health concerns caused
by wastes contaminating drinking water, filthy
surroundings that serve as breeding grounds for
mosquitoes and disease- carrying rodents, and
pollution
m. genetic alterations in food production, resulting
in a profound transformation of food systems.
3. Genetic alterations in food production, resulting in a
profound transformation of food systems "that
Kilauea has been releasing more than twice the
amount of noxious sulfur dioxide gas (SO₂) the
single dirtiest power plant on the United States
mainland."
4. When Mount Pinatubo erupted on June 15, 2001
- 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted
- creating a "hazy layer of aerosol particles composed
primarily of sulfuric acid droplets" that lowered the
average global temperature by 0.6 degrees Celsius
for the next 15 months.16
5. Volcanologists at the University of Hawaii:
Mount Pinatubo had released "15 to 20 megaton of
[sulfur dioxide) into the stratosphere to offset the
present global warming trends and severely impact the
ozone budget."
6. Other natural environmental concerns are
exacerbated by humans.
- In Saudi Arabia, sandstorms, combined with
combustion exhaust from traffic and industrial waste.
- World Health Organization (WHO): declared
Riyadh as one of the most polluted cities in the
world.
7. Heavy metals coming out of heavy industries:
contaminated 20 million or one-fifth of the total arable
lands of China's soil.
8.Scientists: suggest that this partly explains the
reduction of 10 million tons of food supply annually.
9. 2015: pollution had contaminated more than
85% of Shanghai's surface water; thus, it was declared
unsafe.
10. In Tianjin (population: of 2014, 14 out China's
31 provinces water were unable to reduce 95% of the
supposedly potable pollution in their surface water.
11. In 2019, 21 of the 30 cities that have the worst
air quality worldwide are in India.
12. WHO: reported that the air pollution in 80% of
cities worldwide exceeded its guidelines, and about 7
million deaths across the world were caused by air
pollution.
13.94% of Nigeria's population: vulnerable to air
pollution that the WHO has classified as harmful
14. Gaborone- Botswana's capital, is the world's
seventh most polluted city.
15. By 2030: the amount of aerosols and other
gases emissions by car exhaust, wood or rubbish
burning, indoor-cooking, diesel-fueled electric
generators, and petrochemical factories are expected
to quadruple.
16. Wastes from coal, copper, and gold mines:
polluting rivers and oceans, killing sea life
17. Malanjkhand: India's largest copper mine;
releases high quantities of hazardous heavy metals
into waterways
18. tailings of Shanxi Maanqiao Ecological Mining
Ltd. (China): produces 12k tons of gold per year, have
caused pollution and safety problems
19. China: by-products of production processes...
are being produced much more rapidly than the Earth
can absorb."
You sent
20. West Virginia coal mines: pumping out
"chemicalladen wastewater directly into the ground,
where it can leech into the water table and turn what
had been drinkable ... water into a poisonous cocktail
of chemicals."
21. Pollution in West Africa: has affected "the
atmospheric circulation system that controls everything
from wind and temperature to rainfall across huge
swathes of the region."
22. Asian monsoon: had become a transportation
system for contaminated air into the stratosphere, and
scientists are now linking Pacific storms to the
increase of pollution in Asia.
23. The changing rainfall patterns in Asia and the
Atlantic ocean can be attributed to aerosols.
24. Climate change across Asia and Africa: -
resulted in droughts
- hastened the process of desertification
25. 50,000 rivers in China 20 years ago; 28, 000
vanished by 2013
26. Scientific American: journal; blamed the pollution
for contributing to more than half a million
premature deaths each year at the cost of
hundreds of billions of dollars
27. 2018: 2.1M people were afflicted with lung cancer;
1.8M died
28. Doctors point air pollution causes
- household burning
- second-hand tobacco smoke
- asbestos
-fumes from heavy industries as the culprit
29. Indonesia and Malaysia: link between forest fires
and mortality had been established
You sent
30.West Virginia coal mining:
- made people sick
- rare cancers, little kids with kidney stones
and
premature deaths
31. Poor: disproportionately affected by environmental
challenges
32. Yale University: found that "greater the
concentration of Hispanics, Asians, African-
Americans, or poor residents in an area, the more
likely that dangerous compounds such as
vanadium, nitrates, and zinc are in the mix of fine
particles they breathe.
33. Adult Health Studies in India: 46% of people in
Delhi and 56% in Calcutta had "impaired lung function"
as a result of air pollution.
34. Toxicity of China's soil: created worries about food
security and health of the most vulnerable
individuals, particularly rural groups and residents
in factory cities.
35. Poisoned by cadmium in 2006: 160 acres of land in
Xinma, China
36. In Metropolitan Manila
- 37% (4 million people) of the population live in slum
settlements
-Slum settlements: areas where "[t]he effects of urban
environmental problems and threats of climate change
are also most pronounced due to their hazardous
location, poor air pollution and solid waste
management, weak disaster risk management, and
limiting coping strategies of households."
37. Marife Ballesteros: concludes that this unhealthy
environment "deepens poverty, increases the
vulnerability of both the poor and non-poor living in
slums, and excludes the slum poor from growth.
38. One of the major ironies of urban pollution: the
necessities that the poor has access to are also the
sources of the problem.
39. Bus:
- The main workhorse of the public transport system.
- Because it runs mainly on diesel fuel, it is now
considered "one of the largest contributors to
environmental pollution problems worldwide."
40. Motorbike:
- also called the two- and three-wheeled vehicles
- is another method of transportation that the poor may
afford.
41. Centre for Science and Environment in Delhi,
India: "Two-wheelers form a staggering 75%-80% of
the traffic in most Asian cities.
42. Motorcycles:
- are powered by the combustion of oil and
gasoline and "emit more smoke, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and particulate matter than the gas-
only four-stroke engines found in newer motorcycles."
- emit four times the amount of dangerous smog
as buses.
43. Governments:
- think that in order for their countries to be
completely developed, they must be industrialized,
urbanized, and populated by a healthy middle class
with access to the best of modern amenities.
- a developed society must also include
provisions for the poor, such as employment in the
industrial sector, public transportation, and low-cost
food.
44. Food:
- is reliant on a country's ability to trade freely
with other food producers.
- it also relies on a "modernized" agriculture
sector, with harmful technology (e.g., fertilizers or
pesticides) and modified crops (e.g., high-yielding rice
varieties), ensuring maximum productivity.
45. United States:
- is an example of ideal modern civilization
- worst polluter in the history of the world, accounting
27% of global carbon dioxide emissions
-60% of carbon emissions originate from cars and
other Vehicles on American highways
46. China, India, and Indonesia:
- currently engaged in a frenetic race to catch
up with the West in terms of economic growth
- the "desire to develop and improve the
standard of living of their citizens, these countries will
opt for the goals of economic growth and cheap
energy," which, in turn, would "encourage energy over-
consumption, waste, and inefficiency and also fuel
environmental pollution."
- will rely on natural resources such as coal, oil,
forest and agricultural goods, and minerals to build a
national coffer that may be used to invest in
industrialization. 47. Extractive economies- terminal
economies
48. Oil corporations in Nigeria's Niger Delta: have
"caused substantial land, water, and air pollution."
49. Nigeria:
- is in a difficult situation.
- if it wants to maintain its current economic growth
path and sustain its drive for poverty reduction, [the
very polluting] oil exploration and production will
continue to be a dominant economic activity. "
- if the United States is willing to sacrifice its
environment in order to achieve modernity and better
the lives of its citizens, developing countries see no
reason why they cannot do the same.
50. causes global warming:
The accumulation of billions of tons of carbon dioxide
(from coal-burning power plants and transportation),
other air pollutants, and other gases in the atmosphere
causes global warming.
51. Greenhouse Effect:
- the contaminants trap the sun's radiation,
causing the earth's surface to overheat.
- has accelerated the rise in global temperature
due to present levels of carbon dioxide and other
chemicals.
- In certain locations, the greenhouse effect is to
blame for repeated heat waves and extended
droughts; while in others, it is to blame for higher
rainfall and deadly hurricanes and typhoons.
You sent
52. California: had experienced its worst water deficit
in 1,200 years due to global warming.
53. Global warming:
- changed the summer monsoon patterns in India and
Southeast Asia
- results in sporadic flooding
54. Super Typhoon Haiyan: devastated central
Philippines in 2013
55. Storms in Eastern United States:
- Hurricane Katrina(2005) -
Hurricane Sandy (2012)
56. Glaciers: melting every year
57. Coral reefs in Australia's Great Barrier Reef: dying
58. Result of flooding:
- Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
- Cholera bacteria 59. Climate Change:
greatest current threat to humanity
60. Kyoto Protocol
- a framework on convention on Climate Change was
established (1992 United Nations Earth Summit)
- 192 countries joined to limit greenhouse gas
emissions
- it was up to individual countries to figure out how to
best achieve them
- set predefined CO2 emission limits for each country
61. United States: refused to take steps to limit their
impact on global warming
62. World Bank report:
- concluded that the protocol only had a slight impact
on reducing global emissions, in part because of the
non-binding nature of the agreement
63. Paris Accord:
- negotiated by 195 countries in Dec 2015
- is the Kyoto Protocol's follow up accord
- it aims to keep the world's average temperature rise
to a minimum through the use of specified goals set
by scientists.
- gives countries more freedom to set their own
national goals
- passed as international legislation because it
emphasizes consensus building
64. Social movements:
have had more success collaborating and exerting
pressure on their governments to regulate global
warming.
65. Environmental activism takes place in South
Africa:
to urge industries to cut emissions and lobby
parliament for the implementation of pro-environment
legislation.
66. Across the Atlantic, in El Salvador:
local officials and grassroots organizations from 1,000
communities advocate for crop diversification, a
reduction in industrial sugar cane production, the
protection of endangered sea species from the
devastation of commercial fishing, and the
preservation of lowlands eroded by river deforestation
and inconsistent water release from a nearby dam.
67. Universities:
- collaborate with governments feasible pollution
control plans
68. The Energy Policy Institute of the University of
Chicago:
deployed teams to India to collaborate with
government agencies, businesses, and communities to
develop viable ground-level initiatives that "strike a
balance between urgently needed economic growth
and improved air quality."
69. Japan:
- population pressure led the government to
collaborate with civil society organizations, academics,
and political parties to pass "a blizzard of laws- 14
passed at once" in the 1970 Pollution Diet.
- although these restrictions could not
completely eradicate environmental issues, Japan now
boasts some of the cleanest cities in the world.
70. Environmental Degradation:
forces people to consider their duty as global citizens
Conclusion
Philippines economy- depends largely on incomes
from jobs with global connections
1. Migrant Labor
a. Department of Labor and Employment: reported the
number of Filipinos leaving the country to work
overseas.
2. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)
- which Philippines provides for foreign clients
✓ These two economic activities have plowed over $51
billion into country's national coffers
3. Exports
- third source of national income
- Philippines exports machinery, semiconductors,
wood, cars, export crops and fruits, minerals (gold
and copper), ships and vehicles to other Asian
countries, Europe and North America
4. Tourism
-fourth largest source of income of Philippines
✓Philippines
- 36th largest economy in the world
- 8th largest rice producer in the world
- one of the largest importers of this basic staple
✓Historians- have shown that communities in the
islands of the archipelago were engaged in extensive
trade with China and maritime Southeast Asia in
precolonial period
Philippines became a colony of two empires
- Spanish
- American
✓When Philippines became independent, it took sides
in a global cold war between US and Communist
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
✓Philippines helped form the anti-communist regional
body: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

✓ English- the other largely spoken lingua franca

of Philippines

✓ Model of modernity: American popular culture-

basketball to fashion to hip hop

✓ 2014 Pew Research Center survey: 92% of

Filipinos are pro-American

✓Cultures adopted by the Philippines

- Japanese

- Korean

- Mexican

✓ Returning OFWs or migrant families- bring back

some of the practices and customs of the countries
they have lived in

✓ Diaspora: there is greater attempt to preserve

Filipino culture

✓ Filipino-American artists

- revived the use of Kulintang (am instrument

associated with the Moros of Mindanao