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Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat

Source/Sink on Casson Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Across a Stretched
Rotatory Disk

Article in Journal of Nanofluids · April 2024

DOI: 10.1166/jon.2024.2136

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 Copyright © 2024 by American Scientific Publishers Journal of Nanofluids
All rights reserved. Vol. 13, pp. 586–599, 2024
Printed in the United States of America (www.aspbs.com/jon)

Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection,

and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink on Casson
Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Across a Stretched
Rotatory Disk
Ashish Paul, Bhagyashri Patgiri∗ , and Neelav Sarma
Department of Mathematics, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India

This present study emphasizes the importance of a specific type of fluid called a Casson ternary hybrid
nanofluid. Our research explores a novel approach using the combination of several complex phenomena,
including magnetohydrodynamic radiative flow, non-linear mixed convection, a non-uniform heat source or sink,
a chemical reaction described by the Arrhenius model, and multiple slip effects. The researchers transformed
the system of governing equations into a set of first-order ordinary differential equations using appropriate math-
ematical transformations and then solved them numerically using the bvp4c solver. The study investigated the
behavior of velocity profiles, thermal dispersion, concentration dispersion, and heat and mass transfer for differ-
ARTICLE

ent values of the parameters involved. Our results indicated that the rising values of the heat transmission rate
escalated by 2.98% for Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid when compared to ternary hybrid nanofluid. Further,
ternary hybrid nanofluid had a 7.49% and 6.89% higher heat transmission rate compared to the hybrid nanofluid
IP: 49.37.88.33
and conventional nanofluid, respectively. On:the
Besides, Sun, 21transmission
heat Apr 2024 03:52:22
rate is enhanced by 17.5% and 3.11%
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
respectively under the existence of the mixed convective and non-linear thermal convection parameters. Also,
Delivered by Ingenta
the presence of chemical reaction parameter shows a positive impact on the rate of mass transmission.

KEYWORDS: Casson Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid, Stretched Rotating Disk, Non-Linear Mixed Convection, Non-Uniform Heat
Source/Sink, Activation Energy, Chemical Reaction.

1. INTRODUCTION dissolving three dissimilar nanoparticles into the same host

An extended engrossment in energy usage and conduc-
tion has led to a remarkable increase in studies focus-
ing on a wide range of ‘nanofluids’ in the past few
decades. Nanofluids are nanometre-sized particles dis-
solved into a conventional host fluid. Nanofluids are
used in various engineering devices, welding equipment,
metallic strips, fusion reactions, automobile engines, and
cooling of many chemical reactions because of their
upgraded thermophysical attributes. The dissolution of two
nanoparticles into the working base fluid led to the cre-
ation of a substantial product acknowledged as a ‘hybrid
nanofluid.’ Hybrid nanofluids acquire enhanced thermo-
physical properties than base fluids and mono nanoflu-
ids. Hybrid nanofluid has a vast domain of applications in
defense, naval structures, medical industries, etc. Freshly,
another inventive type of nanofluids is engineered by
∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Email: iambhagyashripatgiri@gmail.com
Received: 26 September 2023
Accepted: 3 January 2024
fluid. This new type of nanofluid is termed a ‘ternary
hybrid nanofluid.’ Many experimental studies revealed that
ternary hybrid nanofluids possess finer thermophysical fea-
tures than base fluid nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids.
Ternary hybrid nanofluids have numerous potential uti-
lizations in power storage, medicinal applications, cooling
processes, etc. Turkyilmazoglu1 explored heat transforma-
tion and nanofluid flow through a rotating disk. Aziz et al.2
addressed the MHD nanofluid flow induced by one rotating
disk with slip effects. Alwawi et al.3 expounded sodium
alginate-based MHD Casson nanofluid flow through a
solid sphere. El-Zahar et al.4 focussed on the massive suc-
tion influences on hybridized Casson nanofluid flow past
one continuously moving or fixed surface. Mohanty et al.5
discussed interfacial nanolayer thickness upon the Darcy-
Forchheimer flow due to Casson hybrid nanofluid past a
moving needle. Paul et al.6 explained the hybrid nanofluid
flow past a radiative cone. Gupta and Rana7 reported 3D
MHD stagnation flow on Ag + Al + Al2 O3 − H2 O ternary
hybrid nanofluid through a rotating disk encountered by
Rosseland’s heat flux. Shamshuddin et al.8 discussed the

586 J. Nanofluids 2024, Vol. 13, No. 2 2169-432X/2024/13/586/014 doi:10.1166/jon.2024.2136

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink
heat transmission on radiative and dissipative Cu–Fe3 O4 –
SiO2 /polymer-based ternary hybrid nanofluid through one
rotating disk.
It is acknowledged that rotating disk category geome-
tries emerge broadly in rotating machinery, like rotating
heat exchangers, electric power generating systems, marine
gas or turbines, rotating disk reactors for biofuel pro-
duction, liquid metal pumping engines, and many more.
Characteristics of MHD viscous flow induced by stretched
rotating disk, including inconstant thickness and radiation,
are portrayed by Hayat et al.9 Khan et al.10 used two
stretched rotating disks to examine the effect of Darcy-
Forchheimer CNT-Water nanofluid flow with entropy gen-
eration. The consequences of non-linear thermal radiation
and heat source on nano liquid past one horizontal rotating
disk were determined by Sun et al.11
The scrutiny of mixed convective flows has salient
applications in several natural, industrial, and engineering
processes. Utilizations of mixed convective flows involve
manufacturing of nuclear plants, lubrication grooves, var-
ious temperature atmospheric flows, paper and pulp pro-
duction, wire manufacturing, polymer and rubber sheet
manufacturing, extraction, lakes and reservoirs, glass and
fiber production, etc. The correlation between temperature
and concentration-dependent density converts to a non-
linear form for a thermal tool that demands high tem-
IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 03:52:22
perature. This non-linear form vigorously influences
Copyright: the Scientific
American
flow features. Raju et al.12 focussed on non-linearly con- bynentially
Delivered
vective flow on MgO–H2 O and MgO/EG-based nanofluids
13
across one radially stretching disk. Alwawi et al. stud-
ied mixed convective flow due to Casson nanofluid over a
solid sphere. Kumar et al.14 demonstrated the MHD non-
linear convective flow on nanofluids due to one radially
stretched rotating disk.
It is substantial to observe that several industrial fluids
are non-Newtonian in nature. It is principally perceived
that non-Newtonian fluids are more pertinent than Newto-
nian fluids in real industrial utilizations due to their usage
in polymer engineering, petroleum drilling, manufacturing
of paper and food, etc. Among all the non-Newtonian flu-
ids, Casson fluid is one of the most favored ones. Cas-
son fluid has attained much recognition in the last few
years because of its extensive applications in aerodynamic
heating, the petroleum industry, polymer extrusion, metal
forming, crude oil purification, and several others. El-
Zahar et al.15 impulsively elucidated the MHD unsteady
mixed convective flow on Casson hybrid nanofluid in the
stagnation zone of a spinning sphere. They also inspect
the effects of Brownian motion, magnetic, slip, and ther-
16
mophoresis parameters. Naveen Kumar et al. discussed
the GO–TiO2 –EG Casson hybrid nanofluids flow due to
one upward or downward-moving rotating disk. Usman
et al.17 demonstrated the EMHD Casson hybrid nanofluid
flow due to an unsteady rotational disk. Khan et al.18
presented an Au/blood-based nanofluid flow bought by a
J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024
stretched rotating disk. They obtained that fluid velocity
scales down for a larger value of the Casson parameter.
The impact of heat source/sink overheat transmission is
remarkable in light of numerous physical problems. Heat
dispersion in the entire region can be varied by employ-
ing a heat source/sink. Heat source/sink may be contem-
plated as constant, temperature-reliant, or space-reliant.
This article will examine non-uniform heat, which is a
space and temperature-dependent heat source/sink. More
gripping investigations of Cu–H2 O and Ag–H2 O nanoflu-
ids flow through a rotational disk under the influence of
translocation on the power-law fluid inside two stretch-
able rotational disks encountered by a non-uniform heat
source/sink was inspected by Reddy et al.19 Triveni et al.20
explored Casson nanofluid flow past a nonlinearly stretch-
able sheet under the influence of non-uniform heat source.
SWCNT-H2 O and MWCNT-H2 O dusty nanofluids flow
due to a stretchable rotational porous disk in the existence
of a non-uniform heat source/sink was handled by Naveen
Kumar et al.21
It is noteworthy to scrutinize the fluid flow in the
presence of chemical reactions due to its significant
ARTICLE
involvement in industrial and environmental areas. Chem-
ical reactions are pivotal in various areas like atomic
energy, nuclear reactors, manufacturing cables, plastics,
etc. Nandhini et al.22 illustrated the flow due to chemically
reactive non-Newtonian
Publishers Casson fluid through one expo-
Ingenta stretching sheet under the joined effect of expo-
nential parameter, absorption, and radiation. Khan et al.23
addressed the consequences of a vertically moving rota-
tory disk with magnetized Maxwell fluid and chemical
response. The flow of Oldroyd-B fluid featuring the chem-
ical reaction caused by a rotational disk was studied by
Hafeez and Khan.24
In 1889, S. Arrhenius coined a model that correlates
the level of molecular energy and collision frequency with
rate constant, and this particular reaction assists us in
computing chemical reaction rate along with activation
energy. The effect of activation energy upon non-linear
mixed convective third-grade nanofluid flow past a rotat-
ing disk was addressed by Hayat et al.25 Asma et al.26
examined the MHD nanofluid flow initiated by a rotat-
ing disk with activation energy. Hayat et al.27 expounded
the entropy optimization and heat transportation on Ree-
Eyring nanofluid flow within two rotating disks in the
occurrence of activation energy. Devi and Mabood28 and
Alsallami et al.29 explained entropy anatomization upon
Maxwell Marangoni fluid across a rotational disk with
activation energy. Khan et al.30 accounted for micropo-
lar nanofluid slip flow caused due to a rotational disk
incorporated with activation energy. Das et al.31 elaborated
on the importance of Arrhenius energy and Navier’s slip
upon Casson MHD nanofluid flow through a Riga plate
incorporated with a non-uniform heat source and thermal
radiation.
587
 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Paul et al.


thnf Bn u
2
2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
− +g· 1 T − T  + 2 T − T 2
2.1. Presumption of the Flow Problem thnf
A 3D, steady, incompressible, and chemically reactive 
Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid flow configured by one + 3 C − C  + 4 C − C 2 (2)
radially stretched rotating disk with stretching rate b and
angular velocity  has been considered. Here the car- v v uv
boxymethyl solution (CMC–H2 O) with a lesser concen- u +w −
r z r
tration (0–4%) is favored as the host fluid. Our preferred    2 
1 thnf  v 1 v v 2 v
ternary hybrid nanofluid is constructed by mixing Al2 O3 , = 1+ · + − +
MgO and CuO nanoparticles in the carrier fluid CMC–  thnf r 2 r r r 2 z2
H2 O. Let the disk is rotating about z = 0. We select the thnf Bn
2
v
cylindrical coordinates (r  z. Let u v w be the veloc- − (3)
thnf
ity components across r  z directions. A fixed mag-
netic force of strength Bn is imposed in z-direction. Let us
w w
suppose that wall temperature and concentration, respec- u +w
tively be TW and CW and ambient concentration and tem- r z
   
perature be C and T . 1 thnf  2 w 1 w  2 w
= 1+ · + + 2 (4)
Many mechanisms like thermal radiation, non-linear  thnf r 2 r r z
mixed convection, and slip impacts are also taken into
account. The heat transpiration is investigated by taking T T
the effects of a non-uniform heat source or sink whereas u +w
r z
the mass transpiration is analyzed by considering chemical  2 
ARTICLE

kthnf  T 1 T  2 T
reactions (of orders K1 and K2 ) and activation energy influ- =  × + +
ences. The schematic flow sketch is portrayed in Figure 1. cp thnf r 2 r r z2
1 q 1
2.2. Governing Equations IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 −  
03:52:22 · r +   Q0 (5)
Copyright: American Scientific Publisherscp thnf z cp thnf
The governing PDEs to describe the flow problem in by Ingenta
Delivered
occurrence of non-linear mixed convection, non-uniform  2 
heat source/sink, and multiple slips are (Reddy et al.19 and C C  C 1 C  2 C
+w = Dthnf × + + − K1 C − C 
Kumar et al.33 ): r z r 2 r r z2
 n
T
−K2 C − C  e−Er /k0 T (6)
u u w T
+ + =0 (1)
r r z Relevant boundary constraints are (Waqas et al.32 and
Tulu:40
   
u u v2 u v
u +w − u = rb + S1 ·  v = r + S2 · 
r z r z z
   2   
1 thnf  u 1 u u  2 u T
= 1+ × + − + w = 0 T = TW + S3 · and
 thnf r 2 r r r 2 z2 z
 
C (7)
C = Cw + S4 ·
z

u → 0 v → 0 w → 0 T → T
and C → C as z → 
The radiative flux qr and non-uniform heat source/sink
Q0 are presented as (Rosseland34 and Reddy et al.):19
  
−16 ∗ T 3 T
qr = ∗
3k kf z
 
kf
Q0 = Q1∗ Tw − T  f  + Q2∗ T − T  
Fig. 1. Flow diagram. f

588 J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

Table I. Thermophysical features of Al2 O3 , MgO, CuO and CMC-H2 O Besides; Q1∗  Q2∗ > 0 implies an inner heat source
(Gamachu and Ibrahim,35 Tlili et al.)36 whereas Q1∗  Q2∗ < 0 infers inner heat sink.
cp k
Name (in Kg/m3 ) (in J/KgK) (in W/mK) (in S/m) 3. ATTRIBUTES OF FLUIDS
CMC-H2 O 997.1 4179 0.613 005 3.1. Thermophysical Assets
(0.0%–0.4%) Thermophysical traits of Al2 O3 , MgO, CuO, and CMC −
CuO 6320 531.8 76.5 69 × 10−2
H2 O are reported in Table I.
MgO 3580 960 48.4 142 × 10−3
Al2 O3 3970 235 40 369 × 107
3.2. Thermophysical Correlations
Simplified relationships between CMC-H2 O, CuO/CMC–
Here, the regular fluid H2 O − CMC (0–4%), H2 O, MgO–CuO/CMC–H2 O and Al2 O3 –MgO–CuO/
CuO/CMC − H2 O nanofluid, MgO − CuO/CMC − H2 O CMC–H2 O are jotted down in Table II. Here, 1 , 2 ,
hybrid nanofluid, and Al2 O3 − MgO − CuO/CMC − H2 O
3 respectively represent volume fractions of CuO, MgO,
ternary hybrid nanofluid are represented through the
Al2 O3 whereas the subscripts s1, s2, s3 are adopted to
indices f, nf, hnf, and thnf respectively. Also, the symbols
represent various features of CuO, MgO, Al2 O3 .
     Bn  g 1  2  3  3  cp  k k∗  Q1∗  Q2∗  K1 
K2  Er  b k0  n ∗  S1  S2  S3 , and S4 respectively refer
to Casson parameter, dynamic viscosity, density, electrical 4. SIMILARITY TRANSFIGURATION
conductivity, magnetic strength, gravity, coefficients of The similarity transfiguration imposed for the present
linear thermal expansion, non-linear thermal expansion, problem consisted of (Mustafa39 ):
linear concentration expansion, non-linear concentration
expansion, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, mean  
2

ARTICLE
absorption, space-reliant heat source/sink, temperature- = z u = rf    v = rg  
reliant heat source/sink, first order chemical reaction rate 
constant, exponential chemical reaction rate constant, acti-  T − T 
w = − 2 f     =  (8)
vation energy, stretching, radial velocity slip, tangential Tw − T 
IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 03:52:22
velocity slip, temperature slip, concentration slip,American
Copyright: Boltz- Scientific Publishers
mann constant, fitted rate constant and Stefan- Boltzmann C − C 
  =
Delivered by Ingenta
constant. C w − C 

Table II. Theoretical models for attributes of Al2 O3 + MgO + CuO/CMC-H2 O (Madhukesh et al.,37 Sadiq et al.)38

Nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid Ternary hybrid nanofluid

f f
nf = thnf =
1 − 1 25 1 − 1 25 1 − 2 25 1 − 3 25

nf = 1 − 1  f + 1 s1 thnf = 1 − 3  1 − 2  1 − 1  f + 1 s1 + 2 s2 + 3 s3

hnf = 1 − 2  1 − 1  f + 1 s1 + 2 s2

 cp nf = 1 − 1   cp f  + 1  
cp s1

     
 cp hnf = 1 − 2  1 − 1   cp f  + 1  
cp s1 +  
cp thnf = 1 − 3  1 − 2  1 − 1    + 1 
cp f cp s1 + 2  
cp s2 + 3  
cp s3
2  cp s2
     
ks1 + 2kf − 21 kf − ks1 ks3 + 2khnf − 23 khnf − ks3
knf = kf   kthnf = kf  
ks1 + 2kf + 1 kf − ks1 ks3 + 2khnf + 3 khnf − ks3
  
ks2 + 2knf − 22 knf − ks2
khnf = kf  
ks2 + 2knf + 2 knf − ks2
     
s1 +2 − 21 f −
f s1 s3 +2 − 23
hnf hnf − s3
nf = f   thnf = f  
s1 + 2 f + 1 f − s1 s3 + 2 hnf + 3 hnf − s3

  
s2 +2 nf − 22 nf − s2
hnf = f  
s2 +2 nf + 2 nf − s2

Dnf = 1 − 1  Df  Dhnf = 1 − 1  1 − 2  Df Dthnf = 1 − 1  1 − 2  1 − 3  Df

J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024 589

 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Paul et al.

thnf
Invoking Eq (8) into Eqs (1)–(7); we acquire: H1 = = 1 − 1−25 1 − 2−25 1 − 3 −25 
   f
1
2 1+ · f  − H1 H2 f  2 − 2f · f  − g 2 thnf
 H2 = = 1 − 1 1 − 2 1 − 3
f
(9)
−  ·  · 1 + T ·  + NC ·  · 1 + C  1 s1
+ 1 − 2 1 − 3
f
− H1 H5 · Mp · f  = 0
2 s2 3 s3
  + + 1 − 3 +
1 f f
2 1+ · g  − H1 H2 · 2f  g − 2fg  
 (10)  cp thnf
− H1 H5 · Mp · g = 0 H3 = = 1 − 1 1 − 2  1 − 3
 cp  f

H4 1 + Ra ·   + H3 · Pr · f   1  cp s1
+ 1 − 2 1 − 3
(11)  cp f

+ Q1 · f + Q2 ·  = 0
2  cp s2 3  cp s3
+ + 1 − 3 +
H6 ·   − Sc · 1 ·  + 2 1 + Tr · n  cp f  cp f
(12) Kthnf Dthnf
thnf
e−E/1+Tr  − f ·   = 0 H4 =  H5 =  H6 =
Kf f Df
And 
⎫ Here,  f  g   represents dimensionless simi-
ARTICLE

f 0 = 0 f  0 =  + Slu · f  0  ⎪

⎪ larity variable, radial velocity, tangential velocity, tem-
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ perature, and concentration, respectively. Moreover,
⎪
g 0 = 1 + Slv · g  0   0 = 1 + SlT ·   0 ⎪
⎪
⎪   T  N c   C  Mp Ra 1  2  Tr  E Q1  Q2  s  Slu 
⎪
⎪
IP: 49.37.88.33 On: ⎬ Sun, 21  Sl2024
SlvApr T and Slc stand for dimensionless parameters
03:52:22
 0 = 1 + SlC ·   0 at  = 0 Copyright: American (13) Scientific
of mixed Publishers
convection, non-linear temperature convec-
⎪
⎪
Delivered bytion,
Ingenta
⎪
⎪ concentration buoyancy, non-linear concentration
⎪
⎪
× f  → 0 f   → 0 g  → 0 ⎪
⎪ convection, magnetic, Radiation, temperature ratio, first-
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ order chemical reaction, exponential chemical reaction,
⎭
  → 0   → 0 at  →  activation energy, space-reliant heat absorption/neration,
temperature-reliant heat absorption/generation, stretching,
Where,
radial velocity slip, tangential velocity slip, temperature
f Bn r 2 g 1 TW − T 
2
slip and concentration slip. In addition, Pr, Sc, and Re
Mp =  Re =   =  are the Prandtl number, Schmidt number and Reynold’s
2 f  r 2
number and  is the kinematic viscosity.
C − C  T − T 
Nc = 3 W  T = 2 W 
1 TW − T  1
  5. ENGINEERING PARAMETERS
4 CW − C 
 cp f
C =  Pr =  (i) Absolute value of dimensionless local skin friction is
3 kf reported as:
16 ∗ T 3 Q1∗ Q2∗ Cs ∗ Re1/2 = 1 − 1−25 1 − 2−25 1 − 3−25
Ra =  Q1 =  Q2 = 
3k∗ kthnf 2 2
 
T − T   K K 1
Tr = W  Sc =1 = 1  2 = 2 
 1+ f  02 + g  02
T Df 2 2 
  (ii) Dimensionless local Nusselt number is presented as:
Er b 2  
E=  s =  Slu = S1  Kthnf
k0 T   ∗
N s Re −1/2
= − 1 + Ra
Kf
   
Slv =
2
S2  SlT =
2
S3    0 = −H4 1 + Ra   0
 
(iii) Dimensionless local Sherwood number is scripted
 
2 as:
SlC = S4
 Sw ∗ Re−1/2 = −  0

590 J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

6. METHODOLOGY Table III. Authorization upshots of f  0 and g  0 against Mp and
Slv .
The highly non-linear ODEs Eqs. (8)–(12) incorporated
with the boundary assumptions Eq. (13) have been numer- Mp Slu = Slv f  0 g  0 f  0 g  0
ically explored by utilizing the famous bvp4c solver in (Mustafa39 ) (Mustafa39 ) (Current study) (Current study)
MATLAB. Many researchers vastly apply this renowned 0 0.25 0.259534 −0.416784 0.259534 −0.416784
solver to solve various BVPs. To adopt this solver, we first 0.2 0.25 0.191176 −0.509536 0.191176 −0.509536
alter Eqs. (8)–(13) into a set of equivalent 1st-order ODEs 0.4 0.25 0.146057 −0.599523 0.146057 −0.599523
0.5 0.4 0.099146 −0.584589 0.099146 −0.584589
by imposing the following substitutions: 0.5 0.6 0.071917 −0.522031 0.071917 −0.522031

f = c1  f  = c2  f  = c3  f  = c3  
g = c4  g  = c5  g  = c5   8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This portion illustrates the significance of various non-
 = c6    = c7    = c7   dimensional parameters on velocities, thermal, and con-
 = c8    = c9    = c9  centration profiles. Every parameter has been graphically
explained by allotting some constant numeric values to the
Now, the ODEs acquire the following manner: other parameters in the following scale:

H1 H5 H1 H2 15 ≤  ≤  0 ≤  ≤ 07 0 ≤ Nc ≤ 1
c3  = Mp · c2  + 0 ≤ T ≤ 5 0 ≤ C ≤ 5 −05 ≤ Q1  Q2 ≤ 05
1 + 1/  2 1 + 1/ 
 01 ≤ Ra ≤ 05 0 ≤ s  Slu  Slv  SlT  SlC ≤ 07
× c2 2 − 2c1 c3 − c4 2
To investigate the responses of several profiles, we
−  · c6 · 1 + T · c6  + NC · c8 · 1 + C · c8 

ARTICLE
have predetermined a few parametric values which are as
H1 H5 H1 H2 follows:
c5  = Mp · c4  +
1 + 1/  2 1 + 1/  1 = 008 2 = 001 3 = 001 Mp = 1 Pr = 6
× 2c2 c4 − 2c1 c5  IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 03:52:22
2 portrays that the radial velocity f   enlarges
Figure Publishers
Copyright: American Scientific
 −H3 · Pr Q1 · c2 + Q2 · c6  Delivered byfor
Ingenta values of mixed convection parameter .
c7 = ·c ·c − higher
H4 · 1 + Ra 1 7 H4 · 1 + Ra Mixed convection arises when buoyancy on free convec-
 
 Sc tion turns into a noteworthy feature. Therefore, when 
c9 = · 1 · c8 + 2 · c8 enhances, then buoyancy force also enlarges, and conse-
H6
   quently f   upsurges too. In Figures 3–5; velocity pro-
−E files f    g  and temperature dispersion   are
× 1 + Tr · c6 n · exp − c1 c9
1 + Tr · c6 

Also, the boundary stipulations become:

c1 0 = 0 c2 0 = s + Slu · c3 0 

q4 0 = 1 + Slv · c5 0  c6 0 = 1
+ SlT · c7 0  c8 0 = 1 + SlC · c9 0

And c2  = 0 c4  = 0 c6  = 0 c8  = 0.

The boundary seems to be stable at 10−10 . In this
perspective, max = 20 affirms that each numerical result
reaches asymptotic assets precisely.

7. CODE VALIDATION
A comparison of the attained results with formerly
published data has been performed. The values of
f  0  g  0 for the Newtonian case ( →  in the
non-existence of  T  C s Q1 Q2 E Tr 1 2 have been
compared to those found by Mustafa39 in Table III in con-
templation of validating the used method and those have Fig. 2. Radial velocity f   influenced by the mixed convection
been found in great agreement. parameter .

J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024 591

 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Paul et al.

Fig. 3. Radial velocity f   influenced by the Casson parameter . Fig. 5. Temperature profile  influenced by the Casson parameter .
ARTICLE

IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 03:52:22

Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
Delivered by Ingenta

Fig. 4. Tangential velocity g influenced by the Casson parameter .
exhibited for multiple values of the Casson parameter  .
It is reflected that an increment in  gives rise to a decre-
ment in f   and g . Physically, when values of 
accelerate, the THNF becomes more viscous prompting to
mitigation of yield stress which intensifies the obstruction
in THNF’s movement and decelerates the momentum BL’s
thickness, and consequently both f   and g  attenu-
ate. Meanwhile, from Figure 5, it is evident that Casson
parameter  plays a remarkable role in amplifying the tem-
perature  . The physical sense of such an enlarging
trend is substantiated as magnified values of  elevate the
viscous nature of the flow which uplifts the temperature
 . According to Figure 6, the concentration buoyancy
Fig. 6. Radial velocity f   influenced by the concentration buoyancy
parameter Nc .
parameter Nc is an escalating factor for the radial veloc-
ity f  . Nc relies on buoyancy force. Higher magni-
tude of Nc means stronger buoyancy force. Thus, when
Nc aggrandizes, f   also amplifies. Figure 7 character-
izes the impact of stretching parameter s on tangential
velocity g . g  relies upon the rotational veloc-
ity  of the disk. When s elevates, then  depletes,
and consequently g  diminishes. From Figure 8, it is
detectable that the tangential velocity g  reduces as
Slv uprises. The fact is because Slv majorly decelerates
fluid motion which conclusively affirms a diminution in
the overall rate of transportation of fluid particles. As a

592 J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

Fig. 9. Radial velocity f   influenced by the non-linear thermal con-

Fig. 7. Tangential velocity g influenced by the stretching parameter vection parameter T .
s .

ARTICLE
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Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
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Fig. 10. Temperature profile  affected by the non-linear thermal

Fig. 8. Tangential velocity g influenced by the slip parameter Slv . convection parameter T .

consequence, the lesser molecular motion leads to a deple-
tion of g . Increasing the value of radial velocity f  
with raising the non-linear thermal convection parameter
T is perceived from Figure 9 whereas the conflicting
performance of T on temperature   is observed in
Figure 10. Since growth in T causes attenuation of vis-
cous force which yields less resistance inside the fluid par-
ticles and accordingly f   is magnified. However, for
greater T , the thickness of thermal BL falls off which is
responsible for temperature diminution. The impact of the
space-reliant (Q1 ) and temperature-reliant (Q2 ) coefficient
of heat source/sink on temperature dispersion   is
demonstrated in Figures 11 and 12. It is perceived that
the temperature on the thermal BL elevates with augment-
ing the values of Q1 and Q2 (+ve values) whereas the
thickness of thermal BL depletes with a reduction in the
values of Q1 and Q2 (−ve values). The physical reason
behind this fact is that, with amplification in Q1 and Q2
(+ve values), the BL produces energy and it leads to the
hike in   whereas, when Q1 and Q2 (−ve values)
reduce the BL soaks up energy and eventually BL thick-
ness deteriorates in the fluid region. Figure 13 is sketched
to inspect the effect of the thermal slip parameter SlT on
temperature  . It is seen that   diminishes with

J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024 593

 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Paul et al.

Fig. 11. Temperature profile   affected by the space-reliant heat Fig. 13. Temperature profile   influenced by the thermal slip param-
source/sink parameter Q1 . eter SlT .
ARTICLE

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Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
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Fig. 12. Temperature-reliant heat source/sink parameter Q2 for temper- Fig. 14. Concentration profile   influenced by the linear chemical
ature profile  . reaction parameter 1 .

enlarging values of SlT . As SlT elevates, there is a deple-

tion in heat transmission from the disk’s surface to the
neighboring fluid, which creates a narrow BL in the fluid
region. Figures 14 and 15 clarify the effect of chemi-
cal reaction parameters 1 and 2 on concentration  .
With augmenting values of 1 and 2 ,   drop is wit-
nessed. An increment in the estimations of 1 and 2 trans-
lates into a growth in the number of solute molecules
undergoing chemical reactions, leading to a reduction in
molecular diffusivity of the THNF and solutal BL thick-
ness. On account of this,   depletes as values of 1
and 2 rise. Figure 16 picturizes that an advancement in
the value of dimensionless activation energy E shows an
uprisal in concentration dispersion  .
 An enhancement
n −Er
T
in E deteriorates the Arrhenius work T e k0 T
because of

which particles of the operating medium endure excessive
energy through the factor E and furthermore, amplify the
reactivity rate of the THNF. For this reason,   scales
up as the magnitudes of E elevate too. From Figure 17, it
is transparent that with growth in non-linear concentration
convection parameter C , concentration dispersion  

594 J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

Fig. 15. Exponential chemical reaction parameter 2 for concentration Fig. 17. Non-linear concentration convection parameter C for concen-
profile  . tration profile  .

ARTICLE
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Copyright: American Scientific Publishers
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Fig. 16. Concentration profile   influenced by the activation energy Fig. 18. Concentration profile   influenced by the concentration
parameter E. slip parameter Slc .

falls off. As C escalates, the fluid’s kinematic viscosity
attenuates which causes a reduction in thermal diffusion
and consequently the concentration BL thickness dimin-
ishes resulting in depletion in  . Figure 18 reports that
concentration   is a depleting capacity of concentra-
tion slip parameter SlC . It is because of the fact that slips
primarily slow down the flow movement which eventually
shows a retardation in the overall molecular movement.
Tables IV–VI are assembled to study the outcomes of
numerous factors on local skin friction coefficient, local
Nusselt, and Sherwood number. These physical quantities
are crucial aspects of industrial use. The prominence
of these data forthrightly can’t be avoided due to their
immense applications in the industries.
Table IV divulges the outcomes of
2  3    T  C  Slv and Mp on the absolute
value of local skin friction coefficient C∗s Re1/2 . It is
translucent from Table IV that Cs ∗ R augments for
Al2 O3 –MgO–CuO/CMC-H2 O by 18.12% and 14.37%,
respectively when compared to MgO–CuO/CMC–H2 O and
CuO/CMC–H2 O whereas Cs ∗ Re1/2 amplifies by 12.61%
for Casson Al2 O3 –MgO–CuO/CMC–H2O in comparison

J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024 595

 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink Paul et al.

Table IV. Consequences on Cs ∗ Re1/2 for several parameters by taking Table V. Consequences on N s ∗ Re−1/2 for several parameters by taking
1 = 002  = 01 Nc = 1 Pr = 6 Q1 = Q2 = −02 Ra = 05 Tr = 1 = 002 Mp = 1 Nc = 1 Pr = 6 Tr = 1 n = 2 1 = 2 = 02 Sc =
1 Sc = 1 E = 05 1 = 2 = 02 n = 2 s = Slu = SlT = 01 as fixed 2 E = 05 s = Slu = Slv = 05 SlC = 01 as constants.
quantities.
2 3  Ra  T Q1 Q2 SlT N s ∗ Re−1/2
∗
2 3  T C Slv Mp Cs Re 1/2
0 0 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.217220
0 0 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.166736
0.01 0 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.220648
0.01 0 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.185660
0.02 0 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.224035
0.02 0 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.205051
0.02 0.01 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.238114
0.02 0.01 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.237899
0.02 0.02 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.252176
0.02 0.03 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.306192
0.02 0.03 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.266228
0.02 0.05 3.5 1 1 0.1 1 1.378205
0.02 0.04 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.280275
0.02 0.05 5 1 1 0.1 1 1.328289
0.02 0.05 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.294324
0.02 0.05 20 1 1 0.1 1 1.236428
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.308381
0.02 0.05  1 1 0.1 1 1.204362
0.02 0.06 5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.297689
0.02 0.05 3.5 2 1 0.1 1 1.384097
0.02 0.06 20 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.276949
0.02 0.05 3.5 3 1 0.1 1 0.02 0.06  0.5 0.1
1.390127 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.269376
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 1 0.1 1 1.396291
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.1 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.130099
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 2 0.1 1 1.402470
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.3 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.223639
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 3 0.1 1 1.408818
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.1 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.308381
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.1 1 1.415331
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.3 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.438662
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.2 1 1.300610
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 1 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.537294
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.3 1 1.203905
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 2 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.563896
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.3 0.4 0.995001
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 3 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.588922
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.3 0.6 1.067560
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.1 −0.1 0.1 1.612580
0.02 0.05 3.5 4 4 0.3 0.8 0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5
1.137765 4 −0.4 −0.1 0.1 1.710136
ARTICLE

0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.3 −0.1 0.1 1.678059

0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.1 0.1 1.645543
0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.4 0.1 1.747955
to Al2 O3 –MgO–CuO/CMC–H2O. For elevating values of 0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.3 0.1 1.714482
2 and 3 , the momentum BL’s IP: thickness depletes,
49.37.88.33 On:and 0.02Apr0.06
Sun, 21 20243.503:52:22
0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.2 0.1 1.680353
the fluid’s viscosity escalates, due to which the magnitudes 0.02 0.06 3.5
Copyright: American Scientific Publishers 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.2 0.2 1.515445
of Cs ∗ Re1/2 rise. It is also perceptible that the Delivered
presence by 0.02
Ingenta0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.2 0.3 1.382707
∗ 0.02 0.06 3.5 0.5 0.5 4 −0.2 −0.2 0.4 1.273141
of T and C enhances Cs Re by 15.94% and 1.36%
1/2

respectively. Also, Mp is found to be an augmenting

factor for Cs ∗ Re1/2 . Also, Mp is found to be an aug-
menting factor for M. As the estimations of Mp escalate,
the Lorentz force causes impediments in the THNF’s
transportation rate and, consequently, C∗s Re1/2 upsurges.
Besides, it is also noticeable that improvement in Slv
values cause a decrement in C∗s Re1/2 . Physically, as Slv
escalates, the flow resistance diminishes and eventually
values of C∗s Re1/2 also drop down.
Table V is formed to study the consequences of
2  3    Ra T   Q1  Q2  Q2 and Slv on local
Nusselt number N s ∗ Re−1/2 . Table V reveals that heat
transmission rate (HTR) i.e.,; N s ∗ Re−1/2 upsurges for
Casson Al2 O3 + MgO + CuO/CMC–H2 O by 7.49% and
6.89% respectively, when compared to Casson MgO +
CuO/CMC-H2 O and Casson CuO/CMC-H2 O. As 2 and
3  s values magnify, the efficacy of THNF’s thermal con-
ductivity scales up and eventually, the HTR is aggran-
dized. Moreover, HTR is augmented by 2.98% for Casson
Al2 O3 + MgO + CuO/CMC-H2 O compared to Al2 O3 +
MgO + CuO/CMC-H2 O. Thus, considering Casson fluid
is much more beneficial to upgrade the heat transporta-
tion process. Also, it is observable from Table V that
the presence of Ra, , and T respectively produces a
hike in the HTR by 15.78%, 17.5%, and 3.11%. For
larger values of Ra, magnitudes of the wall temperature
rise and as a result also uplift, which consequently raises
the HTR. Meanwhile, mixed convection encourages the
THNF’s flow to transport heat. Thus, uplifting values of
 causes N s ∗ Re−1/2 to aggrandize. Besides, it is detected
that growth in Q1  Q2 and SlT causes a diminution in the
HTR.
Table VI illustrates the influence of
2  3  Sc E 1  2  c and Slc on local Sherwood
number Sw ∗Re−1/2 (MTR). It is acquired that MTR is
heightened by 4.3% and 3.09% respectively, for Al2 O3 –
MgO–CuO/CMC-H2 O compared to MgO–CuO/CMC-
H2 O and CuO/CMC-H2 O. Observingly, as 2 and 3  s
values intensify, and the concentration and solutal BL’s
thickness depreciate which eventually causes attenuation
in the overall MTR. Additionally, the existence of 1 and
2 elevates the MTR by 13.32% and 12.52%, respec-
tively. Physically, as 1 and 2 elevate the nanoparticles
concentration difference between the disk’s surface and
THNF depletes and, therefore the MTR intensifies. Also,
Table VI explains that MTR boosts up owing to elevation
in C and Sc. The Schmidt number Sc quantifies the
relative effectiveness of momentum and mass transport
by diffusion in the velocity and concentration boundary
layers. Hence the rate of mass transfer is increased with

596 J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024

Paul et al. Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

Table VI. Consequences on Sw∗ Re−1/2 for several parameters by taking • HTR is amplified by 7.49% and 6.89% respectively
1 = 002  = T = 35 Mp = 1 Nc = 1 Pr = 6 Q1 = Q2 = −02 Ra = for Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid compared to Casson
05 Tr = 1 n = 2 s = Slu = Slv = 05 SlT = 01 as fixed values. nanofluid and Casson hybrid nanofluid.
2 3 Sc E 1 2 C Slc Sw∗ Re−1/2 • The existence of the mixed convective () and non-
linear thermal convection (T ) parameters respectively
0 0 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.738116
increase the HTR by 17.5% and 3.11%. Besides higher
0.01 0 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.742399
0.02 0 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.746744 value of Ra indicates a stronger HTR.
0.02 0.01 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.751241 • MTR enhances when values of  2 ,  3 , Sc and c , 1 ,
0.02 0.03 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.760419 and 2 amplify.
0.02 0.05 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 0.769847
0.02 0.05 2 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 1.081351
0.02 0.05 3 0.1 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 1.307990
0.02 0.05 3 0.3 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 1.277043
NOMENCLATURE
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.2 0.2 1 0.1 r  z Cylindrical coordinates
1.248659
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.3 0.2 1 0.1 1.335842u v w Velocity components
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.2 1 0.1 1.414938 Electrical conductivity
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.3 1 0.1 1.506971 g Acceleration due to gravity
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 1 0.1 1.592106
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 2 0.1 1.592809
Dynamic viscosity
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 0.1 1.593517 Density
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 0.2 1.374270 k Thermal conductivity
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 0.3 1.208101 cp Specific heat capacity
0.02 0.05 3 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 0.4 1.077803  Kinematic viscosity
T Temperature
D Mass diffusivity

ARTICLE
the increase in Schmidt number. Furthermore, the MTR is C Concentration
found to be lower for improved values of E and Slc . T  Ambient temperature
Bn Strength of Magnetic Field
IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 03:52:22 of linear thermal expansion
1 Coefficient
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS Copyright: American Scientific Publishers Tw Surface temperature
The current study executed a speculative analysisDelivered
of heat by Ingenta 2 Coefficient of non-linear thermal expansion
and mass transmission for the mixed convective flow C Free stream concentration
of Casson Al2 O3 –MgO–CuO/CMC-H2 O ternary hybrid k0 Boltzmann constant
nanofluid in the occurrence of non-linear mixed convec- C w Surface concentration
tion, non-uniform heat source/sink, chemical reaction, acti- 3 Coefficient of linear concentration expansion
∗
vation energy, and multiple slip impacts. Our research Stefan- Boltzmann constant
inspects a novel approach using the Casson ternary hybrid 4 Coefficient of non-linear concentration
nanofluid model. One of the major features of our analysis expansion
is the use of the Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid. We com- k∗ Mean absorption coefficient
pared its influences with those of Casson nanofluid and Q∗1 Space Coefficient of Heat Genera-
Casson hybrid nanofluid, specifically focusing on the abso- tion/Absorption
Q∗2 Temperature-dependent Coefficient of Heat
lute values of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood
Generation/Absorption
number. Through this comparison, we were able to find out
Q0 Non-uniform heat generation/absorption
the impact of the ternary hybrid Casson fluid, highlight-
K1 Chemical reaction rate constant coefficient
ing the differences between our model and the previously
K2 Exponential Chemical reaction rate constant
available models. The main points of the proposed analysis coefficient
are expressed as follows: n Fitted rate constant
• Developed values of  attenuate f  , whereas f   Er Coefficient of activation energy
enriches due to elevation in T  Nc and  values. b Stretching Coefficient
• A rise in the magnitudes of  , Q1  Q2 enhances  .  Swirl Rate
Also,   is detected to be an attenuating capacity of S1 Radial Velocity Slip Coefficient
1  2  c and Slc whereas   escalates when E mag- S2 Tangential Velocity Slip Coefficient
nifies. S3 Thermal Velocity Slip Coefficient
• We achieved that inspection of Casson ternary hybrid S4 Concentration Velocity Slip Coefficient
nanofluid comes out to be advantageous as the HTR is  Casson Parameter
escalated by 2.98% for Casson ternary hybrid nanofluid T Non-linear Convection Parameter due to tem-
compared to ternary hybrid nanofluid. perature

J. Nanofluids, 13, 586–599, 2024 597

 Combined Effect of Non-Linear Mixed Convection, and Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink
C Non-linear Convection Parameter due to con-
centration
 Mixed Convection Parameter
Nc Concentration Buoyancy Parameter
Mp Magnetic parameter
Ra Radiation parameter
Q1 Non-dimensional Space parameter of Heat
Generation/Absorption
Q2 Non-dimensional Temperature dependent
parameter of Heat Generation/Absorption
Tr Temperature ratio parameter
1 Chemical reaction parameter
2 Exponential Chemical reaction parameter
E Dimensionless Activation energy
Re Reynold number
Gr Thermal Grashof number
Pr Prandtl number
Sc Schmidt number
s Stretching Parameter
Slu Radial Velocity Slip Parameter
Slv Tangential Velocity Slip Parameter
SlT Thermal Velocity Slip Parameter
ARTICLE
SlC Concentration Velocity Slip Parameter
 Dimensionless similarity variable

f  g Dimensionless velocity profile
 Dimensionless temperature
IP: 49.37.88.33 On: Sun, 21
 Dimensionless concentration
Copyright: American Scientific
BL Boundary Layer Delivered by Ingenta
HTR Heat Transmission Rate
MTR Mass Transmission Rate
THNF Ternary hybrid nanofluid
Subscripts
f Base Fluid
nf Nanofluid
hnf Hybrid Nanofluid
thnf Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid
Data Availability Statement
Our manuscript has no associated data.
Funding Statement
This research received no specific grant from any fund-
ing agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit
sectors.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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