PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY – SSM 102 Formal – homogeneity (political boundary)

Linguistic Region (Language)

 Earth System Functional – Nodal region (marketplace)
 Region The farther, the lesser
The nearer, the greater
Vernacular – depends on the perspective.
Geography 4. Human-Environment Interaction
5. Movement
- Oldest Social Science
Establishes the importance of flow and
- Compared to History
linkages.
- Observing, analyzes the data of the Earth.
- Examine, description, and explanation of
the Earth.
TOOLS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Immanuel Kant
- Modernized Geography
- Modern to Contemporary Types of Maps and Their Interpretations
- Differentiated Geography and History. Project Maps – distortion
Social Science is Science because it uses Scientific Science of Mapmaking – Cartography
Method.
Mercator – age of exploration/cylindrical projection
1. Observe
2. Hypothesis Gall Peters
3. Experiment
Goode Homolisine – sinusoidal projection/remove
4. Analyze
less important
5. Resolution
Robinson – cylindrical/maintained the area.
Methodology
Kinds of Maps
- What is where, why there, and why care.
- Physical maps
What Where
- Topographic maps
Phenomenological Spatial - Isoline maps
- Time-zone maps
Descriptive - Economic maps
- Place, location, and region. - Conical maps

Why There Why Care Azimuthal Equidistant Projection (UN)

Analytical Implicational Map Scale

Conceptual - Ratio
- Written
- Interaction and Movement - Graphic
Legends – symbols, colors, and styles
5 Themes of Geography Symbols – small pictures, look likes, what is
present.
1. Location
Absolute Grids
Longitude – distance between west to east
Latitude – parallel, distance between north Types:
to south. 1. Graticules
֯ degree ‘minutes “seconds 2. Measured Grid
12.8797 ֯ N, 121.7740 ֯ E – Philippines 3. Military Grid Reference System
Relative 4. Reference Grid
Place in relation to the location of the other 5. Custom Grid
place.
2. Place
Area that is occupied
Physical or cultural objective
Placelessness – too much movement
3. Region
Generalize common characteristics and
group them.
Lines of Latitude Layers of the Atmosphere
Five Major Lines: Troposphere
1. Arctic Circle - Lowest layer
2. Tropic of the Cancer - Warmer, as you go higher, the temperature
3. Equator decreases.
4. Tropic of Capricorn
Tropopause
5. Antarctic Circle
Stratosphere
The Lines of Longitude
- Second layer
Vertical, north to south
- 10 kilometers to 50 kilometers.
GMT – Greenwich Mean Time - Absorbs and scatters ultraviolet radiation.
360 degrees – 24 hours Stratopause
180W, 180E Mesosphere (Middle)
15 degrees – 1 Hour - Third layer
- Burn and breaks meteors, shooting stars
15 ÷ 60 = 4 minutes
Mesopause
Arctic and Antarctic
Thermosphere
Arctic North Pole
- High temperature (the hottest)
June 21 – di lumulubog
- Insulation coming from the Sun.
December 22 – di sumisikat - Occurs aurora borealis and aurora australis.

Antarctic Circle Thermopause

International Date Line (Antemeridian) Exosphere

West to East – gainio - Coldest layer

- Outer space
East to West – lose
Time Zone
Factors Affecting the Weather and Climate
Hemisphere
Weather – short period
Hemis – half
 Sunny
Sphere – Sphaira (Ball)  Cloudy
 Windy
 Rainy
1884 – International Meridian Conference  Snowy
R.A. 10535 – Philippine Standard Time Act Climate – Long period (Thematic Map)
PAGASA
 Tropical
 Dry
 Temperate
The Atmosphere
 Continental
- Atmos (vapor)  Polar
- Steam (sphaira)
Factors that influence the Weather
- Thin envelope of gases forming a protective
covering around the earth, it is restrained by Temperature – hotness or coldness of a place
gravity.
Wind – movement of air in the atmosphere
(anemometer)
Percentage of Gases
Air Pressure – weight of the air in the surface of
Oxygen – 21% the earth (barometer)
Nitrogen – 78% Humidity – amount of water vapor in the air
Argon – 0.93% Precipitation – water falling from the atmosphere
(rain gauge)
 - Thunderstorms and tornadoes form mostly.
Factors that influence Climate Sub-categories:
Latitude – distance to the north and south from the  Warm Summer – often have wet
equator. summer seasons, humid continental.
 Cool Summer – warm summers,
Altitude – height above sea level
cold winters, and moderate
Bodies of Water – surrounded by water precipitation.
 Subarctic – experience very long,
Topography – the arrangement of the natural and
cold winters. Also called boreal
artificial physical features of the area.
climates or taiga.
Ocean Currents – movements of water in the
oceans driven by the wind, gravity, and
temperature. 5. Polar
- Lie within Arctic and Antarctic Circles near
World Climate
North and South poles.
Five Climate Groups
Sub-categories:
1. Tropical (Equitorial)
 Ice Cap – monthly temperature exceeds
- Regions situated around the equator.
0 degrees Celsius.
- Warmest of all climate zones.
 Tundra – frequent extreme cold, but can
Sub-categories: get warm summers.

 Tropical Wet (rainforests) – characterized Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

by high temperatures and abundant rainfall.
 Tropical Monsoon – characterized by
heavy rainfall for a part of the year followed
by a dry season.
 Tropical Wet and Dry (savanna) -
influenced by the ITCZ.
2. Dry
- Precipitation is low.
 Joseph Fourier
Greenhouse Effect
- heat is trapped near the Earth’s surface.
Gases: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Water vapor,
Nitrous Oxide, Fluorinated Gas.
HCFC: Hydrofluorocarbon

Sub-categories: CFC: Chlorofluorocarbon (pure chlorine)

 Dry Arid Climate – extremely hot Chlorine – harmful to ozone layer

environment with very low precipitation Global Warming
levels.
 Dry Semi-Arid Climate (Steppe - earth’s average temperature increase.
Climate) – low precipitation but slightly
Disintegration of Molecules
kore than arid climates.
- depletion of ozone layer (halogens).
3. Mild/Temperate
- Moderate temperatures.
- Not too cold, not too hot. The Hydrosphere
Sub-categories: - water on the surface of the Earth.
- Can be liquid, vapor, or ice.
 Mediterranean – has warm summers and
- Ocean (70.8%), lakes, rivers, groundwater.
short, mild, rainy winters. Summer features:
clear skies, cool nights, and little rain. Water Cycle
 Humid Subtropical – eastern sides of
continents, summers are hot and humid. 1. Precipitation
Winter can be wild. 2. Infiltration
3. Throughflow
 Marine West Coast/Oceanic Climate –
4. Evaporation
has a longer, cooler winter than the
5. Condensation
Mediterranean.
Transpiration (plants)
4. Continental Moon
- Colder winters, longer-lasting snows, and
shorter growing seasons. - Distance from the earth to the moon is
- Transition zones between mild and polar 384,403 kilometers.
climates. - Earth’s closest neighbor.
 - The moon has greater gravitational pull Equinox and Solstice
compared to the sun.
Equinox – equal day and night, 12 hours day, 12
Tides hours night.
- Rhythmic rise and fall of the oceans caused Types:
by the gravitational pull of the moon.
Autumnal Equinox
Behavior Changes
- Fall, September 23, long night.
- Circadian Rhythms
Vernal Equinox
- People claim that full moons cause changes
in their behavior. - Spring, March 21
Nighttime Light Solstice – either the shortest day or the longest
day.
- The moon’s excessive brightness impact the
sleep of individuals can cause lunar Types:
insomnia.
Summer Solstice
Characteristics of the Moon
- Longest day, June 21
Surface – rocky
Winter Solstice
Highlands – light-colored areas are hills.
- Longest night, December 22
Maria (Mare) – flat plains.
Craters – holes or pits on the surface.
Sun and Moon Related to the Tides
Atmosphere – the reason why the moon is struck
all the time is because it has no atmosphere. Tides – periodic rise and fall of a body of water.

Temperature – high in the day but low on the night. Diurnal Tide Cycle

Size – if the earth is completely hollow, you could - One high tide and one low tide every lunar
fill it with 50 moons. day.
Semi-diurnal Tide Cycle

Circadian Rhythms – day and night cycles.
Solar Eclipse
- Occurs when the new moon passes directly
between the earth and the sun.
- Partial Solar Eclipse: only a portion of the
sun is out of view.
- Toal Solar Eclipse: the moon’s shadow
completely blocks the sun.
- Two high tides and two low tides are equal
every lunar day.
Mixed Semi-diurnal Cycle
- Two high tides and two low tides with
different sizes every lunar day.
Spring Tide
- Moon, earth, and sun are aligned straight.
Neap Tide

Lunar Eclipse - Moon, sun, and earth are at a right angle or

90 degrees.
- Occurs when the full moon moves through
earth’s shadow, which only happens when
earth is between the moon and the sun.
Oceanic Division
- Total Lunar Eclipse: the moon travels
completely in the earth’s umbra. 1. Epipelagic – surface, sunlight zone
- Partial Lunar Eclipse: only a portion of the 2. Mesopelagic – twilight zone
moon enters earth’s umbra. 3. Bathypelagic – water pressure is intense.
4. Abyssopelagic – aphotic, no sunlight
Umbra – cone-shaped part of the shadow.
5. Hadalpelagic – aphotic, no sunlight
Penumbra – outer part of the earth’s shadow.
Layers and Organism
Tidal Breaking – slowing the earth’s rotation.
A. Upper Layer – green algae, crustaceans
(plankton)
B. Twilight Layer – very little food, marine
detritus (remains of dead plants/animals)
C. Total Darkness
Lithosphere Sedimentary (chemical) – dolomite (replacement
of the calcite ion to magnesium to a limestone or
lime mud before lithification)
Rock Cycle
Metamorphic (foliated) – gneiss (forming from
Igneous Rock intense heat and pressure deep inside the earth’s
crust)
- Formed from magma/lava.
- When molten rock crystallizes. Metamorphic (non-foliated) – marble (formed when
limestone is subject to intense heat and pressure)
Types:
Metamorphic (foliated) – schist (wavy layers and
- Intrusive: cool slowly inside the earth’s breaks easily
crust.
- Extrusive: cool quickly above earth’s
surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Formed from pieces of other rocks.
- Sediments get glued and compacted
together.
Types:
- Clastic: made from other pieces.
- Chemical: precipitates and evaporates.
- Organic: formed from once living things.
Metamorphic Rocks
- Formed from intense heat and pressure.
Types:
- Foliated: ribbon like/banded layer
- Non-foliated: crystals, no banding
Characteristics of the Three Main Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Gas Bubbles: holes created from trapped gas.
Glassy Surface: cooling rocks, shiny smooth
surface.
Crystals: small surface that are shiny.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sand of Pebbles: individual stones.
Fossils: imprints of shells, insects, and leaves.
Metamorphic Rocks
Ribbon like: layers wavy or straight stripes.
Rock Examples
Igneous (extrusive) – basalt (cooling lava)
Igneous (intrusive) – diabase (molten rock material
cooled rapidly)
Igneous (intrusive) – granite red (slow
crystallization of magma)
Sedimentary (clastic) – conglomerate (made from
pebbles, stone, and sand pressed together)
Sedimentary (organic) – limestone (seashells and
skeletons of marine animals)