Chapter-07 (A) (1) - 1

Mathematics (Part-II) 765 (Ch.
07) Vectors
Chapter
VECTORS
7
Vectors:
A vector quantity is that possesses both magnitude and direction i.e.
displacement, velocity, weight, force etc.
Scalar:
A scalar quantity is that possesses only magnitude. It can be specified by
a number i.e. mass, time, density, length, volume etc.
Magnitude/Length/Norm/Modulus of a Vector:
The positive real number which is measure of the length of the vector is
called modulus, length, magnitude or norm of a vector.
Formula
^ v
v =
|v|
Zero Vector:
 
If terminal point B of a vector AB concides with its initial point A, then |AB
| = 0 called zero vector or Null vector.
Position vector:
The vector, whose initial point O is origin & whose terminal point is P, is
called position vector of OP.
Mathematics (Part-II) 766 (Ch. 07) Vectors
EXERCISE 7.1

Q.1 Write the vector PQ in the form xi + yj.
(i) P = (2, 3), Q (6, -2)
Solution:
P(2, 3) , Q (6, -2)

PQ = Position vector of Q – position vector of P
= (6 – 2) i + ( 2 – 3) _j

PQ = 4i –5_j
(ii) P (0, 5), Q ( -1, -6)
Solution:

PQ = Position vector of Qposition vector of P
= (-1 –0) i + (-6- 5) _j
= -i – 11_j
Q.2: Find the magnitude of the vector u.
2 2 2
Formula Magnitude or length or Norm of v = xi + y_j + zk is |V| (x + y + z )
(i) u = 2i – 7_j
Solution:
u = 2i – 7_j
|u| = (2)2 + (-7)2

= 4 + 49
|u| = 53
(ii) u = i + _j
Solution:
2 2
|u| = (1) + (1)
|u| = 2
(ii) u = [3, 4] (Lahore Board 2005)
Solution:
|u| = 3i – 4_j
|u| = (3)2 + (-4)2

= 9 + 16
= 25
|u| = 5
Q.3 If u = 2i – 7_j , v = i - 6_j & w = - i + _j , find the following vectors.
(i) u+v -w
Solution:
u + v – w = (2i – 7_j ) + (i - 6_j ) – (i + _j )
= 2i – 7_j + i - 6_j + i - _j
= 4i  14_j Ans.
(ii) 2u  3v + 4w
Solution:
2u  3v + 4w
= 2(2i – 7_j ) 3(i - 6_j ) + 4(i + _j )
= 4i  14_j  3i + 18_j 4i + 4_j
= 3i + 8_j
1 1 1
(iii) u  v + w
2 2 2
Solution:
1 2
= [u + v + w] = [+ i - 6_j ]
2 2
1 = i - 6_j
= [2i – 7_j + i - 6_j - i + _j ]
2
1
= [+ 2i – 12_j ]
2
 
Q.4 Find the sum of the vectors AB & CD , given the four points A(1, -1),
B (2, 0), C(-1, 3) & D (-2, 2)
Solution:

AB = Position vector of B –position vector of A
= (2 – 1) i + (0 + 1) _j
= i + _j

CD = Position vector of D – position vector of C
= (2 + 1) i + (2 – 3) _j
=  i  _j
 
Sum = AB + CD = i + _j  i  _j
= oi + o_j
= Null vector

Q.5 Find the vector from the point A to the origin, where AB = 4i -2 _j and B is
the point (-2, 5).
Solution:

AB = 4i  2_j

AB = Position vector of B – position vector of A
  
AB = OB  OA
  
AB  OB = OA
  
AB  OB = AO

AO = (4i - 2_j ) – (2i + 5_j )

AO = 6i  7_j
Q.6 Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector given below
(i) v = 2i  _j (Lahore Board 2009, 2010)
Solution:
v = 2i  _j
|v| = (2)2 + (1)2
|v| = 4+1 = 5
^ v 2i  _j 2 1
Required unit vector is n = = = i- j
|v| 5 5 5
1 3
(ii) v = i+ j
2 2 _
Solution:
1 3
v = i+ j
2 2 _
2 2
|v| =
1
()
2
+
2
3
( )
1 3 4
= + = = 1
4 4 4
1 3
i + j
^ v 2 2 _
Required unit vector is n = =
|v| 1
1 3
= i+ j Ans.
2 2 _
 3 1
(iii) v = i  j
2 2_
Solution:
 3 1
v = i  j
2 2_
2 2
|v| = (2)
 3
+
-1
( )
2
3 1
= + = 1
4 4
 3 1
i- j
^ v 2 2_
Required unit vector n = =
|v| 1
 3
1
= j i  Ans.
2 2_
Q.7 If A, B and C are respectively the points (2, -4), (4, 0) (1, 6). Use vectors to
find coordinates of point D if
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Since ABCD is a parallelogram
  D (x , y ) C (1 , 6 )
So AB = DC
(4–2) i + (0 – (4) _j = (1 – x) i + (6 – y)
_j
2i + 4_j = (1 – x) i + (6 – y) _j
By comparing
2 = 1 – x, 4=6–y
A (2 , -4 ) B (4 , 0 )
x=1–2 y=6–4
x = -1 y=2
Required coordinates of D are (-1, 2)
(ii) ADBC is a parallelogram.
Solution:
Since ADBC is a parallelogram
  C (1 , 6 ) B (4 , 0 )
So AD = CB
(x–2) i + (y + 4) _j = (4 – 1) i + (0 – 6) _j
(x  2) i + (y + 4) i = 3i  6_j
By comparing
x  2 = 3, y + 4 = 6
x = 5, y = – 10
A (2 , -4 ) D (x , y )
Required coordinates of D are (5, 10)

Q.8 If B, C and D are respectively (4, 1), (-2, 3) & (-8, 0). Use vector method to
find the coordinates of the point
(i) A if ABCD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Let the coordinates of point A be (x, y)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram D (-8 , 0 ) C (-2 , 3 )
Thus,
 
AB = DC
(4–x) i + (1 – y) _j = (-2 + 8) i + (3 – 0) _j
(4 – x) i + (1 – y) _j = 6 i + 3 _j
By comparing
A (x , y ) B (4 , 1 )
4 - x = 6, 1-y=3
4 - 6 = x, 1-3=y
 2 = x, 2 = y
Therefore, required point A is (2, 2)
(ii) E, if AEBD is a parallelogram
Solution:
Let the coordinates of E be = (x, y)
B (4, 1), A (-2, -2), D (-8, 0), E (x, y)
Since AEBD is a parallelogram
So D (-8 , 0 ) B (4 ,1 )
 
AE = DB
(x+2) i + (y + 2) _j = (4 + 8) i + (1 – 0) _j
(x + 2) i + (y + 2) _j = 12 i + _j
A (- 2 ,- 2 ) E (x ,y )
By comparing
x + 2 = 12, y+2=1
x = 12  2, y=12
x = 10, y = 1
Coordinates of E are (10, -1)
 
Q.9 If D is origin and OP =AB , find the point, where A and B are (-3,7) & (1, 0)
respectively.
Solution:
Let the coordinates of point P be = (x, y)
Therefore
O (0, 0), P (x, y), A (-3, 7), B (1, 0)
Since
 
OP = AB
(x-0) i + (y - 0) _j = (1 + 3) i + (0 – 7) _j
x i + y _j = 4 i  7_j
(x, y) = (4, -7) required point.
Q.10 Use vector to show that ABCD is a parallelogram when the points A,B,C &
D are respectively (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c) & (b – a, c).
(Lahore Board 2009 (supply))
Solution:
Let ABCD be a parallelogram
We have to prove that D (b - a, c) C (b , c)
   
AB = DC & AD = BC
Now

AB = Position vector of B – position vector
of A
= (a – 0) i + (0 - 0) _j = a i + 0_j (i)
A (0 , 0 ) B (a, 0 )

DC = Position vector of C – position vector of D
= (b – b + a) i + (c - c) _j = a i + 0_j (ii)

AD = Position vector of D –position vector of A
= (b – a – 0) i + (c – 0) _j

AD = (b – a) i + c_j (iii)

BC = Position vector of C – position vector of B
= (b – a) i + (c – 0) _j

BC = (b – a) i + c_j (iv)
from (i) (ii) (iii) & (iv) ABCD is parallelogram
 
Q.11 If AB = CD . Find coordinates of the point A when B, C, D are (1, 2), (-2, 5),
D (4, 11) respectively.
Solution:
Let Coordinates of A be (x, y)
A (x, y) , B (1, 2), C (-2, 5), D (4, 11)
 
i.e. ; AB = CD
Position vector of B – Position vector of A = Position vector of D-Position
vector of C
(1 – x) i + (2 – y) _j = (4 + 2) i + (11 – 5) _j
By comparing
1 – x = 6, 2–y=6
1 – 6 = x, -y = 6 – 2
 x=5 y = -6
Hence required point is (-5, -6)
Q.12 Find the position vector of the point of division of the line segments
joining the following pair of points.
Formula
qa + Pb
r =
p+q
(i) Point C with position vector 2i –3_j and point D with position vector 3i + 2
_j in ratio 4 : 3. (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
1
Let the position vector of the required point P be r which divides the points
C and D in ratio 4:3
By ratio formula
Pb + qa 4 3
r =
P+q C(2, 3) P(x, y) D(3, 2)
3 (2i - 3 j ) + 4 (3i + 2 j )
 
=
4+3
6i  9 j + 12i + 8 j 18i - _j
  18 1
r = = = i - _j
7 7 7 7
(ii) Point E with position vector 5i and point F with position vector 4i + _j in
ratio 2 : 5.
Solution:
Let the position vector of point P be r which divides the points E & F in
ratio 2:5.
By ratio formula
Pb
 +q
a 2 5
r = E (5i + 0 j) F (4 i + j)
P+q
r = Error!
25i + 8i + 2 j 33i + 2 j
  33 2
= = = i + j
 Ans.
7 7 7 7
Q.14 Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and half as long. (Lahore
Board 2011)
Solution:
Let ABC be any triangle and Let E & F be the C (c)
mid points of the two sides AC & BC respectively.

Let a, b, and c be position vector of A, B and C.
a+c
Therefore position vectors of E & F are ( 2 ) and
E
a + c
F
b + c
b+c
( )
2
2
respectively.
2
 
We have to show that (i) AB is parallel to EF
1 
(ii) AB = EF
2 A (a) B (b )

AB = Position vector of B- Position vector of
A

AB = b–a (i)

EF = Position vector of F- Position vector of E
b+c a+c
= 
2 2
b+cac
=
2
b-a
=
2
 1
EF = (b – a)
2
 1 
EF = AB using (i)
2
   
EF = AB Hence AB and EF are parallel & half as long. Hence proved.
Q.15 Prove that the line segments joining the mid points of the sides of a
quadrilateral taken in order form a parallelogram.
(Gujranwala Board 2007, Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let ABCD be any quadrilateral. D (d )
G
c + d
Let E, F, G, H be mid points of the sides. 2 C (c)
a, b, c & d be position vectors of A, B, C

and D respectively. The position
a+b b+c
vectors of E, F, G, & H are , ,
2 2 H
a + d
F
b + c
c+d a+d 2
2
& respectively.
2 2
We have to prove that EFGH is a
parallelogram.
 A (a) a + b B (b )
E
EF = Position vector of F- 2
Position vector of E
b+c a+b
= -
2 2
 b+c-a-b c-a
EF = = (i)
2 2

HG = Position vector of G-Position vector of H
c+d a+d
= 
2 2
c+dad cd
= = (ii)
2 2

FG = Position vector of G-Position vector of F
c+d b+c
= 
2 2
 c+dbc db
FG = =
2 2

EH = Position vector of H- Position vector of E
a+d a+b
= 
2 2
a+dab
=
2
db
=
2
from (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) it shows that EFGH form a parallelogram.
EXERCISE 7.2

Q.1 Let A = (2, 5), B (-1, 1), C (2, -6) Find (i) AB
Solution:

AB Position vector of Bposition vector of A
= (1 2) i + (1 – 5) _j

AB = 3i  4_j
 
(ii) 2AB  CB
Solution:
 
2AB  CB

AB = Position vector of B-position vector of A
= 3i  4_j

CB = Position vector of B-position vector of C
= (i  (1 + 6)_j
= 3i  7_j
 
2AB  CB = 2(3i  4_j )  (3i  7_j )
= 6i  8_j + 3i  7_j
= 3i  15_j
 
(iii) 2CB  2CA
Solution:

CB = Position vector of B-position vector of C
= (1 2) i + (1 + 6) _j
= 3i  7_j

CA = Position vector of Aposition vector of C
= (2 – 2) i + (5+6) _j
= (i  (5 + 6)_j

CA = 0i  11_j
   
2CB  2CA = 2(CB CA)
= 2(3i  7_j  0i  11_j )
= 2 (3i  4_j )
= 6i  8_j
Q.2 _ = _i  2_j  k_ , v_ = 3_i  2_j + 2k_
Let u
w
_ = 5_i j + 3k_ . Find the indicated vector or number
(i) u
_ + 2v_ + w_
Solution:
u
_ + 2v_ + w
_
= (i + 2_j  k_) + 2 (3_i  2_j + 2k_) + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= i + 2_j  k_ + 6_i  4_j + 4k_ + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 12i  3_j + 6k_

(ii) v_  3w
_
Solution:
v_ + 3w
_
= 3i  2_j  2k_  3(5_i  _j + 3k_)
= 3i  2_j  2k_  15_i  3_j  9k_
= 2i  _j  7k_
(iii) |3v_ + w
_|
Solution:
|3v_ + w
_|
3v_ + w
_= 3(3i  2_j  2k_) + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 9i  6_j  6k_ + 5_i  _j + 3k_
= 14i  7_j + 9k_
|3v_ + w
_| = (14)2 + (7)2 + (9)2
= 196 + 49 + 81
|3v_ + w
_| = 326 Ans.
Q.3 Find the magnitude of the vector v_ and write the direction cosines of v_ .
(i) v_ = 2_i + 3_j + 4k_
Solution:
v_ = 2_i + 3_j + 4k_
|v_| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29

direction cosines are
2 3 4
[ 
29 29 29

]Ans.
(ii) v_ = _i  _j  k_
Solution:
v_ = _i  _j  k_
|v_| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1+1 = 3

Direction cosines are
1 1 1
[ 
3 3 3

]
Ans.
(iii) v_ = 4_i  5_j
Solution:
v_ = 4_i  5_j
|v_| = (4)2 + (5)2 = 16 + 25 = 41

4 5
[ 
41 41 ]
Ans.
Q.4 Find , so that |_i + ( + 1) _j + 2k_ | = 3 (Gujranwala Board

2007)
Solution:
|_i + ( + 1) _j + 2k_ | = 3
= 2 + ( + 1)2 + (2)2 = 3
Taking square on both sides
2 2
 +  + 1 + 2 + 4 = 9
2
2 + 2 + 5 – 9 = 0
2
2 + 2 – 4 = 0
2
 +  – 2 = 0 (Dividing throughout by 2)
2
 + 2 –  – 2 = 0
( + 2) ( – 1) = 0
+2=0 –1=0
 =2 , =1 Ans
Q.5 Find a unit vector in the direction of v_ = _i + 2_j  k_
Solution:
v_ = _i  2_j  k_
|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (-1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6

Required vector
^ v i + 2_j  k_
n = =
|v| 6
1 2 1
= _i + _j - k_ Ans.
6 6 6
Q.6 If a_ = 3 _i – _j – 4k_ , b_ = 2 _i – 4 _j – 3 k_ & c_ = _i + 2 _j – k_ . Find a unit
vector parallel to 3a_ – 2b _ + 4c_ (Gujranwala Board
2004)
Solution:
3a_ = 3(3_i  _j  4k_) = 9_i  3_j  12k_
2b
_ = 2(2_i  4_j  3k_) = 4_i  8_j  6k_
4c_ = 4(_i  2_j  k_) = 4_i  8_j  4k_
Let v_ = 3a_  2b
_ + 4c_ = 9_i  3_j  12k_  (4_i  8_j  6k_) + 4_i  8_j  4k_
= 9_i  3_j  12k_  4_i  8_j  6k_ + 4_i  8_j  4k_
v_ = 17_i  13_j  10k_
Now |v_| = (17)2 + (13)2 + (10)2 = 289 + 169 + 100 = 558

^ v 17i + 13_j  10k_ 17 13 10
n =
|v|
= = _i + _j  k_ Ans.
558 558 558 558
Q.7 Find a vector whose
(i) magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2_i - 3_j + 6k_
Solution:
Let v_ = 2_i  3_j  6k_
2 2 2
|v_| = (2) + (3) + (6) = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
Let u_ be a vector parallel to v_ , then
v 2i  3_j  6k_
u
_ = = (It is a vector whose magnitude is 1 and parallel
|v| 7
to v_ )
Required vector
4u
_ = 4 (2i  37_j  6k_ )
8 12 24
= i 
_ j +
_ k Ans.
7 7 7 _
(ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to _i + _j + k_ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
Let v_ = _i  _j  k_
|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 3

Let u_ is vector parallel to v_
v i  _j  k_
u
_ = =
|v| 3
Required vector
2(i  _j  k_ ) 2 2 2
2u
_ = = _i  _j + k_ Ans.
3 3 3 3
Q.8 _ = 2_i + 3_j + 4k_ , v_ = _i + 3_j  k_ , w
If u _ = _i + 6_j +Zk_ represents the sides
of a triangle. Find the value of Z.
Solution:
_ , v_  w
It u _ represents the sides of a triangle, then
by vector addition u _ + v_ = w
_
2_i + 3_j + 4k_ + (_i + 3_j  k_) = _i + 6_j +Zk_ w v
2_i + 3_j + 4k_ _i + 3_j  k_ = _i + 6_j +Zk_
_i + 6_j + 3k_ = _i + 6_j  Zk_

By comparing
Z=3 Ans. u
Q.9 The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are 2_i  _j + k_ ,_i + _j ,
 
2i + 4j – 2k and _i  2_j + k_ respectively. Show that AB is parallel to CD.
Solution:

AB = position vector of B=-position vector of A.
= (3 – 2)_i + (1 + 1)_j + (0 – 1) k_

AB = _i + 2_j  k_

CD = Position vector of D – Position vector of C
= (12)_i + (24)_j + (1 + 2)k_
=  3_i  6_j + 3k_


CD =  3(_i  2_j  k_)
 
CD =  3AB
 
Hence AB is parallel to CD.
Q.10 Two vectors u _ &w _ in space are parallel, if there is a scalar C such
that v_ = cw
_ . The vectors point in the same direction if c > 0 and the
vector point in the opposite direction if c < 0
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to vector v_ = 2_i  4_j + 4k_
Solution:
v_ = 2_i - 4_j + 4k_
2 2 2
|v_| = (2) + (4) + (4) = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
^ v 2i  4_j  4k_ 2(_i  2_j +2k_ ) _i  2_j +2k_

 n = = = =
|v| 6 6 3
^ ^ ^
 The two vectors whose length is 2 and parallel to n are 2n & 2n
^ 2 2 4 4
i.e; 2n = ( i  2_j + 2k_ ) = _i - _j + k_ Ans.
3 _ 3 3 3
^ 2
2n = (i  2_j + 2k_ )
3 _
2 4 4
= i  _j  k_
_ Ans.
3 3 3
(b) Find the Constant a so that the vectors v_ = _i  3_j + 4k_ and w
_ = a_i +9_j -
12k_ are parallel. (Gujranwala Board
2004)
Solution:
Since v_ & w
_ are parallel so
w
_ = cv_
a_i + 9_j  12k_ = c (_i  3_j + 4k_ )
a_i + 9_j  12k_ = c_i  3c_j + 4ck_
By comparing
a = c, 9 = 3c, 12 = 4c
9
 =c
3
c = 3 Ans.
(c) Find a vector of length 5 in the direction opposite that of v_ = _i - 2_j + 3k_ .
(Lahore Board 2004)
Solution:
v_ = _i  2_j + 3k_
|v_| = (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = 1+4+9 = 14

^ v i  2_j  3k_
n = =
|v| 14
 The vector of length 5 in opposite direction of v_ is
^ 5
= 5n = (_i  2_j + 3k_ )
14
5 10 15
= _i + _j  k_ Ans.
14 14 14
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors 3_i  _j + 4k_ and a_i +b_j -2k_ are parallel.
Solution:
Since v_ & w
_ are parallel so
w
_ = Cv_
a_i + b_j  2k_ = c (3_i  _j + 4k_ )
a_i + b_j  2k_ = 3c_i  c_j + 4ck_
By comparing
a = 3c, b = c 2 = 4c
2
=c
4
1
b = c =c
2
1
 b=
2
a = 3c
a = 3 (12)
3
a=
2
Q.11 Find the direction cosines for the given vectors.
(i) v_ = 3_i  _j + 2k_ (Lahore Board 2007)
Solution:
v_ = 3_i  _j  2k_
|v_| = (3)2 + ()2 + (2)2 = 9+1+4 = 14

3 1 2
=
14 [

14

14 ]
(ii) v_ = 6_i  2_j + k_ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
v_ = 6_i  2_j  k_
|v_| = (6)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 36 + 4 + 1 = 14

6 2 1
=
[41

41

41 ] Ans.

(iii) PQ , where P (2, 1, 5) & Q = (1, 3, 1)
Solution:

PQ = Position vector of Q – position vector of P
= (1 – 2)_i _j k_

PQ = _i _j k_

|PQ| = (1)2 + ()2 + (4)2 = 1 + 4 + 16 = 21
1 2 4
=
[21

21

21 ] Ans.
Q.12 Which of the following triples can be the direction angles of a single
vector.
(i) 45º, 45º, 60º
Solution:
2 2
If , , r are direction angles of a vector, then it must satisfy Cos   Cos 
2
+ Cos  =1
L.H.S.
Cos2  Cos2 + Cos2r = (Cos45)2 + (Cos45)2 + (Cos60)2
2 2 2
1 1 1
=
( 2) ( 2)+ + ()
2
1 1 1
= + +
2 2 4
2+2+1 5
= =  1  R.H.S
4 4
So given triples are not direction angles.
(ii) 30º, 45º, 60º
Solution:
º,  = 45º,  = 60º
Cos2  Cos2 + Cos2 
= (Cos30º)2 + (Cos45º)2 + (Cos60º)2
( 2 ) + ( 2)
3 2 2 2
1 1
= +()
2
3 1 1
= + +
4 2 4
3+2+1 6
= = 1
4 4
Hence given triples can not be direction angles.
(iii) 45º, 60º, 60º
Solution:
º,  = 60º,  = 60º
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cos   Cos  + Cos  = (Cos45º) + (Cos60º) + (Cos60º)
2 2 2
1 1 1
=
( 2) +() ()
2
+
2
1 1 1
+ = +
2 4 4
2+1+1 4
= = = 1
4 4
2 2 2
As Cos   Cos  + Cos  = 1
Therefore, given triples can be direction angles of a vector.
The Scalar Product of Two vectors

Definition:
Let two non zero vectors u_ & v_ in the plane or in space, have same initial
point. The dot product of u
_ and v_ , written as u
_ . v_ , is defined by
_ . v_
u _ | |v_| Cos where  is angle between u
= |u _ & v_ and o    .
Orthogonal / Perpendicular vectors:
The two vectors u
_ & v_ are orthogonal / perpendicular if and only if u
_ . v_ = o
Remember:
(i) Dot product, inner product, scalar product are same.
(ii) _i ._i = _j . _j = k_ . k_ = 1
(iii) _i . _j = _j . k_ = k_ . _i = 0
(iv) Scalar product is commutative i.e., u
_ . v_ = v_ . u
_
EXERCISE 7.3
Q.1 Find the Cosine of the angle  between u
_ and u
_.
(i) _ = 3_i + _j  k_
u v_ = 2_i  _j  k_
Formula
u
_ .v_
Cos =
|u
_ | |v_|
Solution:
_ = 3_i + _j  k_
u , v_ = 2_i  _j  k_
u
_ . v_ = (3_i + _j  k_ ) . ( 2_i  _j  k_ )
u
_ . v_ = 6–1–1=4
2 2 2
|u
_| = (3) + (1) + (1) = 9+1+1 = 11
2 2 2
|v_| = (2) + (1) + (1) = 4+1+1 = 6
u
_ .v_ 4 4
cos = = =
|u
_ | |v_| 11 6 66
4
cos = Ans.
66
(ii) _ = _i  3_j  4k_ ,
u v_ = 4_i  _j  3k_
Solution:
u
_ . v_ = (_i  3_j  4k_ ) . ( 4_i  _j  3k_ )
= 4 +3 +12
u
_ . v_ = 19
|u
_| = (1)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 1 + 9 + 16 = 26
|v_| = (4)2 + (1)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 1 + 9 = 26

u
_ .v_ 19
cos = =
|u
_ | |v_| 26 26
19
cos = Ans.
26
_ = [3, 5], v_ = [6, 2]
(iii) u
Solution:
u
_ = 3_i  5j , v_ = 6_i  2_j
_ . v_
u = (3_i  5_j ) . ( 6_i  2_j )
= 18  10
_ . v_
u = 28
_|
|u = (3)2 + (5)2 = 9 + 25 = 34
|v_| = (6)2 + (2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40

u
_ .v_
cos =
|u
_ | |v_|
28 28 28 14
cos = = = =
34 40 2 34 10 2 × 17 2×5 2 85
7
cos = Ans.
85
(iv) u
_ = [2, 3, 1], v_ = [2, 4, 1]
Solution:
u
_ = 2_i  3_j + k_ , v_ = 2_i  4_j + k_
_ . v_
u = (2_i  3_j + k_ ) . (2_i  4_j + k_ )
= 4 12  1
u
_ . v_ = 7
_|
|u = ()2 + (3)2 (1)2 = 4+9+1 = 14
|v_| = (2)2 + (4)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 16 + 1 = 21

u
_ .v_
cos =
|u
_ | |v_|
7 7 7 1
cos = = = =
14 21 2×7×3×7 6 6
1
cos = Ans.
6
Q.2 Calculate the projection of a_ along b
_ and project of b
_ along a_ when
(i) a_ = _j  k_ , b
_ = _j + k_
Solution:
Formula
a_ .b
_
Projection of a_ along b
_=
|b
_|
a.b
Project of b
_ along a_ =
|a_|
a_ = _i 0_j  k_ _ = 0_i  _j + k_
b
a_ . b
_ = (_i 0_j  k_ ) . (0_i  _j + k_ )
= 0 + 0 1
a_ . b
_ = 1
|a_| = (1)2 + 0 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2

_|
|b = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2
a_ .b
_ 1
_ = = Ans.
|b
_| 2
a_ .b
_ 1
And Projection of b
_ along a_ = = Ans.
|a_| 2
(i) a_ = 3_i + _j  k_ , _ = 2_i  _j + k_
b (Gujranwala Board 2004, 2007)
Solution:
a_ . b
_ = (3_i _j  k_ ) . (2_i  _j + k_ )
a_ . b
_ = 6 1 1 = 8
|a_| = (3)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 9+1+1 = 11
|b
_| = (2)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 4+1+1 = 6
a_ .b
_
_ =
|b
_|
8
= Ans.
6
a_ .b
_ 8
Projection of b
_ along a_ = = Ans.
|a_| 11
Q.3 Find a real number  so that the vectors u
_ & v_ are perpendicular.
(i) _ = 2_i + _j  k_
u v_ = _i + _j + 4k_ (Lahore Board
2010,11)
Solution:
Since u_ & v_ are perpendicular so
u
_ . v_ = 0
= (2_i _j  k_ ) . (_i  _j + 4k_ ) = 0
2 4 = 0
3 4 = 0
4
 = Ans.
3
(i) u
_ = _i + 2_j  k_ v_ = _i + _j + 3k_ (Lahore Board 2006)
Solution:
u
_ = _i + 2_j  k_ , v_ = _i + _j + 3k_
Since u
_ & v_ are perpendicular so
u
_ . v_ = 0
(_i _j  k_ ) . (_i  _j + 3k_ ) = 0
 3 = 0
2   3 = 0
2+ 3 – 2 – 3 = 0
 (2 + 3) -1 (2 + 3) = 0
( – 1) (2 + 3) = 0
–1=0 2 + 3 = 0
3
=1 = Ans.
2
Q.4 Find the number Z so that the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 0), B (2,2,1)
and C(0, 2, Z) is a right triangle with right angle at C.
Solution:
Given A (1, 1, 0) , B (2, 2, 1) , C (0, 2, Z)

AC = Position vector of C – position vector of A
= (0  1) _i + (2 + 1) _j + (Z – o) k_

AC = _i + 3_j  Zk_

BC = Position vector of C- Position vector of B
= (0 + 2)_i + (2 – 2)_j  (Z – 1)k_

BC = 2_i + 0_j  (Z – 1)k_
 
Since AC & BC are perpendicular
So
 
AC . BC = 0
(_i + 3_j  Zk_ ) . (2_i + 0_j  (Z – 1)k_ ) = 0 B
2 + 0 + Z (Z – 1) = 0
2
2 + Z – Z = 0
Z2 – Z – 2 = 0
Z2 – 2Z + Z – 2 = 0
Z (Z – 2) + 1 (Z – 2) = 0
 Z–2=0 Z+1=0 A C
Z = 2, Z = 1
Q.5 If V is a vector for which
v_ . _i = 0 v_ . _j = 0 , v_ . k_ = 0, find v_ (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let v_ = x_i + y_j k_ (1)
Now
v_ . _i = 0
(x_i + y_j +Zk_ ) . (_i ) = 0
x = 0
Next
v_ . _j = 0
(x_i + y_j +Zk_ ) . (0_i + _j + 0k_ ) = 0
0+y+0=0  y=0
v_ . k_ = 0
(x_i + y_j +Zk_ ) . (0_i + _j + 0k_ ) = 0
0+0+Z=0
 Z=0
Substitute all values in (1)
v_ = 0_i + 0_j + 0k_
 v_ = 0 (Null vector) Ans.
Q.6(i) Show that the vectors 3_i  2_j + k_ , _i  3_j + 5k_ & 2_i + _j  4k_ form a right
angle triangle.
Solution:
_ = 3_i  2_j k_ , v_ = _i  3_j k_ ,
Let u _ = 2_i  _j k_
w
_ = _i  3_j k_ + 2_i  _j k_

v_ + w
= 3_i  2_j k_
v_ + w
_ = u _
Hence u
_ , v_ , w
_ from a triangle
_ = (3_i  2_j k_ ) . (2_i  _j k_ )
_.w
u
= 6–2–4
= 0
 _ and w
u _ are perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, given triangle is right angled triangle.
(ii) Show that the set of points P(1, 3, 2), Q (4, 1, 4). R (6, 5, 5) from a
right triangle.
Solution:

PQ = Position vector of QPosition vector of P = 3_i  2_j k_

QR = Position vector of R–Position vector of Q = 2_i  4_j k_

PR = Position vector of R-Position vector of P = 5_i  2_j k_
Now
 
PQ + QR = 3_i  2_j k_ + 2_i  4_j k_
= 5_i  2_j k_
  
PQ + QR = PR
Thus,
P , Q, R from a triangle
 
PQ . QR = (3_i  2_j k_ ) . (2_i  4_j k_ )
= 6–8+2 =0
 
Therefore PQ & QR are perpendicular to each other
Thus, given triangle is right angled triangle.
Q.7 Show that mid point of hypotenous a right triangle is equidistant from its
vertices.
Solution:
Let AOB be any triangle with vertex y - ax is
O is at origin. (o , b )
B
Therefore, coordinates of O,A, and B will be
O (0, 0), A (a, o) B (o, b).
a b
Coordinates of mid point M are = M (
2
,
2
(
a+0 0+b a b
( 2

2 ) ( )
= 
2 2
We have to prove that mid point of
hypotenous is equidistant from its vertical x ' O (0 ,0) A (a,o ) x - ax is
i.e. y '
  
|OM| = |AM| = |BM|
 a b a b
OM = (2  0) _i + (2  0) _j = 2
i + _j
_ 2
 a b
2 2
a2 b2 a2 + b2 a2 + b2
|OM| = () ()
2
+
2
= +
4 4
=
4
=
2
———
(i)
 a b a b
AM = (2  a) _i + (2  0) _j = 2
i + _j
_ 2
 a b
2 2
a2 b2
|AM| = ( ) ()
2
+
2
= +
4 4
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
= = ———— (ii)
4 2
 a b
BM = (2  0) _i + (2  b) _j
a b
= i  _j
_
2 2
 a
2
b
2 2
a b
2 2
a +b
2 a2 + b2
|BM| = () ( )
2
+
2
= +
4 4
=
4
=
2
———
(iii)
From (i) (ii) & (iii) M is equidistant from its vertices.
Q.8 Prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are
concurrent.
Solution:
  C (c )
Let DO & EO be the perpendicular


bisectors of the sides AB and BC.
Let F be mid point of AC. Join F with
c
b + c
O.
2
E
a
2
0
Let O is taken as origin.
F
 
Since OD is perpendicular to AB
 
OD . AB = 0 A (a) D a + b B (b )
a+b
( )
2
. (b – a) = 0
2
(b + a). (b – a) = 0 × 2
2 2
 b –a =0 (i)
 
Again OE is perpendicular to BC
 
OE . BC = 0
b+c
(2 )
. (c – b) = 0 × 2
(c + b) . (c – b) = 0 × 2
 c2 – b2 = 0 (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii) we have
b2 – a2 + c2 – b/2 = 0
c2 – a2 = 0
(c + a) . (c – a) = 0
c+a 0
(2 ). (c – b) =
2
 
OF . AC = 0
 
Which shows that OF is perpendicular to AC . Hence perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Q.9 Prove that the attitudes of a triangle are concurrent. (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
Let AD, BE be the attitudes drawn from C (c)
vertices A,B, respectively. Join C to O & produce it

meet AB at F .
Since
   
AD  BC  AO  BC also 0 F
 
E
AO . BC = 0
a . (c – b) = 0
a . c + a . b = 0 A (a) F B (b)
a.b=a.c (i)
Since
 
BE  AC
   
 BO  AC  BO . AC = 0
 b . (c – a) = 0
 b . c + b . a = 0
a.b=b.c (ii)
from (i) & (ii) we have
a.c =b.c
a.c b.c=0
c . (b – a) = 0
 
OF . AB = 0
Thus
 
OF  AB
 
 CF  AB
Hence proved
Q.10 Proved that the angle is a semi circle is a right angle.
(Gujranwala Board 2006, Lahore Board, 2007)
Solution:
Let AQB be a semi circle of y -ax is
radius a with center at origin. Take x-

axis along AB. Let P(x,y) be any point Q
P (x , y )
on semicircle. Join A and B with P join
o and P.
Now

OA = Position vector of A- X
1
A (- a ,o ) O (0, 0) B (a ,o ) X - a x is
Position vector of 0
= (a –0)_i = a_i

OB = Position vector of B-position vector of 0
= (a – 0) _i = a_i

OP = a (radius given)

|OP| = a2 (1)

OP = Position vector of P-position vector of O
= (x – 0)_i + (y – 0)_j = x_i + y_j
 2 2

|OP| = x +y  |OP| = x2 + y2
x2 + y2 = a2 (ii) using (i)

AP = Position vector of P-Position vector of A

AP = (x + a)_i (y – 0)_j = (x + a)_i + y_j

BP = Position vector of P-position vector of B
= (x – a)_i + (y – 0)_j = (x – a)_i + y_j
 
AP .BP = ((x + a)_i + y_j ) . ((x – a)_i + y_j )
= x2 – a2 + y2
= x2 + y2 – a2
= a2 – a2 = 0 (Using ii)
 
Hence AP is perpendicular to BP .
In  APB = 90º
Q.11 Prove that Cos( + ) = CosCos – Sin Sin (Lahore Board
2007,2011)
Solution:
^ ^ y
Let a and b be two unit vectors making ^

a
angles  and  with x-axis

^
Therefore, we can write b
  
^
a = Cos_i + Sin_j 

^
b = Cos_i + Sin_j O
x
^ ^
a.b = (Cos_i + Sin_j ) . (Cos_i + Sin_j )
^ ^
|a| |b| Cos() = CosCos + SinSin
^ ^
Cos()= CosCos + SinSin (|b| = 1, |a| = 1)
Now replacing  by –
Cos ( – ()) = Cosa Cos() + Sina Sin()
Cos ( + ) = CosCos – SinSin (Cos()=Cos Sin() = 
Sin)
Hence proved
Q.12 Prove that in any triangle ABC
(i) b = cCosA + a CosC
Solution:
b = cCosA + a Cos C
- C
For any triangle a + b + c = 0 C
b = a – c
b = (a + c) (i)
b a
Taking dot product with b, we have
b.b = b . (a + c)
= b . a – b . c A
c B
2
b = |b| |a| Cos(– c)  |b| |c|Cos (–A) -
A
= ba (Cos(+c) – bc (Cos(+A))

2
b = ba CosC + bc CosA
b = a Cos C + c CosA (Dividing throughout by b)
Hence proved
(ii) c = aCosB + b CosA
Solution:
For triangle ABC, we have C
a+b+c= 0
c = a  b (i)
b a
Taking dot product with c
c.c = c . (a + b)

c2 = c . a – c . b
-
B
A
c B
= |c| |a| Cos(– B) - |c| |b|Cos ( -

A

–A)
2
c = ac (CosB) –cb(CosA) ( Cos ( – ) =  Cos)
c2 = ac Cos B + bc Cos A
c = aCosB + b CosA (dividing by c) Hence proved.
2 2 2
(iii) b = c + a – 2acCosB
Solution:
For triangle ABC, by vector addition C
a + b +c = 0
b = a  c
b a
b =  (a + c) (i)
Taking dot product with b
b.b =  (a + c) . b

-
B
A
2
b = a + c) . – (a + c) c B
A
-

= a . a + a . c + c . a + c .c
2 2 2
b = a + 2a . c + c (a . c = c . a)
2 2 2
b = a + 2 |a| |c| Cos ( – B) + c
2 2 2
b = a + 2ac (CosB) + c
2
b = a2 + c2 – 2ac CosB
Hence proved
(iv) c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abCosC
Solution:
For triangle ABC
- C
a+b+c= 0 C

c = a  b
c =  (a + b) (i) b a
Taking dot product by c
c.c =  (a + b) . c
c2 = a + b) . – (a + b) A
c B
- A
= a . a + a . b + b . a + b .b
2 2 2
c = a + 2a . b + b ( a . b = b . a)
2 2 2
c = a + 2 |a| |b| Cos (  c) + b
2 2 2
c = a + 2ab (CosC) + b
2 2 2
c = a + b – 2abCos C
Hence proved
____________
The Cross Product or Vector

Product of Two Vectors
Let u_ & v_ be two vectors. The cross or vector product of u

_ and v_ , written
^
as u
_ × v_ = |u_ | |v_ | Sin n
^
When n is unit vector perpendicular to the plane of u_ and v_ .
^
u
_ × v_ = |u _ | | v_ | Sin  n
Where
^ u
_ × v_
n =
|u
_ × v_|
u
_ ×v_
Sin =
^
_ | |v_| n
|u
|u
_ × v_|
Sin =
|u
_ | |v_|
Important Points;
(i) _i × _i = _j × _j =k_ × k_ = 0
(ii) _i × _j =k_ , _j × k_ = _i , k_ × _i = _j
(iii) _i × _j   _j × _i i.e., Cross product is not commutative
1
(iv) Area of triangle = |u × v|
2 _ _
Parallel vectors:
If u
_ & v_ area parallel vectors then u
_ × v_ = 0
EXERCISE 7.4
Q.1 Compute the cross product a × b and b × a, check your answer by

showing that each a and b is perpendicular to a × b and b × a.
(i) a = 2_i  _j k_ , b = _i  _j k_
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a×b = 2 1 1
1 1 1
| || | | |
1 2 1
1 2 1
= _i _j k_
1 1 1 1 1 1
= _i (1 – 1)  _j (2 + 1) + k_ (2 –1)
a × b = 0_i  3_j  3k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to a × b, for this we have a . (a × b)
= (2_i + _j  k_ ) . (0_i  3_j  3k_ )
= 0–3+3=0
 a and a × b are perpendicular.
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b. For this we have b . (a × b)
(_i  _j  k_ ) . (0_i  3_j  3k_ )
= 0+3–3=0
Hence b is perpendicular to a × b.
| |
_i _j k_
b×a = 1 1 1
2 1 1
| || | | |
1 1 1
1 1 1
= _i _j + k_
1 1 2 1 2 1
= _i (1 – 1)  _j (1 – 2) + k_ ( + 2)
b × a = 0_i  3_j  3k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to b × a.
a . (b × a)= (2_i + _j  k_ ) . (0_i + 3_j  3k_ )
= 0+3–3
= 0
Hence a and b × a are perpendicular to each other
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
b . (b × a) = (_i  _j  k_ ) . (0_i + 3_j  3k_ )
= 0–3+3=0
Hence b and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) a = _i + _j  0k_ , b = _i  _j  0k_ (Lahore Board
2009)
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a×b= 1 1 
1 1 0
| || | | | 1 
1 0 1 1
= _i _j + k_
1 0 1 0 1 1
= 0_i – _j + k_ (1 –1)
= 2k_
We will show that a is perpendicular to a × b.
For this a . (a × b) = (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b
For this b . (a × b)
= (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Next, we will show that b is perpendicular to a × b
For this
b . (a × b)
= (_i – _j + 0k_ ) . (0_i + 0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0=0
Hence proved
| |
_i _j k_
b × a = 1 1 
1 1 0
=
_i
| | | | | |
1 0
1 0
0_i  0_j  k_ (1 + 1)
 _j
1 
1 0
+ k_
1 1
1 1
b × a = 0_i  0_j  2k_

For this
a . (b × a) = (_i _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0
= 0
Hence a and b × a are perpendicular to each other. Next, we will show that b is
perpendicular to b × a
For this
b . (b × a) = (_i  _j  0k_ ) . (0_i  0_j  2k_ )
= 0+0+0
= 0
Hence b and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
(iii) a = 3_i  2_j  k_ , b = _i  _j  0k_
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a × b = 3 2 
1 1 0
=
_i
| | | | | |
2 1
1 0
 _j
3 
1 0
+ k_
_i (0 – 1) –_j (0 – 1) + k_ ( + 2)
3 2
1 1
a×b = _i + _j + 5k_

For this a . (a × b)
= (3_i  2_j  k_ ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 3 –2 + 5 = 0
 a and a × b are perpendicular to each other.
Next b . (a × b)
= (_i + _j + 0k_ ) . (_i + _j + 5k_ )
= 1 + 1 + 0 = 0
Hence b and a × b are perpendicular to each other.
| |
_i _j k_
b×a= 1  
3 2 1
| | | | | |
1 0 1  1 
= _i  _j + k_
-2 1 3 1 3 2
= _i (1 + 0) –_j (1 + 0) + k_ (  3)
b×a = _i  _j  5k_
We will show that a and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
For this a . (b × a)
= (3_i  2_j  k_ ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 3+25=0
 a and b × a are perpendicular to each other.
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
For this
b . (b × a)
= (_i _j  0k_ ) . (_i  _j  5k_ )
= 1–1+0=0
Hence b is perpendicular to b × a
(iv) a = 4_i  _j 2k_ , b = 2_i  _j  k_
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a × b = 4 1 
2 1 1
=
_i
| | | | | |
1 2
1 1
 _j
4 
2 1
+ k_
_i (1 + 2) –_j (4 + 4) + k_ (  2)

4 
2 1
a×b = 3_i + 0_j  6k_

For this a . (a × b)
= (4_i  _j  2k_ ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 12 + 0 + 12 = 0
Hence a is perpendicular to a × b.
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to a × b.
For this
b . (a × b)
b . (a × b) = (2_i  _j  k_ ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 6+0–6=0
Hence b is perpendicular to a × b.
Now
| |
_i _j k_
b×a= 2 1 1
4 1 2
= _i (2  1) –_j (4 + 4) + k_ (  4)
= 3_i + 0_j  6k_
For this a . b × a
= (4_i  _j  2k_ ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 12 + 0 – 12 = 0
Hence a is perpendicular to b × a
Next,
We will show that b is perpendicular to b × a
b . b × a = (2_i  _j  k_ ) . (_i  0_j  6k_ )
= 6 + 6 = 0
Hence b & b × a are perpendicular to each other.
Q.2 Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a & b. Also find
Sine of angle between them.
(i) a = 2_i  6_j  3k_ b = 4_i  3_j  k_ (Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a × b = 2 6 3
4 3 1
= _i (6 + 9) –_j (2 + 12) + k_ (  24)
a×b = 15_i  0_j  30k_
|a × b| = (15)2 + (1)2 + (30)2

= 225 + 100 + 900
= 1225
|a × b| = 35
a×b 15_i  10_j  30k_
Required unit vector = =
|a × b| 35
|a| = (2)2 + (6)2 + (3)2 = 4 + 36 + 9 = 49 = 7
|b| = (4)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26

|a × b|
Sin =
|a| |b|
35
=
7 26
5
Sin = Ans.
26
(ii) a = _i  _j  k_ , b = 2_i  3_j  4k_
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a×b = 1 1 1
2 3 4
= _i (4  3) –_j (4 + 2) + k_ (  2)

a×b = 7_i  2_j  5k_
|a × b| = (7)2 + (2)2 + (5)2 = 49 + 4 + 25 = 78

required unit vector
^ a×b
n =
|a × b|
^ 7_i  2_j  5k_

n =
78
|a| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2
= 1+1+1 = 3
|b| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
|a × b| 78
Sin = = Ans.
|a| |b| 3 29
(iii) a = 2_i  2_j  4k_ , b = _i  _j  2k_

Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a×b = 2 2 4
1 1 2
| | | | | |
2 
4 2 4 2
= _i  _j + k_
1 2 1 2 1 1
= _i (4  4) –_j (4 + 4) + k_ (2  2)
= 0_i + 0_j  0k_
|a| = (2)2 + (2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
|b| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (-2)2 = 1+1+4 = 6

|a × b| = 0 = 0
|a_ × b
_|
Sin =
|a_| |b
_|
0
=
24 6
Sin = 0 Ans.
(iv) a = _i  _j , b = _i  _j
Solution:
| |
_i _j k_
a×b = 1 1 0
1 1 0
= _i (0  0) –_j (0  0) + k_ (1  1)
a×b = 0_i  0_j  2k_
|a × b| = (0)2 + (0)2 + (2)2 = 4 = 2

Required unit vector
^ a_ × b_ 2k_
n = = = k_
|a_ × b
_| 2
|a| = (1)2 + (1)2 = 2

|b| = 1+1 = 2
|a_ × b
_| 2 2
Sin = = =
|a_| |b
_| 2 2 2
Sin = 1 Ans.
Q.3 Find the area of triangle, determined by the point P,Q and R.
(i) P (0, 0, 0); Q (2, 3, 2) ; R (-1, 1, +4)
Solution:
Formula
1  
Area of triangle having P, Q, R as its vertices = |PQ × PR|
2

PQ = Position vector of Q-Position vector of P
= (2 – 0)_i + (3 – 0)_j + (2 – 0)k_

PQ = 2_i + 3_j + 2k_

PR = Position vector of R-Position vector of P
= (1 – 2)_i + (1– 3)_j + (4 – 2)k_

PR = 3_i  2_j + 2k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
PQ × PR = 2 3 2
3 2 2
= _i (6 + 4) _j (4 + 6) + k_ (4 + 9)
= 10_i  10_j + 5k_
 
|PQ × PR| = (10)2 + (10)2 + (5)2 = 100 + 100 + 25 = 225 = 15
1  
Area of triangle = |PQ × PR|
2
1
= (15)
2
15
= Ans.
2
(ii) P (1, 1, 1); Q (2, 0, 1) ; R (0, 2, 1)
Solution:

PQ = Position vector of Q-Position vector of P
= (2 – 1)_i + (0 + 1)_j + (1 + 1)k_

PQ = _i + _j + 0k_

PR = Position vector of R-Position vector of P
= (0 – 2)_i + (2 – 0)_j + (1 + 1)k_
= 2_i + 2_j + 2k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
PQ × PR = 1 1 0
2 2 2
= _i (2  0) _j (2  0) + k_ (2 + 2)
 
|PQ × PR| = (2)2 + (2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
1  
Area of triangle = |PQ × PR|
2
1
= 24
2
1 2
= ( 6)
2
= 6 Ans.
Q.4 Find the area of p;arallelogram, whose vertices are
(i) A (0, 0, 0), B (1, 2, 3); C (2, 1,1); D (3, 1, 4)
Solution:
Formula
 
Area of parallelogram |AB × AC|

AB = Position vector of B-Position vector of A
= _i + 2_j + 3k_

AC = Position vector of C-Position vector of A
= 2_i – _j + k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
AB × AC = 1 2 3
2 1 1
= _i (2 + 3) _j (1  6) + k_ (1  4)
= 5_i  5_j  5k_
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC |
= (5)2 + ()2 + (5)2 = 25 + 25 + 25 = 125
= 5 3 Ans.
(ii) A (1, 2,1); B (4, 2, 3) ; C (6, 5, 2) ; D (9, 5, 0)
Solution:

= (4 – 1)_i + (2  2)_j + (3 + 1)k_
= 3_i + 0_j  2k_

= (6 – 1)_i + (5 – 2)_j + (2 + 1)k_

AC = _i  7_j + 3k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
AB × AC = 3 0 2
5 7 3
= _i (0  14) _j (9  10) + k_ (21 + 0)
 
|AB × AC| = (14)2 + (19)2 + (21)2 = 196 + 361 + 441 = 998
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC| = 998 Ans.
(iii) A (1, 1, 1); B (1, 2, 2) ; C (3, 4, 5) ; D (3, 5, 4)
Solution:

= (1 + 1)_i + (2  1)_j + (2  1)k_

AB = 0_i + _j  k_

= (3 + 1)_i + (4 – 1)_j + (5  1)k_
= 2_i  3_j  6k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
AB × AC = 0 1 1
2 3 6
= _i (6  3) _j (0  2) + k_ (0 + 2)
= 9_i 2_j + 2k_
  2 2 2
|AB × AC| = (9) + (2) + (2) = 81 + 4 + 4 = 89
 
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AC| = 89 Ans.
Q.5 Which vectors if any, are perpendicular or parallel.
(i) _ = 5_i  _j k_ ,
u v_ = 0_i  _j k_ ; _ = 15_i  3_j k_
w
Solution:
_ .v_
u = (5_i  _j k_ ) . (0_i  _j k_ )
= 0 – 1 – 5 = 6  0
So u
_ & v_ are not perpendicular to each other.
| |
_i _j k_
u
_ × v_ = 5 1 1
0 1 5
= _i (5 – 1) _j (-25 – 0) + k_ (5 – 0)
= 4_i  25_j k_
 0
So u
_ and v_ are not parallel
w
_ = 15_i  3_j k_
w
_ = 3(5_i  _j k_ )
w
_ = 3u
_  _ = u Hence u & w
w _ are parallel
v_ .w
_ = (5_i  _j k_ ) . (15_i  3_j k_ )
= 75 – 3 – 3 = 81  0
Hence v_ & w
_ are not perpendicular.
_ cannot be written v_ = w
v_ & w _ so they are not parallel.
 
(ii) u_ = _i  2_j k_ ; v_ = _i  _j k_ ; w
_ = 2 _i  _j 2 k_
Solution:
u
_ .v_ = (_i  2_j k_ ) . (_i _j k_ )
= –1+21= 0
Therefore u
_ and v_ are perpendicular to each other.
 
w
_ =  _i  _j  k_
2 2
_i  2_j k_
=
2
1
= [_i  2_j k_ ]
2

= [i  2_j k_]
2 _

w_ =  u  _ = u
w
2_ _
Hence u_&w _ are parallel
 
_ = (_i _j k_ ) . ( 2 _i _j 2 k_ )
v_ .w
 
=  +
2 2
= –=0
 v_ & w
_ are perpendicular
Q.6 Prove that a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b) = 0 (Lahore Board 2005)
Solution:
L.H.S a × (b + c) + b × (c + a) + c × (a + b)
= a×b+a×c+b×c+b×a+c×a+c×b
= a×/
b +a×/
c +b/
× c–a/
× b–a/
× c–b/
× c
= 0
= R.H.S
Hence proved
Q.7 If a + b + c = 0, then prove that
a×b=b×c=c×a (Gujranwala Board 2005)
Solution:
a+b+c=0
a=b–c
a =  (b + c) (i) Taking cross product with b
a × b =  (b + c) × b
a×b = b×b–c×b
a × b = b × b – c × b
a×b = 0–c×b
a×b = b×c (ii)
Again
a+b+c=0
b = a – c
Taking cross product with c
b × c =  (a + c) × c
= a×c–c×c
b×c = c×a (ii)
from (i) & (ii) we have
a×b = b×c= c×a
Hence proved
Q.8 Proved that Sin ( – ) = SinCos – CosSin
(Gujranwala Board 2003, Lahore Board, 2009)
Solution:
^ ^
Let a , b be two unit vectors making angles ,  with x-axis respectively.
^ y -a x is
a = Cos_i  Sin_j  0k_ ^
a
^
b = Cos_i  Sin_j  0k_
 
| |
-
_i _j k_ ^
b
^ ^ 
b × a= Cos Sin 0 
Cos Sin 0 x x -a x is
= _i (0–0)_j (0–0)k_ (SinCos – Cos

y
Sin)
^ ^
b × a= k_ (SinCos – CosSin)
^ ^ ^
|b| |a| Sin (  ) n = k_ (SinCos – CosSin)
Sin( – ) k_ = k_ (SinCos – CosSin)
^ ^
( |b| = 1, |a|  1)
Sin ( – ) = Sin Cos – CosSin

Hence proved
Q.9 If a × b = 0 and a . b = 0. What conclusion can be drawn about a or b?
(Gujranwala Board 2004, 2007, Lahore Board 2009 (Supply)
Solution:
If a × b = 0  (i) a and b are parallel (ii) Either a = 0 or b = 0
If a . b = 0  (iii) a and b are perpendicular (iv) Either a = 0 or b = 0
This is not possible that a and b are parallel and perpendicular at the same
time
So either a = 0 or b = 0
EXERCISE 7.5
Q.1 Find the volume of parallelopiped for which the given vectors are three
edges.
(i) _ = 3_i  0_j  2k_ ; v_ = _i  2_j  k_ ; w
u _ = 0_i  _j  4k_
Solution:
Formula
Volume of parallelopiped = u
_ . (v_ × w
_)
| |
3 0 2
u
_ . (v_ × w
_)= 1 2 1
0 1 4
| || | | | 
2 1 1 1 1
= 3 0 + 2
1 4 0  0 1
= 3 (8 + 1) – 0 + 2 (1)
= 27 – 2 = 25 Ans.
(ii) _ = _i  4_j  k_ ; v_ = _i  _j  2k_

u _ = 2_i  3_j  k_
; w
Solution:
| |
1 4 1
u
_ . (v_ × w
_) = 1 1 2
2 3 1
=
1
| || || |
1 2
3 1
4
1 2
2 
1 (1  6) + 4 (1 + 4) –1 (3 + 2)
1
1 
2 3
= 7 + 20 + 1 = 14 Ans.
(iii) _ = _i  2_j  3k_ ; v_ = 2_i  _j  k_
u _ = _j  k_
; w
Solution:
| |
1 2 3
u
_ . (v_ × w
_) = 2 1 1
0 1 1
= 1 (-1 + 1) + 2 (2 – 0) + 3 (2 – 0)
= 4 + 6 = 10 Ans.
Q.2 Verify that
a.b×c=b.c×a=c.a×b
If a = 3_i  _j  5k_ , b = 4_i  3_j  2k_ , c = 2_i  5_j + k_
(Gujranwala Board, 2003, Lahore Board 2007)
Solution:
| |
3 1 5
a_ . (b
_ × c_ ) = 4 3 2
2 5 1
= 3 (3 + 10)  1(4 + 4)  5(20 – 6)
= 39 + 8 + 70 = 117 (i)
| |
4 3 2
b
_ . (c_ × a_ ) = 2 5 1
3 1 5
= 4 (25 + 1)  3(10  3)  2(2 – 15)

= 104  21 + 34 = 117 (ii)
| |
2 5 1
c_ . (a_ × b
_) = 3 1 5
4 3 2
= 2 (2 15)  5(6  20)  1(9 + 4)

= 26  130 + 13 = 117 (iii)
From (i), (ii) & (iii) it is verified that
a.b×c = b.c×a = c.a×b
Q.3 Prove that the vectors _i  2_j  3k_ , 2_i  3_j  4k_ and _i  3_j  5k_ are
coplaner. (Gujranwala Board
2007)
Solution:
_ = _i  2_j  3k_ , v_ = 2_i  3_j  4k_ , w
Let u _ = _i  3_j  5k_
| |
1 2 3
_ . v_ × w
u _ = 2 3 4
1 3 5
= 1 (15  12)  2(10 + 4)  3(6 – 3)

= 3  12 + 9
= 12  12 = 0
u
_ . v_ × w
_ =0
Hence u
_ ,v_ , w
_ are coplanar.
Q.4 Find the constant  such that the vectors are coplanar.
(i) _i  _j  k_ , _i  2_j  3k_ & 3_i  _j  5k_ (Lahore Board 2007, 2009)
Solution:
Let a_ = _i  _j  k_
_ = _i 2_j  3k_
b
c_ = 3_i  _j  5k_
Since given vectors a re coplanar so
a.b×c=0
| |
1 1 1
1 2 3 = 0
3  5
1 (-10 -3) + 1 (5 + 9) + 1 ( + 6) = 0
10 – 3 + 14 – + 6 = 0
4 + 10 = 0
4 = 10
10 5
 = = Ans.
4 2
(ii) a = _i  2_j  k_ , b = _i  _j  2k_ , c = _i  2_j  k_
Solution:
Since a, b, c are coplanar so a . b × c = 0
| |
1 2 1
a.b×c= 1 1 2
  1
0 = 1 (1 ) + 2(1– 2) 1 (+ )
0 = 3 + 2 – 42 + 2 – 
42 +  + 5 = 0
42    5 = 0
42  5 + 4 – 5 = 0
 (4 – 5) + 1 (4 – 5) = 0
(4 – 5) ( + 1) = 0
4 – 5 = 0 , +1=0
4 = 5  = 1
5
= ,  = 1 Ans.
4
Q.5 Find the value of
(i) 2_i ×2_j . k_
Solution:
2_i ×2_j . k_
= 4 (_i ×_j ) . k_
= 4 (k_ . k_ )
= 4
(ii) 3_j . k_ × _i
Solution:
3_i . k_ × _i
= 3_j . _j
= 3(1) = 3 Ans.
(iii) [k_ _i _j ]
Solution:
= k_ . _i × _j
= k_ . k_
= 1 Ans.
(iv) [_i _i k_ ]
Solution:
= _i . _i × k_
= _i . (_j )
=  (_i . _j )
= 0 = 0 Ans.
Q.5(b) Prove that u
_ . (v_ × w
_ ) + v_ . (w
_ ×u
_)+w
_ . (u
_ × v_ ) = 3u
_ . (v_ × w
_ )
(Lahore Board, 2011)
Solution:
L.H.S. u _ . (v_ × w_ ) + v_ . (w
_ ×u_)+w _ . (u
_ × v_ )
We know that
u_ . (v_ × w
_ ) = v_ . (u
_ ×w _ )=w _ . (v_ × u_)
v_ . (w
_ ×u _)=w _ . (v_ × u
_)=u _ . (v_ × w
_)
w_ . (v_ × u
_)=u _ . (v_ × w_ ) = v_ . (w_ ×u_)
Putting values in L.H.S.
= u
_ . (v_ × w
_ )+u _ . (v_ × w_ )+ u _ . (v_ × w
_)
= 3u
_ . (v_ × w
_)
R.H.S
Hence proved
Q.6 Find volume of tetrahedron with the vertices
(i) (0, 1, 2) , (3, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1) & (5, 5, 6)
Solution:
Formula
1  
Volume of tetrahedron when A,B,C, D whose vertices are given : (AB .AC ×
6

AD )
Let A (0, 1, 2), B (3, 2, 1) . C (1, 2, 1) D (5, 5, 6)

= (3 – 0)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (1 – 2)k_
= 3_i + _j – k_

= (1 – 0)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (1 – 2)k_

AC = _i + _j – k_

AD = Position vector of D-Position vector of A
= (5 – 0)_i + (5 – 1)_j + (6 – 2)k_

AD = 5_i + 4_j + 4k_
Now
| |
3 1 1
  
AB . AC × AD = 1 1 1
5 4 4
= 3 (4 + 4) -1 (4 + 5) -1 (4 – 5)
= 24 – 9 + 1
= 16
1 8
Volume of tetrahedron = (16) = Ans.
6 3
(ii) (2, 1, 8) , (3, 2, 9), (2, 1, 4) & (3, 3, 10) (Lahore Board 2011)
Solution:
Let A (2, 1, 8), B (3, 2, 9), C (2, 1, 4), D (3, 3, 10)

= (3 – 2)_i + (2 – 1)_j + (9 – 8)k_

AB = _i + _j + k_

= (2 – 2)_i + (1 – 1)_j + (4 – 8)k_

AC = 0_i + 0_j – 4k_

AD = Position vector of D-Position vector of A
= (3 – 2)_i + (3 – 1)_j + (10 – 8)k_

AD = _i + 2_j + 2k_
| |
1 1 1
  
AB . AC × AD = 0 0 4
1 2 2
= 1 (0 + 8) 1 (0 + 4) 1(0 – 0)
= 8–4
= 4
1   
Volume of tetrahedron = (AB . AC × AD)
6
1
= (4)
6
2
= Ans.
3

Q.7 Find the work done, if the point at which the constant force F =4_i  3_j +
5k_ is applied to an object, moves from P1 (3, 1, -2) to P2 (2, 4, 6)
(Gujranwala Board, 2004)
Solution:

Given F = 4_i  3_j + 5k_
 
d = P1P2 = Position vector of P2 – Position vector of P1
= (2 – 3)_i + (4  1)_j + (6 + 2)k_

d = _i  3_j  8k_
 
Work don = F . d
= (4_i  3_j  5k_ ) . (_i  3_j  8k_ )
=  4 + 9 + 40
= 45 Ans.
Q.8 A particle, acted by constant forces 4 _i  _j  3 k_ and 3 _i  _j  k_ is

displacement from A(1, 2,3) to B (5, 4, 1). Find the work done.
Solution:
 
F1 = 4_i  _j  3k_ , F2 = 3_i  _j  k_
  
F = F1 + F2 = 7_i  0_j  4k_ ,
 
d = AB = Position vector of B – Position vector of A
= (5 – 1)_i + (4  2)_j + (1 - 3)k_

d = _i  2_j  2k_
 
Work don = F . d
= (7_i  0_j  4k_ ) . (4_i  2_j  2k_ )
= 28 + 0 + 8
= 36 Ans.
Q.9 A particle is displaced from the point A(5,-5,-7) to the point B(6, 2, -2)
under the action of constant forces defined by 10_i  _j  11k_ , 4_i  5_j  9
k_ and 2 _i  _j  9k_ . Show that the total work done by the forces is 102
unit.
Solution:
 
d = AB = Position vector of B – Position vector of A
= (6 – 5)_i + (2  5)_j + (2 + 7)k_

d = _i  7_j  5k_
  
F1 = 10_i  _j  11k_ , F2 = 4_i  5_j  9k_ , F3 = 2_i  _j 9k_
   
Total forces F = F1 + F2 + F3
= 10_i  _j  11k_ + 4_i  5_j  9k_  2_i  _j  9k_

F = 12_i  5_j  11k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (12_i  5_j  11k_ ) . (_i  7_j  5k_ )
= 12 + 35 + 55
= 102 units Ans.
Q.10 A force of magnitude 6 units acting parallel to 2_i  2_j  k_ displaces, the
point of application from (1, 2, 3) to (5, 3, 7). Find the work done.
Solution:
_ = 2_i  2_j  k_
Let u
_|
|u = (2)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 4+4+1 = 9 =3
^ u 2i  2_j  k_
n = =
|u| 3
Hence, the force of magnitude 6 units is
 ^
F = 6n
2_i  2_j + k_
2
= 6/ ( 3/ )

F = 4_i  4_j  2k_
 
d = AB = Position vector of B- position vector of A
= (5 – 1)_i + (3- 2)_j + (7 – 3)k_

d = 4_i  _j  4k_
 
Work done = F . d
= (4_i - 4)  2k_ ) . (4_i  _j  4k_ )
= 16 – 4 + 8
= 20 Ans.

Q.11 A force F = 3_i  2_j  4k_ is applied at the point (1, -1, 2). Find the
moment of the force about the point (2, 1, 3)
Solution:

F = 3_i  2_j  4k_ Let A (1, -1, 2) B(2, 1,3)
 
d = AB = (1 – 2)_i  (1 + 1)_j k_

d = _i  0_j  k_
| |
_i _j k_
 
Required moment M = r × F = 1 0 1
3 2 4
= _i (0 + 2)  _j (4 + 3) + k_ (2 – 0)
= 2_i  7_j  2k_ Ans.

Q.12 A force F = 4_i  3k_ passes through the point A(2, 2, 5). Find the

moment of F about point B (1, -3, 1) (Lahore
Board 2009)
Solution:

F = 4_i  0_j  3k_
 
r = BA = Position vector of A- Position Vector of B
= (2 – 1)_i  (2 + 3)_j + (5 – 1)k_

r = _i  _j  4k_
Required moment
| |
_i _j k_
 
r × F = 1 1 4
4 0 3
| | | | | |
1 4 1 4 1 1
= _i _j k_
0 3 4 3 4 0
= _i (-3 – 0)  _j (-3 – 16)  k_ (0 – 4)

 
r × F = 3_i + 19_j  4k_ Ans.

Q.13 Give a force F = 2_i + _j  3k_ acting at a point A (1,2,1). Find the

moment of F about the point B (2, 0,2)
Solution:

F = 2_i  _j  3k_
 
r = BA = Position vector of A- Position Vector of B
= (1 – 2)_i  (2  0)_j + (1 + 2)k_

r = _i  2_j  3k_
Required moment
| |
_i _j k_
 
r × F = 1 2 3
2 1 3
= _i
| | | | | |
2
1
3
3
_j
1
= _i (6 – 3)  _j (3 – 6)  k_ (1 + 4)
2
3
3
k_
1 2
2 1
= 3_i + 3_j  3k_ Ans.

Q.14 Find the moment about A(1, 1, 1) of each of the concurrent forces _i  2_j ,
3_i  2_j  k_ , 5_j  2k_ , where P (2, 0, 1) is their point of concurrency.
(Lahore Board 2009)
Solution:
 
r = AP = Position vector of P- Position Vector of A
= (2 – 1)_i  (0  1)_j + (1  1)k_

r = _i  _j  0k_
  
F1 = _i  2_j , F2 = 3_i  2_j  k_ , F3 = 0_i  5_j + 2k_
   
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= _i  2_j  3_i  2/ _j  k_ + 0_i  5_j  2k_

F = 4_i  5_j  k_
Moment of force
| |
_i _j k_
 
r × F = 1  0
4 5 1
= _i
| | | | | |
1 0
5 1
_j
1 0
4 1
= _i (1 – 0)  _j (1 – 0)  k_ (5 + 4)
k_
1 1
4 5
 
r × F = _i  _j  9k_ Ans.

Q.15 A force F = 7_i  4_j  3k_ is applied at P(1, -2, 3). Find its moment about
the point Q(2, 1, 1).
Solution:

F = 7_i  4_j  3k_
 
r = QP = Position vector of P- Position Vector of Q
= (1 – 2)_i  (2  1)_j + (3  1)k_

r = _i  3_j  2k_
Moment of force
| |
_i _j k_
 
r × F = 1  2
7 4 3
= _i (9 – 8)  _j (3 – 14)  k_ (4 + 21)
 
r × F = _i  11_j  17k_ Ans.

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Mathematics (Part-II) 765 (Ch.

|u| = (2)2 + (-7)2

|u| = (3)2 + (-4)2

|v| = (2)2 + (1)2

Required coordinates of D are (5, 10)

We have to prove that D (b - a, c) C (b , c)

mid points of the two sides AC & BC respectively.

Let E, F, G, H be mid points of the sides. 2 C (c)

a, b, c & d be position vectors of A, B, C

= 12i  3_j + 6k_

|v_| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29

|v_| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1+1 = 3

(iii) v_ = 4_i  5_j

|v_| = (4)2 + (5)2 = 16 + 25 = 41

Q.4 Find , so that |_i + ( + 1) _j + 2k_ | = 3 (Gujranwala Board

 =2 , =1 Ans

Q.5 Find a unit vector in the direction of v_ = _i + 2_j  k_

|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (-1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6

Now |v_| = (17)2 + (13)2 + (10)2 = 289 + 169 + 100 = 558

(ii) magnitude is 2 and is parallel to _i + _j + k_ (Lahore Board 2006)

|v_| = (1)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 3

2_i + 3_j + 4k_ _i + 3_j  k_ = _i + 6_j +Zk_

_i + 6_j + 3k_ = _i + 6_j  Zk_

=  3_i  6_j + 3k_

^ v 2i  4_j  4k_ 2(_i  2_j +2k_ ) _i  2_j +2k_

|v_| = (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 = 1+4+9 = 14

|v_| = (3)2 + ()2 + (2)2 = 9+1+4 = 14

|v_| = (6)2 + ()2 + (1)2 = 36 + 4 + 1 = 14

The Scalar Product of Two vectors

|v_| = (4)2 + (1)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 1 + 9 = 26

|v_| = (6)2 + (2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40

|v_| = (2)2 + (4)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 16 + 1 = 21

|a_| = (1)2 + 0 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2

|a_| = (3)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 9+1+1 = 11

(_i + 3_j  Zk_ ) . (2_i + 0_j  (Z – 1)k_ ) = 0 B

_ = _i  3_j k_ + 2_i  _j k_

Let DO & EO be the perpendicular

vertices A,B, respectively. Join C to O & produce it

radius a with center at origin. Take x-

Let a and b be two unit vectors making ^

angles  and  with x-axis

Taking dot product with b, we have

= ba (Cos(+c) – bc (Cos(+A))

= |c| |a| Cos(– B) - |c| |b|Cos ( -

Taking dot product by c

The Cross Product or Vector

Let u_ & v_ be two vectors. The cross or vector product of u

Q.1 Compute the cross product a × b and b × a, check your answer by

b × a = 0_i  0_j  2k_

a×b = _i + _j + 5k_

_i (1 + 2) –_j (4 + 4) + k_ (  2)

a×b = 3_i + 0_j  6k_

|a × b| = (15)2 + (1)2 + (30)2

|b| = (4)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26

= _i (4  3) –_j (4 + 2) + k_ (  2)

a×b = 7_i  2_j  5k_

|a × b| = (7)2 + (2)2 + (5)2 = 49 + 4 + 25 = 78

^ 7_i  2_j  5k_